1.
Communes of France
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The commune is a level of administrative division in the French Republic. French communes are roughly equivalent to civil townships incorporated municipalities in the United States or Gemeinden in Germany, the United Kingdom has no exact equivalent, as communes resemble districts in urban areas, but are closer to parishes in rural areas where districts are much larger. Communes are based on historical geographic communities or villages and have received significant powers of governance to manage the populations, the communes are the fourth-level administrative divisions of France. A French commune may be a city of 2.2 million inhabitants like Paris, communes typically are based on pre-existing villages and facilitate local governance. All communes have names, but not all named geographic areas or groups of people residing together are communes, a commune is a town, city, or municipality. Use of commune in English is a habit, and one that might be corrected. There is nothing in commune in French that is different from town in English. The French word commune appeared in the 12th century, from Medieval Latin communia, as of January 2015, there were 36,681 communes in France,36,552 of them in metropolitan France and 129 of them overseas. This is a higher total than that of any other European country. The whole territory of the French Republic is divided into communes and this is unlike some other countries, such as the United States, where unincorporated areas directly governed by a county or a higher authority can be found. There are only a few exceptions, COM of Saint-Martin and it was previously a commune inside the Guadeloupe région. The commune structure was abolished when Saint-Martin became an overseas collectivity on 22 February 2007, COM of Wallis and Futuna, which still is divided according to the three traditional chiefdoms. It was previously a commune inside the Guadeloupe region, the commune structure was abolished when Saint-Barthélemy became an overseas collectivity on 22 February 2007.88 square kilometres. The median area of metropolitan Frances communes at the 1999 census was even smaller, the median area is a better measure of the area of a typical French commune. This median area is smaller than that of most European countries. In Italy, the area of communes is 22 km2, in Belgium it is 40 km2, in Spain it is 35 km2, and in Germany. Switzerland and the Länder of Rhineland-Palatinate, Schleswig-Holstein, and Thuringia in Germany were the places in Europe where the communes had a smaller median area than in France. The communes of Frances overseas départements such as Réunion and French Guiana are large by French standards and they usually group into the same commune several villages or towns, often with sizeable distances among them
Communes of France
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Road sign marking the end of the village of Y in the Somme department of Picardy
Communes of France
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Map of the 36,569 communes of metropolitan France
Communes of France
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Mittelhausbergen in Alsace
Communes of France
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Vacqueyras in Provence, showing double French/ Provençal name
2.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
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In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
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Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
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The Palais de la Cité and Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
3.
Union for a Popular Movement
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The Union for a Popular Movement was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Socialist Party. The UMP was formed in 2002 as a merger of several parties under the leadership of President Jacques Chirac. In May 2015, the party was renamed and succeeded by the Republicans, Nicolas Sarkozy, then the president of the UMP, was elected President of France in the 2007 presidential election, but was defeated by PS candidate François Hollande in a run-off five years later. After the November 2012 party congress, the UMP experienced internal fractioning and was plagued by scandals which forced its president, Jean-François Copé. After his re-election as UMP president in November 2014, Sarkozy put forward an amendment to change the name of the party into The Republicans, since the 1980s, the political groups of the parliamentary right have joined forces around the values of economic liberalism and the building of Europe. Their rivalries had contributed to their defeat in the 1981 and 1988 legislative elections, before the 1993 legislative election, the Gaullist Rally for the Republic and the centrist Union for French Democracy formed an electoral alliance, the Union for France. However, in the 1995 presidential campaign they were divided between followers of Jacques Chirac, who was eventually elected, and supporters of Prime Minister Edouard Balladur. After their defeat in the 1997 legislative election, the RPR, before the 2002 presidential campaign, the supporters of President Jacques Chirac, divided in three centre-right parliamentary parties, founded an association named Union on the Move. After Chiracs re-election, in order to contest the election jointly. It was renamed Union for a Popular Movement and as established as a permanent organisation. In the UMP four major French political families were represented, Gaullism, republicanism, Christian democracy. Chiracs close ally Alain Juppé became the partys first president at the founding congress at the Bourget in November 2002. Juppé won 79. 42% of the vote, defeating Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, the leader of the partys Eurosceptic Arise the Republic faction, and three other candidates. During the partys earlier years, it was marked by tensions, in the 2004 European Parliament election on 13 June 2004, the UMP also suffered another heavy blow, winning 16. 6% of the vote, far behind the Socialist Party, and only 16 seats. Juppé resigned the presidency on 15 July 2004 after being found guilty in a corruption scandal in January of the same year. Nicolas Sarkozy rapidly announced that he would take over the presidency of the UMP and resign his position as finance minister, ending months of speculation. On 28 November 2004, Sarkozy was elected to the presidency with 85. 09% of the votes against 9. 1% for Dupont-Aignan and 5. 82% for Christine Boutin. Having gained control of what had been Chiracs party, Sarkozy focused the party machinery, however, during this time, the UMP under Sarkozy gained a record number of new members and rejuvenated itself in preparation of the 2007 election
Union for a Popular Movement
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Nicolas Sarkozy speaking at a UMP party congress in 2004
Union for a Popular Movement
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Union for a Popular Movement Union pour un mouvement populaire
Union for a Popular Movement
Union for a Popular Movement
4.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
Daylight saving time
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Ancient water clock that lets hour lengths vary with season.
Daylight saving time
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G. V. Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Daylight saving time
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Retailers generally favor DST. United Cigar Stores hailed a 1918 DST bill.
Daylight saving time
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William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.
5.
Vanves
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Vanves French pronunciation, is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 5.6 km from the center of Paris and it is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe and the tenth in France On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighboring communes. On that occasion, about a third of the commune of Vanves was annexed to Paris, on 8 November 1883, about half of the territory of Vanves was detached and became the commune of Malakoff. Vanves is served by Malakoff – Plateau de Vanves station on Paris Métro Line 13 and this station is located at the border between the commune of Vanves and the commune of Malakoff, on the Malakoff side of the border. Vanves is also served by Vanves – Malakoff station on the Transilien Paris – Montparnasse suburban rail line
Vanves
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The Albert-Legris crossroads, in the heart of the Plateau de Vanves district
6.
St-Martin-des-Champs Priory
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The Priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs was an influential monastery established in what is now the city of Paris, France. Its surviving buildings are considered treasures of Medieval architecture in the city, the oldest known structure on the site was a chapel dedicated to St. Martin of Tours, founded during the Merovingian dynasty, which appears in a text of 710. At a date which remains unknown, a community of monks became established there around the chapel, the abbey they founded was pillaged and destroyed by Norman invaders during the late 10th century. In 1060, King Henry I of France chose to rebuild the complex of the former abbey, at that era, it still remained outside the walls of the city, thus its designation as des champs. In 1079 the priory was given to St, the priory church was completed in 1135, having a choir section with a double ambulatory, topped by a simple ribbed arch. The nave was completed during the 13th century, as was the refectory of the priory, the later two are attributed to Pierre de Montreuil. These are the surviving portions of the monastic complex today. The priory maintained a presence in the religious and social life of Paris. Over time, the priory fell subject to the system of commendatory abbots, the famous Cardinal Richelieu can be counted among their number. The priory was suppressed in 1790 under the new laws of the French Revolution, the monastic walls and dormitories was soon torn down. The surviving structures of the priory became the home of the Museum of Arts and Crafts, the original Foucault Pendulum was housed there from 1855 until it was irreparably damaged in 2010
St-Martin-des-Champs Priory
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Musée des Arts et Métiers
7.
Medieval Latin
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Despite the clerical origin of many of its authors, medieval Latin should not be confused with Ecclesiastical Latin. There is no consensus on the exact boundary where Late Latin ends. Medieval Latin had a vocabulary, which freely borrowed from other sources. Greek provided much of the vocabulary of Christianity. The various Germanic languages spoken by the Germanic tribes, who invaded southern Europe, were major sources of new words. Germanic leaders became the rulers of parts of the Roman Empire that they conquered, other more ordinary words were replaced by coinages from Vulgar Latin or Germanic sources because the classical words had fallen into disuse. Latin was also spread to such as Ireland and Germany. Works written in the lands, where Latin was a language with no relation to the local vernacular, also influenced the vocabulary. English words like abstract, subject, communicate, matter, probable, the high point of the development of medieval Latin as a literary language came with the Carolingian renaissance, a rebirth of learning kindled under the patronage of Charlemagne, king of the Franks. On the other hand, strictly speaking there was no form of medieval Latin. Every Latin author in the period spoke Latin as a second language, with varying degrees of fluency, and syntax, grammar. For instance, rather than following the classical Latin practice of placing the verb at the end. Unlike classical Latin, where esse was the auxiliary verb, medieval Latin writers might use habere as an auxiliary, similar to constructions in Germanic. The accusative and infinitive construction in classical Latin was often replaced by a clause introduced by quod or quia. This is almost identical, for example, to the use of que in similar constructions in French. In every age from the late 8th century onwards, there were learned writers who were familiar enough with classical syntax to be aware that these forms and usages were wrong, however the use of quod to introduce subordinate clauses was especially pervasive and is found at all levels. That resulted in two features of Medieval Latin compared with Classical Latin. First, many attempted to show off their knowledge of Classical Latin by using rare or archaic constructions
Medieval Latin
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Carmina Cantabrigiensia, Medieval Latin manuscript
Medieval Latin
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Europe, 1000 AD
Medieval Latin
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An illuminated manuscript of a Book of Hours contains prayers in medieval Latin.
Medieval Latin
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The Prüfening dedicatory inscription of 1119, composed in medieval Latin.
8.
Manorialism
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Manorialism was an essential element of feudal society. It was the principle of rural economy that originated in the Roman villa system of the Late Roman Empire. It was slowly replaced by the advent of a market economy. These obligations could be payable in several ways, in labor, in kind, or, on rare occasions, in examining the origins of the monastic cloister, Walter Horn found that as a manorial entity the Carolingian monastery. Manorialism died slowly and piecemeal, along with its most vivid feature in the landscape and it outlasted serfdom as it outlasted feudalism, primarily an economic organization, it could maintain a warrior, but it could equally well maintain a capitalist landlord. It could be self-sufficient, yield produce for the market, or it could yield a money rent, the last feudal dues in France were abolished at the French Revolution. In parts of eastern Germany, the Rittergut manors of Junkers remained until World War II, in Quebec, the last feudal rents were paid in 1970 under the modified provisions of the Seigniorial Dues Abolition Act of 1935. The term is most often used with reference to medieval Western Europe, antecedents of the system can be traced to the rural economy of the later Roman Empire. With a declining birthrate and population, labor was the key factor of production, the workers of the land were on their way to becoming serfs. The legal status of adscripti, bound to the soil, contrasted with barbarian foederati, the process of rural self-sufficiency was given an abrupt boost in the eighth century, when normal trade in the Mediterranean Sea was disrupted. The lord held a court, governed by public law. Not all territorial seigneurs were secular, bishops and abbots also held lands that entailed similar obligations, by extension, the word manor is sometimes used in England to mean any home area or territory in which authority is held, often in a police or criminal context. In the generic plan of a manor from Shepherds Historical Atlas. As concerns for privacy increased in the 18th century, manor houses were located a farther distance from the village. In an agrarian society, the conditions of land tenure underlie all social or economic factors, there were two legal systems of pre-manorial landholding. One, the most common, was the system of holding land allodially in full outright ownership, the other was a use of precaria or benefices, in which land was held conditionally. To these two systems, the Carolingian monarchs added a third, the aprisio, which linked manorialism with feudalism and he solved this problem by allotting desert tracts of uncultivated land belonging to the royal fisc under direct control of the emperor. These holdings aprisio entailed specific conditions, the earliest specific aprisio grant that has been identified was at Fontjoncouse, near Narbonne
Manorialism
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Ploughing on a French ducal manor in March Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, c.1410
Manorialism
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The great hall at Penshurst Place, Kent, built in the mid 14th century. The hall was of central importance to every manor, being the place where the lord and his family ate, received guests, and conferred with dependents.
