1.
January
–
January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the first month to have the length of 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Years Day and it is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere. In the Southern hemisphere, January is the equivalent of July in the Northern hemisphere. Ancient Roman observances during this month include Cervula, and Juvenalia, celebrated January 1 and these dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. January is named after the Latin word for door, since January is the door to the year, traditionally, the original Roman calendar consisted of 10 months totaling 304 days, winter being considered a month-less period. Around 713 BC, the successor of Romulus, King Numa Pompilius, is supposed to have added the months of January and February. Although March was originally the first month in the old Roman calendar, in contrast, each specific calendar year was identified by the names of the two consuls, who entered office on May 1 or March 15 until 153 BC, from when they entered office on January 1. Various Christian feast dates were used for the New Year in Europe during the Middle Ages, including March 25, however, medieval calendars were still displayed in the Roman fashion with twelve columns from January to December. Historical names for January include its original Roman designation, Ianuarius, in Slovene, it is traditionally called január. The name, associated with millet bread and the act of asking for something, was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript. According to Theodor Mommsen,1 January became the first day of the year in 600 AUC of the Roman calendar, a Lusitanian chief called Punicus invaded the Roman territory, defeated two Roman governors, and killed their troops. The Romans resolved to send a consul to Hispania, and in order to accelerate the dispatch of aid, januarys birthstone is the garnet, which represents constancy. Its birth flower is the cottage pink Dianthus caryophyllus or galanthus, the Chinese floral emblem of January is the Prunus mume. The Japanese floral emblem of January is the camellia, the photograph of a large tree covered with ice against a blue sky is a familiar scene during Finlands winter. The zodiac signs for the month of January are Capricorn and Aquarius, all Jewish observances begin on sundown of the day before the date listed and end on sundown of the day listed
January
–
January, from the
Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
January
–
January, painting by
Leandro Bassano
January
–
Snow in
Northern Hemisphere in the month of January
2.
March
–
March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the month to have a length of 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The name of March comes from Latin Martius, the first month of the earliest Roman calendar. It was named after Mars, the Roman god of war, who was regarded as a guardian of agriculture. Martius remained the first month of the Roman calendar year perhaps as late as 153 BC, even in late antiquity, Roman mosaics picturing the months sometimes still placed March first. March 1 began the year in Russia until the end of the 15th century. Great Britain and its colonies continued to use March 25 until 1752, many other cultures and religions still celebrate the beginning of the New Year in March. March is the first month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and these dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. In Finnish, the month is called maaliskuu, which is believed to originate from maallinen kuu, during March, in Ukrainian, the month is called березень/berezenʹ, meaning birch tree, and březen in Czech. Historical names for March include the Saxon Lentmonat, named after the March equinox and gradual lengthening of days, saxons also called March Rhed-monat or Hreth-monath, and Angles called it Hyld-monath. In Slovene, the name is sušec, meaning the month when the earth becomes dry enough so that it is possible to cultivate it. The name was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript, other names were used too, for example brezen and breznik, the month of birches. The Turkish word Mart is given after the name of Mars the god, marchs birthstones are aquamarine and bloodstone. Its birth flower is the daffodil, the zodiac signs for the month of March are Pisces and Aries. This list does not necessarily imply either official status nor general observance, in Catholic tradition, March is the Month of Saint Joseph
March
–
March, from the
Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, a book of prayers to be said at
canonical hours
March
–
The
Daffodil, the floral emblem of March
3.
Gregorian calendar
–
The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582, the calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar involving a 0. 002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes and solstices—particularly the northern vernal equinox, transition to the Gregorian calendar would restore the holiday to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when introduced by the early Church. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe, the last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923. Many countries that have used the Islamic and other religious calendars have come to adopt this calendar for civil purposes. The reform was a modification of a made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included reducing the number of years in four centuries from 100 to 97. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the date of Easter. For example, the years 1700,1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the years 1600 and 2000 are. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the years position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox, the date was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes, the Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days. To unambiguously specify a date, dual dating or Old Style, dual dating gives two consecutive years for a given date, because of differences in the starting date of the year, and/or to give both the Julian and the Gregorian dates. The Gregorian calendar continued to use the calendar era, which counts years from the traditional date of the nativity. This year-numbering system, also known as Dionysian era or Common Era, is the predominant international standard today, the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, in the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this day was inserted by doubling 24 February. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers, the cycles repeat completely every 146,097 days, which equals 400 years
Gregorian calendar
Gregorian calendar
Gregorian calendar
–
First page of the papal bull
Inter gravissimas
Gregorian calendar
–
Detail of the pope's tomb by
Camillo Rusconi (completed 1723); Antonio Lilio is genuflecting before the pope, presenting his printed calendar.
4.
Leap year
–
A leap year is a calendar year containing one additional day added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year. By inserting an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected, a year that is not a leap year is called a common year. For example, in the Gregorian calendar, each year has 366 days instead of the usual 365. In the Bahai Calendar, a day is added when needed to ensure that the following year begins on the vernal equinox. For example, Christmas Day fell on a Tuesday in 2001, Wednesday in 2002, the length of a day is also occasionally changed by the insertion of leap seconds into Coordinated Universal Time, owing to the variability of Earths rotational period. Unlike leap days, leap seconds are not introduced on a regular schedule, in the Gregorian calendar, the standard calendar in most of the world, most years that are multiples of 4 are leap years. In each leap year, the month of February has 29 days instead of 28, adding an extra day to the calendar every four years compensates for the fact that a period of 365 days is shorter than a tropical year by almost 6 hours. Some exceptions to this rule are required since the duration of a tropical year is slightly less than 365.25 days. For example, the years 1700,1800, and 1900 were not leap years, over a period of four centuries, the accumulated error of adding a leap day every four years amounts to about three extra days. The Gregorian calendar therefore removes three leap days every 400 years, which is the length of its leap cycle and this is done by removing February 29 in the three century years that cannot be exactly divided by 400. The years 1600,2000 and 2400 are leap years, while 1700,1800,1900,2100,2200 and 2300 are common years, by this rule, the average number of days per year is 365 + 1⁄4 − 1⁄100 + 1⁄400 =365.2425. The rule can be applied to years before the Gregorian reform, the Gregorian calendar was designed to keep the vernal equinox on or close to March 21, so that the date of Easter remains close to the vernal equinox. The Accuracy section of the Gregorian calendar article discusses how well the Gregorian calendar achieves this design goal, the following pseudocode determines whether a year is a leap year or a common year in the Gregorian calendar. The year variable being tested is the representing the number of the year in the Gregorian calendar. Care should be taken in translating mathematical integer divisibility into specific programming languages, if then else if then else if then else February 29 is a date that usually occurs every four years, and is called leap day. This day is added to the calendar in leap years as a corrective measure, the Gregorian calendar is a modification of the Julian calendar first used by the Romans. The Roman calendar originated as a calendar and named many of its days after the syzygies of the moon, the new moon. The Nonae or nones was not the first quarter moon but was exactly one nundina or Roman market week of nine days before the ides and this is what we would call a period of eight days
Leap year
–
A Swedish pocket calendar from the year 2008 showing February 29
Leap year
–
February 1900 calendar showing that 1900 was not a leap year
Leap year
–
In the older
Roman Missal, feast days falling on or after February 24 are celebrated one day later in leap year.
Leap year
–
A
spinster eagerly awaits the upcoming leap day, in this 1903 cartoon by
Bob Satterfield.
5.
Leo I the Thracian
–
Leo I was an Eastern Roman Emperor from 457 to 474. A native of Dacia Aureliana near historic Thrace, he was known as Leo the Thracian, ruling the Eastern Empire for nearly 20 years, Leo proved to be a capable ruler. He oversaw many ambitious political and military plans, aimed mostly for the aid of the faltering Western Roman Empire and he is notable for being the first Eastern Emperor to legislate in Greek rather than Latin. He is commemorated as a Saint in the Orthodox Church, with his feast day on January 20 and he was born Leo Marcellus in Thracia or in Dacia Aureliana province in the year 401 to a Thraco-Roman family. His Dacian origin is mentioned by Candidus Isaurus, while John Malalas believes that he was of Bessian stock and he served in the Roman army, rising to the rank of comes. Leo was the last of a series of emperors placed on the throne by Aspar, the Alan serving as commander-in-chief of the army, instead, Leo became more and more independent from Aspar, causing tension that would culminate in the assassination of the latter. Leos coronation as emperor on 7 February 457, was the first known to involve the Patriarch of Constantinople, Leo I made an alliance with the Isaurians and was thus able to eliminate Aspar. The price of the alliance was the marriage of Leos daughter to Tarasicodissa, leader of the Isaurians who, as Zeno, in 469, Aspar attempted to assassinate Zeno and very nearly succeeded. Finally, in 471, Aspars son Ardabur was implicated in a plot against Leo, Leo overestimated his capacities and he made some errors that menaced the internal order of the Empire. There were also some raids by the Huns, Leos reign was also noteworthy for his influence in the Western Roman Empire, marked by his appointment of Anthemius as Western Roman Emperor in 467. He attempted to build on this achievement with an expedition against the Vandals in 468. This disaster drained the Empire of men and money, the expedition, which cost 130,000 pounds of gold and 700 pounds of silver, consisted of 1,113 ships carrying 100,000 men, but in the end lost 600 ships. After this defeat, Vandals raided Greek coasts until a peace agreement was signed between Leo and Genseric. Leo became very unpopular in his last days as Emperor for abolishing any non-religious celebration or event on Sundays, Leo died of dysentery at the age of 73 on 18 January 474. Leo and Verina had three children and their eldest daughter Ariadne was born prior to the death of Marcian. Ariadne had a sister, Leontia. Leontia was first betrothed to Patricius, a son of Aspar, Leontia then married Marcian, a son of Emperor Anthemius and Marcia Euphemia. The couple led a revolt against Zeno in 478–479
Leo I the Thracian
–
Imperial portrait of Leo I at the
Louvre Museum
Leo I the Thracian
–
Gold
solidus of Leo I, struck 462–473 AD at Constantinople.
6.
Byzantine Empire
–
It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, several signal events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the period of transition during which the Roman Empires Greek East and Latin West divided. Constantine I reorganised the empire, made Constantinople the new capital, under Theodosius I, Christianity became the Empires official state religion and other religious practices were proscribed. Finally, under the reign of Heraclius, the Empires military, the borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence, as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery. During the reign of Maurice, the Empires eastern frontier was expanded, in a matter of years the Empire lost its richest provinces, Egypt and Syria, to the Arabs. This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia, the Empire recovered again during the Komnenian restoration, such that by the 12th century Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest European city. Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople in 1261, the Byzantine Empire remained only one of several small states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence. Its remaining territories were annexed by the Ottomans over the 15th century. The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Byzantine Empire, the term comes from Byzantium, the name of the city of Constantinople before it became Constantines capital. This older name of the city would rarely be used from this point onward except in historical or poetic contexts. The publication in 1648 of the Byzantine du Louvre, and in 1680 of Du Canges Historia Byzantina further popularised the use of Byzantine among French authors, however, it was not until the mid-19th century that the term came into general use in the Western world. The Byzantine Empire was known to its inhabitants as the Roman Empire, the Empire of the Romans, Romania, the Roman Republic, Graikia, and also as Rhōmais. The inhabitants called themselves Romaioi and Graikoi, and even as late as the 19th century Greeks typically referred to modern Greek as Romaika and Graikika. The authority of the Byzantine emperor as the legitimate Roman emperor was challenged by the coronation of Charlemagne as Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III in the year 800. No such distinction existed in the Islamic and Slavic worlds, where the Empire was more seen as the continuation of the Roman Empire. In the Islamic world, the Roman Empire was known primarily as Rûm, the Roman army succeeded in conquering many territories covering the entire Mediterranean region and coastal regions in southwestern Europe and north Africa. These territories were home to different cultural groups, both urban populations and rural populations. The West also suffered heavily from the instability of the 3rd century AD
Byzantine Empire
–
Tremissis with the image of
Justinian the Great (r. 527–565) (see
Byzantine insignia)
Byzantine Empire
–
Byzantine
lamellar armour klivanium (Κλιβάνιον) - a predecessor of Ottoman krug
mirror armour
Byzantine Empire
–
The Baptism of Constantine painted by
Raphael 's pupils (1520–1524,
fresco, Vatican City,
Apostolic Palace);
Eusebius of Caesarea records that (as
was common among converts of early Christianity) Constantine delayed receiving
baptism until shortly before his death
Byzantine Empire
–
Restored section of the Theodosian Walls.
7.
Normans
–
The Normans were the people who, in the 10th and 11th centuries, gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, through generations of assimilation and mixing with the native Frankish and Gallo-Roman populations, their descendants gradually adopted the Carolingian-based cultures of West Francia. The distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, the Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their spirit and eventually for their Christian piety. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of the Frankish land they settled, their becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French. The Normans are noted both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture and musical traditions, and for their significant military accomplishments and their chief men were specially lavish through their desire of good report. They were, moreover, a race skillful in flattery, given to the study of eloquence, so that the boys were orators. They were enduring of toil, hunger, and cold whenever fortune laid it on them, given to hunting and hawking, delighting in the pleasure of horses, and of all the weapons and garb of war. The treaty offered Rollo and his men the French lands between the river Epte and the Atlantic coast in exchange for their protection against further Viking incursions. The area corresponded to the part of present-day Upper Normandy down to the river Seine. The territory was equivalent to the old province of Rouen. Before Rollos arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, the Norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue doïl branch of Romance by a Norse-speaking ruling class, and it developed into the regional language that survives today. The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, the new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their lineage to Franks of the Carolingian dynasty. Most Norman knights remained poor and land-hungry, and by 1066 Normandy had been exporting fighting horsemen for more than a generation, many Normans of Italy, France and England eventually served as avid Crusaders under the Italo-Norman prince Bohemund I and the Anglo-Norman king Richard the Lion-Heart. Opportunistic bands of Normans successfully established a foothold in Southern Italy, probably as the result of returning pilgrims stories, the Normans entered Southern Italy as warriors in 1017 at the latest. In 999, according to Amatus of Montecassino, Norman pilgrims returning from Jerusalem called in at the port of Salerno when a Saracen attack occurred. The Normans fought so valiantly that Prince Guaimar III begged them to stay, the Hauteville family achieved princely rank by proclaiming prince Guaimar IV of Salerno Duke of Apulia and Calabria. He promptly awarded their elected leader, William Iron Arm, with the title of count in his capital of Melfi
Normans
–
Victorian interpretation of the Normans' national dress, 1000–1100
Normans
–
10th-11th century History of the Normans, by
Dudo of Saint-Quentin
Normans
–
The early Norman castle at
Adrano
Normans
–
William the Conqueror invades England
8.
