1.
Mikhail Bulgakov
–
Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was a Russian writer, physician and playwright active in the first half of the 20th century. He is best known for his novel The Master and Margarita, published posthumously, Mikhail Bulgakov was born on 15 May 1891 in Kiev, Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire. His mother was Varvara Mikhailovna Bulgakova, a former teacher, both of his grandfathers were clergymen in the Russian Orthodox Church. Afanasiy Bulgakov was born in Bryansk Oblast, Russia, where his father was a priest, Varvara Bulgakova was born in Karachev, Russia. From childhood Bulgakov was drawn to theater, at home, he wrote comedies, which his brothers and sisters acted out. In 1901 Bulgakov joined the First Kiev Gymnasium, where he developed an interest in Russian and European literature, theatre, the teachers of the Gymnasium exerted a great influence on the formation of his literary taste. After the death of his father in 1907, Mikhails mother, after graduation from the Gymnasium in 1909, Bulgakov entered the Medical Faculty of Kiev University, which he finished with special commendation. He then took a position as a physician at the Kiev Military Hospital, in 1913, Bulgakov married Tatiana Lappa. At the outbreak of the First World War, he volunteered with the Red Cross as a doctor and was sent directly to the front. Bulgakovs suffering from these wounds had deleterious long-term effects, to suppress chronic pain, especially in the abdomen, he injected himself with morphine. Over the next year his addiction grew stronger, in 1918, he abandoned morphine and never used it again. Morphine, a released in 1926, is his account of that trying period. In 1916, Bulgakov graduated from the Medical Department of Kiev University and his life in those days is reflected in his A Country Doctors Notebook. In September 1917 Bulgakov was moved to the hospital in Vyazma, in February 1918, he returned to Kiev, Ukraine, where he opened a private practice at his home at Andreyevsky Descent,13. Here he lived through the Russian Civil War and witnessed ten coups, successive governments drafted the young doctor into their service while two of his brothers were serving in the White Army against the Bolsheviks. In February 1919 he was mobilised as a physician by the Ukrainian Peoples Army. There, he became ill with typhus and barely survived. That was when he last saw his family, after the Civil War, after illness Bulgakov abandoned his career as a doctor for that of a writer
Mikhail Bulgakov
–
Mikhail Bulgakov
Mikhail Bulgakov
–
Bulgakov, 1930 or earlier
Mikhail Bulgakov
–
Gravestone of Mikhail Bulgakov and Yelena Bulgakova.
Mikhail Bulgakov
–
Soviet postal stamp: prepaid postcard of 1991.
2.
Alan Connor
–
Alan Connor is a British writer, journalist and television presenter. His scriptwriting credits include the comedy-drama A Young Doctors Notebook, starring Daniel Radcliffe and Jon Hamm, the mockumentary Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back and the BBC film The Rack Pack. Connor has worked as a writer for programmes including Charlie Brookers Weekly Wipe, The Jonathan Ross Show and This Week and writes journalism for BBC News and The Guardian. He is currently the editor for BBC Fours lateral thinking quiz Only Connect. In 2013 Penguin published Two Girls, One on Each Knee, in 2014 Gotham Books published The Crossword Century,100 Years of Witty Wordplay, Ingenious Puzzles, and Linguistic Mischief. In 2016 Penguin Books published The Joy of Quiz, author page at David Higham Associates. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014
Alan Connor
–
Alan Connor
3.
Jon Hamm
–
Jonathan Daniel Jon Hamm is an American actor, director, and television producer best known for playing advertising executive Don Draper for the AMC television drama series, Mad Men. For much of the mid-1990s, he lived in Los Angeles, making appearances in television series Providence, The Division, What About Brian, during 2000, he made his feature movie debut in the space adventure movie Space Cowboys. The next year, he had a role in the independent comedy. He gained wide recognition when Mad Men began broadcast during July 2007 and he directed two episodes of the show. During 2008, Hamm appeared in a remake of the science fiction movie The Day The Earth Stood Still and his first leading movie role was in the 2010 independent thriller Stolen. He also had supporting roles in the movies The Town, Sucker Punch, Hamm has received 16 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performances in Mad Men,30 Rock, and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt. His other television credits include featuring in the Sky Arts series A Young Doctors Notebook and guest roles in Parks and Recreation and Wet Hot American Summer, First Day of Camp. He provided his voice to the animated movie Shrek Forever After during 2010, Hamm was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Deborah and Daniel Hamm. His father managed a family trucking company, and his mother was a secretary and he is of German, English, and Irish descent, his surname originates with German immigrants. Hamms parents divorced when he was two old, and he lived in Missouri in Creve Coeur with his mother until her death from colon cancer. Hamm then lived with his father and his first acting role was as Winnie the Pooh for first grade. At 16, he was cast as Judas for the play Godspell and he attended John Burroughs School, a private school in Ladue, where he was a member of the football, baseball, and swim teams. During this time, he dated future actress Sarah Clarke and his father died when Jon was 20. After graduation during 1989, Hamm enrolled at the University of Texas, there, Hamm was arrested for participating with a violent hazing incident that occurred during November 1990, involving another student, Mark Sanders. Sanders was beaten with a paddle and a broom, while Hamm was leading him around the fraternity house, the incident resulted in the fraternity being ended on campus. Hamm completed the terms of a deferred adjudication, and the charges were dismissed during August 1995, Hamm then enrolled at the University of Missouri. At Missouri he answered an advertisement from a company seeking players for a production of A Midsummer Nights Dream, auditioned. Other roles followed, such as Leon Czolgosz in Assassins, after graduating during 1993 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English, Hamm returned to his high school to teach eighth-grade acting
Jon Hamm
–
At Paley Center in 2014
Jon Hamm
–
Hamm in November 2008
Jon Hamm
–
Hamm with former partner Jennifer Westfeldt at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards, 2008
Jon Hamm
–
Hamm on the set of The Town in September 2009.
4.
Daniel Radcliffe
–
Daniel Jacob Radcliffe is an English actor best known for his role as Harry Potter in the film series of the same name. He made his debut at 10 years of age in BBC Ones 1999 television film David Copperfield. At age 11, he was cast as Harry Potter in the first Harry Potter film and he has contributed to many charities, including Demelza Hospice Care for Children, and The Trevor Project for suicide prevention among LGBTQ youth, which gave him its Hero Award in 2011. Radcliffe was born in Queen Charlottes Hospital, Hammersmith, London and he is the only child of Marcia Jeannine Gresham and Alan George Radcliffe. His mother is Jewish and was born in South Africa and raised in Westcliff-on-Sea and his father was raised in Banbridge, County Down, Northern Ireland, in a very working-class Protestant family. Radcliffes maternal ancestors were Jewish immigrants from Poland and Russia, Radcliffes parents had both acted as children. His father is a literary agent and his mother is a casting agent and was involved in several films for the BBC, including The Inspector Lynley Mysteries and Walk Away and I Stumble. As his acting career began to consume his schedule, Radcliffe continued his education through on-set tutors and he admitted he was not very good at school, considering it useless and finding the work really difficult. He achieved A grades in the three AS-level exams that he took in 2006, but decided to take a break from education and did not go to college or university. Part of his reasoning was that he knew he wanted to act and write. The paparazzi, theyd love it, he told Details magazine in 2007, if there were any parties going on, theyd be tipped off as to where they were. Rowling had been searching for an unknown British actor to personify the character, and this is Harry Potter, after he saw a video of the young actor in David Copperfield. Eight months later, and after several auditions, Radcliffe was selected to play the part, Rowling also endorsed the selection saying, I dont think Chris Columbus could have found a better Harry. Radcliffes parents originally turned down the offer, as they had told that it would involve six films shot in Los Angeles. Warner Bros. instead offered Radcliffe a two-movie contract with shooting in the UK, the release of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone took place in 2001. Radcliffe received a seven figure salary for the role, but asserted that the fee was not that important to him. The film was popular and was met with positive reviews. A year later Radcliffe starred in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, reviewers were positive about the lead actors performances but had polarised opinions on the movie as a whole
Daniel Radcliffe
–
Radcliffe at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con International
Daniel Radcliffe
–
Radcliffe at the July 2009 premiere of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
Daniel Radcliffe
–
Handprints, footprints and wand prints of (from left to right) Watson, Radcliffe, Grint
Daniel Radcliffe
–
Radcliffe, Watson and Grint at the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 premiere in London
5.
Kenton Allen
–
Kenton Allen is a British television producer and executive. He became Chief Executive of Big Talk Productions in September 2008 and he is a multi-award–winning programme-maker with credits including the BAFTA Award-winning sitcoms The Royle Family and Rev. and the Oscar-winning film Six Shooter. He was the Advisory Chair of the Media Guardian Edinburgh International Television Festival 2012 and he was born in Stourbridge, Worcestershire and educated at the Grange Comprehensive School and King Edward VI College, Stourbridge. He turned down a place to study the clarinet and saxophone at the Royal School of Music, in 1983, aged 18, he joined the BBC at Pebble Mill in Birmingham. In 1986 he moved to BBC Radio Nottingham where he worked as a producer/presenter. This led to two job offers from BBC Radio 4 and BBC Radio 1. The script for the series was written by Danny Baker and the range of guests included a memorable appearance by Robert Maxwell. In 1990 he joined the recently formed independent production company Channel X to produce all of Jonathan Rosss shows and he produced over 200 live editions of Tonight with Jonathan Ross for Channel 4. In 1991 he produced Jonathan Ross Presents Madonna, which became Channel 4s highest rated entertainment programme of the year and he was appointed Head of Development, and ran all of Granadas entertainment development across the full spectrum of the entertainment genre. In February 1998, he became Managing Director of Lucky Dog Ltd and he co-devised and produced the adult comedy series A Many Splintered Thing starring Alan Davies for BBC1. In March 1999, he re-joined Granada Television to continue his collaboration with Caroline Aherne. In January 2001, he was approached by Elisabeth Murdoch to become the creative director of the independent production company Shine. Allen was a key member of the team that secured the initial start-up financing. He quickly established the core divisions and overall creative strategy for the start-up company and recruited the core business affairs, finance. He also established a talent incubator for comedy film directors in partnership with the UK Film Council, Allen was BBCs Creative Head of Comedy Talent and Comedy North. He immediately established a department based in Manchester called Comedy North, Allen became CEO of Big Talk Productions in 2008. There he has produced two six-part comedies which were broadcast to audiences and huge critical acclaim. The BAFTA-winning Rev. created by James Wood and Tom Hollander for BBC2 scooped four titles at the Broadcasting Press Guild Awards and was nominated at the BAFTAs for Best Situation Comedy
Kenton Allen
–
Kenton Allen
6.