Manorialism
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Generic map of a medieval manor. The mustard-colored areas are part of the demesne, the hatched areas part of the glebe. William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1923
9.
Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine
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Bagneux is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 7.7 km from the center of Paris, fontenay-aux-Roses Bagneux is served by Bagneux station on Paris RER line B. This station is located at the border between the commune of Bagneux and the commune of Cachan, on the Cachan side of the border. Primary schools include,10 preschools 7 elementary schools The commune has four high schools, Henri-Barbusse, Joliot-Curie, Romain-Rolland. The commune has one senior high school, Lycée professionnel Léonard-de-Vinci
Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine
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The church of Saint Hermeland of Bagneux
10.
Montrouge
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Montrouge is a commune in the southern Parisian suburbs, located 4.4 km from the centre of Paris, France. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe, after a long period of decline, the population has increased again in recent years. The name of the community was first mentioned in documents in 1194. Throughout the Middle Ages, the hamlet was home to monasteries, on 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes. On that occasion, most of the commune of Montrouge was annexed to Paris, forming what is now called Petit-Montrouge, the remainder of Montrouge was preserved as an independent town. In 1875, the town gained a few square metres from the neighbouring communes of Châtillon. On 8 January 2015, Municipal Police officer Clarissa Jean-Philippe was shot and killed in the commune, Coulibaly was reported to be an accomplice of Saïd and Chérif Kouachi, the suspected perpetrators of the Charlie Hebdo shooting. The next day, he was gunned down by police during a siege that left four hostages dead, industrial development started in 1925 and soon, many printing factories were to be found in the town. Most of these have disappeared today, since the early years of the twenty-first century, professional services and telecommunications have been the main business activities. The Châtillon - Montrouge station is located at the border between the commune of Montrouge and the commune of Châtillon, on the Châtillon side of the border. The Mairie de Montrouge station was opened on 23 March 2013 as part of the extension of Metro Line 4 to the south, two further stations are due to open in 2020. Bus line 68 runs from Metro Châtillon Montrouge all the way up through Montparnasse, the Louvre, the Paris Opera and ends at the Place de Clichy, bus line 126 runs from Porte dOrléans to Boulogne-Billancourt, while line 128 goes from the same place to Robinson RER station. Bus line 323 runs on the border of Montrouge on its way between Issy-les-Moulineaux and Ivry-sur-Seine. Montrouge was the home of a number of twentieth century artists. Montrouge has seven primary schools, Aristide Briand, Buffalo, François Rabelais, Nicolas Boileau, Raymond Queneau, Renaudel A. Public junior high schools, Haut Mesnil, Maurice Genevoix, Robert Doisneau, public high schools, Lycée Jean Monnet, Lycée Maurice Genevoix. There is a secondary school, Groupe Scolaire du Haut-Mesnil. Émile Boutroux, philosopher and member of the Académie française Robert Brasillach French author, Émile Chatelain, Latinist and palaeographer Coluche, comedian and sometime political figure, founder of the Restos du cœur soup kitchens
Montrouge
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Avenue de la Republique
11.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
Germany
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The Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
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Flag
Germany
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Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the Protestant Reformation.
Germany
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Foundation of the German Empire in Versailles, 1871. Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
12.
Paris Metropolitan Area
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The Paris metropolitan area is a statistical area that describes the reach of commuter movement to and from Paris and its surrounding suburbs. From 2011, the INSEE classified its largest aires urbaines into aires métropolitaines and grandes aires urbaines, from then, Paris became Frances largest metropolitan area. This latter initiative created the Métropole du Grand Paris, a Paris-centred intercommunal cooperation effort enacted from January 1st,2016. The area had a population of 12,405,426 as of the January 2013 census, nearly 19% of Frances population resides in the region. The Paris metropolitan area expands at each population census due to the population growth in the Paris area. New communes surrounding Paris are included when they meet the 40% commuter threshold required, by the 1999 census the Paris metropolitan area was slightly larger than Île-de-France and had 11,174,743 inhabitants in 14,518 km². By the 2012 census it had reached 12,341,418 inhabitants in 17,174 km², the table below shows the population growth of the Paris urban area, i. e. Paris and the densely built municipalities surrounding it. The table below shows the growth of the Paris metropolitan area, i. e. the urban area. Grand Paris Metropolitan Areas of France Île-de-France Document about the functioning of Paris Metropolitan Area Document about the extension of Paris Metropolitan Area
Paris Metropolitan Area
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False-color satellite image of the Parisian metropolitan area.
Paris Metropolitan Area
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Map showing the extent of the Paris metropolitan area at the 1999 census, when it included 1,584 communes and covered 14,518 km². Since then, the Paris metropolitan area has absorbed 214 further communes (not shown on the map), so that by the 2010 census it included 1,798 communes and covered 17,174 km².
13.
Argenteuil
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Argenteuil is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.3 km from the center of Paris, Argenteuil is a sub-prefecture of the Val-dOise department, the seat of the arrondissement of Argenteuil. Argenteuil was founded as a convent in the 7th century, the monastery that arose from the convent was destroyed during the French Revolution. A rural escape for Parisians, it is now a suburb of Paris, painters made Argenteuil famous, including Claude Monet, Jean-Étienne Delacroix, Auguste Renoir, Gustave Caillebotte, Alfred Sisley and Georges Braque. As of 2016 the communes schools have over 12,000 students, the Conservatoire à rayonnement départemental de Musique, Danse et Théâtre is located in Argenteuil. André Bon is one of its former students
Argenteuil
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The Pont d'Argenteuil over the River Seine
Argenteuil
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Claude Monet - Bords de la Seine à Argenteuil 1875
Argenteuil
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In this painting from 1872, Monet was interested in studying how unblended dabs of color could suggest the effect of brilliant sunlight filtered through leaves The Walters Art Museum.
Argenteuil
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Claude Monet - The Seine at Argenteuil, 1874
14.
Boulogne-Billancourt
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Boulogne-Billancourt is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 8.2 km from the centre of Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt is a subprefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine department and the seat of the Arrondissement of Boulogne-Billancourt. With an average income in 2013 of €47,592, nearly twice the French average of €25,548. Boulogne-Billancourt is the most populous suburb of Paris and one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe, formerly an important industrial site, it has successfully reconverted into business services and is now home to major communication companies headquartered in the Val de Seine business district. The original name of the commune was Boulogne-sur-Seine, before the 14th century, Boulogne was a small village called Menuls-lès-Saint-Cloud. The church, meant to become a pilgrimage centre closer to Paris than the distant city of Boulogne-sur-Mer, was named Notre-Dame de Boulogne la Petite, gradually, the village of Menuls-lès-Saint-Cloud became known as Boulogne-la-Petite, and later as Boulogne-sur-Seine. In 1924, Boulogne-sur-Seine was officially renamed Boulogne-Billancourt to reflect the development of the neighbourhood of Billancourt annexed in 1860. As for the name Billancourt, it was recorded for the first time in 1150 as Bullencort and it comes from Medieval Latin cortem, accusative of cors, meaning enclosure, estate, suffixed to the Germanic patronym Buolo, thus having the meaning of estate of Buolo. On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes, on that occasion, the communes of Auteuil and Passy were disbanded and divided between Boulogne-Billancourt and the city of Paris. Boulogne-sur-Seine received a part of the territory of Passy. Some of the events of the 1900 Summer Olympics took place in Boulogne-Billancourt. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne, which was divided between the communes of Boulogne-Billancourt and Neuilly-sur-Seine, was annexed in its entirety by the city of Paris. On that occasion, Boulogne-Billancourt, to which most of the Bois de Boulogne belonged, Boulogne-Billancourt is famous for being the birthplace of three major French industries, cinema, automobile with Renault at Île Seguin, and aircraft. It is also famous for being the setting of the TV show Code Lyoko, with the city of Sèvres, Boulogne-Billancourt is part of the communauté dagglomération Val de Seine. Boulogne-Billancourt is served by two stations on Paris Métro Line 10, Boulogne – Jean Jaurès and Boulogne – Pont de Saint-Cloud and it is also served by three stations on Paris Métro Line 9, Marcel Sembat, Billancourt, and Pont de Sèvres. The Musée Albert-Kahn at 14, rue du Port, Boulogne-Billancourt is a museum and includes four hectares of gardens. The museum also includes photographs and film. The Musée des Années Trente is a museum of artistic and industrial objects from the 1930s, see also, Enseignement à Boulogne-Billancourt The public collèges in the commune include Jacqueline-Auriol, Bartholdi, Paul-Landowski, and Jean-Renoir
Boulogne-Billancourt
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The church of Our Lady of Boulogne-Billancourt
15.
Champigny-sur-Marne
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Champigny-sur-Marne is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.5 km from the centre of Paris, Champigny-sur-Marne was originally called simply Champigny. The name Champigny ultimately comes from Medieval Latin Campaniacum, meaning estate of Campanius, in 1897 the name of the commune officially became Champigny-sur-Marne, in order to distinguish it from other communes of France also called Champigny. Champigny-sur-Marne is served by Les Boullereaux – Champigny station on Paris RER line E. Champigny-sur-Marne is also served by Champigny station on Paris RER line A. The Paris Métro will soon serve the center of Champigny, the new station will be located along RN4, jeff Reine-Adélaïde is a professional footballer for Arsenal FC. B. racing cars of Champigny/Marne
Champigny-sur-Marne
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City hall, Champigny-sur-Marne
16.
Courbevoie
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Courbevoie is a commune located 8.2 km from the center of Paris, France. The centre of Courbevoie is situated 2 kilometres from the limits of central Paris. La Défense, Pariss business district hosting the tallest buildings in the metropolitan area, Courbevoie is divided into two cantons, Canton of Courbevoie-1 and Canton of Courbevoie-2. Courbevoie is served by two stations on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line, Courbevoie and Bécon-les-Bruyères, Courbevoie is also served by Esplanade de La Défense station on Paris Métro Line 1, in the business district of La Défense. There are also a number of city buses that come through the bustling La Défense station. When it comes to air transportation, Courbevoie can be served by Pariss Charles de Gaulle Airport as well as Paris-Orly to the south, Courbevoie has multiple preschools and elementary schools. A. has its head office in the Tour Total in La Défense and in Courbevoie. Areva has its office in the Tour Areva in Courbevoie. Saint-Gobain also has its office in Courbevoie
Courbevoie
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Night view of La Défense in the south of Courbevoie
Courbevoie
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Street at the border between Courbevoie and Asnières
Courbevoie
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Bridge of Courbevoie, Georges Seurat, 1886–1887
17.