Montesarchio
–
Montesarchio is a comune in the Province of Benevento, Campania, southern Italy. It is located 18 kilometres south-east of Benevento in the Valle Caudina at the foot of Monte Taburno, the commune was granted the official status of City by a presidential decree of 31 July 1977. Montesarchio is the site of ancient Caudium, an ancient city of Apulia et Calabria, situated on the road from Beneventum to Capua. It seems probable that it was in early times a place of importance, and the capital or chief city of the called the Caudini. The town of Caudium is not mentioned during the Second Punic War, niebuhr supposes the city to have been destroyed by the Romans, in revenge for their great defeat in its neighbourhood, but there is no evidence for this. The period of its destruction is unknown, the name is found in the 9th century. The position of Caudium is fixed by the Itineraries, which all concur in placing it on the Appian Way,21 Roman miles from Capua, and 11 from Beneventum. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, in the 7th century a Lombard nobleman called Arcolo founded a shelter, in that occasion the burgh was fortified and a tower, still visible today, was built at the summit of the hill. Later the castle was rebuilt, but the Normans destroyed it and it was again rebuilt in the 15th century. Feudataries who held Montesarchio include, starting from the 13th century, DAquino, Della Leonessa, Caracciolo, Carafa and DAvalos, the DAvalos Castle, later turned into a jail by the Bourbon Kings of Two Sicilies. Ancient marble fountain, in the main square, Montesarchio is twinned with, La Garde, France, since 1977. Torre del Greco, Italy, since 2008, dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
Montesarchio
–
View of the hamlet Latonuovo with the Tower and the Castle, and Mount Taburno on the background
Montesarchio
–
A view of Montesarchio
9.
Prince of Wales
–
Prince of Wales was a title granted to princes born in Wales from the 12th century onwards, the term replaced the use of the word king. Since the 13th century, the title is granted to the apparent to the English or British monarch. The title is granted to the heir apparent as a personal honour or dignity. The title Earl of Chester is always given in conjunction with that of Prince of Wales, the Prince of Wales usually has other titles and honours. The wife of the Prince of Wales is entitled to the title Princess of Wales, Prince Charless first wife, Diana, used that title but his second wife, Camilla, uses only the title Duchess of Cornwall because the other title has become so popularly associated with Diana. The Prince of Wales is the heir apparent of the monarch of the United Kingdom, no formal public role or responsibility has been legislated by Parliament or otherwise delegated to him by law or custom, either as heir apparent or as Prince of Wales. He has also represented the Queen and the United Kingdom overseas at state, for most of the post-Roman period, Wales was divided into several smaller states. Before the Norman conquest of England, the most powerful Welsh ruler at any time was generally known as King of the Britons. In the 12th and 13th centuries, this evolved into Prince of Wales. In Latin, the new title was Princeps Walliae, and in Welsh it was Tywysog Cymru, the literal translation of Tywysog is leader. Only a handful of native princes had their claim to the overlordship of Wales recognised by the English Crown, the first known to have used such a title was Owain Gwynedd, adopting the title Prince of the Welsh around 1165 after earlier using rex Waliae. In 1240, the title was inherited by his son Dafydd ap Llywelyn. Instead he styled himself as Prince of Wales around 1244, the first Welsh prince to do so, in 1246, his nephew Llywelyn ap Gruffudd succeeded to the throne of Gwynedd, and used the style as early as 1258. In 1267, with the signing of the Treaty of Montgomery, three Welshmen, however, claimed the title of Prince of Wales after 1283. The first was Madog ap Llywelyn, a member of the house of Gwynedd and his revolt was suppressed, however, after the Battle of Maes Moydog in March 1295, and the prince was imprisoned in London. It is Owain Glyndŵr, however, whom many Welsh people regard as being the last native Prince, on 16 September 1400, he was proclaimed Prince of Wales by his supporters, and held parliaments at Harlech Castle and elsewhere during his revolt, which encompassed all of Wales. It was not until 1409 that his revolt in quest of Welsh independence was suppressed by Henry IV. However, the story may well be apocryphal, as it can only be traced to the 16th century, and, in the time of Edward I, the English aristocracy spoke Norman French, not English
Prince of Wales
–
Incumbent
HRH The Prince Charles since 26 July 1958
Prince of Wales
–
Prince of Wales
Prince of Wales
–
Edward of Caernarfon
Prince of Wales
–
Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince
10.
Bonfire of the Vanities
–
A Bonfire of the Vanities is a burning of objects condemned by authorities as occasions of sin. Such bonfires were not invented by Savonarola, but had been a common accompaniment to the sermons of San Bernardino di Siena in the first half of the century. The focus of this destruction was nominally on objects that might tempt one to sin, including vanity items such as mirrors, cosmetics, fine dresses, playing cards, and even musical instruments. Other targets included books that were deemed to be immoral, such as works by Boccaccio, Savonarola campaigned against what he considered to be the artistic and social excesses of Renaissance Italy, preaching with great vigor against any sort of luxury. His power and influence grew so that time he became the effective ruler of Florence. Starting in February 1495, during the time that would normally have hosted the festival known as Carnival and he destroyed the works of Ovid, Propertius, Dante, and Boccaccio. Anyone who tried to found their hands being forced by teams of ardent Savonarola supporters. These supporters called themselves Piagnoni after a nickname that was originally intended as an insult. Savonarola’s influence did not go unnoticed by the church officials, however. He was eventually excommunicated on May 13,1497, Savonarola was executed on May 23,1498, hung on a cross and burned to death. Anyone who failed to do so faced excommunication, writing several centuries later, Orestes Brownson, an apologist for Savonarola, mentions artwork only by Fra Bartolomeo, Lorenzo di Credi, and many other painters, along with several antique statues. Art historian Rab Hatfield argues that one of Botticellis paintings, The Mystical Nativity, is based on the sermon Savonarola delivered on Christmas Eve,1493. The event has been represented or mentioned in varying degrees of detail in a number of works of fiction, including George Eliots Romola. As a metaphor, Tom Wolfe used the event and ritual as the title for his 1987 novel The Bonfire of the Vanities, margaret Atwoods works allude to the Bonfire, as in her dystopian novels The Handmaids Tale, and Oryx and Crake. It is also depicted in the video game Assassins Creed II, book burning The Birth of Venus Bonfire Night Martines, L. Fire in the City, Savonarola and the Struggle for the Soul of Renaissance Florence, new York, NY, Oxford University Press. Echoes of Botticelli in Early Modern Sources Explores primary sources related to Botticelli and Savonarola
Bonfire of the Vanities
–
Bernardino of Siena organising the vanities bonfire,
Perugia, from the Oratorio di San Bernardino, by
Agostino di Duccio, built between 1457 and 1461.
11.
Girolamo Savonarola
–
Girolamo Savonarola was an Italian Dominican friar and preacher active in Renaissance Florence. He was known for his prophecies of civic glory, the destruction of art and culture. He denounced clerical corruption, despotic rule and the exploitation of the poor and he prophesied the coming of a biblical flood and a new Cyrus from the north who would reform the Church. In September 1494, when Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, while Savonarola intervened with the French king, the Florentines expelled the ruling Medici and, at the friars urging, established a popular republic. In 1495 when Florence refused to join Pope Alexander VIs Holy League against the French and he disobeyed and further defied the pope by preaching under a ban, highlighting his campaign for reform with processions, bonfires of the vanities, and pious theatricals. In retaliation, the Pope excommunicated him in May 1497, a trial by fire proposed by a rival Florentine preacher in April 1498 to test Savonarolas divine mandate turned into a fiasco, and popular opinion turned against him. Savonarola and two of his supporting friars were imprisoned, under torture, Savonarola confessed that he had invented his visions and prophecies. On 23 May 1498, Church and civil authorities condemned, hanged, Savonarola was born on 21 September 1452, in Ferrara. His grandfather, Michele Savonarola, was a physician and polymath. Savonarolas mother Elena claimed a lineage from the Bonacossi family of Mantua and she and her husband Niccolo had seven children, of whom Girolamo was third. His grandfather was a successful physician who oversaw his education. His family had amassed in his grandfathers footsteps, at some point, however, he abandoned his career intentions. In his early poems, he expresses his preoccupation with the state of the Church and of the world. He began to write poetry of a bent, notably On the Ruin of the World and On the Ruin of the Church. About the same time, he seems to have been thinking about a life in religion, as he later told his biographer, a sermon he heard by a preacher in Faenza persuaded him to abandon the world. True or not, in a letter he wrote to his father when he left home to join the Dominican Order he hints at being troubled by desires of the flesh. There is also a story that on the eve of his departure he dreamed that he was cleansed of such thoughts by a shower of icy water which prepared him for the ascetic life. In the unfinished treatise he left behind, later called De contemptu mundi, or On Contempt for the World, he calls upon readers to fly from this world of adultery, sodomy, murder and envy
Girolamo Savonarola
–
Girolamo Savonarola by
Fra Bartolomeo, c. 1498,
Museo di San Marco,
Florence.
Girolamo Savonarola
–
Fantasy portrait of Girolamo Savonarola by
Moretto da Brescia, c. 1524.
Girolamo Savonarola
–
Illustration from Compendio di revelatione, 1496, by Savonarola
Girolamo Savonarola
–
Painting of Savonarola's execution in the
Piazza della Signoria
12.
1783
–
As of the start of 1783, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. February 3 – American Revolutionary War, The Kingdom of Great Britain acknowledges the independence of the United States of America, at this time the Spanish government does not grant diplomatic recognition. February 4 – American Revolutionary War, Great Britain formally declares that it will cease hostilities with the United States, february 5 –1783 Calabrian earthquakes, First of a sequence of five earthquakes in Calabria, Italy, leaving 50,000 dead. February 26 – The United States Continental Armys Corps of Engineers is disbanded, march 5 – Last celebration of Massacre Day in Boston, Massachusetts. April 8 – The Crimean Khanate, which had existed since 1441 and was the last remnant of the Mongol Golden Horde, is annexed by the Russian Empire of Catherine the Great, april 15 – Preliminary articles of peace ending the American Revolutionary War are ratified. May 18 – The first United Empire Loyalists, fleeing the new United States, reach Parrtown in Saint John, New Brunswick, may 26 – A Great Jubilee Day celebrating end of American Revolution held in Trumbull, Connecticut. June 4 or June 5 – The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their montgolfière hot air balloon at Annonay in France and it has been described as one of the greatest environmental catastrophes in European history. July 16 – Grants of land in Canada to American loyalists are announced, july 24 – The Treaty of Georgievsk is signed between Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti making Georgia a protectorate of Russia. August 4 – Mount Asama, the most active volcano in Japan, begins climactic eruption, killing roughly 1,400 people directly and exacerbating a famine, resulting in another 20,000 deaths. August 10 – The British East India Company packet ship Antelope is wrecked off Ulong Island in the Palau group, august 18 – The 1783 Great Meteor passes on a thousand-mile track across the North Sea, Great Britain and France, prompting scientific discussion. August 27 – Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert launch the worlds first hydrogen-filled balloon, Le Globe and this is also the beginning of the Old West. September 9 – Dickinson College is chartered in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, october 3 – First Waterford Crystal glassmaking business begins production in Waterford, Ireland. November 2 – In Rocky Hill, New Jersey, United States General George Washington gives his Farewell Address to the Army, november 21 – In Paris, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent, marquis dArlandes, make the first untethered hot air balloon flight. November 24 – In Spain, the Cedula of Population is signed, stating anyone who will swear fealty to Spain and is of the Roman Catholic faith is welcome to populate Trinidad. November 25 – American Revolutionary War, The last British troops leave New York City 3 months after the signing of the Treaty of Paris. November 27 – English rector, John Michell concludes that some stars might have enough gravity force to prevent light escapes from them, november 29 –1783 New Jersey earthquake, An earthquake of 5.3 magnitude strikes New Jersey. December 1 – Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert make the first manned flight in a balloon, La Charlière. December 4 – At Fraunces Tavern in New York City, U. S, General George Washington formally bids his officers farewell
1783
–
The first manned hot-air balloon, designed by the
Montgolfier brothers, takes off from the
Bois de Boulogne, on
November 21, 1783
1783
–
The first manned hydrogen balloon
La Charlière ' on its first flight on December 1, 1783. Piloted by Prof.
Jacques Charles with
Nicolas-Louis Robert.
13.
American Revolutionary War
–
From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
American Revolutionary War
–
Clockwise from top left:
Surrender of Lord Cornwallis after the
Siege of Yorktown,
Battle of Trenton,
The Death of General Warren at the
Battle of Bunker Hill,
Battle of Long Island,
Battle of Guilford Court House
American Revolutionary War
–
Notice of Stamp Act of 1765 in newspaper
American Revolutionary War
–
This iconic 1846 lithograph by
Nathaniel Currier was entitled "The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor"; the phrase "Boston Tea Party" had not yet become standard. Contrary to Currier's depiction, few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Indians.
American Revolutionary War
–
The British marching to
Concord in April 1775
14.