BBC Worldwide
–
BBC Worldwide Ltd. is the wholly owned commercial subsidiary of the BBC, formed out of a restructuring of its predecessor BBC Enterprises in 1995. The company monetises BBC brands, selling BBC and other British programming for broadcast abroad with the aim of supplementing the income received by the BBC through the licence fee. In 2013/14, BBC Worldwide generated headline profits of £157. 4m and headline sales of £1,042. 3m, in 2012/13 it made a profit of £156. 3m on a turnover of £1,115. 8m. The company had made a profit of £104m on a turnover of £1, 085m in the previous financial year. BBC Worldwides profit rate was 11. 2% in 2011/2012, up slightly from 9. 6% the previous year, down from a peak of 21. 5% in 2002/2003, contrasting with 7. 8% in 2003/2004. The highest profile of these products was the listings magazine Radio Times. Prior to 1979, several BBC departments dealt with the exploitation and sale of BBC brands and this was rectified however as the economic situation eased and by 1982 BBC Publications had a trading profit of £4.7 million. BBC Transcription Services licensed BBC Radio material to overseas broadcasters, the selling of television programmes was at first handled in 1958 with the establishment of a business manager post. This gradually expanded until the establishment of the Television Promotions department in 1960 under a general manager, in its first year, the department saw the sale of 550 programmes overseas with a turnover of £234,000, with a further 1,200 programmes sold the following year. Radio programmes were only exploited on the level with the creation of the Radio Enterprises department in 1965. However, following the retirement of the Radio Enterprises general manager in 1969, in 1979 the department became BBC Enterprises Ltd. a subsidiary company wholly owned by the BBC. By 1982, the division were expanding with divisions responsible for video, recorded audio, film. At this point the company had a turnover of £23 million, on 1 April 1986, all commercial activities of the corporation, including BBC Publications, was merged into BBC Enterprises Ltd. In 1991 BBC World Service Television became the first commercially funded BBC broadcasting operation after the Foreign Office refused to pay for it, BBC Enterprises Ltd was subsequently reorganised in 1995 as BBC Worldwide Ltd. A review of the BBCs commercial activities took place in 2004 and concluded that the sell off of BBC Worldwides assets would not be as advantageous as keeping the business and driving it harder. Instead, some changes to its remit, focus, structure and governance were made, in 2007 BBC Worldwide purchased a 75% stake in the travel guide publisher Lonely Planet, acquiring the final 25% of the company in 2011. The acquisition was part of the BBCs strategy to grow its online portfolio and to increase its operations in Australia, in January 2009 it was announced that Ofcom had put forward the recommendation that Channel 4 merge with either the commercial network Five or BBC Worldwide. In the same year, the company was awarded the Queens Award for Enterprise in recognition of the companies growth, in 2012, the company began to reorganise their divisions from a product based system to a location-based system, resulting in Jana Bennett leaving the company
BBC Worldwide
–
BBC Worldwide's London headquarters until 2008.
BBC Worldwide
–
BBC Worldwide Ltd.
7.
Sky Arts 1
–
Sky Arts is an art-oriented television channel offering 24 hours a day of programmes dedicated to highbrow arts, including theatrical performances, movies, documentaries and music. Sky Arts HD is also available on Sky, Virgin Media, in its early days, it was owned and managed by a public partnership including Sir Jeremy Isaacs. However, the channel suffered severe financial difficulty, in July 2002, it even staged its own farewell party, only to find emergency funding that very evening. In 2003, with a staff, it was facing closure. At this point, Sky stepped in, taking an initial 50% stake, Sky subsequently bought out the remaining shareholders and in June 2005 took full control, reducing the staff further, and dropping the channels premium subscription fee shortly afterwards. 60 hours of music along with seven full-length operas were broadcast each month to help bring in potential new subscribers. John Cassy, the manager of Artsworld, said, It is great news for the arts that a dedicated cultural channel will be available to millions of households. On 1 March 2007, Artsworld became Sky Arts and Artsworld HD became Sky Arts HD and this resulted in all of BSkyBs wholly owned channels carrying the Sky name. From 8 June 2007, Sky Arts introduced a series called Friday Night Hijack, artists were invited to schedule a night of television that reflects their tastes, interests and passions. Guests included legendary punk DJ Don Letts, Don McCullin, Saffron Burrows, Anthony Horowitz, Malcolm McLaren, Phill Jupitus, Germaine Greer, George Melly and this weekly feature was later moved and renamed as Sunday Night Hijack. Queen concerts and documentaries also air frequently on Sky Arts 1, in 2013 Sky Arts launched a painting competition series Portrait Artist of the Year presented by Frank Skinner and Joan Bakewell. The series is judged by art experts Tai-Shan Schierenberg, Kathleen Soriano, nick Lord won the first series and was awarded a commission to paint Hilary Mantel for the British Library. In 2014 the second series was won by Christian Hook and his portrait of Alan Cumming is now part of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery collection, in 2015 Sky Arts introduced a development of the competition for landscape painters called Landscape Artist of the Year in association with National Trust. The first series was won by Nerine McIntyre and she was awarded a commission to paint the scene made famous by John Constable at Flatford, on 9 June 2015, Sky Arts 2 closed and merged its content with Sky Arts 1 to form one channel. Sky Arts focused on the modern and independent side of Sky Arts programming. Schedules included cutting-edge documentaries, cult films, and rock concerts, but since 9 June 2015 it has also featured the high brow programmes from the former Sky Arts 2. This channel focused on high brow programme and featured music, opera, dance, fine arts programming. From 30 March to 14 April 2013, Sky Arts 2 was temporarily rebranded as Sky Arts Rieu in honour of André Rieu, broadcasting back-to-back concerts by the violinist
Sky Arts 1
–
The 1990s Sky Arts logo
Sky Arts 1
–
Sky Arts
8.
Sky Arts HD
–
Sky Arts is an art-oriented television channel offering 24 hours a day of programmes dedicated to highbrow arts, including theatrical performances, movies, documentaries and music. Sky Arts HD is also available on Sky, Virgin Media, in its early days, it was owned and managed by a public partnership including Sir Jeremy Isaacs. However, the channel suffered severe financial difficulty, in July 2002, it even staged its own farewell party, only to find emergency funding that very evening. In 2003, with a staff, it was facing closure. At this point, Sky stepped in, taking an initial 50% stake, Sky subsequently bought out the remaining shareholders and in June 2005 took full control, reducing the staff further, and dropping the channels premium subscription fee shortly afterwards. 60 hours of music along with seven full-length operas were broadcast each month to help bring in potential new subscribers. John Cassy, the manager of Artsworld, said, It is great news for the arts that a dedicated cultural channel will be available to millions of households. On 1 March 2007, Artsworld became Sky Arts and Artsworld HD became Sky Arts HD and this resulted in all of BSkyBs wholly owned channels carrying the Sky name. From 8 June 2007, Sky Arts introduced a series called Friday Night Hijack, artists were invited to schedule a night of television that reflects their tastes, interests and passions. Guests included legendary punk DJ Don Letts, Don McCullin, Saffron Burrows, Anthony Horowitz, Malcolm McLaren, Phill Jupitus, Germaine Greer, George Melly and this weekly feature was later moved and renamed as Sunday Night Hijack. Queen concerts and documentaries also air frequently on Sky Arts 1, in 2013 Sky Arts launched a painting competition series Portrait Artist of the Year presented by Frank Skinner and Joan Bakewell. The series is judged by art experts Tai-Shan Schierenberg, Kathleen Soriano, nick Lord won the first series and was awarded a commission to paint Hilary Mantel for the British Library. In 2014 the second series was won by Christian Hook and his portrait of Alan Cumming is now part of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery collection, in 2015 Sky Arts introduced a development of the competition for landscape painters called Landscape Artist of the Year in association with National Trust. The first series was won by Nerine McIntyre and she was awarded a commission to paint the scene made famous by John Constable at Flatford, on 9 June 2015, Sky Arts 2 closed and merged its content with Sky Arts 1 to form one channel. Sky Arts focused on the modern and independent side of Sky Arts programming. Schedules included cutting-edge documentaries, cult films, and rock concerts, but since 9 June 2015 it has also featured the high brow programmes from the former Sky Arts 2. This channel focused on high brow programme and featured music, opera, dance, fine arts programming. From 30 March to 14 April 2013, Sky Arts 2 was temporarily rebranded as Sky Arts Rieu in honour of André Rieu, broadcasting back-to-back concerts by the violinist
Sky Arts HD
–
The 1990s Sky Arts logo
Sky Arts HD
–
Sky Arts
9.
576i
–
576i is a standard-definition video mode originally used for broadcast television in most countries of the world where the utility frequency for electric power distribution is 50 Hz. Because of its association with the colour encoding system, it is often referred to as simply PAL, PAL/SECAM or SECAM when compared to its 60 Hz NTSC-colour-encoded counterpart. The 576 identifies a vertical resolution of 576 lines, and the i identifies it as an interlaced resolution and its basic parameters common to both analogue and digital implementations are,576 scan lines or vertical pixels of picture content,25 frames per second. Digital information not to be displayed as part of the image can be transmitted in the lines, teletext and other services. Analogue television signals have no pixels, they are rastered in scan lines, in digital applications, the number of pixels per line is an arbitrary choice as long as it fulfils the sampling theorem. Values above about 500 pixels per line are enough for conventional broadcast television, DVB-T, DVD and DV allow better values such as 704 or 720. The video format can be transported by major digital television formats, ATSC, DVB and ISDB, and on DVD, when 576i video is transmitted via baseband, most of the differences between the one-letter systems are no longer significant, other than vertical resolution and frame rate. Digital video uses its own separate space, so even the minor colour space differences between PAL and SECAM become moot in the digital domain. When 576i is used to transmit content that was composed of 25 full progressive frames per second. This is the opposite of NTSC, motion pictures are typically shot on film at 24 frames per second. When telecined and played back at PALs standard of 25 frames per second and this also applies to most TV series that are shot on film or digital 24p. Depending on the system in use, it also slightly increases the pitch of the soundtrack by 70.67 cents. More recently, digital conversion methods have used algorithms which preserve the pitch of the soundtrack. Conversion methods exist that can convert 24 frames per second video to 25 frames per second with no speed increase, however image quality suffers when conversions of this type are used. This method is most commonly employed through conversions done digitally, and is employed in situations where the importance of preserving the speed of the video outweighs the need for image quality. Many movie enthusiasts prefer PAL over NTSC despite the formers speed-up, because the results in telecine judder. States the majority of authorities on the subject favour PAL over NTSC for DVD playback quality, also DVD reviewers often make mention of this cause. For example, in his PAL vs. NTSC article, the founder of MichaelDVD says, Personally, I find all but intolerable and find it very hard to watch a movie on an NTSC DVD because of it
576i
–
Spectrum of a System I (bands IV and V) television channel with PAL or SECAM colour
10.