Nanterre
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Nanterre is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.1 km north-west of the centre of Paris, Nanterre is the capital of the Hauts-de-Seine department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Nanterre. The city of Nanterre also includes the Paris West University Nanterre La Défense, the name of Nanterre originated before the Roman conquest of Gaul. The Romans recorded the name as Nemetodorum and it is composed of the Celtic word nemeto meaning shrine or sacred place and the Celtic word duron hard, tough, enduring. The sacred place referred to is supposed to have been a shrine that existed in antiquity. Inhabitants of Nanterre are called Nanterriennes and Nanterriens, the sacred shrine of antiquity that is referred to etymologically had been placed by tradition in Mont-Valérien. Lutetia is mentioned by Julius Caesar in 50 BCE, reporting an assembly in Lutetia in 53 BC between himself, commander of the Roman Legions, and local Gallic leaders. Although this had been thought to possibly be Île de la Cité, largely since Caesar mentions an island, in 52 BC, the Parisii took up arms with the Gallic war leader Vercingetorix, and were defeated by Titus Labienus, one of Caesars legates. Caesar mentions in his Commentarii that the Parisii destroyed the bridges, the archeological work in Nanterre has suggested over 15 hectares of pre-Roman or Roman era construction. These archeologic findings may be an indication that Nanterre was the closest pre-Roman settlement to the Citys modern centre, sainte Genevieve, patron saint of Paris, was born in Nanterre ca. On 27 March 2002, Richard Durn, a local activist, shot. Nanterre is divided into three cantons, Nanterre-Nord canton has a population of 33,173, nanterre-Sud-Est canton has a population of 22,350. Nanterre-Sud-Ouest canton has a population of 28,758, Nanterre is served by three stations on RER line A, Nanterre – Préfecture, Nanterre – Université, and Nanterre – Ville. Nanterre – Université station is also a station on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. Société Générale has its headquarters in the Tours Société Générale in La Défense, the company moved into the building in 1995. Faurecia, the sixth-largest automotive parts supplier, has its headquarters in Nanterre, groupe du Louvre and subsidiary Louvre Hôtels have their head office in Village 5 in La Défense and Nanterre. The rugby union club Racing 92, currently based in another Paris suburb, the venue, scheduled to open in September 2017, is tentatively known as U Arena. It will have a capacity of 32,000 for rugby and 40,000 for concerts, Nanterre is twinned with, La Défense business district
Nanterre
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La Défense
Nanterre
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Nanterre's twin towns sign.
18.
Vitry-sur-Seine
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Vitry-sur-Seine is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 7.5 km from the centre of Paris, Vitry-sur-Seine was originally called simply Vitry. The name Vitry comes from Medieval Latin Vitriacum, and before that Victoriacum, meaning estate of Victorius, in 1897 the name of the commune officially became Vitry-sur-Seine, in order to distinguish it from other communes of France also called Vitry. Musée dArt Contemporain du Val-de-Marne For some years, Vitry-sur-Seine operated a policy of bringing art to all. For this reason, the commune contains over 100 contemporary sculptures, Vitry hosts the Musée dArt Contemporain du Val-de-Marne. Opened on 18 November 2005, this museum offers in addition to the workshops of arts, an auditorium. Vitry is one of the cities that contributed to the development of the Hip hop movement in France, consequentially, urban art has a very important place in the city Vitry-sur-Seine is served by two stations on Paris RER line C, Vitry-sur-Seine and Les Ardoines. Orly Airport is located near Vitry-sur-Seine, the bordering towns are Ivry-sur-Seine, Villejuif, Chevilly-Larue, Thiais, Choisy-le-Roi, Alfortville. In 2008 the population of the city was estimated at 82,500 inhabitants, the rate of unemployment is 26. 5%, while national average is under 10% Vitry-sur-Seine is the fiftieth most populated city of France and the tenth of Île-de-France. As of circa 1998 Ivry-sur-Seine and Vitry had a combined Asian population of 3,600 and that year about 250 Asians from those communes worked in the 13th arrondissement of Paris, and the overall demographics of Ivry and Vitry Asians were similar to those in the 13th arrondissement
Vitry-sur-Seine
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The town hall
19.
Bondy
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Bondy is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 10.9 km from the centre of Paris, the name Bondy was recorded for the first time around AD600 as Bonitiacum, meaning estate of Bonitius, a Gallo-Roman landowner. During the Middle Ages Bondy was primarily forest, the forest of Bondy was a well-known haunt of bandits and robbers and was extremely dangerous. On 3 January 1905, a third of the territory of Bondy was detached, on 30 October 2007, a gas explosion killed one person and injured 47 people. Bondy and its integration into Paris is the subject of part of the second-last chapter of Graham Robbs book Parisians, Bondy is served by Bondy station on Paris RER line E and the Line 4 of the Tramways in Île-de-France. As of 2016 the commune had 27 public primary schools with 6,900 students, there are also five public junior high schools and three public senior high schools. Communes of the Seine-Saint-Denis department INSEE Town council website
Bondy
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The commercial zone of Bondy on the N3 road
20.
Cergy
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Cergy is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 27.8 km from the center of Paris, in the new town of Cergy-Pontoise, created in the 1960s, of which it is the central, the sous-préfecture building and administration, on the other hand, are located inside the commune of Pontoise. The name Cergy comes from Medieval Latin Sergiacum, meaning estate of Sergius, Cergy is the chief town of two cantons, Cergy-1 and Cergy-2. Tres Cantos, Spain West Lancashire, United Kingdom, Cergy is also informally twinned with a village in Palestine and a village in Senegal. When Cergy was selected to become the center of a new town, the commune had only 2,895 inhabitants in 1968. It then started to develop quickly, exceeding 10,000 inhabitants in the mid-1970s. It is in this decade that its growth was most spectacular, the increase continued since, but at a notably slower pace, to reach 54,500 at 2004 estimates. However, on 1 January 2000, the commune lost a portion of its territory to the adjacent commune of Courdimanche. The official census figures have thus been revised downward from the 1999 official 54,781 to 54,719, port Cergy is a marina on the River Oise at pk 9. The site comprises both housing and recreational yachts as well as a boating school, the marina can hold 103 ships ranging 5 to 22m long and. The northern part of the site is reserved for restaurants and shops and have built around a small bassin. Ham is a village to the south of Cergy. The village used to be part of the Sergentery and then commune of Neuville-sur-Oise but has since been amalgamated in the commune of Cergy, on its territory is the outdoor leisure centre Base de Loisirs de Cergy-Neuville. Cergy is served by three stations on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line, Cergy – Préfecture, Cergy – Saint-Christophe, Cergy is served by direct buses from Charles de Gaulle Airport. Reaching, in the year of 2008, a rate of 99,87 criminal incidents per 1000 inhabitants, the town was used as a filming location for Henri Verneuils film I. comme Icare released in 1979, starring Yves Montand. The EDF-GDF tower designed by architect Renzo Moro is the building from which the shots were fired to assassinate president Marc Jarry, the country that the movie depicts is not named, although the United States is perhaps suggested. The filmmakers chose the modern and innovative architecture of the new city to avoid depicting any particular country, communes of the Val-dOise department Official website Mérimée database – Cultural heritage Land use
Cergy
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Town hall
Cergy
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Map of the quarters of Cergy.
Cergy
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Port Cergy.
Cergy
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Train station of Cergy le Haut.
21.
Fontenay-sous-Bois
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Fontenay-sous-Bois is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.3 km from the center of Paris, the name Fontenay was recorded in the Middle Ages as Fontanetum, meaning the springs, from Medieval Latin fontana. The wood referred to in the name of the commune is the Bois de Vincennes, in 1929, the commune of Fontenay-sous-Bois lost more than a third of its territory when the city of Paris annexed the Bois de Vincennes, a large part of which belonged to Fontenay-sous-Bois. The Rosettes fountain was lost during World War II, years later, it was found by chance in a market in the South of France, the town of Fontenay-sous-Bois recovered it, and re-installed it in the place where it can be seen today. Fontenay-sous-Bois is served by Fontenay-sous-Bois station on Paris RER line A and it is also served by Val de Fontenay station, which is an interchange station on Paris RER line A and RER line E. The commune has eleven preschools, eleven schools, one junior high school. Collège Victor Duruy and Lycée Pablo Picasso are the secondary schools. The mayor is now part of the few PCF mayors who practice the expulsion of squatters, in 2015 a street in Brovary, Ukraine was named after its sister city Fontenay-sous-Bois. Communes of the Val-de-Marne department Official website
Fontenay-sous-Bois
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A road in the centre of Fontenay-sous-Bois
Fontenay-sous-Bois
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Roublot Market
Fontenay-sous-Bois
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Place Général Leclerc
Fontenay-sous-Bois
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Church of St Germain l'Auxerrois
22.
Ivry-sur-Seine
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Ivry-sur-Seine is a commune in the Val-de-Marne department in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 5.3 km from the center of Paris, pariss main Asian district, the Quartier Asiatique in the 13th arrondissement, borders the commune and now extends into the northern parts of Ivry. Asian commercial activity, especially Chinese and Vietnamese, has increased in Ivry-sur-Seine during the past two decades. The commune contains one of the highest concentrations of Vietnamese in France, politically, Ivry-sur-Seine has historically demonstrated strong electoral support for the French Communist Party. Between 1925 and 2015 the office of mayor was held by just three individuals, Georges Marrane, Jacques Laloë, and Pierre Gosnat, all members of the Communist Party, Ivry-sur-Seine is twinned with Bishop Auckland in County Durham, England. Originally, Ivry-sur-Seine was called simply Ivry, the name Ivry comes from Medieval Latin Ivriacum or Ibriacum, perhaps meaning estate of Eburius, a Gallo-Roman landowner. In 1897, the name of the commune officially became Ivry-sur-Seine, on 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes. On that occasion, about a third of the commune of Ivry-sur-Seine was annexed to Paris, Ivry-sur-Seine is perhaps most famous as the place of execution of Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry in March 1963. Richard Ellman also notes that James Joyces daughter, Lucia, received treatment in the communes hospital in 1936 and was visited by both Joyce and Samuel Beckett. Fnac has its office in the commune. The head office moved there in 2008, E. Leclercs head office is in the commune. Ivry-sur-Seine is served by two stations on the Paris Métro Line 7, Pierre et Marie Curie and Mairie dIvry. The east of the commune is served by Ivry-sur-Seine station on Paris RER line C with stops at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, orly Airport is located to the south of Ivry-sur-Seine. That year about 250 Asians from those communes worked in the 13th arrondissement of Paris, Pierre Contant dIvry, architect born in Ivry-sur-Seine. Maurice Thorez, former leader of the French Communist Party, elected deputy for dIvry-sur-Seine in 1932 until his death in 1964, Jean Renaudie, architect and founder of the Atelier de Montrouge who was responsible for the complete renovation of Ivry town centre. Nicolas Appert, inventor, spent a number of years in Ivry-sur-Seine Jean Ferrat, singer, antonin Artaud, writer, died in Ivry-sur-Seine on 4 March 1948
Ivry-sur-Seine
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Town hall
Ivry-sur-Seine
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Ivry RER Railway Station
Ivry-sur-Seine
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Old Windmill near the 13th Arrondissement
Ivry-sur-Seine
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Port à l'anglais Bridge
23.
Maisons-Alfort
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Maisons-Alfort is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 8.4 km from the center of Paris, Maisons-Alfort is famous as the location of the National Veterinary School of Alfort. The Fort de Charenton, constructed between 1841 and 1845, has since 1959 housed the Commandement des Écoles de la Gendarmerie Nationale, originally, Maisons-Alfort was called simply Maisons. The name Maisons comes from Medieval Latin Mansiones, meaning the houses, at the creation of the commune during the French Revolution, the name of the hamlet of Alfort was joined with the name of Maisons. The name Alfort comes from the manor built there by Peter of Aigueblanche, Bishop of Hereford, the name of this Manor of Hereford was corrupted into Harefort, then Hallefort, and eventually Alfort. The National Veterinary School of Alfort was settled several centuries later in the manor, on 1 April 1885, 40% of the territory of Maisons-Alfort was detached and became the commune of Alfortville. In 1905, Buffalo Bill stayed two months in Maisons-Alfort while his famous Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show performed in Paris, Maisons-Alfort is divided into two cantons, Maisons-Alfort-Nord, with 23,704 inhabitants, Maisons-Alfort-Sud, with 27399 inhabitants. Maisons-Alfort is served by three stations on Paris Métro Line 8, École Vétérinaire de Maisons-Alfort, Maisons-Alfort — Stade and it is also served by two stations on Paris RER line D, Maisons-Alfort – Alfortville and Le Vert de Maisons. Communes of the Val-de-Marne department INSEE Mayors of Essonne Association Official website
Maisons-Alfort
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The church of Sainte-Agnès, in Maisons-Alfort
24.