Great Siege of Gibraltar
–
The Great Siege of Gibraltar was an unsuccessful attempt by Spain and France to capture Gibraltar from the British during the American War of Independence. This was the largest action fought during the war in terms of numbers, at three years and seven months, it is the longest siege endured by the British Armed Forces. In 1738 a dispute between Spain and Great Britain arose over commerce between Europe and the Americas, a short time later, the War of Jenkins Ear began, and both countries declared war on 23 October 1739, each side drawing up plans to establish trenches near Gibraltar. Seeing these first movements, Britain ordered Admiral Vernon to sail from Portobello, the passage of years failed to break the hostilities in the region. Then on 9 July 1746, King Philip V of Spain died in Madrid and his successor, Ferdinand VI, soon began negotiations with Britain on trade. The British Parliament was amenable to such negotiations, and even looked favourably upon lifting the British embargo on Spain, the neutrality adopted by Ferdinand VI quickly ended with his death in 1759. The new king, Charles III, was willing to negotiate with Great Britain. Instead, he signed a Family Compact with Louis XV of France on 15 August 1761, at that time France was at war with Britain, so Britain responded by declaring war on Spain and capturing the Spanish colonial capitals of Manila and Havana. Two years later, after cessation of hostilities, Spain recovered Manila, in the years of peace that followed both France and Spain hoped for an opportunity to launch a war against Britain on more favourable terms and recover their lost colonial possessions. Following the outbreak of the American War of Independence, both states supplied funding and arms to the American rebels, and drew up a strategy to intervene on the American side and defeat Britain. On 12 April 1779, France and Spain signed the Treaty of Aranjuez wherein they agreed to aid one another in recovering lost territory from Britain, then, in June 1779, Spain declared war on Great Britain, France having done so the year before. The Spanish blockade was directed by Martín Álvarez de Sotomayor, Spanish ground forces were composed of two battalions of Royal Guards, another two of Walloon Guards, with artillery and cavalry, about 13,000 in all. The artillery was commanded by Rudesindo Tilly, while the cavalry, antonio Barceló commanded the maritime forces responsible for blockading the bay, and established his base in Algeciras, commanding a fleet of several xebecs and gunboats. A fleet of 11 ships and two frigates were placed in the Gulf of Cadiz under the command of Luis de Córdova y Córdova to block the passage of British reinforcements. All the defences were strengthened, and many of the infantry, including picked men, the garrison included contingents of Hanoverian and Corsican troops. The British had anticipated an attack for some time, and a number of ships had sailed to reinforce and supply Gibraltar. The combined Spanish and French fleets blockaded Gibraltar from the sea, while on the side a enormous army constructed forts, redoubts, entrenchments. General Eliott formed a corps of sharpshooters, as the winter of 1779 came down the garrison began to suffer from want of fresh provisions, which became very scarce and dear
Great Siege of Gibraltar
–
Copley, John Singleton,
The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar, September 1782
Great Siege of Gibraltar
–
Portrait of George Augustus Eliott by
Sir Joshua Reynolds.
Great Siege of Gibraltar
–
One of the many guns and
embrasures within the
Great Siege Tunnels.
Great Siege of Gibraltar
–
View of the sortie from above the
Prince's Lines
15.
United States Constitution
–
The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government, Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure used by the thirteen States to ratify it. In general, the first ten amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, offer specific protections of individual liberty, the majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections. Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures, Amendments to the United States Constitution, unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide, are appended to the document. All four pages of the original U. S, according to the United States Senate, The Constitutions first three words—We the People—affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens. From September 5,1774 to March 1,1781, the Continental Congress functioned as the government of the United States. The process of selecting the delegates for the First and Second Continental Congresses underscores the revolutionary role of the people of the colonies in establishing a governing body. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was the first constitution of the United States and it was drafted by the Second Continental Congress from mid-1776 through late-1777, and ratification by all 13 states was completed by early 1781. Under the Articles of Confederation, the governments power was quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions, but lacked enforcement powers, implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures. The Continental Congress could print money but the currency was worthless, Congress could borrow money, but couldnt pay it back. No state paid all their U. S. taxes, some paid nothing, some few paid an amount equal to interest on the national debt owed to their citizens, but no more. No interest was paid on debt owed foreign governments, by 1786, the United States would default on outstanding debts as their dates came due. Internationally, the Articles of Confederation did little to enhance the United States ability to defend its sovereignty, most of the troops in the 625-man United States Army were deployed facing – but not threatening – British forts on American soil. They had not been paid, some were deserting and others threatening mutiny, spain closed New Orleans to American commerce, U. S. officials protested, but to no effect. Barbary pirates began seizing American ships of commerce, the Treasury had no funds to pay their ransom, if any military crisis required action, the Congress had no credit or taxing power to finance a response. Domestically, the Articles of Confederation was failing to bring unity to the sentiments and interests of the various states
United States Constitution
–
Page one of the original copy of the Constitution
United States Constitution
–
Signing the Constitution, September 17, 1787
United States Constitution
–
Territorial extent of the United States, 1790.
United States Constitution
–
"We the People" in an original edition
16.
Napoleonic Wars
–
The wars resulted from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the Revolutionary Wars, which had raged on for years before concluding with the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. Napoleon became the First Consul of France in 1799, then Emperor five years later, inheriting the political and military struggles of the Revolution, he created a state with stable finances, a strong central bureaucracy, and a well-trained army. The British frequently financed the European coalitions intended to thwart French ambitions, by 1805, they had managed to convince the Austrians and the Russians to wage another war against France. At sea, the Royal Navy destroyed a combined Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in October 1805, Prussian worries about increasing French power led to the formation of the Fourth Coalition in 1806. France then forced the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to sign the Treaties of Tilsit in July, although Tilsit signified the high watermark of the French Empire, it did not bring a lasting peace for Europe. Hoping to extend the Continental System and choke off British trade with the European mainland, Napoleon invaded Iberia, the Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, featured extensive guerrilla warfare, the Continental System caused recurring diplomatic conflicts between France and its client states, especially Russia. Unwilling to bear the consequences of reduced trade, the Russians routinely violated the Continental System. The French launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the collapse and retreat of the Grand Army along with the destruction of Russian lands. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France, a lengthy military campaign culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813. The Allies then invaded France and captured Paris in the spring of 1814 and he was exiled to the island of Elba near Rome and the Bourbons were restored to power. However, Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of France once again, the Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June. The Congress of Vienna, which started in 1814 and concluded in 1815, established the new borders of Europe and laid out the terms, Napoleon seized power in 1799, creating a de facto military dictatorship. The Napoleonic Wars began with the War of the Third Coalition, Kagan argues that Britain was irritated in particular by Napoleons assertion of control over Switzerland. Furthermore, Britons felt insulted when Napoleon stated that their country deserved no voice in European affairs, for its part, Russia decided that the intervention in Switzerland indicated that Napoleon was not looking toward a peaceful resolution of his differences with the other European powers. The British quickly enforced a blockade of France to starve it of resources. Napoleon responded with economic embargoes against Britain, and sought to eliminate Britains Continental allies to break the coalitions arrayed against him, the so-called Continental System formed a league of armed neutrality to disrupt the blockade and enforce free trade with France
Napoleonic Wars
–
Top:
Battle of Austerlitz Bottom:
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleonic Wars
–
"Maniac-raving's-or-Little Boney in a strong fit" by
James Gillray. His caricatures ridiculing Napoleon greatly annoyed the Frenchman, who wanted them suppressed by the British government.
Napoleonic Wars
–
The British
HMS Sandwich fires to the French
flagship Bucentaure (completely dismasted) in the battle of
Trafalgar. The Bucentaure also fights
HMS Victory (behind her) and
HMS Temeraire (left side of the picture). In fact, HMS Sandwich never fought at Trafalgar and her depiction is a mistake by
Auguste Mayer, the painter.
Napoleonic Wars
–
European strategic situation in 1805 before the War of the Third Coalition
17.
Levin August, Count von Bennigsen
–
Count Levin August Gottlieb Theophil von Bennigsen was a German general in the service of the Russian Empire. Bennigsen was born on 10 February 1745 into a Hanoverian noble family in Brunswick and his family owned several estates at Banteln in Hanover. In 1764, after the death of his father and his marriage to Baroness Steimberg, he retired from the Hanoverian army and he fought against the Turks in 1774 and in 1778, becoming lieutenant-colonel in the latter year. In 1798 Bennigsen was fired from military service by the Tsar Paul I allegedly because of his connections with Platon Zubov. It is known that he took a part in the planning phase of the conspiracy to assassinate Paul I. Tsar Alexander I made him governor-general of Lithuania in 1801, in 1806 Bennigsen was in command of one of the Russian armies operating against Napoleon, when he fought the battle of Pultusk and met the emperor in person in the bloody battle of Eylau. In the Battle of Pultusk he resisted French troops under Jean Lannes before retreating and this brought him the Order of St. George of the Second Degree while after the battle of Eylau he was awarded Order of St. Andrew - the highest order in the Russian empire. After the death of Kutusov, Bennigsen was recalled and placed at the head of an army, Bennigsen participated in the battles of Bautzen and Lützen, leading one of the columns that made the decisive attack on the last day of the battle of Leipzig. After the peace treaty of Fontainebleau he was awarded the St. George order of the First Degree - the highest Russian military order - for his actions in the Napoleonic wars in general. After the general peace Bennigsen held a command from 1815 to 1818, by the end of his life he completely lost his sight. He died on 31 December 1826, eight years after he had retired and his son, Count Alexander Levin von Bennigsen was a distinguished Hanoverian statesman. Bennigsen wrote the three-volume Mémoires du général Bennigsen, which was published in Paris in 1907-1908, though they contain fascinating details regarding the Russian wars and battles between 1806-1813, the work often beautifies historical facts. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Bennigsen. Russian Officer Corps of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Bennigsen vs Napoleon at Heilsberg 1807, one of the bloodiest battles of the Napoleonic Wars
Levin August, Count von Bennigsen
–
Portrait by
George Dawe in the
Military Gallery
18.
1813
–
As of the start of 1813, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 24 – The Philharmonic Society founded in London, January 28 – Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice is published anonymously in London. January 31 – The Assembly of the Year XIII is inaugurated in Buenos Aires, February 3 – Argentine War of Independence, José de San Martín and his Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers gain a largely symbolic victory against a Spanish royalist army in the Battle of San Lorenzo. February 7 – Napoleonic Wars, Action of 7 February 1813 between the French frigate Aréthuse and HMS Amelia in British service in the Îles de Los on the Guinea Coast, both ships retire unbeaten. February 9 – Prussia abolishes the canton system February 11 – War of 1812, major Amos Stoddard assumes command of its artillery. March 4 Cyril VI of Constantinople is elected Ecumenical Patriarch, James Madison is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States. March 17 – Napoleonic Wars, Prussia declares war on France, march 29 – Mexican War of Independence –Battle of Rosillo Creek, The Republican Army of the North defeats the Spanish Royalist Army in present-day Bexar County, Texas. April 8 – Colonel James Ball arrives at Fort Meigs with 200 dragoons, april 27 –War of 1812 –Battle of York, United States troops raid, destroy, but do not hold the capital of Upper Canada, York. May 1–May 9 –War of 1812 – First siege of Fort Meigs by British allied forces under General Henry Proctor, may 2 –Battle of Lützen, Napoleon wins against the German alliance. May 11 –Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth leave on an expedition to cross the Blue Mountains of Australia, may 20–May 21 –Battle of Bautzen, Napoleon again defeats his combined enemies. May 27 –War of 1812, In Canada, American forces capture Fort George, june 6 War of 1812 –Battle of Stoney Creek, A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeat an American force three times its size under William Winder and John Chandler. Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth succeed in crossing the Blue Mountains and return home. June 21 –Peninsular War –Battle of Vitoria, A British, Spanish, july –War of 1812 –Second siege of Fort Meigs by British allied forces fails. July 5 –War of 1812, Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, july 13 The Carabinieri, the national military police of Italy, are founded by Victor Emmanuel I as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Missionaries Adoniram Judson and his wife Ann Hasseltine Judson arrive in Burma, august 12 – Austria declares war on France. August 19 –Gervasio Antonio de Posadas joins Argentinas second triumvirate, august 23 –Battle of Großbeeren, Napoleon is defeated by Prussia and Sweden. August 26 –Battle of Katzbach, Napoleons troops are defeated by Prussia and Russia, august 26–27 –Battle of Dresden, Napoleons troops are victorious. August 29–30 –First Battle of Kulm, French Marshal Vandamme defeated, captured by allied Coalition forces from Russia, Prussia and Austria, august 30 –Creek War –Fort Mims massacre, A force of Creeks belonging to the Red Sticks faction kill hundreds of settlers in Fort Mims in Alabama
1813
–
Retreat of the French after the
Battle of Leipzig
1813
–
Søren Kierkegaard
1813
–
Richard Wagner
1813
–
Giuseppe Verdi
19.