1080i
–
1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors
1080i
–
An example frame of poorly deinterlaced video. Despite the fact that most TV transmissions are interlaced, plasma and LCD display technologies are progressively scanned. Consequently, flat-panel TVs convert an interlaced source to progressive scan for display, which can have an adverse impact on motion portrayal on inexpensive models.
11.
Stereophonic sound
–
Stereophonic sound or, more commonly, stereo, is a method of sound reproduction that creates an illusion of multi-directional audible perspective. Thus the term applies to so-called quadraphonic and surround-sound systems as well as the more common two-channel. It is often contrasted with monophonic, or mono sound, where audio is heard as coming from one position, in the 2000s, stereo sound is common in entertainment systems such as broadcast radio and TV, recorded music and the cinema. The word stereophonic derives from the Greek στερεός, firm, solid + φωνή, sound, tone, voice and it was coined in 1927 by Western Electric, the signal is then reproduced over multiple loudspeakers to recreate, as closely as possible, the live sound. Secondly artificial or pan-pot stereo, in which a sound is reproduced over multiple loudspeakers. By varying the amplitude of the signal sent to each speaker an artificial direction can be suggested. The control which is used to vary this relative amplitude of the signal is known as a pan-pot, by combining multiple pan-potted mono signals together, a complete, yet entirely artificial, sound field can be created. In technical usage, true stereo sound recording and sound reproduction that uses stereographic projection to encode the relative positions of objects and events recorded. During two-channel stereo recording, two microphones are placed in strategically chosen locations relative to the source, with both recording simultaneously. The two recorded channels will be similar, but each will have distinct time-of-arrival and sound-pressure-level information, during playback, the listeners brain uses those subtle differences in timing and sound level to triangulate the positions of the recorded objects. Stereo recordings often cannot be played on systems without a significant loss of fidelity. This phenomenon is known as phase cancellation and this two-channel telephonic process was commercialized in France from 1890 to 1932 as the Théâtrophone, and in England from 1895 to 1925 as the Electrophone. Both were services available by coin-operated receivers at hotels and cafés, modern stereophonic technology was invented in the 1930s by British engineer Alan Blumlein at EMI, who patented stereo records, stereo films, and also surround sound. In early 1931, Blumlein and his wife were at a local cinema, Blumlein declared to his wife that he had found a way to make the sound follow the actor across the screen. The genesis of ideas is uncertain, but he explained them to Isaac Shoenberg in the late summer of 1931. His earliest notes on the subject are dated 25 September 1931, the application was dated 14 December 1931, and was accepted on 14 June 1933 as UK patent number 394,325. The patent covered many ideas in stereo, some of which are used today and these discs used the two walls of the groove at right angles in order to carry the two channels. Much of the development work on this system for cinematic use did not reach completion until 1935, in Blumleins short test films, his original intent of having the sound follow the actor was fully realised
Stereophonic sound
–
Diagram of Clément Ader's théatrophone prototype at the Opera during the World Exhibition in Paris (1881).
Stereophonic sound
–
Label and sleeve from Audio Fidelity Records ' second stereo demonstration record, ca. 1958.
Stereophonic sound
–
HH Scott Model 350, ca. 1961: the first FM multiplex stereo tuner sold in the US
Stereophonic sound
–
A compilation of LP stereo banners
12.
Russia
–
Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
Russia
–
Kievan Rus' in the 11th century
Russia
–
Flag
Russia
–
The Baptism of Kievans, by Klavdy Lebedev
Russia
–
Sergius of Radonezh blessing Dmitry Donskoy in Trinity Sergius Lavra, before the Battle of Kulikovo, depicted in a painting by Ernst Lissner
13.
Russian Revolution
–
The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the eventual rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II, in the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was removed and replaced with a communist state. The February Revolution was a revolution focused around Petrograd, then capital of Russia, in the chaos, members of the Imperial parliament assumed control of the country, forming the Russian Provisional Government. The army leadership felt they did not have the means to suppress the revolution, the February Revolution took place in the context of heavy military setbacks during the First World War, which left much of the Russian Army in a state of mutiny. During this chaotic period there were frequent mutinies, protests and many strikes, when the Provisional Government chose to continue fighting the war with Germany, the Bolsheviks and other socialist factions campaigned for stopping the conflict. The Bolsheviks turned workers militias under their control into the Red Guards over which they exerted substantial control, the Bolsheviks appointed themselves as leaders of various government ministries and seized control of the countryside, establishing the Cheka to quash dissent. To end Russia’s participation in the First World War, the Bolshevik leaders signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918, soon after, civil war erupted among the Reds, the Whites, the independence movements and the non-Bolshevik socialists. It continued for years, during which the Bolsheviks defeated both the Whites and all rival socialists. In this way, the Revolution paved the way for the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922, the Russian Revolution of 1905 was said to be a major factor to the February Revolutions of 1917. The events of Bloody Sunday triggered a line of protests, a council of workers called the St. Petersburg Soviet was created in all this chaos, and the beginning of a communist political protest had begun. World War I prompted a Russian outcry directed at Tsar Nicholas II and it was another major factor contributing to the retaliation of the Russian Communists against their royal opponents. However, the problems were merely administrative, and not industrial as Germany was producing great amounts of munitions whilst constantly fighting on two major battlefronts, the war also developed a weariness in the city, owing to a lack of food in response to the disruption of agriculture. Food scarcity had become a problem in Russia, but the cause of this did not lie in any failure of the harvests. As a result, they tended to hoard their grain and to revert to subsistence farming, thus the cities were constantly short of food. At the same time rising prices led to demands for wages in the factories. The outcome of all this, however, was a criticism of the government rather than any war-weariness. The original fever of excitement, which had caused the name of St. Heavy losses during the war also strengthened thoughts that Tsar Nicholas II was unfit to rule, the Liberals were now better placed to voice their complaints, since they were participating more fully through a variety of voluntary organizations
Russian Revolution
–
Bolshevik forces marching on Red Square
Russian Revolution
–
Soldiers blocking Narva Gate on Bloody Sunday
Russian Revolution
–
Russian soldiers marching in Petrograd in February 1917
Russian Revolution
–
The Petrograd Soviet Assembly meeting in 1917
14.
Russian Civil War
–
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the Russian Revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russias political future. In addition, rival militant socialists and nonideological Green armies fought against both the Bolsheviks and the Whites, eight foreign nations intervened against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces and the pro-German armies. The Red Army defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine, the remains of the White forces commanded by Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel were beaten in Crimea and evacuated in late 1920. Lesser battles of the war continued on the periphery for two years, and minor skirmishes with the remnants of the White forces in the Far East continued well into 1923. Armed national resistance in Central Asia was not completely crushed until 1934, there were an estimated 7,000, 000–12,000,000 casualties during the war, mostly civilians. The Russian Civil War has been described by some as the greatest national catastrophe that Europe had yet seen, many pro-independence movements emerged after the break-up of the Russian Empire and fought in the war. Several parts of the former Russian Empire—Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the rest of the former Russian Empire was consolidated into the Soviet Union shortly afterwards. After the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established during the February Revolution of 1917, Political commissars were appointed to each unit of the army to maintain morale and ensure loyalty. In June 1918, when it became apparent that an army composed solely of workers would be far too small. Former Tsarist officers were utilized as military specialists, sometimes their families were taken hostage in order to ensure their loyalty, at the start of the war three-quarters of the Red Army officer corps was composed of former Tsarist officers. By its end, 83% of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers, a Ukrainian nationalist movement was active in Ukraine during the war. More significant was the emergence of an anarchist political and military movement known as the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine or the Anarchist Black Army led by Nestor Makhno, some of the military forces were set up on the basis of clandestine officers organizations in the cities. The Czechoslovak Legions had been part of the Russian army and numbered around 30,000 troops by October 1917 and they had an agreement with the new Bolshevik government to be evacuated from the Eastern Front via the port of Vladivostok to France. The transport from the Eastern Front to Vladivostok slowed down in the chaos, under pressure from the Central Powers, Trotsky ordered the disarming and arrest of the legionaries, which created tensions with the Bolsheviks. The Western Allies armed and supported opponents of the Bolsheviks, hence, many of these countries expressed their support for the Whites, including the provision of troops and supplies. Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be strangled in its cradle, the British and French had supported Russia during World War I on a massive scale with war materials. After the treaty, it looked like much of material would fall into the hands of the Germans. Under this pretext began allied intervention in the Russian Civil War with the United Kingdom, there were violent clashes with troops loyal to the Bolsheviks
Russian Civil War
–
Clockwise from top: Soldiers of the Don Army in 1919; a White infantry division in March 1920; soldiers of the 1st Cavalry Army; Leon Trotsky in 1918; hanging of workers in Yekaterinoslav by the Austro-Hungarian Army, April 1918.
Russian Civil War
–
Anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army in South Russia, January 1918
Russian Civil War
–
Russian soldiers of the anti-Bolshevik Siberian Army in 1919
Russian Civil War
–
American troops in Vladivostok during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (August 1918)
15.
Smolensk Governorate
–
Smolensk Governorate, together with seven other governorates, was established on December 29,1708, by Tsar Peter the Greats edict. On July 28,1713, Smolensk Governorate was abolished and its territory was divided between Moscow and Riga Governorates, the governorate was re-established in 1726. In 1775, it was included, along parts of Moscow and Belgorod Governorates. The governorate was again restored in 1796, eventually, on January 14,1929, Smolensk Governorate was abolished and its territory was included into Western Oblast. Population by mother tongue according to the Imperial census of 1897, according to the Imperial census of 1897. История Смоленской земли до начала XV столетия
Smolensk Governorate
–
Map of Smolensk Governorate
16.