Meaux
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Meaux is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is located 41.1 km east-northeast from the center of Paris, Meaux is a subprefecture of the Seine-et-Marne department. In France, a subprefecture is the chef-lieu of an arrondissement and it is also the chef-lieu of two other smaller administrative land divisions, the cantons of Meaux-Nord and Meaux-Sud. Finally, since its creation in 2003, Meaux has been the center and the town of an agglomeration community. With a population of 51,398 inhabitants, Meaux is the second most populated city in the Seine-et-Marne department after Chelles, inhabitants of Meaux are called Meldois. Both names Meaux and Meldois originated with the Meldi, the Latin name of the original Gaulish tribe who occupied this area of the valley of the Marne river. Although during the Roman period the city was called Iantinum by the Romans, a meander of the Marne river divides the old city into the North Quarter and the South Quarter. The South Quarter of the old city includes the historic covered market. Centuries later, in 1806, during the Napoleonic era, was built the Canal de lOurcq, Meaux is nowadays mainly known for Brie de Meaux and the local variety of mustard. Following the official administrative French AOC there are two designations of Brie de Meaux, Brie de Meaux fermier and Brie de Meaux laitier, several festivals and concerts are celebrated in Meaux, venues for live music like the Music Festival Musikelles. Theres a local concert band in Meaux, LHarmonie du Pays de Meaux. It is constituted by three different ensembles, following different ages, Les Minimes, Les Juniors and LHarmonie de Meaux, the band is also one of the two official music academies of the town. The other one is the conservatory of the city, the show represents the history of Meaux all along the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and also, more recently, during World War I. There is only one cinema in Meaux, The Majestic, a stage theatre. In modern days there are three theatres in the city. One is the Théâtre Gérard Philippe, a theatre, situated close to the covered market. In an eastern area of Meaux, the Beauval quarter, there is the stage theatre of the town, the Salle Champagne, located in the Espace Caravelle. Private theatre companies and community arts associations play in all three theatres, two museums can be found in Meaux, the Musée Bossuet and the Musée de la Grande Guerre du pays de Meaux
Meaux
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Façade of the Meaux city hall (built in 1900)
Meaux
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The episcopal palace (bishop's palace). Behind the palace can be seen the Meaux Cathedral
Meaux
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La Liberté éplorée or "The American Monument", erected to the memory of the French casualties during the Battle of the Marne
25.
Neuilly-sur-Seine
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Neuilly-sur-Seine is a French commune just west of Paris, in the department of Hauts-de-Seine. A suburb of Paris, Neuilly is immediately adjacent to the city, the area is composed of mostly wealthy, select residential neighbourhoods, and many corporate headquarters are located there. Originally, Neuilly was a hamlet under the jurisdiction of Villiers. In 1224 another charter of Saint-Denis recorded the name as Lugniacum, in a sales contract dated 1266 the name was also recorded as Luingni. In 1316, however, in a ruling of the parlement of Paris, the name was recorded as Nully, in a document dated 1376 the name was again recorded as Nulliacum. Then in the centuries the name recorded alternated between Luny and Nully, and it is only after 1648 that the name was definitely set as Nully. The name spelt Neuilly after the French Academy standard of pronunciation of the ill as a y, various explanations and etymologies have been proposed to explain these discrepancies in the names of Neuilly recorded over the centuries. The original name of Neuilly may have been Lulliacum or Lugniacum, some interpret Lulliacum or Lugniacum as meaning estate of Lullius, probably a Gallo-Roman landowner. This interpretation is based on the many placenames of France made up of the names of Gallo-Roman landowners and these researchers contend that it is only after the fall of the Roman Empire and the Germanic invasions that the area of Neuilly was deforested and settled. Thus, they think that the name Lulliacum or Lugniacum comes from the ancient Germanic word lund meaning forest, akin to Old Norse lundr meaning grove, however, this interesting theory fails to explain why the d of lund is missing in Lulliacum or Lugniacum. Or perhaps the consonants were simply inverted under the influence of the settlements of France called Neuilly. On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes, on that occasion, a part of the territory of Neuilly-sur-Seine was annexed by the city of Paris, and forms now the neighbourhood of Ternes, in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. On 11 January 1867, part of the territory of Neuilly-sur-Seine was detached and merged with a part of the territory of Clichy to create the commune of Levallois-Perret. On 2 May 1897, the name officially became Neuilly-sur-Seine. However, most people continue to refer to Neuilly-sur-Seine as simply Neuilly, during the 1900 Summer Olympics, it hosted the basque pelota events. The American Hospital of Paris was founded in 1906, in 1919, the Treaty of Neuilly was signed with Bulgaria in Neuilly-sur-Seine to conclude its role in World War I. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne, which was divided between the communes of Neuilly-sur-Seine and Boulogne-Billancourt, was annexed in its entirety by the city of Paris. It was the site of the Château de Neuilly, an important royal residence during the July Monarchy, Neuilly-sur-Seine is served by three stations on Paris Métro Line 1, Porte Maillot, Les Sablons and Pont de Neuilly
Neuilly-sur-Seine
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Town hall
Neuilly-sur-Seine
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Collège et Lycée Pasteur
Neuilly-sur-Seine
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Liceo Español Luis Buñuel
26.
Noisy-le-Grand
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Noisy-le-Grand is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 15.2 km from the centre of Paris, the commune of Noisy-le-Grand is part of the sector of Porte de Paris, one of the four sectors of the new town of Marne-la-Vallée. The name Noisy comes from Medieval Latin nucetum, meaning walnut grove, as a lot of other Seine-Saint-Denis towns, the commune is a very cosmopolitan city, home of many communities, with a lot of its locals coming from various continents and countries. It has a large African population, mostly from Sub-Saharan countries and East Asian countries, such as China, Vietnam, the city also includes significant, but less numerous, communities from Portugal and North African countries like Morocco and Algeria. Recently, the department, and the Parisian suburbs in general, has seen a new wave of immigration coming from Eastern Europe, Noisy-le-Grand now has communities from former Eastern Bloc countries like Romania, Bulgaria and Russia. The canton of Noisy-le-Grand comprises two communes, Noisy-le-Grand and Gournay-sur-Marne, previously Star Airlines had its headquarters in the Immeuble Horizon building in the commune. Pastour added that the Noisy site had access to the A4 and the A86 autoroutes and was close to the Francilienne, the commune has municipal preschools and elementary schools. Noisy-le-Grand is also served by Les Yvris – Noisy-le-Grand station on Paris RER line E
Noisy-le-Grand
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Town Hall
27.
Pantin
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Pantin is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 6.4 km from the centre of Paris and it is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe. The city is located on the edge of Paris and is formed by a plain crossed by national roadway 2 and 3. Pantin borders the Paris inner ring road and is traversed by national routes N2 and N3, as well as the Paris-Strasbourg railway line and the Ourcq canal. The name Pantin was recorded for the first time in 1067 as Pentini, perhaps from the Roman patronym Pentinus, a variant of Pantaenus or Repentinus, on 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes. On that occasion, a part of the commune of Pantin was annexed to Paris. On 24 July 1867, a part of the territory of Pantin was detached and merged with a part of the territory of Romainville, by 1875, the Ourcq canal and new railway lines served to divide the town into two parts—the Village and the Quatre Chemins. This new municipality could be created as early as January 2010 and this project was implemented, it gathers nine communes. In 2016, Pantin was declared Frances most polluted town by the World Health Organization, Pantin was once the site of Motobecanes operations. 2000 companies are located in Pantin, including 21 of more than 100 employees, huge firms are located in the town, like Hermès, Bourjois, Chanel, Gucci, Agnès b. Sergent-Major, Elis, Forclum, UTB, Photovista Legrand, BNP Paribas, Boiron, Alliance Healthcare, Vetura, Fabio Lucci. and publishers as computer Software Arkeia Software and MT Software. 3000 employees of BNP Paribas Securities Services were installed in the historic building Grands Moulins de Pantin at the end of October 2009, Hermès finished an expansion project in the city center. The city has created a center to 4 Chemins especially with the House Revel to promote arts jobs. Since the French canton reform which came into effect in March 2015, Pantin is part of the canton of Pantin, the current mayor of Pantin is Bertrand Kern of the Parti Socialiste. Kern was re-elected in 2014 for a third 6-year mayoral term, Pantin is served by three stations on Paris Metro line 5, Hoche, Église de Pantin, and Bobigny – Pantin – Raymond Queneau. Pantin is also served by Aubervilliers – Pantin – Quatre Chemins station on Paris Metro line 7, Pantin is also served by Pantin station on Paris RER line E. Finally Pantin is served by bus lines. Outside the hours of public transport the town is served by the N13 and N142 Noctilien night bus services with stops outside the Centre de la Danse
Pantin
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The town hall of Pantin
Pantin
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Pantin Mills, headquarters of BNP Paribas Securities Services since 2009.
28.
Sartrouville
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Sartrouville is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the suburbs of Paris,17.1 km from the center of Paris. In the Middle Ages the name Sartrouville was recorded in Medieval Latin as Sartoris Villa, the origin and meaning of Sartoris Villa is still debated. Some think the name comes from the Roman patronym Saturus and means estate of Saturus, most popular sports can be practiced in Sartrouville, but it is world wide famous for its triathlon club called ECS Triathlon totalizing 8 olympics medals. Sartrouville is served by Sartrouville station on Paris RER line A, the commune has 17 preschools and 13 elementary schools, along with a private school
Sartrouville
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Location (in red) within Paris inner and outer suburbs
29.
Bezons
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Bezons French pronunciation, is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.6 km from the centre of Paris, an extension of the tramway line T2 to Pont de Bezons opened in 2012. With Bezons not served by any stations on the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network, the journey time to the La Défense business district and transport hub is estimated at 12 minutes. The closest train station is Houilles – Carrières-sur-Seine located in the commune of Houilles,2.4 km from the town centre of Bezons. It is served by the RER A and Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare rail lines, in March 2013, the convicted killer of Israeli tourism minister Rehavam Zeevi, Majdi Al-Rimawi, was named a honorary resident of Bezons. Majdi Al-Rimawi is a member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine who was sentenced to life in prison for his role in the 2008 murder of Rehavam Zeevi, the decision and the newsletter made no mention of Zeevis killing. In February 2013, Rimawis son, daughter and wife were presented with the plaque honouring Rimawi at the ceremony attended by Lesparre. On his website, Lesparre describes Rimawi as being jailed for 10 years for taking part with his people in the struggle to resist the occupation of their country, the website reportedly contains no mention of Rehavam Zeevis murder. Lesparre claimed that For these acts of resistance, he was jailed in 2002 for life +80 years, Lesparre also stated that Majdi draws his strength from the Palestinian struggle and the solidarity demonstrations throughout the world. Lesparre later stated that honouring Al-Rimawi was part of a tradition of peace, solidarity, the Israeli Foreign Ministry also criticized the decision, stating that it was humanly outrageous to honor a convicted murderer, no political view can justify it. Lesparre subsequently accused critics of the decision of hatred and complicity in occupation while claiming that It strengthens our resolve to defend the noble. Mickaël Gaffoor, footballer Communes of the Val-dOise department INSEE Association of Mayors of the Val d’Oise Official website Mérimée database – Cultural heritage Land use
Bezons
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A tram on the T2 tramway line, outside the town hall in Bezons
30.