Frigate
–
A frigate /ˈfrɪɡᵻt/ is any of several types of warship, the term having been used for ships of various sizes and roles over the last few centuries. In the 17th century, this term was used for any warship built for speed and maneuverability and these could be warships carrying their principal batteries of carriage-mounted guns on a single deck or on two decks. The term was used for ships too small to stand in the line of battle. In the late 19th century, the frigate was a type of ironclad warship that for a time was the most powerful type of vessel afloat. The term frigate was used because such ships still mounted their principal armaments on a continuous upper deck. Ship classes dubbed frigates have more closely resembled corvettes, destroyers, cruisers. The rank frigate captain derives from the name of type of ship. The term frigate originated in the Mediterranean in the late 15th century, referring to a lighter galleass type ship with oars, sails and a light armament, built for speed and maneuverability. The etymology of the word is unknown, although it may have originated as a corruption of aphractus, aphractus was, in turn, derived from the Ancient Greek phrase ἄφρακτος ναῦς, or undefended ship. In 1583, during the Eighty Years War, Habsburg Spain recovered the Southern Netherlands from the rebellious Dutch and this soon led to the occupied ports being used as bases for privateers, the Dunkirkers, to attack the shipping of the Dutch and their allies. To achieve this they developed small, maneuverable, sailing vessels that came to be referred to as frigates, in French, the term frigate became a verb, meaning to build long and low, and an adjective, adding further confusion. Even the huge English Sovereign of the Seas could be described as a frigate by a contemporary after her upper decks were reduced in 1651. The navy of the Dutch Republic was the first navy to build the larger ocean-going frigates, the first two tasks required speed, shallowness of draft for the shallow waters around the Netherlands, and the ability to carry sufficient supplies to maintain a blockade. The third task required heavy armament, sufficient to fight against the Spanish fleet, the first of these larger battle-capable frigates were built around 1600 at Hoorn in Holland. The effectiveness of the Dutch frigates became most visible in the Battle of the Downs in 1639, encouraging most other navies, especially the English, to adopt similar designs. The fleets built by the Commonwealth of England in the 1650s generally consisted of ships described as frigates, the largest of which were two-decker great frigates of the third rate. Carrying 60 guns, these vessels were as big and capable as great ships of the time, however, most other frigates at the time were used as cruisers, independent fast ships. The term frigate implied a long hull design, which relates directly to speed and also, in turn, in Danish, the word fregat is often applied to warships carrying as few as 16 guns, such as HMS Falcon which the British classified as a sloop
Frigate
–
The Portuguese sailing frigate
Dom Fernando II e Gloria in
1878
Frigate
–
The modern air-defence and command frigate
HNLMS Evertsen
Frigate
–
Light frigate, circa 1675–1680
Frigate
–
Boudeuse, of
Louis Antoine de Bougainville
20.
HMS Amelia (1796)
–
Proserpine was a 38-gun Hébé-class frigate of the French Navy launched in 1785 that HMS Dryad captured on 13 June 1796. The Admiralty commissioned Proserpine into the Royal Navy as the fifth rate and her most notable action was her intense and bloody, but inconclusive, fight with Aréthuse in 1813. Amelia was broken up in December 1816, Proserpine was a Hébé-class frigate built for the French Navy of the Ancien Régime in Brest. Jacques-Noël Sané designed her as well as five ships and she was rated for thirty-eight guns. Proserpine was stationed at Saint Domingue from 1786 until 1788, in 1792, she was under Ensign Van Stabel. From 1793, she served as a commerce raider under Captain Jean-Baptiste Perrée, notably capturing the 32-gun Dutch frigate Vigilante, on 23 June 1795, under Captain Daugier, Proserpine took part in the Battle of Groix as the flagship of Admiral Villaret de Joyeuse. She unsuccessfully attempted to regroup the French fleet, almost colliding with the Droits de lHomme in the process, Proserpine then fired a broadside at the approaching British fleet before she escaped. In the engagement, Proserpine, under the command of Citizen Pevrieu, Dryad had two men killed and seven wounded. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp Dryad 13 June 1796 to all surviving claimants from the action, as the Royal Navy already had a Proserpine, the Admiralty renamed the captured vessel HMS Amelia after Princess Amelia, the youngest daughter of George III. The Royal Navy classified her as a rate of a nominal thirty-eight guns. The deck and sheer and profile plans made following survey at Plymouth in 1797 are now in the National Maritime Museum, Captain Charles Herbert commissioned Amelia in August 1787 for service in the Channel. She joined Ethalion and Sylph on 18 September 1798 blockading the French Brest Squadron, during the night of 11 –12 October Commodore, Sir John Borlase Warren made the signal for a general chase. Commodore Warrens squadron engaged the French squadron, and captured the Hoche, in doing so, the British also captured Wolfe Tone, the leader of the United Irishmen. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the claimants from the battle the Naval General Service Medal with clasp 12th October 1798. On 31 January 1799, while at anchor in the Hamoaze, Formidable broke free from her moorings, fortunately both ships had struck their topmasts and damage was light. Amelia was able to sail on 4 February, on 9 April, after reconnoitering two French frigates in LOrient, St Fiorenzo and Amelia sailed towards Belle Île in very hazy weather. Here three French frigates and a large gun vessel hiding against the coast surprised them, at that instant a sudden squall carried away Amelias main-top-mast and fore and mizzen top-gallant masts, the fall of the former tore much of the mainsail from the yard. Captain Neale of San Fiorenzo shortened sail and ordered Amelia to bear up with him to maintain the weather gage and prepare for battle
HMS Amelia (1796)
–
HMS "Amelia" Chasing the French Frigate "Aréthuse" 1813. Painted in 1852 by
John Christian Schetky
HMS Amelia (1796)
–
HMS Amelia in action with the French Frigate Aréthuse, 1813, by
John Christian Schetky, 1852
HMS Amelia (1796)
–
The fight of the French frigate Aréthuse and Amelia on the shores of Guinea, 7 February 1813, by
Louis-Philippe Crepin
21.
1819
–
As of the start of 1819, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 2 – The Panic of 1819, the first major financial crisis in the United States. January 25 – Thomas Jefferson founds the University of Virginia, january 29 – Sir Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore. February 6 – A formal treaty between Hussein Shah of Johor and the British Sir Stamford Raffles establishes a settlement in Singapore. February 15 – The United States House of Representatives agrees to the Tallmadge Amendment barring slaves from the new state of Missouri, march 1 – The U. S. naval vessel USS Columbus is launched in Washington, D. C. March 6 – McCulloch v. Maryland, The U. S. Supreme Court rules that the Bank of the United States is constitutional, march 20 – Burlington Arcade opens in London. March 23 – In Mannheim, Duchy of Baden, German dramatist August von Kotzebue is assassinated by Karl Ludwig Sand, april 7 – The Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from serfdom. May 22 – The SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, the ship arrives at Liverpool, England on June 20. August 6 – Norwich University is founded by Captain Alden Partridge in Vermont as the first private school in the United States. August 7 – Battle of Boyacá, Simón Bolívar is victorious over the Royalist Army in Colombia, Colombia acquires its definitive independence from Spanish rule. August 16 – Peterloo Massacre, The cavalry charges into a crowd of protesters in Manchester, UK, resulting in 15 deaths, september 20 – The Carlsbad Decrees are issued throughout the German Confederation. October 15 – Desolation Island in the South Shetland Islands of the Antarctic is discovered by Captain William Smith in the Williams, december 14 – Alabama is admitted as the 22nd U. S. state. December 17 – The Republic of Gran Colombia is formally established with Simón Bolívar as its first president, the ʻAi Noa Movement takes power in Hawaii. The city of Fernandina of Jagua is founded in Cuba, the African Slave Trade Patrol is founded to stop the slave trade on the coast of West Africa
1819
–
Jacques Offenbach
1819
–
Clara Schumann
1819
–
Léon Foucault
1819
–
Theodor Fontane
22.
Thomas Stamford Raffles
–
Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, FRS was a British statesman, Lieutenant-Governor of British Java and Governor-General of Bencoolen, best known for his founding of Singapore. He was also involved in the conquest of the Indonesian island of Java from Dutch and French military forces during the Napoleonic Wars. He was also a writer and wrote a book titled The History of Java. Raffles was born on the ship Ann off the coast of Port Morant, Jamaica, to Captain Benjamin Raffles and his father was a Yorkshireman who had a burgeoning family and little luck in the West Indies trade during the American Revolution, sending the family into debt. The little money the family had went into schooling Raffles, in 1795, at the age of 14, Raffles started working as a clerk in London for the British East India Company, the trading company that shaped many of Britains overseas conquests. In 1805 he was sent to what is now Penang in the country of Malaysia, then called the Prince of Wales Island and he started with a post under the Honourable Philip Dundas, the Governor of Penang. At this time he made the acquaintance of Thomas Otho Travers. His knowledge of the Malay language, as well as his wit and ability, gained him favour with Lord Minto, Governor-General of India, and he was sent to Malacca. Then, in 1811, after the invasion and annexation of the Kingdom of Holland by France during Napoleons war, Raffles had no choice and he mounted a military expedition against the Dutch and French in Java, Indonesia. The British, led by Colonel Gillespie, stormed the fort, janssens attempted to escape inland but was captured. The British invasion of Java took a total of forty-five days and he took his residence at Buitenzorg and despite having a small subset of Britons as his senior staff, he kept many of the Dutch civil servants in the governmental structure. During the relatively brief British rule in Java, Raffles negotiated peace, Most significant of these was the 21 June 1812 assault on Yogyakarta, one of the two most powerful indigenous polities in Java. During the attack the Yogyakarta kraton was badly damaged and extensively looted by British troops, Raffles seized much of the contents of the court archive. The event was unprecedented in Javanese history and it was the first time an indigenous court had been taken by storm by a European army, and the humiliation of the local aristocracy was profound. Under Raffless aegis, a number of ancient monuments in Java were systematically catalogued for the first time. The first detailed English-language account of Prambanan was prepared by Colin Mackenzie while Borobudur was surveyed and cleared of vegetation by H. C, under the harsh conditions of the island, his wife, Olivia, died on 26 November 1814, an event that devastated Raffles. In 1815, he left again for England shortly before the island of Java was returned to control of the Netherlands following the Napoleonic Wars, under the terms of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814. He sailed to England in early 1816 to clear his name and, en route, visited Napoleon, who was in exile at St. Helena, but found him unpleasant and unimpressive
Thomas Stamford Raffles
–
Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles
Thomas Stamford Raffles
–
The memorial to
Olivia Mariamne Raffles, Raffles' first wife, erected by him along the Kanarielaan in the National Botanical Gardens (now the
Bogor Botanical Gardens). Raffles re-landscaped these gardens, which were established in 1744 in Buitenzorg (now
Bogor),
West Java.
Thomas Stamford Raffles
–
Raffles in 1817
Thomas Stamford Raffles
–
Statue of Sir Stamford Raffles in Singapore, based on the original by
Thomas Woolner
23.
Singapore
–
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, sometimes referred to as the Lion City or the Little Red Dot, is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia. It lies one degree north of the equator, at the tip of peninsular Malaysia. Singapores territory consists of one island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its size by 23%. During the Second World War, Singapore was occupied by Japan, after early years of turbulence, and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy, based on external trade and its workforce. Singapore is a global commerce, finance and transport hub, the country has also been identified as a tax haven. Singapore ranks 5th internationally and first in Asia on the UN Human Development Index and it is ranked highly in education, healthcare, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety, and housing, but does not fare well on the Democracy index. Although income inequality is high, 90% of homes are owner-occupied, 38% of Singapores 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals. There are four languages on the island, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil. English is its language, most Singaporeans are bilingual. Singapore is a multiparty parliamentary republic, with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The Peoples Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959, however, it is unlikely that lions ever lived on the island, Sang Nila Utama, the Srivijayan prince said to have founded and named the island Singapura, perhaps saw a Malayan tiger. There are however other suggestions for the origin of the name, the central island has also been called Pulau Ujong as far back as the third century CE, literally island at the end in Malay. In 1299, according to the Malay Annals, the Kingdom of Singapura was founded on the island by Sang Nila Utama and these Indianized Kingdoms, a term coined by George Cœdès were characterized by surprising resilience, political integrity and administrative stability. In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement, which by then was part of the Johor Sultanate. The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period, in 1824 the entire island, as well as the Temenggong, became a British possession after a further treaty with the Sultan. In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, under the jurisdiction of British India, prior to Raffles arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese. By 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000, many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and gambier plantations
Singapore
–
Raffles Square around 1900.
Singapore
–
Flag
Singapore
–
Victorious Japanese troops marching through Singapore City after the British capitulation at the
Battle of Singapore in 1942.
Singapore
–
A cheering crowd welcome the return of British forces, 1945
24.
1842
–
As of the start of 1842, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January Michael Alexander takes office as first appointee to the Anglican-German Bishopric in Jerusalem, American medical student William E. Clarke of Berkshire Medical College becomes the first person to administer an inhaled anesthetic to facilitate a surgical procedure. January 8 – Delft University of Technology established by William II of the Netherlands as a Royal Academy for the education of civilian engineers, january 23 – Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross, charting the eastern side of James Ross Island, reaches a Farthest South of 78°0930S. February 1 – Willamette University is established in Salem, Oregon, february 7 – Battle of Debre Tabor, Ras Ali Alula, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia, defeats warlord Wube Haile Maryam of Semien. March – Commonwealth v. Hunt, the Massachusetts Supreme Court makes strikes, march 2 – Gaylad, ridden by Tom Olliver, wins the Grand National at Aintree Racecourse in England. March 5 – Mexican troops led by Ráfael Vásquez invade Texas, briefly occupy San Antonio and this is the first such invasion since the Texas Revolution. March 9 – Giuseppe Verdis third opera Nabucco premieres at La Scala in Milan, march 17 – The Relief Society, a philanthropic and educational womens organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is founded. March 28 – First concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, founded by Otto Nicolai, march 30 – American physician and pharmacist Crawford Long administers an inhaled anesthetic to facilitate a surgical procedure. March 31 – Middleton Junction and Oldham Branch Railway line opened up to Werneth in North West England, april 13 – First Anglo-Afghan War, British victory at the Battle of Jellalabad. May 11 – Income Tax Act establishes the first peacetime income tax in the United Kingdom,7 pence in the pound, may 19 – Dorr Rebellion, Militiamen supporting Thomas Wilson Dorr attack the arsenal in Providence, Rhode Island, but are repulsed. June 4 – In South Africa, hunter Dick King rides into a British military base in Grahamstown to warn that the Boers have besieged Durban, the British army dispatches a relief force. June 13 – Queen Victoria becomes the first reigning British monarch to travel by train, june 18 – A primary school system is established in Sweden. June 20 – Anselmo de Andrade, Portuguese economist and politician, is born in Vila Real de Santo António, june – James Nasmyth patents the steam hammer in the United Kingdom. July 8 – A total solar eclipse occurs in Asia, july 13 – The Tri-Kap fraternity is founded at Dartmouth College. It is the oldest local fraternity in the United States, August 4 – The Armed Occupation Act is signed, providing for the armed occupation and settlement of the unsettled part of the Peninsula of East Florida. August 9 – The Webster–Ashburton Treaty is signed, establishing the United States–Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains, August 10 – The Mines Act 1842 becomes law, prohibiting underground work for all women and boys under 10 years old in the United Kingdom. August 14 – American Indian Wars, United States general William J. Worth declares the Second Seminole War to be over. August 29 – The Treaty of Nanking, a treaty between Britain and Qing dynasty China, ends the First Opium War and establishes Hong Kong as a British colony until 1997
1842
–
Karl May
1842
–
Carl von Linde
1842
–
Abdul Hamid II
1842
–
John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
25.