Morphine
–
Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate type which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals. It acts directly on the nervous system to decrease the feeling of pain. It can be taken for both pain and chronic pain. Morphine is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction and during labour and it can be given by mouth, by injection into a muscle, by injecting under the skin, intravenously, into the space around the spinal cord, or rectally. Maximum effect is around 20 min when given intravenously and 60 min when given by mouth while duration of effect is three and seven hours. Potentially serious side effects include a decreased respiratory effort and low blood pressure, morphine has a high potential for addiction and abuse. If the dose is reduced after long-term use, withdrawal may occur, common side effects include drowsiness, vomiting, and constipation. Caution is advised when used during pregnancy or breast feeding, as morphine will affect the baby, morphine was first isolated between 1803 and 1805 by Friedrich Sertürner. This is generally believed to be the first isolation of an ingredient from a plant. Merck began marketing it commercially in 1827, morphine was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 1853–1855. Sertürner originally named the substance morphium after the Greek god of dreams, the primary source of morphine is isolation from poppy straw of the opium poppy. In 2013, an estimated 523,000 kilograms of morphine were produced, about 45,000 kilograms were used directly for pain, an increase over the last twenty years of four times. Most use for this purpose was in the developed world, about 70% of morphine is used to make other opioids such as hydromorphone, oxycodone and heroin. It is a Schedule II drug in the United States, Class A in the United Kingdom and it is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. Morphine is sold under trade names. Morphine is used primarily to treat both acute and chronic severe pain and it is also used for pain due to myocardial infarction and for labor pains. Its duration of analgesia is about three to seven hours, however, concerns exist that morphine may increase mortality in the setting of non ST elevation myocardial infarction. Morphine has also traditionally used in the treatment of acute pulmonary edema
Morphine
–
A localized reaction to intravenous morphine caused by histamine release in the veins
Morphine
–
Morphine (INN)
Morphine
–
Before the Morphine by Santiago Rusiñol
Morphine
–
A freshly-scored opium poppy seedpod bleeding latex.
17.
Faux Cyrillic
–
Faux Cyrillic, pseudo-Cyrillic, pseudo-Russian or faux Russian typography is the use of Cyrillic letters in Latin text to evoke the Soviet Union or Russia. It is a type of mimicry typeface, an early example was the logo for Norman Jewisons film The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming and more recently the logo for Sacha Baron Cohens film Borat. In the music industry, the Simple Minds album Empires and Dance, letters are substituted regardless of phonetic matching. For example, R and N in RUSSIAN may be replaced by Cyrillic Я and И, giving ЯUSSIAИ. Other examples include Ш for portraited E, Ц for U, Я/Г for R/backwards and backwards and upside-down L, Ф for O, Д for A, Б, Ь, or Ъ for B/b, З, Э, or Ё for E, Ч or У for Y. Outside the Russian alphabet, Џ can act as a substitute for U, Ғ for F, Ә or Є for E, Ө for O, Һ for H, Ћ for Th and the symbol ☭ for G. This effect is restricted to text set in all caps. In Cyrillic typography, most upright lower case letters resemble smaller upper case letters, cursive Cyrillic upper and lower case letters are more differentiated. Cyrillic letter-forms were derived from 10th-century Greek, but the forms have more closely resembled those in the Latin alphabet since Peter the Greats civil script reform of 1708. The letters А, В, Е, Ѕ*, І*, Ј*, К, М, Н, О, Р, С, Т, Ү*, Ғ*, Ѵ*, and Х are strongly homoglyphic to Latin letters, to the point that their substitution may not be noticed, unlike those listed above. If compatibility issues arise that limit mixing of scripts, these can be used with faux Cyrillic letters in lieu of their Latin counterparts, in addition, C may be replaced by Archaic Ҁ. Homoglyph IDN homograph attack Volapük encoding vice versa of Faux Cyrillic, i. e. ҒДԞЄ ЯЦSSЇДИ GЄЙЭЯДҐФЯ - Make english look sort of like Russian, by using Cyrillic letter forms
Faux Cyrillic
–
Faux Russian T-shirt print "Ш3ДЯ" (WEAR). A Russian -speaker would read this as " shzdya ", a word which does not occur in the language. Moreover, the accent over the letter З never occurs in Russian.
18.
Sky Arts
–
Sky Arts is an art-oriented television channel offering 24 hours a day of programmes dedicated to highbrow arts, including theatrical performances, movies, documentaries and music. Sky Arts HD is also available on Sky, Virgin Media, in its early days, it was owned and managed by a public partnership including Sir Jeremy Isaacs. However, the channel suffered severe financial difficulty, in July 2002, it even staged its own farewell party, only to find emergency funding that very evening. In 2003, with a staff, it was facing closure. At this point, Sky stepped in, taking an initial 50% stake, Sky subsequently bought out the remaining shareholders and in June 2005 took full control, reducing the staff further, and dropping the channels premium subscription fee shortly afterwards. 60 hours of music along with seven full-length operas were broadcast each month to help bring in potential new subscribers. John Cassy, the manager of Artsworld, said, It is great news for the arts that a dedicated cultural channel will be available to millions of households. On 1 March 2007, Artsworld became Sky Arts and Artsworld HD became Sky Arts HD and this resulted in all of BSkyBs wholly owned channels carrying the Sky name. From 8 June 2007, Sky Arts introduced a series called Friday Night Hijack, artists were invited to schedule a night of television that reflects their tastes, interests and passions. Guests included legendary punk DJ Don Letts, Don McCullin, Saffron Burrows, Anthony Horowitz, Malcolm McLaren, Phill Jupitus, Germaine Greer, George Melly and this weekly feature was later moved and renamed as Sunday Night Hijack. Queen concerts and documentaries also air frequently on Sky Arts 1, in 2013 Sky Arts launched a painting competition series Portrait Artist of the Year presented by Frank Skinner and Joan Bakewell. The series is judged by art experts Tai-Shan Schierenberg, Kathleen Soriano, nick Lord won the first series and was awarded a commission to paint Hilary Mantel for the British Library. In 2014 the second series was won by Christian Hook and his portrait of Alan Cumming is now part of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery collection, in 2015 Sky Arts introduced a development of the competition for landscape painters called Landscape Artist of the Year in association with National Trust. The first series was won by Nerine McIntyre and she was awarded a commission to paint the scene made famous by John Constable at Flatford, on 9 June 2015, Sky Arts 2 closed and merged its content with Sky Arts 1 to form one channel. Sky Arts focused on the modern and independent side of Sky Arts programming. Schedules included cutting-edge documentaries, cult films, and rock concerts, but since 9 June 2015 it has also featured the high brow programmes from the former Sky Arts 2. This channel focused on high brow programme and featured music, opera, dance, fine arts programming. From 30 March to 14 April 2013, Sky Arts 2 was temporarily rebranded as Sky Arts Rieu in honour of André Rieu, broadcasting back-to-back concerts by the violinist
Sky Arts
–
The 1990s Sky Arts logo
19.
Bolsheviks
–
The RSDLP was a revolutionary socialist political party formed in 1898 in Minsk in Belarus to unite the various revolutionary organisations of the Russian Empire into one party. In the Second Party Congress vote, the Bolsheviks won on the majority of important issues and they ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks or Reds came to power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, with the Reds defeating the Whites, and others during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, the RSFSR became the chief constituent of the Soviet Union in December 1922. Their beliefs and practices were often referred to as Bolshevism, in the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, held in Brussels and London during August 1903, Lenin and Julius Martov disagreed over the membership rules. Lenin wanted members who recognise the Party Programme and support it by material means, Julius Martov suggested by regular personal assistance under the direction of one of the partys organisations. Lenin advocated limiting party membership to a core of active members. A main source of the factions could be attributed to Lenin’s steadfast opinion. It was obvious at early stages in Lenin’s revolutionary practices that he would not be willing to concede on any party policy that conflicted with his own predetermined ideas and it was the loyalty that he had to his own self-envisioned utopia that caused the party split. He was seen even by fellow party members as being so narrow minded that he believed there were only two types of people, Friend and enemy—those who followed him, and all the rest. Leon Trotsky, one of Lenins fellow revolutionaries, compared Lenin in 1904 to the French revolutionary Robespierre, Lenins view of politics as verbal and ideological warfare and his inability to accept criticism even if it came from his own dedicated followers was the reason behind this accusation. The root of the split was a book titled What is to be Done. that Lenin wrote while serving a sentence of exile, in Germany, the book was published in 1902, in Russia, strict censorship outlawed its publication and distribution. One of the points of Lenin’s writing was that a revolution can only be achieved by the strong leadership of one person over the masses. After the proposed revolution had overthrown the government, this individual leader must release power. Lenin also wrote that revolutionary leaders must dedicate their lives to the cause in order for it to be successful. Lenins view of a socialist intelligentsia showed that he was not a supporter of Marxist theory. For example, Lenin agreed with the Marxist idea of eliminating social classes, most party members considered unequal treatment of workers immoral, and were loyal to the idea of a completely classless society, so Lenin’s variations caused the party internal dissonance. Although the party split of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks would not become official until 1903, as discussed in What is to be Done. Lenin firmly believed that a political structure was needed to effectively initiate a formal revolution
Bolsheviks
–
Bolshevik Party meeting. Sitting (from left): Avel Enukidze, Mikhail Kalinin, Nikolai Bukharin, Mikhail Tomsky, Mikhail Lashevich, Lev Kamenev, Yevgeni Preobrazhensky, Leonid Serebryakov, Vladimir Lenin and Alexei Rykov.
Bolsheviks
–
Boris Kustodiev ’s 1920 painting " Bolshevik "
Bolsheviks
–
Left to right: Leon Trotsky, Vladimir Lenin, and Lev Kamenev
Bolsheviks
–
"Down with Bolshevism. Bolshevism brings war and destruction, hunger and death", anti-Bolshevik propaganda, Germany, 1919.
20.