Brunoy
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Brunoy is a commune in the south-eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 20.6 km from the center of Paris, the tenor Louis Nourrit died in Brunoy. Inhabitants of Brunoy are known as Brunoyens, the city has a church Saint-Medard, richly decorated in the Louis XVI style. Organ Festival takes place each year in November, Brunoy is home to a branch of Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim Lubavitch, which attracts hundreds of students from around the world, most notably from the United States of America and Israel. The town is twinned with the borough of Reigate and Banstead, Brunoy is served by Brunoy station on Paris RER line D. INSEE Mayors of Essonne Association Official website Mérimée database - Cultural heritage Land use
Brunoy
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The town hall of Brunoy
31.
Bussy-Saint-Georges
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Bussy-Saint-Georges is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 25.5 km from the center of Paris, in the East, at the distance 30 kilometres from Paris and in the heart of Marne-la-Vallée, Bussy-Saint-Georges has a privileged position thanks to a high-density motorway network. From Bussy, the access to the A4 motorway and the nearby A104 offer easy access to the whole country. The city centre is only 7 km away from Disneyland Paris, Bussy-Saint-Georges is located in the perimeter of the new city of Marne-la-Vallée as defined by the national government in 1966. But Marne-la-Vallée is just an entity, precisely divided in 4 sectors. The city is in sector 3 of Marne-la-Vallée, also called Val-de-Bussy, in Val-de-Bussy of Marne-la-Vallée, Bussy-Saint-Georges is from 1985 the leading and main support of the built-up area, as a real and independent new town with a unique status of local and new town. The others towns decided to be organized around a common system of new towns. The city has benefited from one of the most significant growths in France, the population has multiplied by 55 in 29 years, between 1982 and 2011. 50% of the Buxangeorgiens are less than 30 years old and they represent 155 hectares of integrated green spaces,9 kilometres of soft connecting links,10 squares and parks in the city centre,8 pools and more than 8,200 trees today. In the origins, the village of Bussy appeared in 841 under the Roman name of Villa Buxido, in 855 the territory formed a large parish under the protection of Saint-Georges. Nevertheless, the name of Bussy-Saint-Georges only appeared in the 13th century. The name of Bussy comes from Buscus because of the native environment initially composed of woods. In the Middle Ages, Bussy-Saint-Martin et Bussy-Saint-Georges was unified under a unique landlord authority, in 1789, Bussy-Saint-Georges was under the authority of the Généralité of Paris. During the 19th century, the town was in the county of Lagny, two ordinances,6 June 1826 and 15 August 1827 reduced the territory of Bussy in favour of the territories of Ferrières and Jossigny. Bussy-Saint-Georges is in the Canton of Torcy, in the administrative département of Seine-et-Marne, the canton brings together 6 towns and 38,236 inhabitants. Before its creation in 1975, the city of Bussy was in the Canton of Lagny-sur-Marne, Canton of Torcy is now part of the arrondissement of Torcy created in 1993. The subprefecture was opened on 1 January 2006 and this arrondissement is the least geographically extended but the most populated of the department, with 10 cantons,43 towns representing 343,583 inhabitants. The town hall, built in 1850, stands in the old village, the tower, the only vestige of the lord’s castle of de Buci, a fortress offering a strategic refuge dominating the valleys de la Brosse and de la Gondoire, dated from 12th century
Bussy-Saint-Georges
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Bussy-Saint-Georges
Bussy-Saint-Georges
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Location (in red) within Paris inner and outer suburbs
32.
Cachan
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Cachan is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 6.7 km from the center of Paris, the prestigious École Normale Supérieure de Cachan and École Spéciale des Travaux Publics are located there. During the Middle Ages, Cachan was referred to in Medieval Latin texts as Caticantum, later corrupted into Cachentum, Cachant, some understand Caticantum as meaning singing of the cat, mewing of the cat, but this is not certain. Some others see a connection with the verb to hunt, Cachan was originally a hamlet within the commune of Arcueil, later renamed Arcueil-Cachan. The commune of Cachan was created on 26 December 1922 when it seceded from the commune of Arcueil-Cachan, Arcueil - north Villejuif - east LHaÿ-les-Roses - southeast Bourg-la-Reine - southwest Bagneux - west Cachan is served by two stations on Paris RER line B, Arcueil – Cachan and Bagneux
Cachan
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Cachan in the foreground, with the Medici Aqueduct in the background, and Paris beyond
Cachan
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Paris and inner ring departments
33.
Le Chesnay
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Le Chesnay is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the suburbs of Paris,16.7 km from the center of Paris. On 1 July 1815, Napoleons Grande Armée fought its last battle in Rocquencourt and Le Chesnay. After the defeat of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, Grouchys army withdrew to Paris via Namur and Dinant, reaching Paris on 29 June, a few days before the Prussians, who camped at Versailles. While negotiating the armistice, Exelmans was ordered to attack the Prussians at Versailles on 1 July 1815. Under attack the Prussians retreated from Versailles and headed east, but were blocked by the French at Vélizy and they failed to re-enter Versailles and headed for Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Their first squadron came under fire at the entrance of Rocquencourt and they were forced into a small, narrow street in Le Chesnay and killed or captured. However, the body of the Prussian army succeeded in reaching Saint-Germain. Le Chesnay is served by no station of the Paris Métro, RER, the closest station to Le Chesnay is Versailles – Rive Droite station on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. This station is located in the city of Versailles,2 km from the town center of Le Chesnay. In April 2017, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints will open its first temple in France to the prior to its dedication in May. The temple is located in Le Chesnay with grounds abutting the gardens of the Château de Versailles, There is one private school, Blanche de Castille, with a preschool and elementary school campus, and a junior high school and senior high school campus. Universities, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University There is also a municipal library, communes of the Yvelines department INSEE Official website
Le Chesnay
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Château Aubert
Le Chesnay
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Saint-Antoine-de-Padoue
34.
Conflans-Sainte-Honorine
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Conflans-Sainte-Honorine is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the suburbs of Paris,24.2 km from the center of Paris. The commune was named for its geographic position at the confluence of the Seine. The village was given the addition Sainte Honorine in the 13th century after the female Saint Honorina, partly on account of its strategic position, Conflans-Sainte-Honorine is considered the capital of the French inland waterways, and the right bank of the River Seine is still lined with barges. Every year in June, the town celebrates the Pardon national de la batellerie in remembrance of its importance to inland shipping. Conflans-Sainte-Honorine is served by Conflans-Sainte-Honorine station on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare regional rail line and it is also served by Conflans – Fin dOise station which is an interchange station on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. As of 2016 the citys schools have 4,258 students, there are nine public preschools, seven public elementary schools, one private school, and an école régionale du premier degré. Centre aquatique de Conflans has the towns pool
Conflans-Sainte-Honorine
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The historic center of Conflans-Sainte-Honorine
Conflans-Sainte-Honorine
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Confluence of Oise (left) and Seine (right) rivers
35.
La Courneuve
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La Courneuve is a commune in Seine-Saint-Denis, France. It is located 8.3 km from the center of Paris, the history of La Courneuve begins, as that of the rest of the region, with the invasion of European tribes and the eventual conquering of the area by the Romans. During the Middle Ages, the area was like other small villages. With its proximity to Paris, it became a fashionable country destination. It had two notable châteaux - Sainte-Foi and Poitronville, towards the end of Napoleons reign, the entire area experienced large population growth. This along with improved methods of farming eventually transformed the area into the major legume producer for the Paris region, in 1863, the first major industrial enterprise was introduced and the area soon became a strange mix of factories and farmlands. Industrial estates were juxtaposed with bean plantations and that would continue until after World War II, between 1962 and 1968 the population nearly doubled. Haris Belkebla, Algerian footballer Communes of the Seine-Saint-Denis department Stade de Marville Un peu dhistoire, La Ville de La Courneuve Mayol, Pierre. The Policy of the City and Cultural Action, canadian Journal of Communication Vol.27, No.2 Van Renterghem, Marion. La Courneuve, « Rebeus » et « Renois » disent la vie des «4000 », le Monde,1 July 2005 Official website
La Courneuve
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Town hall
36.
Draveil
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Draveil is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 19.1 km from the center of Paris, the former village of Champrosay is now part of the commune. Inhabitants of Draveil are known as Draveillois, Draveil is not served by the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network. The closest station to Draveil is Juvisy station, which is a station on Paris RER line C. This station is located in the commune of Juvisy-sur-Orge,2 km from the town center of Draveil. Communes of the Essonne department INSEE Mayors of Essonne Association Draveil town council website Tourism office webpage Champrosay area
Draveil
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The town hall of Draveil
Draveil
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The Château des Bergeries
Draveil
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Pierre-Auguste Renoir, La Seine à Champrosay (1876)
37.
La Garenne-Colombes
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La Garenne-Colombes is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.6 km from Notre Dame de Paris which is the center of Paris and it is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe. The city used to be part of the city of Colombes. At this time, before 1910, it was called La Garenne de Colombes, Garenne is French for warren, so the English for La Garenne-Colombes could be Columbias warren or Warren of Columbia, yet the official translation of the name of the city is just La Garenne-Colombes. The explanation for the city being called warren is that it used to be a warren where people would hunt. But this dates back to the French Royalty, at the 18th century or so, La Garenne-Colombes is usually simply called La Garenne, and nicknamed petit Neuilly. Four towns surround La Garenne-Colombes, Colombes, Bois-Colombes, Courbevoie, the city is quite small compared with the other cities in the Hauts-de-Seine, it is more or less as small as the first arrondissement of Paris. Very close to La Garenne-Colombes are La Défense and the Île de la Jatte island, La Garenne-Colombes is served by two stations on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line, La Garenne-Colombes and Les Vallées. The train has been used there since 1837, the two stations directly join Pariss most important urban station in 10 minutes and the biggest university in Paris in 2 minutes. In 1935, five Tramway lines crossed La Garenne-Colombes, many RATP Bus lines also cross the city, lines 73,161,163,164,176,178,262,272,278,358 and 378. Two RATP Noctilien night Bus lines cross the city, N24, in 2012, the line 2 of the Parisian Tramway will cross La Garenne-Colombes, with two stations, Les Fauvelles and Charlebourg. To join the center of the CBD,2 to 4 minutes will be required by tramway, the commune of La Garenne-Colombes was created on 2 May 1910 by detaching its territory from the commune of Colombes. Yet, it was urbanised much earlier and this entity was already mentioned in 1240 as La Garenne dépendant de Colombes. As the communes territory is built up, population can only grow if buildings are demolished and replaced by bigger buildings for more people. Thereby the population will grow certainly over the 30,000 after many reconstructions in the Champs-Philippe neighbourhood, according to statistics, La Garenne-Colombes is an average city of the Hauts-de-Seine department, which is one of the richest places in Europe. The landscape looks like an American CBD, but this is in the suburbs of Paris, which do not look like the downtown Paris districts surrounding the Eiffel Tower or the Champs-Elysées. Paradoxically, the most advanced part of the city of Paris, there used to be many workshops in La Garenne-Colombes, as in a large part of the Hauts-de-Seine department. Today, it is mainly a residential city, however, some 1200 business units are there
La Garenne-Colombes
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Train station
La Garenne-Colombes
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La Garenne-Colombes is very close to Paris business center La Défense
La Garenne-Colombes
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A little street near the station
La Garenne-Colombes
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Bloc of flats, built in 1903
38.