1854
–
As of the start of 1854, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 3 –Charles Dickens commences writing the novel Hard Times, january 6 – The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes is born. January 9 –The Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh, U. S. A. is founded to promote German culture. January 21 –The iron clipper RMS Tayleur runs aground off the east coast of Ireland on her maiden voyage out of Liverpool bound for Australia with the loss of at least 300 of around 650 on board, february 11 –Major streets are lit by coal gas for the first time. February 13 –Mexican troops force William Walker and his troops to retreat to Sonora, february 14 –Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed. February 17 –The British recognize the independence of the Orange Free State in Southern Africa, february 27 –Britain sends Russia an ultimatum to withdraw from two Romanian provinces it has conquered, Moldavia and Wallachia. February 28 –The Republican Party is founded in Ripon, Wisconsin, March – The British East India Company annexes Jhansi State in India under the doctrine of lapse. March 1 –German psychologist Friedrich Eduard Beneke disappears,2 years later his remains are found in the canal near Charlottenburg, March 3 –Australias first telegraph line, linking Melbourne and Williamstown, opens. March 11 –A Royal Navy fleet sails from Britain under Vice Admiral Sir Charles Napier, March 20 –The Boston Public Library opens to the public. March 24 –In Venezuela, slavery was abolished March 27 –Crimean War, March 28 –France declares war on Russia. March 31 –Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the United States Navy signs the Convention of Kanagawa with the Japanese government, opening the ports of Shimoda, april 1 –Hard Times begins serialisation in Charles Dickens magazine, Household Words. April 16 –The United States packet ship Powhattan is wrecked off the New Jersey shore with more than 200 victims, may 18 –The Catholic University of Ireland is founded. May 27 –Taiping Rebellion, United States diplomatic minister Robert McLane arrives at the Heavenly Capital aboard the American warship USS Susquehanna, may 30 –The Kansas–Nebraska Act becomes law, creating the Kansas Territory and the Nebraska Territory, west of the State of Missouri and the State of Iowa. The Kansas–Nebraska Act also establishes that these two new Territories will decide either to allow or disallow slavery depending on balloting by their residents and this prohibition of slavery extended all the way from the western boundary of Missouri to the Pacific Ocean. June –The Grand Excursion takes prominent Eastern United States inhabitants from Chicago to Rock Island, Illinois by railroad, then up the Mississippi River to Saint Paul, june 10 –The first class of the United States Naval Academy graduates at Annapolis, Maryland. June 21 –Battle of Bomarsund in the Åland Islands off the coast of Finland, British Royal Navy seamans mate Charles D. Lucas throws a live Russian artillery shell overboard by hand before it explodes, for which he is awarded the first Victoria Cross in 1857. July 4 –James Ambrose Cutting takes out the first of his three United States patents for improvements to the wet collodion process. July 6 In Jackson, Michigan, the first convention of the U. S, said Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas as the Pasha of Egypt
1854
–
Original map by Dr
John Snow showing the
clusters of
cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854
1854
–
Paul Ehrlich
1854
–
Emil von Behring
1854
–
Alois Alzheimer
26.
ETH Zurich
–
ETH Zurich is a science, technology, engineering and mathematics university in the city of Zürich, Switzerland. ETH Zurich is consistently ranked among the top universities in the world, twenty-one Nobel Prizes have been awarded to students or professors of the Institute in the past, the most famous of whom was Albert Einstein. It is a member of the IDEA League and the International Alliance of Research Universities. ETH was founded in 1854 by the Swiss Confederation and began giving its first lectures in 1855 as a polytechnic institute and it is locally still known as Poly, derived from the original name Eidgenössische polytechnische Schule, which translates to Federal Polytechnic School. ETH is an institute, whereas the University of Zürich is a cantonal institution. In the beginning, both universities were co-located in the buildings of the University of Zürich, from 1905 to 1908, under the presidency of Jérôme Franel, the course program of ETH was restructured to that of a real university and ETH was granted the right to award doctorates. In 1909 the first doctorates were awarded, in 1911, it was given its current name, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule. In 1924, another reorganization structured the university in 12 departments, however, it now has 16 departments. ETH Zurich, the EPFL, and four associated research institutes form the ETH Domain with the aim of collaborating on scientific projects, ETH Zurich is ranked among the top universities in the world. Historically, ETH Zurich has achieved its reputation particularly in the fields of chemistry, there are 21 Nobel Laureates who are associated with ETH. The most recent Nobel Laureate is Richard F, heck who was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2010. Albert Einstein is perhaps its most famous alumnus, in 2016, the QS World University Rankings placed ETH Zurich at 8th overall in the world. In 2015, ETH also ranked 6th in the world in Natural Sciences, ETH Zurich had an budget of 1.712 billion CHF in the year 2015 to support its cutting-edge research. For Swiss students, ETH is not selective in its admission procedures. Like every public university in Switzerland, ETH is obliged to grant admission to every Swiss resident who took the Matura, an applicant can be admitted to ETH even without any verifiable educational records by passing the comprehensive entrance exam. As at all universities in Switzerland, the year is divided into two semesters. Examinations are often held during examination sessions which are immediately before the beginning of the next semester, after the first year of study, bachelor students must pass a block examination of all courses taken in the first year, called the Basisprüfung. If the weighted average score is not sufficient, a student is required to retake the entire Basisprüfung which usually means having to re-sit the whole first year
ETH Zurich
–
Polytechnikum in 1865
ETH Zurich
–
ETH Zürich Zentrum
ETH Zurich
–
Interior skylights in the main building
27.
1863
–
As of the start of 1863, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January – John Tyndall first explains the workings of the greenhouse effect, January 1 Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the third year of the American Civil War, making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate states an official war goal. It proclaims the freedom of 3.1 million of the four million slaves. The first claim under the Homestead Act is made, for a farm in Nebraska, January 3 – Harpers Weekly publishes Thomas Nasts first drawing of the modern Santa Claus. January 4 – The New Apostolic Church, a Christian and chiliastic church, established in Hamburg, January 7 – In the Swiss canton Ticino, the village of Bedretto is partly destroyed, and 29 killed, by an avalanche. January 8 Ground is broken in Sacramento, California, on the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States, the Yorkshire County Cricket Club is founded at the Adelphi Hotel in Sheffield, England. January 10 – The first section of the London Underground Railway opens officially, January 11 American Civil War – Battle of Arkansas Post, General John McClernand and Admiral David Dixon Porter capture the Arkansas River for the Union. In the Swiss Canton Ticino, the roof of the church of SantAntonio in Locarno collapses under the weight of snow, January 15 – French intervention in Mexico – French forces bombard Veracruz. January 21 – Adam Opel founds Opel AG, January 22 – The January Uprising breaks out in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. The aim of the movement is to liberate the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth from Russian occupation. January 29 – American Indian Wars, The United States Army led by General Patrick Edward Connor massacres Chief Bear Hunter, January 31 – Jules Vernes first adventure novel, Five Weeks in a Balloon, is published in Paris. February 1 – Radicals in Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, northern Ukraine, february 2 – January Uprising, Polish peasants are massacred by Russian hussars at Čysta Būda, near Marijampolė. February 7 – HMS Orpheus sinks attempting to enter Manukau Harbour in New Zealand, february 10 The world-famous midgets General Tom Thumb and Lavinia Warren get married in New York City, P. T. Barnum takes an entrance fee. Alanson Crane patents a fire extinguisher, february 16 – Kansas State Agricultural College is established as the first land grant college created under the 1862 Morrill Act. February 24 – Arizona is organized as a United States territory, february 26 – Abraham Lincoln signs the National Banking Act into law. March 2 – Clapham Junction railway station opens in London, march 3 Idaho Territory is organized by the U. S. Congress. The U. S. National Conscription Act is signed, leading to the New York City draft riots in July, march 10 – Albert Edward, Prince of Wales marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark. March 14 – Queen Victoria issues Letters Patent granting Goulburn, New South Wales, city status, march 19 – The SS Georgiana is destroyed on her maiden voyage while attempting to run the blockade into Charleston, South Carolina
1863
–
February 7:
HMS Orpheus sinks.
1863
–
January 8:
First Transcontinental Railroad
1863
–
May 17:
Manet 's
Le déjeuner sur l'herbe exhibited.
1863
–
July:
Battle of Gettysburg.
28.
Cripple Creek, Colorado
–
The City of Cripple Creek is the Statutory City that is the county seat of Teller County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 1,189 at the 2010 United States Census, Cripple Creek is a former gold mining camp located 44 miles southwest of Colorado Springs near the base of Pikes Peak. The Cripple Creek Historic District, which received National Historic Landmark status in 1961, includes part or all of city, the city is now a part of the Colorado Springs, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. For many years Cripple Creeks high valley, at an elevation of 9,494 feet, was considered no more important than a cattle pasture, many prospectors avoided the area after the Mount Pisgah hoax, a mini gold rush caused by salting. On the 20th of October,1890, Robert Miller Bob Womack discovered a rich ore, thousands of prospectors flocked to the region, and before long Winfield Scott Stratton located the famous Independence lode, one of the largest gold strikes in history. In three years, the population increased from five hundred to ten thousand by 1893, although $500 million worth of gold ore was dug from Cripple Creek, Womack died penniless on 10 August 1909. In 1896 Cripple Creek suffered two disastrous fires, the first occurred on April 25 destroying half of the city including much of the business district. Four days later another fire destroyed much of the remaining half, the city was rebuilt in a period of a few months, most historic buildings today date back to 1896. By 1900, Cripple Creek and its city, Victor, were substantial mining communities. During the 1890s, many of the miners in the Cripple Creek area joined a miners union, the Western Federation of Miners. By 1903, the allegiance of the government had shifted. The WFM strike of 1903 and the governors response precipitated the Colorado Labor Wars, through 2005, the Cripple Creek district produced about 23.5 million troy ounces of gold. The underground mines are mostly idle, except for a few small operations, there are significant underground deposits remaining which may become feasible to mine in the future. The current mining operation is conducted by Cripple Creek and Victor Gold Mining Company ran currently by Newmont Mining, the mine operates 24 hours a day,365 days a year. Mine operations, maintenance, and processing departments work a rotating day/night schedule in 12-hour shifts, with many empty storefronts and picturesque homes, Cripple Creek once drew interest as a ghost town. At one point the population dropped to a few hundred, although Cripple Creek was never entirely deserted, in the 1970s and 1980s travelers on photo safari might find themselves in a beautiful decaying historic town. A few restaurants and bars catered to tourists who could pass weathered empty homes with lace curtains hanging in broken windows, Colorado voters allowed Cripple Creek to establish legalized gambling in 1991. Cripple Creek is currently more of a gambling and tourist town than a ghost town, casinos now occupy many historic buildings
Cripple Creek, Colorado
–
Entering Cripple Creek
Cripple Creek, Colorado
–
Battle Mountain mines, Cripple Creek, Colorado, ca. 1898
Cripple Creek, Colorado
–
Sunset in Cripple Creek, ca. 1899. Mt. Pisgah is the conical peak at center left.
Cripple Creek, Colorado
–
Looking east on Bennett Avenue, early 20th century
29.
Libel
–
Under common law, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions also distinguish between spoken defamation, called slander, and defamation in other such as printed words or images. False light laws protect against statements which are not technically false, in some civil law jurisdictions, defamation is treated as a crime rather than a civil wrong. A person who defames another may be called a defamer, libeler, slanderer, or, rarely, the common law origins of defamation lie in the torts of slander, each of which gives a common law right of action. Defamation is the term used internationally, and is used in this article where it is not necessary to distinguish between slander and libel. Libel and slander both require publication, the fundamental distinction between libel and slander lies solely in the form in which the defamatory matter is published. If the offending material is published in some fleeting form, as by words or sounds, sign language, gestures or the like. Libel is defined as defamation by written or printed words, pictures, the law of libel originated in the 17th century in England. With the growth of publication came the growth of libel and development of the tort of libel, an early example of libel is the case of John Peter Zenger in 1735. Zenger was hired to publish New York Weekly Journal, when he printed another mans article that criticized William Cosby, who was then British Royal Governor of Colonial New York, Zenger was accused of Seditious Libel. Another example of libel is the case of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, there are several ways a person must go about proving that libel has taken place. For example, in the United States, the person must prove that the statement was false, caused harm and these steps are for an ordinary citizen. Many nations have criminal penalties for defamation in some situations, there can be regional statutes that may differ from the national norm. For example, in the United States, defamation is generally limited to the living, however, there are nine states that have criminal statutes regarding defamation of the dead. Early cases of criminal defamation Questions of group libel have been appearing in law for hundreds of years. One of the earliest known cases of a defendant being tried for defamation of a group was the case of Rex v. Orme and Nutt. In this case, the found that the defendant was guilty of libeling several subjects. Since the jury was unable to identify the people who were being defamed
Libel
–
Front page of La Vie Illustrée on 25 July 1902.
Mme Camille du Gast stands in court during the cases of
character defamation by the barrister Maître Barboux, and the
Prince of Sagan 's assault on Barboux.
30.