Red Square
–
Red Square is a city square in Moscow, Russia. It separates the Kremlin, the royal citadel and currently the official residence of the President of Russia. Red Square is often considered the central square of Moscow since Moscows major streets, the name Red Square neither originates from the pigment of the surrounding bricks nor from the link between the colour red and communism. Rather, the name came about because the Russian word красная, several ancient Russian towns, such as Suzdal, Yelets, and Pereslavl-Zalessky, have their main square named Krasnaya ploshchad. The rich history of Red Square is reflected in paintings by Vasily Surikov, Konstantin Yuon. The square was meant to serve as Moscows main marketplace and it was also the site of various public ceremonies and proclamations, and occasionally a coronation for Russias Tsars would take place. The square has been built up since that point and has been used for official ceremonies by all Russian governments since it was established. The relevant decrees were issued in 1493 and 1495 and they called for the demolition of all buildings within 110 sazhens of the wall. Three square gates existed on this side of the wall, which in the 17th century, were known as, the last two are directly opposite Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basils Cathedral. In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, from this gate, wooden and stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – raskats, the Tsar Cannon was located on the platform of the Lobnoye mesto. The square was called Veliky Torg or simply Torg, then Troitskaya by the name of the small Troitskaya Church, after that, the square held the name Pozhar, which means burnt. It was not until 1661–62, when it was first mentioned by its contemporary Krasnaya – Red name, Red Square was the landing stage and trade centre for Moscow. Ivan the Great decreed that trade should only be conducted from person to person, but in time, after a fire in 1547, Ivan the Terrible reorganised the lines of wooden shops on the Eastern side into market lines. The streets Ilyinka and Varvarka were divided into the Upper lines, Middle lines and Bottom lines, after a few years, the Cathedral of Intercession of the Virgin, commonly known as Saint Basils Cathedral, was built on the moat under the rule of Ivan IV. This was the first building which gave the square its present-day characteristic silhouette, in 1595, the wooden market lines were replaced with stone. By that time, a platform for the proclamation of the tsars edicts. Red Square was considered a sacred place, during the expulsion of Poles from Moscow in 1612, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky entered the Kremlin through the square
Red Square
–
View of Red Square looking northwest from St. Basil's Cathedral
Red Square
–
Saint Basil's (finished 1561)
Red Square
–
17th century Palm Sunday procession leaving Saint Basil for Kremlin.
Red Square
–
Execution of streltsy by Tsar Peter I (to the right on a horse) in Red Square, 1698 (painted 1881)
21.
Midwifery
–
In many countries, midwifery is a medical profession. A professional in midwifery is known as a midwife, however, midwifery-led care was also associated with a longer mean length of labor as measured in hours. A normal pregnancy lasts about 9 months and has 3 trimesters, first trimester screening varies by country. Women are typically offered a Pap smear and urine analysis, and blood tests including a complete blood count, blood typing, syphilis, hepatitis, HIV, and rubella testing. Additionally, women may have chlamydia testing via a urine sample, Women must consent to all tests before they are carried out. The womans blood pressure, height and weight are measured and her past pregnancies and family, social, and medical history are discussed. Women may have an ultrasound scan during the first trimester which may be used to find the estimated due date. Some women may have genetic testing, such as screening for Downs Syndrome, diet, exercise, and discomforts such as morning sickness are discussed. The mother visits the midwife monthly or more often during the second trimester, the mothers partner and/or the labor coach may accompany her. The midwife will discuss pregnancy issues such as fatigue, heartburn, varicose veins, blood pressure and weight are monitored and the midwife measures the mothers abdomen to see if the baby is growing as expected. Lab tests such as a UA, CBC, and glucose tolerance test are done if the midwife feels they are necessary, in the third trimester the midwife will see the mother every two weeks until week 36 and every week after that. Weight, blood pressure, and abdominal measurements will continue to be done, lab tests such as a CDC and UA may be done with additional testing done for at-risk pregnancies. The midwife palpates the abdomen to establish the lie, presentation and position of the fetus and later. A pelvic exam may be done to see if the mothers cervix is dilating, the midwife and the mother discuss birthing options and write a birth care plan. Midwives are qualified to assist with a vaginal delivery while more complicated deliveries are handled by a health care provider who has had further training. Childbirth is divided into four stages, first stage of labor The first stage of labour involves the opening of the cervix. In the early parts of this stage the cervix will become soft, the first stage of labour is complete when the cervix has dilated the full 10cm. During the first stage of labor the mother begins to feel strong and regular contractions that come every 5 to 20 minutes, contractions gradually become stronger, more frequent, and longer lasting
Midwifery
–
A pregnancy check up by a midwife in a hospital
Midwifery
–
An illustration of normal head-first presentation. The membranes have ruptured and the cervix is fully dilated.
Midwifery
–
Newborn rests as caregiver checks breath sounds
Midwifery
–
"Babies" for student practice ~ Cambodian Midwife Project
22.
Adam Godley
–
Adam Godley is an English film, television and theatre actor. He is a Tony Award nominee and has been nominated three times for the Olivier Award, born in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, Godley began his acting career at the age of 9, in a BBC radio production of Hemingways My Old Man. His first stage came at age 11, as Prince Giovanni in The White Devil at The Old Vic. His childhood career also included work at the National Theatre, in Lillian Helmans Watch on the Rhine, Godley achieved national prominence after playing the lead in the 1984 BBC TV adaptation of J. Meade Falkners Moonfleet. In 1986 Godley joined Alan Ayckbourns theatre company in Scarborough, where he stayed for three seasons, productions included June Moon and The Revengers Comedies, both of which transferred to the West End, and Mr As Amazing Maze Plays, which transferred to the National Theatre. He spent one season as a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, several major productions followed, including Mouth to Mouth at the Royal Court, The Front Page at the Donmar, and The Rivals in the West End. He also played Jack Worthing in the West End production of The Importance of Being Earnest and he played Lord Evelyn Oakleigh in Roundabout Theatres multi award-winning Broadway revival of Anything Goes, and was Raymond Babitt in the West End production of Rain Man opposite Josh Hartnett. He was most recently seen in the role in a new adaptation by Dennis Kelly of Georg Kaisers 1912 German expressionist masterpiece, From Morning to Midnight. Adam Godley lives in Los Angeles with his partner, the writer Jon Hartmere, teavee Around the World in 80 Days Love Actually as Mr. Trench Hawking as Frank Hawking Thunderpants as Placido P. The Official London Theatre Guide interview
Adam Godley
–
Adam Godley
23.
Feldsher
–
Feldsher is a health care professional who provides various medical services limited to emergency treatment and ambulance practice, according to the World Health Organization. They are collectively grouped under the category “paramedical practitioners” in the International Standard Classification of Occupations,2008 revision, the word Feldsher is derived from the German Feldscher, which was coined in the 15th century. Today, Feldshers do not exist in Germany anymore, but the term was exported with Prussian officers, the Feldsher system of rural primary care provided some of the inspiration for Chinas barefoot doctors. Today feldshers can be found in every medical setting from primary to intensive care and they are often the first point of contact with health professionals for people in rural areas. Training for feldshers can include up to four years of education, including medical diagnosis. They have clinical responsibilities that may be considered midway between those of physicians and those of nurses and they do not have full professional qualifications as physicians. The training program includes basic pre-clinical sciences, anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, microbiology, laboratory subjects. The Feldsher, Medical, Sociological and Historical Aspects of Practitioners of Medicine with below University Level Education, the Magnes Press, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem,1992
Feldsher
–
A feldsher performing an amputation. Engraving from 1540
Feldsher
–
German Feldscher in the Franco-Prussian War 1870
24.
White movement
–
Remnants and continuations of the movement, some of which only had narrow support, endured within the wider White émigré community until after the fall of Communism. The Whites had the aim of bringing about law and order and the salvation of Russia, fighting against traitors, barbarians. They worked to remove Soviet organizations and functionaries in White-controlled territory, overall, the White Army was nationalistic, rejected ethnic particularism and separatism. The White Army generally believed in a united multinational Russia, amongst White Army members, anti-Semitism was widespread. Western sponsors expressed dismay at this, especially as the Bolsheviks had prohibited anti-Semitism, many of the White leaders were conservative, accepting autocracy while remaining suspicious of politics. Aside from being anti-Bolshevik and patriotic, the Whites had no set ideology or main leader, the White Armies did acknowledge a single provisional head of state, the so-called Supreme Governor of Russia, but this post was prominent only under the leadership of Admiral Alexander Kolchak. The movement had no set plan for foreign policy, Whites differed on policies toward Germany, the Whites wanted to keep from alienating any potential supporters and allies, and thus saw an exclusively monarchist position as a detriment to their cause and recruitment. White-movement leaders such as Anton Denikin advocated for Russians to create their own government, Admiral Alexander Kolchak succeeded in creating a temporary wartime government in Omsk, acknowledged by most other White leaders, only for it to fall with the loss of his armies. Some warlords who were aligned with the White movement, such as Grigory Semyonov and Roman Ungern von Sternberg, did not acknowledge any authority, consequently, the White movement had no set political leanings, members could be monarchists, republicans, rightists, Kadets, etc. Moreover, other parties supported the anti-Bolshevik White Army, among them the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. But depending on the time and place, those White Army supporters might also exchange right-wing allegiance for allegiance to the Red Army, the Volunteer Army in South Russia became the most prominent and the largest of the various and disparate White forces. Starting off as a small and well-organized military in January 1918, the Kuban Cossacks joined the White Army, and conscription of both peasants and Cossacks began. In late February 1918,4,000 soldiers under the command of General Aleksei Kaledin were forced to retreat from Rostov-on-Don due to the advance of the Red Army, in 1919 the Don Cossacks joined and the Army began drafting Ukrainian peasants. In that year, between May and October, the Volunteer Army grew from 64,000 to 150,000 soldiers and was better supplied than its Red counterpart. The White Armys rank-and-file comprised active anti-Bolsheviks, such as Cossacks, nobles, the White movement had access to various naval forces, both sea-going and river-based. Note especially the use of the Black Sea Fleet, aerial forces available to the Whites included the Slavo-British Aviation Corps. The Russian ace Alexander Kazakov operated within this unit, the White movements leaders and first members came mainly from the ranks of military officers. Many came from outside the nobility, such as generals Mikhail Alekseev, the White generals never mastered administration, they often utilized prerevolutionary functionaries or military officers with monarchististic inclinations for administering White-controlled regions
White movement
–
Coat of Arms of the Russian Government. 1919
White movement
–
"Why aren't you in the army?" Volunteer Army recruiting poster during the Russian Civil War.
White movement
–
The White Army: the flag of the Battalion of Death, later integral to the Volunteer Army.
White movement
–
Blagoveshchensky Temple, a Russian Orthodox church in Harbin, China
25.
Cocaine
–
Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled, or injected into the veins, mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, high doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature. Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes, Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery. Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the pathway in the brain. After a short period of use, there is a risk that dependence will occur. Its use also increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, lung problems in those who smoke it, blood infections, Cocaine sold on the street is commonly mixed with local anesthetics, cornstarch, quinine, or sugar which can result in additional toxicity. Following repeated doses a person may have decreased ability to feel pleasure, Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This results in concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain. It can easily cross the barrier and may lead to the breakdown of the barrier. Cocaine is made from the leaves of the plant which are mostly grown in South America. In 2013,419 kilograms were produced legally and it is estimated that the illegal market for cocaine is 100 to 500 billion USD each year. With further processing crack cocaine can be produced from cocaine, after cannabis, cocaine is the most frequently used illegal drug globally. Between 14 and 21 million people use the drug each year, use is highest in North America followed by Europe and South America. Between one and three percent of people in the world have used cocaine at some point in their life. In 2013 cocaine use resulted in 4,300 deaths. The leaves of the plant have been used by Peruvians since ancient times. Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860, since 1961 the international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs has required countries to make recreational use of cocaine a crime
Cocaine
–
A spoon containing baking soda, cocaine, and a small amount of water. Used in a "poor-man's" crack-cocaine production
Cocaine
–
Cocaine (INN)
Cocaine
–
A man sniffing cocaine
Cocaine
–
Cocaine hydrochloride
26.