Gennevilliers
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Gennevilliers is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, in the Hauts-de-Seine département of France. It is located 9.1 km from the center of Paris, on 9 April 1929, one-fifth of the territory of Gennevilliers was detached and became the commune of Villeneuve-la-Garenne. Gennevilliers is the site of the river port Port of Gennevilliers of Paris on the Seine river. Gennevilliers is served by three stations on Paris Métro line 13, Les Courtilles, Les Agnettes and Gabriel Péri, all three are at the border with the commune of Asnières-sur-Seine. Gennevilliers is also served by two stations on Paris RER line C, Les Grésillons and Gennevilliers, schools include,13 preschools 9 elementary schools 3 junior high schools, Collège Guy-Môquet, Collège Edouard-Vaillant, Collège Louis-Pasteur There is a senior high school, Lycée Galilée
Gennevilliers
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An aerial view of the Port of Genvilliers
Gennevilliers
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Gennevilliers, by Lucy Bacon circa 1895. Photo from painting in private collection.
39.
Gonesse
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Gonesse is a commune in the north-eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 16.5 km from the centre of Paris, the commune lies immediately north of Le Bourget Airport, and it is six kilometres south-west of Charles de Gaulle International Airport. Since Carolingian times, cereals have been grown in Gonesse, in the period of the 12th through to the 16th centuries, the cultivation of grain was supplemented by drapery, in particular the production of the coarse woollen material of the gaunace. This caused the government to issue a statement on the harmlessness, in 1815, Marshal Grouchy arrived in Gonesse in the course of the War of the Sixth Coalition, with 40,000 troops and 120 artillery pieces. On 2 July, the Duke of Wellington made his headquarters at the commune, since June 1939, the property Frapart is used as the main establishment of the urban administration. Jean Camus, Louis Furmanek, Pierre Lorgnet, and Albert Drouhot from Gonesse belonged to the French Resistance movement during the German occupation of France from 1940 to 1944, the crash led to the deaths of all 109 people on board and four more on the ground. The Concorde crash occurred fewer than 6 km from Goussainville, the site of the crash of the supersonic Tupolev Tu-144 during the 1973 Paris Air Show, Gonesse is twinned with the town of Leonessa in Rieti / Italy, since 1981. Gonesse is served neither by the Paris Métro, RER, nor the suburban rail network, the closest station is the Villiers-le-Bel – Gonesse – Arnouville station on the Paris RER line D. This station is located in the commune of Arnouville-lès-Gonesse,2.6 km from Gonesse town centre. As of 2015 the commune had 20 municipal primary schools with a total of 3,526, pupils, including 11 pre-schools with a total of 1,389 pupils and nine elementary schools with 2,137 total pupils. Junior high schools, College Philippe Auguste Collège Robert Doisneau Collège François Truffaut There is one high school. King Philip Augustus was born in Gonesse on 21 August 1165
Gonesse
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Town hall
Gonesse
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Le Globe, built by Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers, is attacked by terrified villagers.
Gonesse
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Hotel-Dieu
40.
Grigny, Essonne
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Grigny is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 21.8 km from the center of Paris, Grigny is served by Grigny – Centre station on Paris RER line D. The Avenue des Sablons, about 10 km long, is the thoroughfare of Grigny. A new town, under-populated in the 1980s, Grigny has been the target of massive investment in house construction, the Avenue des Sablons, as the towns main street, gives access to about 4,000 residential properties, and construction is still in progress. Many estate agents and letting agents are located here because of the potential of the area. It is located in the district of Grigny 2, the city has one of the highest rates of poverty and crime in the Essonne. There have been riots, particularly in the area of the Grande Borne, there were overnight clashes in Grigny on 6–7 November 2005, which left 10 police injured, two seriously. On 8 July 2016, police investigated a burned car and were greeted by several bowling balls, five policemen were wounded by the missile throwing and it took reinforcements of the National Gendarmerie to restore calm. On 28 May 2016, a car was destroyed and two police officers were injured in clashes with over one hundred youths. Some thirty people armed with stones, bottles and iron bars forced a police patrol to turn back and were joined by 70 others
Grigny, Essonne
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Railway station
41.
Houilles
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Houilles is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is a suburb of Paris, located 14.2 km from the center of Paris. Houilles is served by Houilles – Carrières-sur-Seine station on Paris RER line A, until 2000, the command post of French Navys Ballistic Missile Submarine Force was based at Houilles. Victor Schoelcher, a French abolitionist writer in the 19th century, a nursery school, a street and a statue carry his name. The house in which he died in 1893 is at 26 Avenue Victor Schoelcher, Houilles acquired the house in 2011. Houilles has fifteen preschool and elementary schools and three high schools
Houilles
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Town hall
42.
Mantes-la-Jolie
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Mantes-la-Jolie is a commune based in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the suburbs of Paris,48.4 km from the center of Paris. Mantes-la-Jolie is a subprefecture of the department, Mantes was half way between the centres of power of the dukes of Normandy at Rouen and the Kings of France at Paris. Along with most of northern France, it changed frequently in the Hundred Years War. Philip Augustus died at Mantes,14 July 1223, louis XIV instituted the manufacture of musical instruments in Mantes, and it was chosen as the centre of brass and woodwind instrument manufacture. In the 19th century, painters were attracted to the town, particularly Corot, whose paintings of the bridge, prokofiev spent the summer of 1920 there orchestrating the ballet Chout. Originally officially called Mantes-sur-Seine, Mantes merged with the commune of Gassicourt in 1930, Mantes was the location of the first allied bridgehead across the Seine on 19 August 1944, by General Pattons 3rd Army. Major rebuilding was needed after the war and it is the newest district of Mantes-la-Jolie, built in the sixties and seventies, home to 28,000 of the citys total 45,000 inhabitants. The main monument in Mantes is the church of Notre-Dame dating back to 12th century, a previous church was burnt down by William the Conqueror together with the rest of the town, at the capture of which he lost his life in 1087. Modern bridges link Mantes with the town of Limay on the side of the river. Mantes is home to small businesses working on concrete and chemical processing and it is historically and at present a center of musical instrument manufacturing. The well known Buffet-Crampon woodwind factory is located in the city of Mantes-la-Ville. Mantes-la-Jolie is served by two stations on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare and Transilien Paris – Montparnasse suburban rail lines, Mantes-Station, the Gare de Mantes-la-Jolie is also served by TGV trains towards Le Havre, Cherbourg, Strasbourg and Marseille. The municipality has nineteen public preschools, sixteen elementary schools, six public junior high schools
Mantes-la-Jolie
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The Collegiate Church of Our Lady, in Mantes
Mantes-la-Jolie
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Palais de Justice
43.
Melun
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Melun is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is a suburb of Paris 41.4 km from the centre of Paris. Melun is the prefecture of the Seine-et-Marne, and the seat of an arrondissement. Meledunum began as a Gaulish town, Caesar noted Melun as a town of the Senones, situated on an island in the Seine, at the island there was a wooden bridge, which his men repaired. Roman Meledunum was a mutatio where fresh horses were available for official couriers on the Roman road south-southeast of Paris. The Normans sacked it in 845, the castle of Melun became a royal residence of the Capetian kings. Hugh Capet gave Melun to Bouchard, his favorite, in the reign of Hughs son, Robert II of France, Eudes, the count of Champagne, bought the city, but the king took it back for Bouchard in 999. The chatelain Gautier and his wife, who had sold the city, were hanged, Robert died there in July 1031. Donatus Bouchard I, also Count of Vendôme and Count of Paris The early viscounts of Melun were listed by 17th and 18th century genealogists, such viscounts include Honoré Armand de Villars and Claude Louis Hector de Villars. Melun is served by the Gare de Melun, which is a station on Paris RER line D, on the Transilien R suburban rail line. The Collegiate Church of Notre-Dame, Melun was the home of the Melun Diptych. The nearby château of Vaux-le-Vicomte is considered a predecessor of Palace of Versailles. The officers school of the French Gendarmerie is located in Melun, the Viscounts and Counts of Melun are listed in Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln, Neue Folge, Volume VII, Tafels 55 &56
Melun
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Town Hall
Melun
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Melun water-color postcard showing Melun in the 1920s and circa 1095.
Melun
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Melun Shield dating from the 15th century – "Melun (Seine-et-Marne): Azure on a semy-de-lys or a castle with three towers argent. Melun was one of the original strongholds of the royal domain. Motto: fida muris usque ad mures, recalling the siege of 1420 when inhabitants had to eat rats." http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frcitdep.htm
44.
Montfermeil
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Montfermeil is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 17.2 km from the center of Paris, Montfermeil is famous as the location of Thénardiers inn in Les Misérables. It has made the headlines due to troubles in its social estate called les Bosquets, parc Arboretum de Montfermeil Montfermeil at one time had the head office of Titus Software. Montfermeil is served by two stations of the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network, the closest stations are Le Raincy-Villemomble-Montfermeil and Le Chénay-Gagny
Montfermeil
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Montfermeil town hall
45.
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
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Montigny-le-Bretonneux is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the suburbs of Paris,24.5 kilometres from the centre of Paris, in the new town of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, of which it is the central. Montigny le Bretonneux, the 6th town of the Yvelines department, has 36000 inhabitants and is the central and principal town of the district Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. The history of the town reflects that of a small traditional French village, naturally devoted to agriculture, the growth of the new town in the 1970s actually initiates the change from the village of Montigny-le-Bretonneux to the town. The town is found 25 km south west of Paris, and 5 km from Versailles, after two decades of steady urbanization, Montigny-le-Bretonneux is now essentially completed, although the opportunity to create new housing is still there. Montigny le Bretonneux has now passed the building phase – the frenzy of building that characterised the town is suitably balanced between neighbourhoods and business areas, Montigny has become a haven for St. Quentinois wishing to settle there. Its economy is rooted primarily in the service sector, furthermore, several major headquarters of international companies have settled in the city. The building of the future Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Paris-Ile de France-West will be completed for the start of 2012, the town organises annual events for which the community comes together to celebrate. Some are listed below, Le Vide-greniers, literally Empty Lofts and this important occasion happens in spring on the avenue Nicolas About, La Journée de l’Europe, organised in May, this day celebrates all European values. All the schools, universities, businesses, homes and societies join to celebrate the diversity with song, food, La Cavalcade – this is a huge event in the Montigny calendar in all quarters of the town. The municipal services and varying associations of Montigny come together for La cavalcade, each carnival is based on a theme and is held every two years. The day is divided into three events, the morning sees the town’s neighbourhoods come alive whilst the actual parade itself takes place in the afternoons. The evening sees spectacular performances at the Ferme de Manet, La Vesprée takes places every other year when the Carnival does not. Similar to a garden party, these soirées take place honouring educational and recreational aspects. The Fire of Saint John is organized the year as the vespers. At dusk, this evening celebrates the summer solstice, everyone is invited to light the bonfire, whose flames are a celebration of light, and dance to the rhythm of a popular dance. Day Auto-Moto Retro, this event organised by Montigny le Bretonneux and it is a parade of vintage vehicles whose owners are proud to present and discuss their little miracles. These demonstrations are followed by a competition of elegance, marché de Noël, For three days the Ferme du Manet installs a fantasy village in a magical setting of trees and light
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
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The city hall
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
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Institut Culturel Franco-Japonais – École Japonaise de Paris
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
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Montigny-le-Bretonneux twinnings
46.
Le Perreux-sur-Marne
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Le Perreux-sur-Marne is a commune in the Val-de-Marne department in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.7 km from the center of Paris, the commune of Le Perreux-sur-Marne was created on 28 February 1887 by detaching its territory from the commune of Nogent-sur-Marne. As of 2016 the municipal preschools had a total of 1,171 students, communes of the Val-de-Marne department Marcel Gaumont. Sculptor of war memorial INSEE Mayors of Essonne Association Official website
Le Perreux-sur-Marne
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The railway bridge in Nogent-sur-Marne
47.