1900
–
As of the start of 1900, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. As of March 1, when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, january 2 – U. S. Secretary of State John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote American trade with China. Rowland of Johns Hopkins University announces a theory about the cause of the Earths magnetism, january 6 – Second Boer War, Boers attempt to end the Siege of Ladysmith, which leads to the Battle of Platrand. January 9 – S. S. Lazio, an Italian professional sports club, is founded in Rome, january 14 Puccinis opera Tosca premieres in Rome, Italy. The U. S. Senate accepts the British-German treaty of 1899, january 24 – The Second Boer War, At the Battle of Spion Kop, Boer troops defeat the British Army. January 27 – Boxer Rebellion, Foreign diplomats in Peking, Qing dynasty China, january 31 – Datu Muhammad Salleh, leader of the Mat Salleh Rebellion in North Borneo, is shot dead in Tambunan. February 5 – The United Kingdom and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal across Central America in Nicaragua, february 6 – The international arbitration court at The Hague is created when the Netherlands Senate ratifies an 1899 peace conference decree. February 8 – Second Boer War, British troops are defeated by the Boers at Ladysmith, february 14 – Second Boer War – Battle of Paardeberg,20,000 British troops invade the Orange Free State. February 15 – Second Boer War, The Siege of Kimberley is lifted, february 17 – Second Boer War, Battle of Paardeberg, British troops defeat the Boers. February 27 FC Bayern, Germanys most successful club, is founded in Munich. Second Boer War, British military leaders accept the notice of surrender from Boer General Piet Cronjé. British Labour Party, officially established in London, England, United Kingdom, March 5 – Two U. S. Navy cruisers are sent to Central America to protect American interests in a dispute between Nicaragua and Costa Rica. March 6 – A coal mine explosion in West Virginia, U. S. A. kills 50 miners, March 14 – Botanist Hugo de Vries rediscovers Mendels Laws of Heredity. March 15 – The Gold Standard Act is ratified, placing the United States currency on the gold standard, March 16 – The British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans purchases the land on Crete on which the ruins of the palace of Knossos stand. He begins to unearth some of the three days later. March 18 – AFC Ajax, a most successful club in Netherlands. March 27 – The arrival of a Russian naval fleet in Korea causes concern to the Imperial Japanese government, april 14 – The Paris World Exhibition opens. April 22 – Battle of Kousséri, French forces secure their domination of Chad, warlord Rabih az-Zubayr is defeated and killed
1900
–
Second Boer War: Boers at
Spion Kop, 1900
1900
–
Boxer Soldiers
1900
–
Exposition Universelle view in Paris
1900
–
Charles Richter
31.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established as a sovereign state on 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. The growing desire for an Irish Republic led to the Irish War of Independence, Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, and the state was consequently renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Britain financed the European coalition that defeated France in 1815 in the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire thereby became the foremost world power for the next century. The Crimean War with Russia and the Boer wars were relatively small operations in a largely peaceful century, rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the states formation continued up until the mid-19th century. A devastating famine, exacerbated by government inaction in the century, led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland. It was an era of economic modernization and growth of industry, trade and finance. Outward migration was heavy to the colonies and to the United States. Britain also built up a large British Empire in Africa and Asia, India, by far the most important possession, saw a short-lived revolt in 1857. In foreign policy Britain favoured free trade, which enabled its financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America. Britain formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century, when it began to cooperate with Japan, France and Russia, and moved closer to the United States. A brief period of limited independence for Ireland came to an end following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the British governments fear of an independent Ireland siding against them with the French resulted in the decision to unite the two countries. This was brought about by legislation in the parliaments of both kingdoms and came into effect on 1 January 1801, however, King George III was bitterly opposed to any such Emancipation and succeeded in defeating his governments attempts to introduce it. When the Treaty of Amiens ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized, in May 1803, war was declared again. In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of Berlin Decrees, which brought into effect the Continental System and this policy aimed to eliminate the threat from the British by closing French-controlled territory to foreign trade. Frances population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the British Isles, Napoleon expected that cutting Britain off from the European mainland would end its economic hegemony. The Spanish uprising in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent, after Napoleons surrender and exile to the island of Elba, peace appeared to have returned. The Allies united and the armies of Wellington and Blucher defeated Napoleon once, simultaneous with the Napoleonic Wars, trade disputes, arming hostile Indians and British impressment of American sailors led to the War of 1812 with the United States. The war was little noticed in Britain, which could devote few resources to the conflict until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, American frigates inflicted a series of defeats on the Royal Navy, which was short on manpower due to the conflict in Europe
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
–
The British
HMS Sandwich fires into the French
flagship Bucentaure (completely dismasted) during
Trafalgar. The Bucentaure also fights
HMS Victory (behind her) and
HMS Temeraire (left side of the picture). In fact, HMS Sandwich never fought at Trafalgar, it's a mistake by
Auguste Mayer, the painter.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
–
Flag
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
–
Signing of the
Treaty of Ghent (1814), by A. Forestier c. 1915
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
–
The Duke of Wellington
32.
Siege of Ladysmith
–
The Siege of Ladysmith was a protracted engagement in the Second Boer War, taking place between 2 November 1899 and 28 February 1900 at Ladysmith, Natal. Some of these troops were diverted while returning to Britain from India, others were sent from garrisons in the Mediterranean, lieutenant General Sir George White was appointed to command this enlarged force. White was 64 years old and suffered from a leg injury incurred in a riding accident, having served mainly in India, he had little previous experience of South Africa. Instead, they regarded it as evidence of Britains determination to control of the Boer republics. With the complete breakdown in negotiations, both declared war and attacked on 12 October. A total of 21,000 Boers advanced into Natal from all sides, White had been advised to deploy his force far back, well clear of the area of northern Natal known as the Natal Triangle, a wedge of land lying between the two Boer republics. Instead, White deployed his forces around the town of Ladysmith, with a detachment even further forward at Dundee. The entire British force could concentrate only after fighting two battles at Talana Hill and Elandslaagte, as the Boers surrounded Ladysmith, White ordered a sortie by his entire force to capture the Boer artillery. The result was the disastrous Battle of Ladysmith, in which the British were driven back into the town having lost 1,200 men killed, wounded or captured, the Boers then proceeded to surround Ladysmith and cut the railway link to Durban. Major General French and his Chief of Staff, Major Douglas Haig escaped on the last train to leave and this town was then besieged for 118 days. White knew that large reinforcements were arriving, and could communicate with British units south of the Tugela River by searchlight, meanwhile, his troops carried out several raids and sorties to sabotage Boer artillery. Louis Botha commanded the Boer detachment which first raided Southern Natal, on 15 December, the first relief attempt was defeated at the Battle of Colenso. Temporarily unnerved, the force commander, General Redvers Henry Buller, suggested that White either break out or destroy his stores and ammunition. White could not break out because his horses and draught animals were weak from lack of grazing and forage, but also refused to surrender. On Christmas Day 1899, the Boers fired into Ladysmith a carrier shell without fuze, the shell is still kept in the museum at Ladysmith. The Boers around Ladysmith were also growing weak from lack of forage, with little action, many fighters took unauthorised leave or brought their families into the siege encampments. The British line south of Ladysmith ran along a known as the Platrand. The occupying British troops had named its features Wagon Hill to the west, under Ian Hamilton, they had constructed a line of forts, sangars and entrenchments on the reverse slope of the Platrand, of which the Boers were unaware
Siege of Ladysmith
–
Sketch map of the positions in November 1899
Siege of Ladysmith
–
The town hall at Ladysmith, showing shell damage to the tower.
Siege of Ladysmith
–
The Relief of Ladysmith. Painting by
John Henry Frederick Bacon (1868–1914)
Siege of Ladysmith
–
Rejoicing in St. Andrews, Canada upon receipt of the news of the relief of Ladysmith.
33.
1904
–
As of the start of 1904, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 7 – The distress signal CQD is established, only to be replaced 2 years later by SOS, january 12 – Henry Ford sets a new automobile land speed record of 91.37 mph. January 16 – The first large-scale bodybuilding competition in America takes place at Madison Square Garden in New York City, january 18 – The Herero Rebellion in German South-West Africa begins. January 23 – The Ålesund Fire destroys most buildings in the town of Ålesund, Norway, february 7 – The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, Maryland, destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. February 8–9 – Battle of Port Arthur, A surprise Japanese naval attack on Port Arthur in Manchuria starts the Russo-Japanese War, february 10 – Roger Casement publishes his account of Belgian atrocities in the Congo. February 17 – Puccinis opera Madama Butterfly, with a theme of Japan–United States relations. On May 28 a revised version opens in Brescia to huge success, february 23 – For $10 million, the United States gains control of the Panama Canal Zone. February 28 – Sport Lisboa e Benfica is founded in Portugal, march 3 – Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany becomes the first person to make a political recording of a document, using Thomas Edisons cylinder. March 4 – Russo-Japanese War, Russian troops in Korea retreat toward Manchuria, march 26 –80,000 demonstrators gather in Hyde Park, London, to protest against the importation of Chinese labourers to South Africa by the British government. March 31 – British expedition to Tibet – Battle of Guru, April 8 The Entente Cordiale is signed between the UK and France. Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan is renamed Times Square after The New York Times, aleister Crowley begins writing Liber Al vel Legis, better known as The Book of the Law, a text central to Thelema. He completes this task on April 10, April 19 – The Great Toronto Fire destroys much of that citys downtown, but there are no fatalities. April 27 – The Australian Labor Party becomes the first such party to gain national government, April 30 – The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Worlds Fair opens in St. Louis, Missouri. May 4 United States Army engineers begin work on the Panama Canal, German football club FC Schalke 04 is established. May 5 Pitching against the Philadelphia Athletics, Cy Young of the Boston Americans throws the first perfect game in the era of baseball. British expedition to Tibet, Hundreds of Tibetans attack the British camp at Changlo and, for a while, hold the advantage before being defeated by superior weapons and losing at least 200 men. May 9 – Great Western Railway of England 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro becomes the first railway locomotive to exceed 100 mph. May 15– The Russian minelayer Amur lays a minefield about 15 miles off Port Arthur and sinks Japans battleships Hatsuse,15,000 tons, with 496 crew, may 21 – The International Federation of Association Football, FIFA, is established
1904
–
February 7: Aftermath of the
Great Baltimore Fire.
1904
–
Port Arthur from Gold Hill
1904
–
November 8: Republican
Theodore Roosevelt is elected President of the United States by defeating Democrat
Alton B. Parker.
1904
–
November 24:
caterpillar track
34.
1940
–
Below, the events of World War II have the WWII prefix. January 4 – WWII, Axis powers, Luftwaffe Col Hermann Göring assumes control of most war industries in Germany, January 6 – WWII, Winter War, General Semyon Timoshenko takes command of all Soviet forces. January 8 WWII, Winter War – Battle of Suomussalmi, The Soviet 44th Rifle Division is destroyed by Finnish forces, WWII, Food rationing begins in Great Britain. January 9 – WWII, British submarine HMS Starfish is sunk, January 26 – Brisbane, Australia swelters through its hottest day ever,43.2 degrees Celsius. January 27 – WWII, A peace resolution introduced in the Parliament of South Africa is defeated 81–59, February 1 – WWII, Winter War – Soviet forces launch a major assault on Finnish troops occupying the Karelian Isthmus. February 2 – Vsevolod Meyerhold is executed in the Soviet Union on charges of treason and he is cleared of all charges 15 years later in the first waves of de-Stalinization February 7 – RKO release Walt Disneys second full-length animated film, Pinocchio. February 9 – Mae West & W. C, fields join comedic forces for My Little Chickadee with tremendous success. The film becomes one of the highest grossing of the year, February 10 – Tom and Jerry make their debut in Puss Gets the Boot. However it is not until 1941 that their current names are adopted, February 22 – In Tibet, province of Ando, 4-year-old Tenzin Gyatso is proclaimed the tulku of the thirteenth Dalai Lama. February 27 – Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben discover carbon-14, February 29 – Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African-American to win an Academy Award. March 2 – Cartoon character Elmer Fudd makes his debut in the animated short Elmers Candid Camera, march 3 – In Luleå, Sweden, a time bomb destroys the office of Swedish communist newspaper Norrskensflamman. March 5 – Katyn massacre, Members of the Soviet Politburo sign an order, prepared by Beria, for the execution of 25,700 Polish intelligentsia, including 14,700 Polish POWs. March 11 – Ed Ricketts, John Steinbeck and six others leave Monterey, march 12 – The Soviet Union and Finland sign a peace treaty in Moscow ending the Winter War, Finns, along with the world at large, are shocked by the harsh terms. March 18 – WWII, Axis powers, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in the Alps, after being informed by Hitler that the Germans are ready to attack in the west, Mussolini agrees to bring Italy into the war in due course. March 21 – Édouard Daladier resigns as prime minister of France, truth or Consequences debuts on NBC Radio. March 31 – WWII, Commerce raiding German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis leaves the Wadden Sea for what become the longest warship cruise of the war. April – Robin the Boy Wonder, Batmans trusted sidekick, makes his debut in Detective Comics #38, april 3 – WWII, Operation Weserübung, German ships set out for the invasion of Norway. April 4 – Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in what proves to be a tragic misjudgment, april 7 – Booker T. Washington becomes the first African American to be depicted on a United States postage stamp
1940
–
May 10:
Winston Churchill
1940
–
Brian Josephson
1940
–
Joachim Gauck
1940
–
James Cromwell
35.