Chain smoking
–
Chain smoking is the practice of smoking several cigarettes in succession, sometimes using the ember of a finished cigarette to light the next. Often the term chain smoker refers to a person who smokes relatively constantly, the term applies primarily to cigarettes, although it can be used to describe incessant cigar and pipe smoking as well. It is a form of addiction. The use of cocaine or an amphetamine with cigarettes can result in chain smoking, many people chain smoke when drinking alcoholic beverages because alcohol potentiates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to re-sensitization and hence inducing a craving. The extent to chain smoking is driven by nicotine dependence has been studied. It does not seem that the amount of nicotine delivered is a significant factor as the puff volume correlates poorly with the frequency of cigarette consumption, chain-smoking is given as an example of excessive addictive behaviour in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. It may be used as a form of therapy for smokers who are unused to such heavy smoking, inducing them to give up altogether. However, research confirms that current HVAC systems, while important for air quality
Chain smoking
–
Types
27.
Euthanasia
–
Euthanasia is the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering. There are different euthanasia laws in each country, the British House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics defines euthanasia as a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering. In the Netherlands and Flanders, euthanasia is understood as termination of life by a doctor at the request of a patient, Euthanasia is categorized in different ways, which include voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is legal in some countries, non-voluntary euthanasia is illegal in all countries. Involuntary euthanasia is illegal in all countries and is usually considered murder. As of 2006, euthanasia is the most active area of research in contemporary bioethics, in some countries there is a divisive public controversy over the moral, ethical, and legal issues of euthanasia. Jurisdictions where euthanasia is legal include the Netherlands, Canada, Colombia, Belgium, like other terms borrowed from history, euthanasia has had different meanings depending on usage. Bacon referred to an outward euthanasia—the term outward he used to distinguish from a spiritual concept—the euthanasia which regards the preparation of the soul, in current usage, euthanasia has been defined as the painless inducement of a quick death. Another approach incorporates the notion of suffering into the definition, the third element incorporated into many definitions is that of intentionality – the death must be intended, rather than being accidental, and the intent of the action must be a merciful death. Beauchamp and Davidson also highlight Baruch Brodys an act of euthanasia is one in one person. Kills another person for the benefit of the person, who actually does benefit from being killed. Prior to Draper, Beauchamp and Davidson had also offered a definition that includes these elements and their definition specifically discounts fetuses in order to distinguish between abortions and euthanasia, In summary, we have argued. In discussing his definition, Wreen noted the difficulty of justifying euthanasia when faced with the notion of the right to life. In response, Wreen argued that euthanasia has to be voluntary, and that euthanasia is, as such. Other commentators incorporate consent more directly into their definitions, hence, euthanasia can be voluntary only. Euthanasia may be classified according to whether a person gives informed consent into three types, voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary, however, others see consent as essential. Euthanasia conducted with the consent of the patient is termed voluntary euthanasia, active voluntary euthanasia is legal in Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Passive voluntary euthanasia is legal throughout the U. S. per Cruzan v. Director, when the patient brings about his or her own death with the assistance of a physician, the term assisted suicide is often used instead
Euthanasia
–
Felix Adler, circa 1913, the first prominent American to argue for permitting suicide in cases of chronic illness
28.
Billing (film)
–
Billing is a performing arts term used in referring to the order and other aspects of how credits are presented for plays, films, television, or other creative works. Information given in billing usually consists of the companies, actors, directors, producers and they also feared that, once actors were billed on film, they would be more popular and would seek large salaries. Actors themselves did not want to reveal their film careers to their counterparts via billing on film. As late as the 1910s, stars as famous as Mary Pickford, according to Mary Pickfords biography Doug and Mary, she was referred to by the public as the Biograph girl in all of her films before 1905. Before Mary Pickford, the used to call Florence Lawrence the Biograph girl. In 1910 Lawrence was lured away from Biograph by Carl Laemmle when he started the Independent Motion Picture Company, Laemmle wanted Lawrence to be his star attraction, so he offered her more money and marquee billing, something Biograph did not allow. She signed on, with the release of her first IMP film, The Broken Oath, from then on, actors received billing on film. Also originating during that time was the system of billing above and below the title, big stars such as Pickford, Fairbanks, and Chaplin were billed above the title, while lesser stars and supporting players were billed below the title. The studios still followed the system of the silent era. After the studio systems collapse in the 1950s, actors and their agents fought for billing on a film-by-film basis and this, combined with changes in union contracts and copyright laws, led to more actors and crew members being included in the credits sequence, expanding its size significantly. As a result, since the late 1960s, a significant amount of the billing is reserved for the credits of the film. In addition, more stars began to top billing. Billing demands even extended to publicity materials, down to the height of the letters, by the 1990s, some films had moved all billing to the films end, with the exception of company logos and the title. Occasionally, even the title is left to the end, such as in Avatar, The Passion of the Christ, Inception, the order in which credits are billed generally signify their importance. While there are variations, most opening credits use some variation of the following basic order. In the absence of opening credits, these roles will often be credited in order at the beginning of the closing credits. However, a studio may not necessarily be the party that produced it, instead, a separate production company may have actually made the film or financed a substantial part of the film. Sometimes the producer or writer may also get a possessory credit, Victor Fleming was one such director, his films usually featured the credit A Victor Fleming Production, even when someone else produced the film
Billing (film)
–
Man on a ladder, changing the billing on a marquee in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Billing (film)
–
The Towering Inferno poster
Billing (film)
–
Reynold Brown 's poster for Attack of the 50 Foot Woman (1958), with a billing block at the bottom.
29.
Tobacco pipe
–
A tobacco pipe, often called simply a pipe, is a device specifically made to smoke tobacco. It comprises a chamber for the tobacco from which a hollow stem emerges. Pipes can range from very simple machine-made briar models to highly prized hand-made artisanal implements made by renowned pipemakers, Pipe smoking is the oldest known traditional form of tobacco smoking. Smoking pipes of various types have used since ancient times. Herodotus described Scythians inhaling the fumes of burning leaves in 500 B. C, some Native American cultures smoke tobacco in ceremonial pipes, and have done so since long before the arrival of Europeans. Other American Indian cultures smoke tobacco socially, the tobacco plant is native to South America but spread into North America long before Europeans arrived. Tobacco was introduced to Europe from the Americas in the 16th century, typically this is accomplished by connecting a refractory bowl to some sort of stem which extends and cools the smoke mixture drawn through the combusting organic mass. The bowls of tobacco pipes are made of briar wood, meerschaum. Less common are other dense-grained woods such as cherry, olive, maple, mesquite, oak, minerals such as catlinite and soapstone have also been used. Pipe bowls are sometimes decorated by carving, and moulded clay pipes often had simple decoration in the mould, unusual, but still noteworthy pipe materials include gourds, as in the famous calabash pipe, and pyrolytic graphite. Metal and glass are uncommon materials for pipes, but are common for pipes intended for other substances. Because it is molded rather than carved, clay may make up the pipe or just the bowl. Stems and bits of tobacco pipes are made of moldable materials like vulcanite, lucite, Bakelite. Less common are stems made of reeds, bamboo, or hollowed out pieces of wood, expensive pipes once had stems made of amber, though this is rare now. The majority of pipes sold today, whether handmade or machine-made, are fashioned from briar, briar is a particularly well suited wood for pipe making for a number of reasons. The first and most important characteristic is its resistance to fire. The second is its inherent ability to absorb moisture, the burl absorbs water in nature to supply the tree in the dry times and likewise will absorb the moisture that is a byproduct of combustion. Briar is cut from the root burl of the tree heath, briar burls are cut into two types of blocks, ebauchon and plateaux
Tobacco pipe
–
A selection of various pipes on a circular pipe rack
Tobacco pipe
–
Sherlock Holmes smoking a pipe.
Tobacco pipe
–
Inlayed Pipe Bowl with Two Faces, early 19th century, Brooklyn Museum
Tobacco pipe
–
A Peterson briar pipe
30.
European sprat
–
The European sprat, Sprattus sprattus, also known as bristling, brisling or skipper, is a small, herring-like, marine fish. Found in European waters, it has silver grey scales and white-grey flesh, specific seas in which the species occurs include the Irish Sea, Black Sea, Baltic Sea and Sea of the Hebrides. The fish has about 12% fat in its flesh and is a source of many vitamins, when used for food it can be canned, salted, fried, grilled, baked, marinated, and so on. Young sprats are commonly known as brisling, canned sprats are available in many north European countries, including the Baltic states, Scandinavia, Ireland, Germany, Poland and Russia. They are an important Latvian export, the majority of brisling sardines that are sold to the public are harvested off the coasts of Norway and Scotland. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds
European sprat
–
European sprat
European sprat
–
Canapés with smoked sprats, common Russian zakuski
European sprat
–
Wild
European sprat
31.