Pierrefitte-sur-Seine
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Pierrefitte-sur-Seine is a commune in the Seine-Saint-Denis department and Île-de-France region of France. Today forming part of the suburbs of Paris, Pierrefitte lies 12.4 km from the centre of the French capital. The town is served by Pierrefitte – Stains railway station on line D of the RER regional suburban rail network, the south of the commune, where the National Archives of France relocated in 2013, is also served by Saint-Denis – Université station on Paris Métro Line 13. This station lies on the border between the communes of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine and Saint-Denis, Paris 8 University and Paris 13 University serve area students. The actor and playwright Frédérick Lemaître lived in Pierrefitte between 1830 and 1845, the naturalist Alcide dOrbigny died in Pierrefitte in 1857 and is buried in the municipal cemetery. Pierrefitte is twinned with Braintree in the United Kingdom Rüdersdorf bei Berlin in Germany, communes of the Seine-Saint-Denis department INSEE Official web portal of the town of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine
Pierrefitte-sur-Seine
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The town hall of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine
48.
Le Plessis-Robinson
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Le Plessis-Robinson is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 10.5 km from the center of Paris, as of 2009, it has 26,581 inhabitants. Plessis was first mentioned in 839 as Plessiacus apud Castanetum, meaning plessis near Castanetum, a plessis was a village surrounded by a fence made of branches. In 1112 the village church was founded, of which the tower still survives as the oldest monument of Le Plessis. At the end of the 12th the village was renamed Le Plessis-Raoul, after the local lord Raoul, in 1407 it came into the hands of Jean Piquet de La Haye, who built a castle in the village, now called Le Plessis-Piquet. In 1614 a monastery of the Congregation of the Feuillants was built in the village, in 1682 Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Minister of Finances under Louis XIV had a pond dug which fed the fountains of the nearby Château de Sceaux. Pierre de Montesquiou dArtagnan purchased the estate in 1699, and expanded the gardens, in 1790, as a result of the French Revolution, Antoine Moullé was elected the first mayor of Le Plessis. The commune was renamed Le Plessis-Liberté, the monastery was nationalised and demolished. The commune was renamed back to Le Plessis-Piquet in 1801, in 1848, a guinguette was established in the area as a suite of interconnected tree houses. It was named Le grand Robinson after the house described in Swiss Family Robinson. Several other popular establishments arose in the area, and remained popular until the 1960s, in 1909, the commune of Le Plessis-Piquet was officially renamed Le Plessis-Robinson, after Le grand Robinson. In 1854, Louis Hachette bought the castle and the grounds and he later became the mayor of Le Plessis-Piquet and a city councillor. The village and the castle were ruined in the War of 1870, Le Plessis-Robinson is not served by the Paris Métro, RER, or the suburban rail network. The closest station to Le Plessis-Robinson is Robinson station on Paris RER line B and this station is located in the neighboring commune of Sceaux,1.5 km from the town center of Le Plessis-Robinson. Primary schools include two groups of nurseries and preschools, five standalone nurseries/preschools, four standalone elementaries, and Ecole Raymond Aumont
Le Plessis-Robinson
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The large clock in the center of town
49.
Pontault-Combault
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Pontault-Combault is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the suburbs of Paris,19.8 km from the center of Paris. The commune of Pontault-Combault was created in 1839 by the merger of the commune of Pontault with the commune of Combault, the commune town hall is located in Combault. Before this merger, the commune of Pontault had already annexed the commune of Berchères at the time of the French Revolution, Pontault-Combault is served by Émerainville – Pontault-Combault station on Paris RER line. Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department Official site 1999 Land Use, from IAURIF
Pontault-Combault
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Location (in red) within Paris inner and outer suburbs
50.
Pontoise
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Pontoise is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 28.4 km from the centre of Paris, Pontoise is also the seat of the Arrondissement of Pontoise. The sous-préfecture building and administration, unlike the préfecture, are located inside the commune of Pontoise. Known as being a violent city in the past, with a rate of 137.62 incidents per 1000 inhabitants. By 2008 the rate had declined to 99.87, although this is considered high. Pontoise is the capital of the Vexin français. Its foundation dates from Roman times, at that time, the rock peak overhanging the river Oise supported the defense of the ford which was on the Roman road, the Chaussée Jules César, between Lutetia and Rotomagus. The road still exists and is now part of the N14 from Paris to Rouen and it is also known to many people as the birthplace of the alchemist Nicholas Flamel. With an over 2,000 year patrimonium, Pontoise still has vestige of the past, of which medieval lanes, convents, churches and museums, and was awarded the City of Art and History Label in 2006. The impressionnist painter Camille Pissarro made it famous through many paintings which are present nowadays in the most famous art galleries in the world, at the census of 1999, the population was 27,494. The estimate for 2005 was 28,500, some trains originating at Gare Saint-Lazare continue onto Gisors. For bus services, Stivo operates within the new town of Cergy-Pontoise, Pontoise – Cormeilles Aerodrome is the area airport. Many painters took as a point the city and its area for the creation of landscapes. Camille Pissarro lived there for seventeen years, other artists lived or worked in the area such as Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Charles-François Daubigny, Gustave Caillebotte, Gustave Loiseau, etc. It was built in the 12th century and reconstructed and enlarged in the 15th and 16th centuries, the tower as well as the central portal is in flamboyant style. The central body is flanked by Renaissance additions. The remaining 12th century part of the cathedral is to the back, to the North of the building is a Renaissance portal. The museum houses sculptures from the Middle Ages, manuscripts from the century and paintings from the twentieth century Musée Pissarro. The Museum is situated in a house at the entrance of the old castle
Pontoise
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A view of the cathedral of Saint-Maclou, from the Garden of Five Senses, on the promontory of the castle
Pontoise
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The railway bridge between Pontoise and Saint-Ouen-l'Aumone
Pontoise
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Cathédrale Saint Maclou
51.
Romainville
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Romainville is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 7.2 km from the center of Paris. On 24 July 1867, a part of the territory of Romainville was detached and merged with a part of the territory of Pantin, Romainville is served by no station of the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network. The closest stations to Romainville are Mairie des Lilas station on Paris Métro Line 11, there are plans to extend Paris Métro Line 11 beyond its terminus at Mairie des Lilas station, reaching the town center of Romainville and beyond to Rosny-sous-Bois. As of 2016 there were 1,147 preschool students and 1,637 elementary students in Romainville communal primary schools, Romainville is twinned with, Pápa, Hungary Benfleet, England since 1962 Tour Hertzienne TDF de Romainville Communes of the Seine-Saint-Denis department INSEE Official website
Romainville
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The church of Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois, designed by Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart
52.
Saint-Cloud
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Saint-Cloud is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.6 kilometres from the centre of Paris, canonized after his death, the village where his tomb was located took the name of Sanctus Clodoaldus. A park contains the ruins of the Château de Saint-Cloud, built in 1572 and destroyed by fire in 1870, the château was the residence of several French rulers and served as the main country residence of the cadet Orléans line prior to the French Revolution. The palace was also the site of the coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte that overthrew the French Directory in 1799. The town is famous for the Saint-Cloud porcelain produced there from 1693 to 1766. The Headquarters of the International Criminal Police Organization had been located at 22 Rue Armengaud from 1966 until 1989, the main landmarks are the park of the demolished Château de Saint-Cloud and the Pavillon de Breteuil. The Saint-Cloud Racecourse, a track for Thoroughbred flat racing, was built by Edmond Blanc in 1901 and is host to a number of important races including the annual Grand Prix de Saint-Cloud. Saint-Cloud is served by two stations on the Transilien La Défense and Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail lines, Le Val dOr, the town is also served by a number of stops on the T2 Tramway, which runs along the side of the Seine. Central Saint-Cloud, known as le village, is served by the metro station Boulogne-Pont de Saint-Cloud. Public high schools, Lycée Alexandre-Dumas Lycée Santos-Dumont It is also served by the high school Lycée Jean Pierre Vernant in Sèvres
Saint-Cloud
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Saint-Cloud above the Seine
Saint-Cloud
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Napoleon Bonaparte in the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire in Saint-Cloud, François Bouchot, 1840.
Saint-Cloud
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Internationale Deutsche Schule Paris
53.
Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis
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Saint-Ouen is a commune in the Seine-Saint-Denis department. It is located in the suburbs of Paris, France,6.6 kilometres from the centre of Paris. The communes neighbouring Saint-Ouen are Paris, to the south, Clichy, to the west, Asnières-sur-Seine and LÎle-Saint-Denis, to the north, the canton of Saint-Ouen includes only part of the commune. The other part belongs to the canton of Saint-Denis-Sud, Saint-Ouen also includes the Cimetière de Saint-Ouen. On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes, on that occasion, a part of the commune of Saint-Ouen was annexed to the city of Paris. At the same time, the commune of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis was disbanded and divided between the city of Paris, Saint-Ouen, Saint-Denis, and Aubervilliers, Saint-Ouen received a small part of the territory of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis. The commune of Montmartre was also disbanded, the city of Paris annexed most of Montmartre, Saint-Ouen is home to Paris flea market, the highest concentration of antique dealers and second-hand furniture dealers in the world. In 2014 the flea market site was acquired by Jean-Cyrille Boutmy from Gerald Grosvenor, Saint-Ouen is served by two stations on Paris Métro Line 13, Garibaldi and Mairie de Saint-Ouen. From mid-2017 it will also be connected at Mairie de Saint-Ouen to the extended Gare Saint Lazare to Olympiades Paris Metro Line 14, Saint-Ouen is also served by Saint-Ouen station on Paris RER line C. It was created in 1948, and is now part of the Institut Polytechnique du Grand Paris, one literary and humanities Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles at Lycée Blanqui High Schools premises. Jacques Gondouin, architect Alphonse Halimi, boxer Louis Stettner, American photographer of everyday poetry Dany Bill, seven-times Muaythai World champion
Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis
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City hall
Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis
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A vintage travel gear seller at Marché Dauphine
54.
Sucy-en-Brie
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Sucy-en-Brie is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 15.4 km from the center of Paris and it is twinned with Camberley in Surrey, England as well as Scituate, Massachusetts. Sucy-en-Brie is served by Sucy – Bonneuil station on Paris RER line A, there is one private Catholic school, Ensemble scolaire du Petit-Val, which covers levels preschool through senior high. Nicolas Maurice-Belay, footballer Angelin Preljocaj, dancer and choreographer Communes of the Val-de-Marne department INSEE Mayors of Essonne Association Official website
Sucy-en-Brie
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The church of Sucy-en-Brie, an historical monument
55.
Suresnes
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Suresnes is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.3 km from the center of Paris, the nearest communes are Neuilly-sur-Seine, Puteaux, Rueil-Malmaison, Saint-Cloud and Boulogne-Billancourt. It is also on a line giving access to La Defense. Fort Mont-Valérien is situated in this commune, and has a view of Paris. In 1974 the Spanish Socialist Workers Party held its 26th Congress in Suresnes, felipe González was elected Secretary General, replacing Rodolfo Llopis Ferrándiz. González was from the wing of the party, and his victory signaled a defeat for the historic. The direction of the party shifted from the exiles to the people in Spain who had not fought in the Spanish Civil War. Suresnes is served by Suresnes-Mont-Valérien station on the Transilien La Défense, the Pont de Suresnes carries the Allée de Longchamp from the Bois de Boulogne over the Seine into the western suburbs of Paris. Noor Inayat Khan later returned to France as a Special Operations Executive and she was executed by the Germans and posthumously awarded the Croix de Guerre and the George Cross
Suresnes
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The Seine River with the skyscrapers of La Défense in the background.
Suresnes
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Kragujevac sister cities agreement, as seen in Kragujevac city hall
56.