1943
–
Below, events of World War II have the WWII prefix. January 1 – WWII, The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, january 4 WWII, Greek-Polish athlete and saboteur Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz is executed by the Germans at Kaisariani. Culbert Olson, 29th Governor of California, is succeeded by Earl Warren, january 11 – The United States and United Kingdom give up territorial rights in China. January 13 –36 people are executed and 200 arrested in protests in Sofia. January 14–24 – WWII, Casablanca Conference, Franklin D, january 15 WWII, Guadalcanal Campaign – Operation Ke, Japanese forces begin to withdraw from Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. The worlds largest office building, The Pentagon, is dedicated in Arlington, january 16 – Iraq declares war on the Axis powers. January 18 WWII, Soviet officials announce that the Red Army has broken the Wehrmachts siege of Leningrad as part of Operation Iskra, georgy Zhukov is promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union. The first Warsaw Ghetto Uprising begins, january 21–23 – Legionnaires rebellion and Bucharest pogrom in the Kingdom of Romania. January 22 WWII, Battle of Buna–Gona ends with American and Australian forces securing control of the territory of Papua, the Holocaust, Over 4,000 Jews are detained in Nazi-occupied Marseille as part of Action Tiger before being transported to extermination camps in Poland. January 23 WWII, British forces capture Tripoli from the Italians, duke Ellington plays at New York Citys Carnegie Hall for the first time. American critic and commentator Alexander Woollcott suffers a fatal heart attack during a regular broadcast of the CBS Radio round-table program Peoples Platform. January 27 – WWII,50 bombers mount the first all American air raid against Germany, january 29 Nazi German police arrest alleged necrophiliac and serial killer Bruno Lüdke. United States Marine Corps Womens Reserve created, january 29–31 – WWII, Battle of Wau – Australian forces with United States support resist a Japanese advance in the New Guinea campaign. February 2 – WWII, In Russia, the Battle of Stalingrad comes to an end with the surrender of the German 6th Army. February 3 – WWII, The Four Chaplains of the U. S. Army are among those drowned when their ship, February 7 – WWII, North Atlantic convoy SC118 is attacked by U-boats, sinking eight ships. In the United States, it is announced that shoe rationing will go into effect in 2 days, massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army begin with the Parośla I massacre within the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. February 10–March 3 – Mohandas Gandhi keeps a hunger strike to protest at his imprisonment, February 14 – WWII, Rostov-on-Don in Russia is liberated. February 14–17 – WWII, Battle of Sidi Bou Zid, In the Tunisia Campaign, February 16 – WWII, The Soviet Union reconquers Kharkov, but is later driven out in the Third Battle of Kharkov
1943
–
A low level attack on a Japanese ship during the
Battle of the Bismarck Sea
1943
–
Jewish prisoners being deported from the
Kraków Ghetto
1943
–
This photograph, from the
Stroop Report, shows captured fighters in the
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
1943
–
The
Möhne Dam breached following
Operation Chastise, carried out by the
"Dambusters" of the
RAF.
36.
Guadalcanal
–
Guadalcanal is the principal island in Guadalcanal Province of the nation of Solomon Islands in the south-western Pacific, northeast of Australia. Its European discovery was under the Spanish expedition of Álvaro de Mendaña in 1568, the name comes from Guadalcanal, a village in the province of Seville, in Andalusia, Spain, birthplace of Pedro de Ortega Valencia, a member of Mendañas expedition. During 1942–43 it was the scene of the Guadalcanal Campaign, at the end of the war, Honiara, on the north coast of Guadalcanal, became the new capital of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. Guadalcanal is mainly covered in tropical rainforest and it has a mountainous interior. A Spanish expedition from Peru under the command of Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira discovered the island in the year 1568, Mendañas subordinate, Pedro de Ortega Valencia, named the island after his home town Guadalcanal in Andalusia, Spain. The name comes from the Arabic Wādī l-Khānāt, which means Valley of the Stalls or River of Stalls, in 1932, the British confirmed the name Guadalcanal in line with the town in Andalusia, Spain. In the months following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the Japanese drove the Americans out of the Philippines, the British out of British Malaya, the Japanese reached Guadalcanal in May 1942. When an American reconnaissance mission spotted construction of a Japanese airfield at Lunga Point on the north coast of Guadalcanal, Guadalcanal became a major turning point in the war as it stopped Japanese expansion. After six months of fighting, the Japanese ceased contesting the control of the island and they finally evacuated the island at Cape Esperance on the north west coast in February 1943. Immediately after landing on the island, the US Navy Seabees began finishing the airfield begun by the Japanese and it was then named Henderson Field after a Marine aviator killed in combat during the Battle of Midway. Aircraft operating from Henderson Field during the campaign were a hodgepodge of Marine, Army, Navy and they defended the airfield and threatened any Japanese ships that ventured into the vicinity during daylight hours. However, at night, Japanese naval forces were able to shell the airfield and deliver troops with supplies, the Japanese used fast ships to make these runs, and this became known as the Tokyo Express. So many ships from both sides were sunk in the engagements in and around the Solomon Island chain that the nearby waters were referred to as Ironbottom Sound. The Battle of Cape Esperance was fought on 11 October 1942 off the northwest coast of Guadalcanal. In the battle, United States Navy ships intercepted and defeated a Japanese formation of ships on their way down the Slot to reinforce and resupply troops on the island, American authorities declared Guadalcanal secure on 9 February 1943. Two US Navy ships have been named for the battle, USS Guadalcanal, USS Guadalcanal, an amphibious assault ship. Munro provided a shield and covering fire, and helped evacuate 500 besieged Marines from a beach at Point Cruz, during the Battle for Guadalcanal, the Medal of Honor was also awarded to John Basilone who later died on Iwo Jima. Immediately after the Second World War, the capital of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate was moved to Honiara on Guadalcanal from its previous location at Tulagi in the Florida Islands
Guadalcanal
–
Guadalcanal American Memorial
Guadalcanal
–
Guadalcanal's position (inset) and main towns.
37.
Allies of World War II
–
The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War. The Allies promoted the alliance as seeking to stop German, Japanese, at the start of the war on 1 September 1939, the Allies consisted of France, Poland and the United Kingdom, and dependent states, such as the British India. Within days they were joined by the independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Poland was a minor factor after its defeat in 1939, France was a minor factor after its defeat in 1940. China had already been into a war with Japan since the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937. The alliance was formalised by the Declaration by United Nations, from 1 January 1942, however, the name United Nations was rarely used to describe the Allies during the war. The leaders of the Big Three – the UK, the Soviet Union, in 1945, the Allied nations became the basis of the United Nations. The origins of the Allied powers stem from the Allies of World War I, Germany resented signing Treaty of Versailles. The new Weimar republics legitimacy became shaken, by the early 1930s, the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler became the dominant revanchist movement in Germany and Hitler and the Nazis gained power in 1933. The Nazi regime demanded the cancellation of the Treaty of Versailles and made claims to German-populated Austria. The likelihood of war was high, and the question was whether it could be avoided through strategies such as appeasement, in Asia, when Japan seized Manchuria in 1931, the League of Nations condemned it for aggression against China. Japan responded by leaving the League of Nations in March 1933, after four quiet years, the Sino-Japanese War erupted in 1937 with Japanese forces invading China. The League of Nations condemned Japans actions and initiated sanctions on Japan, the United States, in particular, was angered at Japan and sought to support China. In March 1939, Germany took over Czechoslovakia, violating the Munich Agreement signed six months before, Britain and France decided that Hitler had no intention to uphold diplomatic agreements and responded by preparing for war. On 31 March 1939, Britain formed the Anglo-Polish military alliance in an effort to avert a German attack on the country, also, the French had a long-standing alliance with Poland since 1921. The Soviet Union sought an alliance with the powers. The agreement secretly divided the independent nations of eastern Europe between the two powers and assured adequate oil supplies for the German war machine, on 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany. Then, on 17 September 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east, a Polish government-in-exile was set up and it continued to be one of the Allies, a model followed by other occupied countries. After a quiet winter, Germany in April 1940 invaded and quickly defeated Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Britain and its Empire stood alone against Hitler and Mussolini
Allies of World War II
–
Poland first to fight — British wartime poster supporting
Poland after the German invasion, 1939
Allies of World War II
–
Allied Powers (and their colonies)
Allies of World War II
–
British
Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft (left) flying past a German
Heinkel He-111 bomber aircraft (right) during the
Battle of Britain
Allies of World War II
–
British tanks during the
North African Campaign
38.
Guadalcanal Campaign
–
It was the first major offensive by Allied forces against the Empire of Japan. The Allies also intended to use Guadalcanal and Tulagi as bases to support a campaign to capture or neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain. Powerful American and Australian naval forces supported the landings, surprised by the Allied offensive, the Japanese made several attempts between August and November to retake Henderson Field. In December, the Japanese abandoned their efforts to retake Guadalcanal and evacuated their forces by 7 February 1943. The Guadalcanal campaign was a significant strategic combined arms Allied victory in the Pacific theater, along with the Battle of Midway, it has been called a turning point in the war against Japan. The Japanese had reached the peak of their conquests in the Pacific, on 7 December 1941, Japanese forces attacked the United States Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack crippled much of the U. S. battleship fleet and precipitated an open, to further those goals, Japanese forces captured the Philippines, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, Wake Island, Gilbert Islands, New Britain and Guam. Joining the U. S. in the war against Japan were the rest of the Allied powers, several of whom, including the United Kingdom, Australia, coral Sea was a tactical stalemate, but a strategic Allied victory which became clear only much later. Up to this point, the Allies had been on the defensive in the Pacific, originally the objectives were the occupation of the Santa Cruz Islands, codenamed Huddle, Tulagi, codenamed Watchtower, and adjacent positions. Guadalcanal, eventually the focus of the operation, was not even mentioned in the early directive, the Imperial Japanese Navy had occupied Tulagi in May 1942 and had constructed a seaplane base nearby. By August 1942, the Japanese had about 900 naval troops on Tulagi and these bases would protect Japans major base at Rabaul, threaten Allied supply and communication lines and establish a staging area for a planned offensive against Fiji, New Caledonia and Samoa. The Japanese planned to deploy 45 fighters and 60 bombers to Guadalcanal, in the overall strategy for 1942 these aircraft could provide air cover for Japanese naval forces advancing farther into the South Pacific. The Allied plan to invade the southern Solomons was conceived by U. S. Admiral Ernest King, Commander in Chief, United States Fleet. He proposed the offensive to deny the use of the islands by the Japanese as bases to threaten the supply routes between the United States and Australia and to use them as starting points. With US President Franklin D. Roosevelts tacit consent, King also advocated the invasion of Guadalcanal, an early obstacle was a desire by both the Army and Roosevelt to initiate action in Europe. The directive held that the goal was the American reconquest of the Philippines. Joint Chiefs of Staff created the South Pacific theater, with Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley taking command on 19 June 1942, Admiral Chester Nimitz, based at Pearl Harbor, was designated as overall Allied commander in chief for Pacific forces. In preparation for the offensive in the Pacific in May 1942, other Allied land, naval and air force units were sent to establish or reinforce bases in Fiji, Samoa, New Hebrides and New Caledonia
Guadalcanal Campaign
–
United States Marines rest in the field during the Guadalcanal campaign. According to Ken Burns' film
The War, the Marine in the right background is Sidney Phillips of Mobile, Alabama. Another source dates this photo to 8/8/42, and identifies the reclining Marine with hands behind head as "Bill Coggin".
Guadalcanal Campaign
–
Japanese control of the western Pacific area between May and August 1942.
Guadalcanal is located in the lower right center of the map.
Guadalcanal Campaign
–
U.S. Marines debark from
LCP(L)s onto Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942.
Guadalcanal Campaign
–
Dead Japanese soldiers on the sandbar at the mouth of Alligator Creek, Guadalcanal after the
Battle of the Tenaru.
39.
1944
–
Below, events of World War II have the WWII prefix. January 2 – WWII, Free French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny is appointed to command French Army B, Landing at Saidor,13,000 US and Australian troops land on Papua New Guinea in an attempt to cut off a Japanese retreat. January 8 – WWII, Philippine Commonwealth troops enter the province of Ilocos Sur in northern Luzon, january 11 President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt proposes a Second Bill of Rights for social and economic security in his State of the Union address. Nazi German administration expanded Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp into larger and standalone Konzentrationslager Plaszow bei Krakau, january 12 – Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle begin a 2-day wartime conference in Marrakech. Fifth Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Mark W. Clark arrive on the River Garigliano, the French Expeditionary Corps under command of General Alphonse Juin moves into the mountains north of Monte Cassino. January 14 – WWII, Soviet troops start the offensive at Leningrad, january 15 WWII, The 27th Polish Home Army Infantry Division is re-created, marking the start of Operation Tempest by the Polish Home Army. 1944 San Juan earthquake, An earthquake hits San Juan, Argentina, january 17 – WWII, British forces in Italy cross the Garigliano river. The Battle of Monte Cassino begins in Italy, the Soviet Union ceases production of the Mosin–Nagant 1891/30 sniper rifle. January 20 – WWII, The Royal Air Force drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin, the United States 36th Infantry Division, in Italy, attempts to cross the Rapido River. January 22 – WWII, Operation Shingle, The Allies begin the assault on Anzio, the U. S. 45th Infantry Division stand their ground at Anzio against violent assaults for 4 months. January 27 – WWII, The 2-year Siege of Leningrad is lifted, january 29 – WWII, Koniuchy massacre, Soviet and Jewish partisans kill at least 38 villagers in Koniuchy, Poland. Light cruiser HMS Spartan is sunk by a Henschel Hs 293 guided missile from a German aircraft off Anzio, western Italy, january 30 – WWII, The Battle of Cisterna opens as United States Army Rangers attempt to break out of the Anzio beachhead. United States troops invade Majuro, Marshall Islands, january 31 – WWII, Battle of Kwajalein, American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands. February 1 – WWII, Pacific War – United States troops land in the Marshall Islands, february 2 – The first issue of Human Events is published in Washington, D. C. February 3 – WWII, United States troops capture the Marshall Islands, february 7 – WWII, At Anzio, German forces launch a counteroffensive. February 8 – WWII,2,765 drown when USS Snook torpedoes Lima Maru,2,670 drown when HMS Sportsman torpedoes Petrella. February 14 – WWII, An anti-Japanese revolt breaks out on Java, february 15 – WWII – Battle of Monte Cassino, The monastery atop Monte Cassino is destroyed by Allied bombing. February 17 – WWII, Pacific War – The Battle of Eniwetok begins when U. S. forces invade the atoll in the Marshall Islands, february 18 – WWII, HMS Penelope torpedoed by the German U-boat
1944
–
US Army troops landing at
Anzio during
Operation Shingle, late January 1944.