NKVD
–
The Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs, abbreviated NKVD, was a joint law enforcement agency of the whole Soviet Union that directly executed the will of the All-Union Communist Party. It was closely associated with the Soviet secret police, which at times was part of the agency, the NKVD was headed by Soviet secret police officials. The NKVD contained the regular, public police force of the USSR, including police, firefighting, border guards. It is best known for the activities of the Gulag and the Main Directorate for State Security and it was also tasked with protection of Soviet borders and espionage, influencing foreign governments and enforcing Stalinist policy within communist movements in other countries. After the Russian February Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Government dissolved the Tsars police, realizing that it was left with no capable security force, the Council of Peoples Commissars of the RSFSR created a secret political police, the Cheka, led by Felix Dzerzhinsky. It gained the right to undertake quick non-judicial trials and executions, the Cheka was reorganized in 1922 as the State Political Directorate, or GPU, of the NKVD of the RSFSR. In 1922, the USSR was formed with the RSFSR as its largest member, the GPU became the OGPU, under the Council of Peoples Commissars of the USSR. The NKVD of the RSFSR retained control of the militsiya, as a result, the NKVD also became responsible for all detention facilities as well as for the regular police. Since its creation in 1934, the NKVD of the USSR underwent many organizational changes, on February 3,1941, the Special Sections of the NKVD responsible for military counterintelligence became part of the Army and Navy. The GUGB was separated from the NKVD and renamed the Peoples Commissariat for State Security, after the German invasion, the NKVD and NKGB were reunited on July 20,1941. The CI sections were returned to the NKVD in January 1942, in April 1943, the CI sections were again transferred to the Peoples Commissariats of Defense and the Navy, becoming SMERSH, at the same time, the NKVD was again separated from the NKGB. In 1946, all Soviet Commissariats were renamed ministries, accordingly, the NKVD of the USSR was renamed as the Ministry of Internal Affairs, while the NKGB was renamed as the Ministry of State Security. In 1953, after the arrest of Lavrenty Beria, the MGB was merged back into the MVD, the police and security services were finally split in 1954 to become, The USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, responsible for the criminal militia and correctional facilities. The USSR Committee for State Security, responsible for the police, intelligence, counter-intelligence, personal protection. In implementing Soviet internal policy towards perceived enemies of the Soviet state, untold multitudes of people were sent to GULAG camps, formally, most of these people were convicted by NKVD troikas – special courts martial. Evidential standards were low, a tip-off by an anonymous informer was considered sufficient grounds for arrest. Use of physical means of persuasion was sanctioned by a decree of the state. Hundreds of mass graves resulting from operations were later discovered throughout the country
NKVD
–
Genrikh Yagoda, Vyacheslav Menzhinsky and Felix Dzerzhinsky, 1924
NKVD
–
Picture of Dzerzhinsky during a parade in 1936
NKVD
–
NKVD chief Genrikh Yagoda (middle) inspecting the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal, 1935
NKVD
–
Lavrentiy Beria with Stalin (in background) and Stalin's daughter Svetlana
32.
Law enforcement
–
Most law enforcement is conducted by some type of law enforcement agency, with the most typical agency fulfilling this role being the police. Law enforcement agencies tend to be limited to operating within a specified jurisdiction, various specialized segments of society may have their own internal law enforcement arrangements. For example, military organizations may have military police, outline of law enforcement – structured list of topics related to law enforcement, organized by subject area Criminal law Biosecurity Commons
Law enforcement
–
Members of the San Francisco Police Department at a protest in the Mission District, San Francisco, California.
33.
Zemstvo
–
A zemstvo was an institution of local government set up during the great liberal reforms carried out in Imperial Russia by Emperor Alexander II of Russia. Nikolay Milyutin elaborated the idea of the zemstva, and the first zemstvo laws went into effect in 1864, after the October Revolution of 1917 the zemstvo system was shut down and replaced by a system of workers councils. Alexander II instituted these bodies, one for district and another for each province or government. They consisted of a council and of an executive board nominated by the former. 3% of the population. Even so, the zemstvo allowed the population to have a say in how a small part of their communities would operate. The rules governing elections to the zemstvos were taken as a model for the law of 1906 and are sufficiently indicated by the account of this given below. These powers were, however, severely restricted by Alexander III, the governors had drastic powers of discipline over the members. Despite all these restrictions, during the 50 years of the zemstvos, they succeeded in solving problems of general education, public medical service, means of transportation. Zemstvo expenditure grew from 89.1 million rubles in 1900 to 290.5 million rubles in 1913. Of the latter sum,90.1 million rubles were spent on education,71.4 million on medical assistance,22.2 million on improvements in agriculture, and 8 million on veterinary measures. The chief sources of revenue were rates on lands, forests, country dwellings, factories, mines. Philately uses the term zemstvo stamp to refer to local-issue Russian postage stamps from this period, the All-Russian Zemstvo Union was set up in August 1914 to provide a common voice for all the Zemstvos. It was an organisation which after 1915 operated in conjunction with the Union of Cities. All-Zemstvo Organization, established by Dmitry Shipov, Zemstvo. com - site devoted to zemstvo stamps Russianphilately. com - Rare Zemstvo stamps gallery
Zemstvo
–
Zemstvo having a dinner by Grigoriy Myasoyedov. 1872.
34.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776
35.
Ovation (U.S. TV channel)
–
Ovation is a television network whose stated mission is to connect the world to all forms of art and artistic expression. Ovation premiered on April 21,1996 and was re-launched on June 20,2007 to an audience with carriage on DirecTV. Since then, the network has added carriage on AT&T U-verse, Verizon FiOS, Comcast/Xfinity, RCN, Time Warner Cable, the channel currently reaches approximately 50 million subscribers. Ovation launched an HD service in 2010 and is available on VOD. Ovation is a privately held, independent cable network, ovation’s investors include Hubbard Media Group, Corporate Partners II, Arcadia Investment Partners, Perry Capital, and The Weinstein Company. As of February 2015, approximately 54 million households receive Ovation, the channel was launched in 1997 and relaunched in June 2007, coinciding with its addition by DirecTV, which gave the channel full national coverage. In 2008, Ovation also became available on Dish Network, with the relaunch, Ovation TV claimed an energetic new look and a new primetime schedule revolving around genre nights dedicated to performance, people, art, music and film. On March 1,2010, the dropped the TV from its name in a rebranding effort. On December 18,2012, Time Warner Cable announced plans to remove Ovation from its own systems as well as operated by Bright House Networks. Time Warner Cable and Bright House dropped Ovation at midnight Eastern Time on December 31,2012, the two providers later reached an agreement to resume carriage of Ovation on October 16,2013, reinstating the channel on TWC and Bright House systems on January 1,2014. On April 6,2015, Dish Network removed it from the lineup, Ovation HD is a high definition simulcast feed of Ovation, which broadcasts in the 1080i resolution format, it was launched in July 2010. Ovation HD is currently available on DirecTV, Comcast, Time Warner Cable, Bright House Networks, Verizon FiOS, Ovation programming is a mix of original and selectively curated television series, films, documentaries and specials, targeting a multi-generational audience. In 2013, the network also premiered The Art Of which returns with season 4 in 2015, Ovation has expanded its line-up with the docu-series, Big Ballet, featuring former Royal Ballet dancer Wayne Sleep as he assembles a troupe of plus-size dancers to perform Swan Lake. In 2015, Ovation premiered the new reality show Art Breakers, Art Breakers steps inside the high-stakes world of art collecting. Powerhouse dealers Miller Gaffney and Carol Lee Brosseau deploy their vast knowledge to curate the most enviable collections for demanding patrons, weekday mornings on Ovation are anchored by Morning Canvas, a daily offering of artistic inspiration with host Nikki Boyer. Ovation will debut the U. S. premiere of international drama series Versailles on October 1,2016 and these partnerships provide Ovations distribution partners with unique opportunities for local involvement and an increased community profile. In turn, cultural institutions gain previously out-of-reach access to local and national marketing opportunities, over $16 million in direct support and donated media has been provided over the last six years, an amount unprecedented for an independent television network. Ovation is committed to promoting the arts and arts education across the country, Ovation has also partnered with AFTA, and the President’s Committee for the Arts and Humanities in launching the InnOVATION STEAM Grant Awards
Ovation (U.S. TV channel)
Ovation (U.S. TV channel)
–
Ovation logo, used from 2010 to 2013.
36.
Broadcasters' Audience Research Board
–
The Broadcasters Audience Research Board is the organisation that compiles audience measurement and television ratings in the United Kingdom. It was created in 1981 to replace two previous systems whereby ITV ratings were compiled by JICTAR, whilst the BBC did their own audience research, BARB is jointly owned by the BBC, ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, Sky and the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising. Participating viewers have a box on top of their TV sets which tracks the programmes they watch, currently, BARB have approximately 5,100 homes participating in the panel. This means that with a total UK population of 58,789,194, according to the 2001 census, the box records exactly what programs they watch, and the panelists indicate who is in the room watching by pressing a button on a remote control handset. The data is collected overnight and published as overnight ratings at around 9.30 the following morning for use by TV stations, the following week, final figures are released which are a combination of the overnight figures with time-shift figures. For programmes from December 15,2014 onwards, BARB has begun publishing viewing figures for a period of 28 days after the original broadcast, BARB numbers are extremely important to commercial television stations. The trading model that is used by companies and advertising agencies depends on the number of people watching the shows. The advertising agency will pay the station a certain amount of money based on the number of people watching a show. The BARB numbers are used to work this out, higher BARB numbers usually mean more advertising revenue for the television station. This leads to some interesting situations on the smaller channels, since there are many television stations, and many hours in the day, there can be situations where BARB will record zero viewers for certain program. As the TV advertising system is geared round BARB ratings all, the BARB publishes inter alia Weekly Top 10 Charts, a Weekly Viewing Summary for programms or the use of program genres. BARBs current research contracts have been awarded to three different market research companies, RSMB, Ipsos MORI, and Kantar Media, the contracts run from January 2010 to the end of 2015, with options to extend further. RSMB are responsible for design, quality control and calculation methodology. Ipsos MORIs role is to survey the characteristics of the television owning population, Kantar Media is responsible for establishing and maintaining the new BARB viewing panel. It has a contract covering meter panel installation, data retrieval, processing. Audience measurement Nielsen ratings Official website
Broadcasters' Audience Research Board
–
ITV digital channels' viewing share 2000–2008
37.
King Features
–
King Features affiliate syndicates are North America Syndicate and Cowles Syndicate. Each week, Reed Brennan Media Associates, a unit of Hearst, edits, william Randolph Hearsts newspapers began syndicating material in 1895 after receiving requests from other newspapers. In 1914, Hearst and his manager Moses Koenigsberg consolidated all of Hearsts syndication enterprises under one banner, Koenigsberg gave it his own name when he launched King Features Syndicate. Production escalated in 1916 with King Features buying and selling its own staff-created feature material, a trade publication — Circulation — was published by King Features between 1916 and 1933. Syndication peaked in the mid-1930s with 130 syndicates offering 1,600 features to more than 13,700 newspapers, in 1941, Koenigsberg wrote an autobiographical history of the company entitled King News. D. Gortatowsky, I have had numerous suggestions for incorporating some American history of a kind in the adventure strips of the comic section. The difficulty is to something that will sufficiently interest the kids… Perhaps a title — Trained by Fate — would be general enough. Take Paul Revere and show him as a boy making as much of his life as possible. Take Betsy Ross for a heroine, or Barbara Fritchie… for the girls, King Features editor Ward Greene to Hearst, There is another way to do it, which is somewhat fantastic, but which I submit for your consideration. That is to devise a new comic… a dream idea revolving around a boy we might call Dick. Dick, or his equivalent, would go in his dream with Mad Anthony Wayne at the storming of Stony Point or with Decatur at Tripoli… provide a constant character… who would become known to the kids. Hearst to Greene, The dream idea for the American history series is splendid and it gives continuity and personal interest, and you can make more than one page of each series… You are right about the importance of the artist. Greene to Hearst, We employed the device, building the comic around a small boy. Hearst to Greene, I think the drawing of Dick and His Dad is amazingly good, I do not suggest this, as it would probably add further complications, but it might give a spiritual tie to all the dreams. The main thing, however, is to get more realism, Hearst to Greene, If we find is not a success, of course we can brief it, but if it is a success it should be a long series. Greene to Hearst, I am sending you two sample pages of Dicks Adventures in Dreamland which start a series about Christopher Columbus, Hearst to Greene, In January, I am told, we are going to 16 pages regularly on Puck, the Comic Weekly. That would be a time to introduce the Columbus series. In the 1940s, Ward Greene was King Features editor, having worked his way up through the ranks
King Features
–
King Features' 1951 Christmas card
King Features
–
James Montgomery Flagg 's portrait of King Features' comics editor Sylvan Byck.