Taverny
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Taverny is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 21.2 km from the center of Paris, in 1806 the commune of Taverny merged with the neighboring commune of Saint-Leu, resulting in the creation of the commune of Saint-Leu-Taverny. In 1821 the commune of Saint-Leu-Taverny was demerged, thus, Taverny and Saint-Leu were both restored as separate communes. Taverny is served by two stations on the Transilien Paris – Nord suburban rail line, Vaucelles and Taverny, air force base 921 which hosts the commanders of the French airborne nuclear dissuasion force is situated in former quarries under the Montmorency forest in the commune of Taverny. Communes of the Val-dOise department INSEE Association of Mayors of the Val d’Oise Official website Mérimée database - Cultural heritage Land use
Taverny
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The church of Our Lady, in Taverny
57.
Thiais
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Thiais is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 10.3 km from the center of Paris, the name Thiais comes from Medieval Latin Theodasium or Theodaxium, meaning estate of Theodasius, a Gallo-Roman landowner. The Austrian writer Joseph Roth, exiled due to his opposition to the Nazi regime, the tomb of Russian writer Yevgeny Zamyatin is also there. Expatriate American journalist and novelist William Gardner Smith died there in 1974, Thiais is served by Pont de Rungis – Aéroport dOrly station on Paris RER line C. It is also served by Choisy-le-Roi station on Paris RER line C, farhad was cremated and is buried in the Thiais. Communes of the Val-de-Marne department INSEE Mayors of Essonne Association Home page
Thiais
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The church Saint-Leu
58.
Tremblay-en-France
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Tremblay-en-France is a commune in the north-eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 19.5 km from the centre of Paris, more than one-quarter of Charles de Gaulle Airport lies within the territory of the commune of Tremblay-en-France, in particular terminals 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D. It is the largest, by area, of the petite couronne suburbs of Paris. The corporate head office of Air France lies within Tremblay, originally called Tremblay-lès-Gonesse, the commune was officially re-named Tremblay-en-France on 20 August 1989. This last station is a station with TGV national rail lines. The inhabited area of Tremblay-en-France, however, is served by Vert-Galant station on Paris RER line and this station is located at the border between the commune of Tremblay-en-France and the commune of Villepinte, on the Villepinte side of the border. The complex opened in December 1995, the complex also has the head office of Air France-KLM. XL Airways France has its office in Bâtiment Mars in Continental Square II in Tremblay-en-France. Aigle Azur has its office in Tremblay. Europe Airpost has its office in the Bâtiment Le Séquoia in the commune. Servair, an Air France subsidiary, has its office in Continental Square. At one point Virgin Express France, a subsidiary of Virgin Express, had its headquarters in Tremblay, Tremblay-en-France has 12 écoles maternelles,14 écoles elementaires, three collèges, and two lycées. The collèges are Descartes, R. Rolland, and P. de Ronsard, the lycées are Lycée Enseignement Professionnel Hélène Boucher and Lycée Polyvalent Leonard de Vinci. The École Pierre-Brossolette had been targeted for closure, prompting protests from students asking the commune to not have the school closed, communes of the Seine-Saint-Denis department INSEE Official website
Tremblay-en-France
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The church of Sainte Therese, in Tremblay-en-France
Tremblay-en-France
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Ecole Primaire Jean Jaurès
59.
Vigneux-sur-Seine
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Vigneux-sur-Seine is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 17.6 km from the center of Paris, inhabitants of Vigneux-sur-Seine are known as Vigneusiens. Vigneux-sur-Seine is served by Vigneux-sur-Seine station on Paris RER line D, communes of the Essonne department INSEE Mayors of Essonne Association Media related to Vigneux-sur-Seine at Wikimedia Commons Official website Mérimée database - Cultural heritage Land use
Vigneux-sur-Seine
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The town hall in Vigneux-sur-Seine
60.
Villemomble
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Villemomble is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.1 km from the center of Paris, Villemomble is served by Le Raincy – Villemomble – Montfermeil station on Paris RER line E. There are seven public preschools/nurseries, Foch, Galliéni, François Mauriac, Montgolfier, Pasteur, Prévert, there are five public elementary schools, Foch I, Foch II, élémentaire d’application François Coppée Lamartine, Leclerc, and Saint-Exupéry. Private schools include École maternelle Saint-Alexis, École élémentaire Sainte-Julienne, And the junior and senior school of Institution Saint-Louis Blanche de Castille. Bonn-Hardtberg, Germany Droylsden, England where the shopping area is called Villemomble Square. Portimão, Portugal Communes of the Seine-Saint-Denis department INSEE Official website
Villemomble
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The city hall
61.
Villiers-sur-Marne
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Villiers-sur-Marne is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 14.8 km from the center of Paris, the commune of Villiers-sur-Marne is part of the sector of Porte de Paris, one of the four sectors of the new town of Marne-la-Vallée. Villiers-sur-Marne is served by Villiers-sur-Marne – Le Plessis-Trévise station on Paris RER line E, there are seven preschools and seven elementary schools. Villiers-sur-Marne is twinned with Entroncamento in Portugal and Friedberg in Germany, until November 2011, it was also twinned with Bishops Stortford in the United Kingdom, when the English town controversially cut its links with Villiers-sur-Marne, as well as Friedberg. Vanessa Paradis, French singer, and ex wife of Johnny Depp, communes of the Val-de-Marne department Notes Sources INSEE Mayors of Essonne Association Official website
Villiers-sur-Marne
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The church of Saint-Jacques and Saint-Christophe
62.
Bourg-la-Reine
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Bourg-la-Reine is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.1 km from the center of Paris, the town is twinned with Kenilworth, UK, Yanqing, China, Reghin, Romania, Monheim am Rhein, Germany. In 1792, during the French Revolution, Bourg-la-Reine was renamed Bourg-lÉgalité, the name Bourg-la-Reine was restored in 1812. Bourg-la-Reine is served by Bourg-la-Reine station on Paris RER line B
Bourg-la-Reine
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The town hall of Bourg-la-Reine
Bourg-la-Reine
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Extase de Saint Benoît, 1746 by Jean II Restout. Painting inside of church Église Saint-Gilles in Bourg-la-Reine.
63.
Chaville
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Chaville is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.5 kilometres from the center of Paris, Chaville borders on the following communes, Meudon Sèvres Vélizy-Villacoublay Viroflay Ville-dAvray. Roughly 44% of the land is forest and it is situated between the forest of Meudon to the southeast and the forest of Les Fausses-Reposes to the northwest. The town was founded in the 9th century and its name evolved from Inchadivilla to the present Chaville. Chaville is located on route D910 between Paris and Versailles, there is one junior high school, Collège Jean Moulin de Chaville. It is served by the public high school/sixth-form college Lycée Jean Pierre Vernant in Sèvres, alsfeld, Hesse, Germany Barnet, London, England Settimo Torinese, Piedmont, Italy Thanh Hoa, Vietnam Communes of the Hauts-de-Seine department INSEE Chaville website
Chaville
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The town hall of Chaville
64.
Marnes-la-Coquette
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Marnes-la-Coquette is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. Located 13.1 km from the center of Paris, the town is situated between the Parc de Saint-Cloud and the Forest of Fausses-Reposes and this heavily wooded town developed around the area of Villeneuve-lÉtang that belonged to Napoleon III. Marnes-la-Coquette has the highest household income in France, at €81,746 per year, the small town of Marnes was formed sometime in the late 12th century when the French bishop Eudes de Sully created a village in the middle of a forest that belonged to him. The name Marnes came from the French translation of Marl clay limestone, in 1852, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, then President, bought the estate of Saint-Cloud. This area had belonged to French Marshal of the Empire Jean-de-Dieu Soult. Upon becoming emperor, he built a castle for the imperial guards, in 1859-1860 he built the church of Sainte-Eugénie, at the center of town in honor of his wife Eugénie de Montijo, who liked the place. That same year, Marnes was authorized by decree of now-Emperor Napoleon III to take the name of Marnes-la-Coquette, the town also took the name Marnes-lès-Saint-Cloud, since it was a dependency of Saint-Cloud for some time. In 1878, the area public and the castle was destroyed in the 1880s. A portion of the area of Marnes-la-Coquette was granted to Louis Pasteur in order for him to continue his research after his discovery of the vaccine against rabies in 1885. The experiments required many rabbits and dogs to be caged, which too much of a nuisance for the neighborhood around Pasteurs animal-house on Rue dUlm in Paris. Pasteur then built his laboratory in the location of the imperial guard house. He planned to build an institute there, but his success allowed Pasteur to acquire land on Rue Dutot in Paris. Villeneuve-lÉtang later on became an annex where Pasteur stayed and worked during summer and he died there on 28 September 1895 where his room is still preserved. Marnes-la-Coquette is served by Garches – Marnes-la-Coquette station on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line, public primary schools in the commune include École Primaire Maurice Chevalier and École de la Marche. In the second round of voting, the Marnois voted 79. 10% for Nicolas Sarkozy and 20. 90% for Ségolène Royal, of the 1,054 registered voters,90, 99% voted. Communes of the Hauts-de-Seine department INSEE Home page
Marnes-la-Coquette
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The front of the town hall of Marnes-la-Coquette
65.
Vaucresson
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Vaucresson is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is in the Hauts-de-Seine department 13.9 kilometres from the center of Paris, the people who live in the commune are called Vaucressonais. Vaucresson contains abundant parkland,22 of its 308 hectares are classed as natural zones, today Vaucresson is principally a wealthy residential community, and has the ninth-highest household income of any commune in France. Vaucresson has a theatre called Cinema Normandie. There is also a centre, La Montgolfiere, which offers many activities. The name was given as a reminder of the first hot air balloon which set off from the Chateau de Versailles the 19 September 1783 and landed in Vaucresson, carrying a duck, a rooster and a lamb. Vaucresson is served by Vaucresson station on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line, special schools, Groupe Scolaire Toulouse-Lautrec Private schools, Cours Suger privé Jean Ferrat, author, poet and singer, was born here in 1930. Yves du Manoir, French rugby player, born here in 1904 Communes of the Hauts-de-Seine department INSEE Official site
Vaucresson
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The town hall of Vaucresson
66.
Ville-d'Avray
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Ville-dAvray is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.9 km from the center of Paris, the commune is served by the Boulogne-Billancourt prefecture, of the Hauts-de-Seine department. Ville-dAvray contains no station of the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network, the closest station to Ville-dAvray is Sèvres – Ville dAvray station on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. This station is located in the commune of Sèvres,0.8 km from the town center of Ville-dAvray. Jean Rostand was a French biologist and philosopher who lived in Ville-dAvray, active as an experimental biologist, Rostand became famous for his work as a science writer, as well as a philosopher and an activist. His work in the area of cryogenics gave the idea of cryonics to Robert Ettinger, landscape painter Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot maintained a residence in the village and used the area as a subject for several paintings including Ville dAvray in 1867. Actress Isabelle Huppert spent her childhood in Ville-dAvray, French author and musician Boris Vian was born in the town in 1920. Literary historian and critic, essayist, novelist and poet, member of the French Academy, the village is the location of a former technical school focused on the aerospace sector, though now associated with the University of Paris. To celebrate their ongoing commitment to engineering, a scale model of a Dassault Mirage 2000 fighter jet is set out in the courtyard. Primary schools in the commune, Groupe scolaire Jean Rostand Groupe scolaire La Ronce Maternelle Halphen Collège La Fontaine du Roy is within the commune and it is served by the public high school Lycée Jean Pierre Vernant in Sèvres. Sundays and Cybele Communes of the Hauts-de-Seine department List of works by James Pradier Sculptures in parish church INSEE Ville-dAvray town council website
Ville-d'Avray
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The town hall of Ville-d'Avray
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