King Features
–
Jay Kennedy, comics editor, 1988-2007.
38.
Sky.com
–
Sky plc is a British satellite broadcasting, on-demand internet streaming media, broadband and telephone services company with headquarters in London. It has operations in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Austria, Sky is Europes biggest and leading media company and largest pay-TV broadcaster, with 21 million subscribers and 30,000 employees as of 2015. Initially formed in 1990 by the merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting. In 2014, after completing the acquisition of Sky Italia and Sky Deutschland, Sky is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It had a capitalisation of approximately £18.75 billion as of 2015. Rupert Murdochs 21st Century Fox owns a 39.14 per cent controlling stake in the company, British Sky Broadcasting was formed by the merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting on 2 November 1990. Both companies had begun to struggle financially and were suffering financial losses as both competed against each other for viewers. The Guardian later characterised the merger as effectively a takeover by News Corporation, on 17 November, the IBA decided to terminate BSBs contract, but not immediately, as it was deemed unfair to 120,000 viewers who had bought BSB devices. Sam Chisholm was appointed CEO in a bid to reorganise the new company, in April the nine Sky/BSB channels had been condensed into five, with EuroSport being dropped soon after the Sky Sports launch. Chisholm also renegotiated the merged companys expensive deals with the Hollywood studios, News International received 50%, Pearson PLC17. 5%, Chargeurs 17. 5%, Granada 12%, Reed International 2% of the new shares in the company. Many of the lessons had been learnt with more than half the running cost of the combined company, further cuts in losses were a direct result of 313,000 new customers joining during the first half of 1991. James Capel forecast BSkyB would still be indebted in 2000, in the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, from the 1992 season. ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights, ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid, Murdoch has described sport as a battering ram for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High court to get an injunction as it believed their details were leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to also investigate since it believed Rupert Murdochs media empire via the newspapers had influence the deal. A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid. BSkyB retained the rights paying £670m 1997–2001 deal, but was challenged by On Digital for the rights from 2001–2004, in May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premiership packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters
Sky.com
39.
Sky Go
–
Sky Go is an online television service from Sky which launched in January 2006. On demand content comprises sports highlights, latest news, movies, the service is available at no extra cost to existing Sky TV customers, with accessible content depending on the subscribers Sky package. Non-Sky TV customers can access the service by subscribing on a pay-per-view basis, Sky Go is viewable on up to two devices, with the ability to increase this to four devices with Sky Go Extra for a monthly fee. The Microsoft Silverlight 3.0 browser plug-in is required to play content on computers, due to viewing rights, certain programmes are not available to watch via Sky Go, and are blacked out from the schedule. To have access to the selection of live TV channels available on Sky Go. Sky Go has problems playing on any Apple device running Mac OS X10.7 or higher when playing movies larger than 1000Mb, on 25 November 2006 Sky announced that Sky By Broadband had been rebranded as Sky Anytime on PC. The rebranding also coincided with an update to the client, which included a new interface, on 16 May 2008, Sky Anytime on PC was rebranded as Sky Player, along with updated software to include live simulcasts of Sky News and Sky Sports. On 29 October 2009, the service expanded on to the Xbox 360, an Xbox Live Gold subscription is required, and users need to register via the Sky Go website. Features include a party system allows multiple users to watch content at the same time. Due to the level of demand, the launch of the service was troublesome. To rectify this, Sky decided to open up Sky Go on Xbox 360 to users incrementally over the following days, on 19 November 2009, Sky Player was also made available to Windows Media Center-equipped Windows 7 computers. Users of 3G phones on Vodafone, Orange, and T-Mobile could subscribe to Sky Mobile TV, on 6 July 2011, Sky Player and Sky Mobile TV services were merged and rebranded as Sky Go. Key changes include the ability to watch live channels in line with your Sky TV subscription at no additional cost, support for Windows Media Center was dropped, however an app was released for Apples iOS operating system, used on the iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch. A Sky Go app for Android devices was released on 20 February 2012, Sky Go for Android does not work on rooted phones and was initially only available on a selection of Android phones from HTC and Samsung. On 11 December 2012, Sky Go added support for Jelly Bean and additional devices, including those from Google, LG and Sony. As of 2013, Sky Go is not in development for other such as BlackBerry 10, Windows Phone 8 or Windows RT. The download feature was available for free in the Sky Go Desktop client. On 1 May 2014, Sky announced the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 will be receiving Sky Go by the end of 2014
Sky Go
–
Sky Player on Windows Media Center
40.
British Comedy Guide
–
British Comedy Guide or BCG is a British website covering all forms of British comedy, across all media. The website also runs The Comedy. co. uk Awards and hosts several podcast series, reportedly, British Comedy Guide attracts over 500,000 unique visitors a month, making it Britains most-visited comedy-related reference website. The website was founded in August 2003 as the British Sitcom Guide, the website was established by Mark Boosey, a freelance web developer, originally as a hobby. The website went through another relaunch in 2016, where it underwent a re-design of the layout, a new logo, and increased coverage of online comedy and people working in British comedy. In 2015, BCGs data specialist Ian Wolf was awards the inaugural Unsung Hero at the first FringePig Ham Fist awards for his work collating reviews during that years Edinburgh Festival Fringe, BCG hosts a range of podcasts, some of which have gone on to win awards. In June 2013, an episode of Richard Herrings Leicester Square Theatre Podcast saw host Richard Herring interviewing Stephen Fry, the story was also reported widely across the media, including the BBC and Sky News. The awards are notable for allowing the public to choose the winners via an online poll and this differs from the British Comedy Awards which relies on broadcasters to put their programmes forward for nomination, and only uses a small panel of judges to determine the results. Additionally, The Comedy. co. uk Awards seeks to not just the winners. The only exception is shows which span across the new year, the vote for top favourite scores two points for the selected programme, and a vote for a second favourite scores one. The comedy programme with the most points is declared the winner in that category, the show which receives the highest number of worst votes is declared the worst comedy in that category. In the first week of voting all comedies from the year could be voted on, the first awards were presented in January 2007 and were known at the time as The British Sitcom Guide Awards 2006, but have since been renamed. The second awards were presented in January 2008, originally under the title The British Sitcom Guide Awards 2007, the third awards were presented in January 2009 and were the first to include radio shows. The 2008 awards were known as the British Comedy Guide Awards 2008, the fourth awards were presented in January 2010. The fifth awards were presented in January 2011, the sixth awards were presented on 23 January 2012. The seventh awards were presented on 21 January 2013, the eighth awards were presented on 20 January 2014. The ninth awards were presented on 26 January 2015, the tenth awards were presented on 1 February 2016. The 11th awards will be presented on 23 January 2016, British Comedy Guide on Facebook @BritishComedy on Twitter - Feed providing general comedy news and features. @BritComedyShop on Twitter - Feed concentrating on DVD release news and deals, British Comedy Guides channel on YouTube British Comedy Guide on Google+
British Comedy Guide
–
British Comedy Guide
British Comedy Guide
–
Screenshot of the British Comedy Guide homepage on 2 January 2011.
41.
IMDb
–
In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
IMDb
–
Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
42.
A Young Doctor's Notebook (TV series)
–
A Young Doctors Notebook is a British dark comedy television programme based on the short story collection of the same name by Mikhail Bulgakov. Jon Hamm and Daniel Radcliffe portray the main characters. The first series was broadcast between 6 December and 27 December 2012 on Sky Arts 1, and a series aired from 21 November to 12 December 2013. The first series takes place in the year 1917 during the Russian Revolution, the second series is based on the short story titled Morphine by Bulgakov. The title cards and credits use faux Cyrillic, the music for the programme was composed by Stephen Warbeck. It features violin, a clarinet, acoustic guitar, and cello, the theme song was featured on Sky Arts compilation album Sky Theme Tunes, Vol.2. Dr. Vladimir Bomgard leads a team at the fictional Muryevo Hospital in Russia, the team consists of Pelageya Ivanovna, a junior midwife, Demyan Lukich, a feldsher, and Anna Nikolayevna, a senior midwife. The typical episode follows the team in their attempts to treat patients illnesses, Bomgard contends with the uneducated populace, which refuses his treatment. He regularly provides them with rapid and accurate diagnoses, Bomgard has a physical relationship with Pelageya. In the third episode, they have sex for the first time, in the second series, they try being a couple, and make their relationship work. In the sixth episode, Bomgard tells Pelageya he never loved her, a Young Doctors Notebook is set in the fictional town of Muryevo, Korobovo in Russia. The first series takes place in the year 1917 during the Russian Revolution, the programme also takes place in the years 1934 and 1935. The shows main character reads his old diary and recalls his experiences, the doctor interacts with his younger self, having conversations that reveal aspects of the story yet to unfold. In the second series, the Russian Civil War begins to affect the fictional Muryevo Hospital, meanwhile, the young doctor is battling an all-encompassing morphine addiction. His older self stands watch over him, and an aristocrat named Natasha arrives in the hospital. The young doctor takes an intense, destructive interest in Natasha, at the same time, The Feldsher takes a romantic interest in a tall, moustached Colonel of the White Guard, who is also staying in the hospital. They are both fond of other, and share a love for pickled sprats. At one point, The Feldsher was seen to be bringing him a bouquet of flowers, Bomgard also frequently chain smokes when he is on medical duty
A Young Doctor's Notebook (TV series)
–
UK DVD cover showing Jon Hamm and Daniel Radcliffe
.jpg)
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small}
"I Am the Doctor"