1944
–
The Abbey of
Monte Cassino in ruins after being
destroyed by Allied bombing, February 1944.
1944
–
Polish inmates hanged by Germans in
Warsaw, February 11, 1944.
1944
–
The March 1944 eruption of
Mount Vesuvius.
40.
Anzio
–
Anzio is a city and comune on the coast of the Lazio region of Italy, about 51 kilometres south of Rome. Well known for its seaside setting, it is a fishing port. The city bears great significance as the site of Operation Shingle. Anzio occupies a part of the ancient Antium territory, in ancient times, Antium was the capital of the Volsci people until it was conquered by the Romans. In some versions of Romes foundation myth, Antium was founded by Anteias, son of Odysseus, in 493 BC the Roman consul Postumus Cominius Auruncus fought and defeated two armies from Antium, and as a result captured the Volscian towns of Longula, Pollusca and Corioli. With the latter expansion of Rome it was just far away to be insulated from the riots and tumults of Rome. When Cicero returned from exile, it was at Antium that he reassembled the battered remains of his libraries, leading Romans built magnificent seaside villas at Antium. Remains of Roman villas are conspicuous all along the shore, both to the east and to the north-west of the town. Many ancient works of art have found there, the Fanciulla dAnzio, the Borghese Gladiator. Of the villas, the most famous was the Villa of Nero at Antium which cannot be identified, but is generally placed at the so-called Arco Muto. It extended along the coast of the Capo dAnzio some 800 metres of seafront, of the famous temple of Fortune no remains are known. There are records of the participation of a few bishops of Antium in synods held in Rome, Gaudentius in 465, Felix in 487, barbarian incursions in the 6th century put an end to its existence as a residential bishopric. Accordingly, Antium is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see, in the Middle Ages Antium was deserted in favour of Nettuno, which maintained the legacy of the ancient city. The sea is encroaching slightly at Anzio, but some kilometres farther north-west the old Roman coast-line now lies slightly inland, the Volscian Antium stood on higher ground and somewhat away from the shore, though it extended down to it. This was defended by a ditch, which can still be traced, and by walls. In 1857 Pope Pius IX founded the municipality of Anzio. Anzio and Nettuno are also notable as sites of an Allied forces landing, the Commonwealth Anzio War Cemetery and Beach Head War Cemetery are located here. In February 1944 American soldiers were surrounded by Germans in the caves of Pozzoli for a week, a film based on the events called Anzio was made, starring Robert Mitchum and based on a book by Wynford Vaughan-Thomas
Anzio
–
View of Anzio
Anzio
–
Tor Caldara Tower and the Anzio beach.
41.
Korean War
–
The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance. Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, U. S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments, both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union, on that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83, Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation, twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UNs military personnel. After the first two months of war, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter, in September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many North Korean troops. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, at this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951, after these reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate, North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in combat for the first time in history. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed, the agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no treaty has been signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war. Periodic clashes, many of which are deadly, continue to the present, in the U. S. the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a police action as it was an undeclared military action, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. In South Korea, the war is referred to as 625 or the 6–2–5 Upheaval. In North Korea, the war is referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War or alternatively the Chosǒn War. In China, the war is called the War to Resist U. S
Korean War
–
Clockwise from top: A column of the U.S.
1st Marine Division 's
infantry and
armor moves through Chinese lines during their
breakout from the Chosin Reservoir; UN landing at
Incheon harbor, starting point of the
Battle of Incheon; Korean refugees in front of an American
M26 Pershing tank; U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant
Baldomero Lopez, landing at Incheon;
F-86 Sabre fighter aircraft
Korean War
–
Three Koreans shot for pulling up rails as a protest against seizure of land without payment by the Japanese
Korean War
–
Soviet troops in Korea, October 1945
Korean War
–
U.S. troops in Korea, September 1945
42.
Republic of Korea Army
–
The Republic of Korea Army, also known as the ROK Army, is the army of South Korea, responsible for ground-based warfare. It is the largest of the branches of the South Korean armed forces with 495,000 members as of 2014. This size is maintained through conscription, South Korean men must complete 21 months of service between the age of 18 and 35. The army will take the brunt of the personnel reduction planned as part of the Defense Reform 307, the modern South Korean army traces its lineage back to the Gwangmu Reform, when the Beolgyegoon was established by Emperor Gojong in 1881. The 1st of every October is celebrated in South Korea as Armed Forces Day and it commemorates the day during the Korean War when units of the ROK Army first crossed the 38th Parallel, thus leading the UN Coalition north into North Korean territory for the first time. The ROK Army was formerly organized into 3 armies, the First Army, Third Army, each with its own headquarters, corps, and divisions. The Third Army was responsible for the defense of the capital as well as the section of the DMZ. The First Army was responsible for the defense of the section of the DMZ whereas the 2nd OC formed the rearguard. The army consists of 495,000 troops, approximately 2, 400-2,500 tanks,2,700 armored fighting vehicles,5,800 artillery pieces,60 guided missile systems, and 600 helicopters as of 2014. The future replacement for the K1 and K1A1 MBTs has been named the K2 Black Panther, the ROK Army is planning to field approximately 390 Black Panthers. A variation of the K200, the KAFVs can be retrofitted to bear a 90 mm cannon,40 mm grenade turret, M230-1 Chain gun Turret, or MK-30 Chaingun Turret. A replacement for K200 series IFVs are currently being tested, designated as K21 KNIFV, the initial production is set for 2008, with the ROKA planning to field approximately 1,000 units until 2015. The K21 KNIFVs chassis will be constructed out of fiberglass, reducing the vehicles load and enabling it to travel at higher speeds without bulky. When constructed, the NIFV will be lighter than other IFVs, including the American Bradley series and Russian BMP series, other notable foreign equipment in service with the ROK Army includes the Mistral MANPADS. A new infantry rifle, the Daewoo K11 entered service in 2010, the overall concept of this weapon is similar to the American OICW. So equals small, Jung equals medium, Dae equals large, jun equals equivalent, used for Warrant Officer and 1 star general to ensure that they are regarded as officer/general, although these ranks are lower than the same grade with So rank. Won equals principal, only used for Won-Su, General of the Army, each of these is coupled with wi equals company grade, ryung equals field grade, and jang equals general. NCO rank is same as officer, ha equals lower, Jung equals medium, Sang equals high, Won equals principal, because this title is named after Won-Su, to ensure that this rank is higher than Sang-sa
Republic of Korea Army
–
Type 88 K1 main battle tank during an amphibious beach assault exercise
Republic of Korea Army
–
Seal of the Republic of Korea Army
Republic of Korea Army
–
K-9 Thunder 155mm self-propelled howitzer
43.
United States embargo against Cuba
–
The United States embargo against Cuba is a commercial, economic, and financial embargo imposed by the United States on Cuba. An embargo was first imposed by the United States on sale of arms to Cuba on March 14,1958, during the Fulgencio Batista regime. Again on October 19,1960 the U. S. placed an embargo on exports to Cuba except for food, on February 7,1962 the embargo was extended to include almost all imports. The stated purpose of the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 is to maintain sanctions on Cuba so long as the Cuban government refuses to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights. In 1999, President Bill Clinton expanded the embargo by also disallowing foreign subsidiaries of U. S. companies to trade with Cuba. In 2000, Clinton authorized the sale of humanitarian U. S. products to Cuba, despite the Spanish-language term bloqueo, there has been no physical, naval blockade of the country by the United States after the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. The United States does not block Cubas trade with third parties, other countries are not under the jurisdiction of U. S. domestic laws, such as the Cuban Democracy Act. Cuba can, and does, conduct trade with many third-party countries. Beyond criticisms of Human rights in Cuba, the United States holds $6 billion worth of financial claims against the Cuban government, the pro-embargo position is that the U. S. embargo is, in part, an appropriate response to these unaddressed claims. The Latin America Working Group argues that pro-embargo Cuban-American exiles, whose votes are crucial in Florida, have swayed many politicians to adopt similar views. The Cuban-American views have been opposed by business leaders who argue that trading freely would be good for Cuba. At present, the embargo, which limits American businesses from conducting business with Cuban interests, is still in effect and is the most enduring trade embargo in modern history, despite the existence of the embargo, the United States is the fifth largest exporter to Cuba. Cuba must, however, pay cash for all imports, as credit is not allowed, Human rights groups including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have also been critical of the embargo. Critics of the say that the embargo laws are too harsh. The United States imposed an embargo on Cuba on March 14,1958 during the armed conflict between rebels led by Fidel Castro and the Fulgencio Batista regime. The arms embargo had more of an impact on Batista than the rebels, Congress does not want to lift the embargo. In May 1960, the Cuban government began to purchase regular armaments from the Soviet Union. In July 1960, the United States reduced the Cuban import quota of sugar to 700,000 tons, under the Sugar Act of 1948
United States embargo against Cuba
–
John F. Kennedy and
Fidel Castro
United States embargo against Cuba
United States embargo against Cuba
–
Fidel Castro at a meeting of the United Nations General Assembly
United States embargo against Cuba
–
Cuba is 90 miles (145 kilometres) south of
Florida
44.
1979
–
January 1 United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim heralds the start of the International Year of the Child. Many musicians donate to the Music for UNICEF Concert fund including ABBA, the United States and the Peoples Republic of China establish full diplomatic relations. The Canton of Jura comes into existence as the 26th canton of Switzerland, january 4 – The State of Ohio agrees to pay $675,000 to families of the dead and injured in the Kent State shootings. January 5 – Queen releases Dont Stop Me Now and it becomes one of their most popular singles. January 7 – The Peoples Army of Vietnam and Vietnamese-backed Cambodian insurgents announce the fall of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge retreat west to an area along the Thai border, ending large-scale fighting in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. January 8 – Whiddy Island Disaster, The French tanker Betelgeuse explodes at the Gulf Oil terminal at Bantry, january 9 – The Music for UNICEF Concert is held at the United Nations General Assembly to raise money for UNICEF and promote the Year of the Child. It is broadcast the day in the United States and around the world. Hosted by the Bee Gees, other performers include Donna Summer, ABBA, Rod Stewart and Earth, a soundtrack album is later released. January 16 – Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi flees Iran with his family, january 19 – Former U. S. Attorney General John N. Mitchell is released on parole after 19 months at a federal prison in Alabama. January 25 – Pope John Paul II arrives in Mexico City for his first visit to Mexico, january 26 – The Dukes of Hazzard debuts on CBS. January 29 – Cleveland Elementary School shooting, Brenda Ann Spencer opens fire at a school in San Diego, California, killing 2 faculty members and wounding 8 students and a police officer. Her justification for the action, I dont like Mondays, inspires the Boomtown Rats to make a song of the same name, February 1 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returns to Tehran, Iran after nearly 15 years of exile. February 2 Former Sex Pistols bassist Sid Vicious is found dead, aged 21, of an overdose in New York City. February 3 – Ayatollah Khomeini creates the Council of the Islamic Revolution, pluto moves inside Neptunes orbit for the first time since either was known to science. Nazi criminal Josef Mengele suffers a stroke and drowns while swimming in Bertioga and his remains are found in 1985. February 10–11 – Iranian Revolution, The Iranian army withdraws to its barracks leaving power in the hands of Ayatollah Khomeini, February 12 – Prime Minister Hissène Habré starts the Battle of NDjamena in an attempt to overthrow Chads President Félix Malloum. February 13 – The Guardian Angels are formed in New York City as an organization of young crime fighters. February 13 – The intense February 13,1979 windstorm strikes western Washington, February 14 In Kabul, Muslim extremists kidnap the American ambassador to Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs, who is later killed during a gunfight between his kidnappers and police
1979
–
Rosamund Pike
1979
–
Brandy Norwood
1979
–
Jennifer Love Hewitt
1979
–
Zhang Ziyi
45.
1984
–
January 1 Brunei becomes a fully independent state. Bell System in the United States is broken up, January 5 – President Ronald Reagan nominates Elizabeth Dole as U. S. Secretary of Transportation. January 7 – Brunei becomes the member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. January 10 The United States and the Vatican restore full diplomatic relations, the Victoria Agreement is signed–institutionalising the Indian Ocean Commission. January 18 – The Mitsui Miike coal mine explosion at Ōmuta, Fukuoka, Japan, January 22 – The national release of the iconic 1984 advertisement January 24 – Apple Computer places the Macintosh personal computer on sale in the United States. February 1 – Medicare comes into effect in Australia, february 3 Dr. John Buster and the research team at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center announce historys first embryo transfer from one woman to another, resulting in a live birth. STS-41-B, Space Shuttle Challenger is launched on the 10th Space Shuttle mission, february 7 – Astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk. February 8–19 – The 1984 Winter Olympics are held in Sarajevo, february 13 – Konstantin Chernenko succeeds the late Yuri Andropov as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. February 26 – The United States Marine Corps pulls out of Beirut, february 29 – Canadian prime minister, Pierre Trudeau, announces his retirement. March 5 – Iran accuses Iraq of using weapons, the United Nations condemns their use on March 30. March 6 – A year-long strike action begins in the British coal industry, March 14 – Sinn Féins Gerry Adams and three others are seriously injured in a gun attack by the Ulster Volunteer Force. March 16 – The United States Central Intelligence Agency station chief in Beirut, William Francis Buckley, is kidnapped by the Islamic Jihad Organization and later dies in captivity. March 22 – Teachers at the McMartin Preschool in Manhattan Beach, California are charged with Satanic ritual abuse of the school children, March 23 – General Rahimuddin Khan becomes the first man in Pakistans history to rule over two of its provinces, after becoming interim Governor of Sindh. March 25 Pope John Paul II consecrates the world to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, in Fátima, the Institute of the Incarnate Word is founded under Fr. April 1 – Death of Marvin Gaye, Marvin Gaye is shot to death by his father, april 2 – Indian Squadron Leader Rakesh Sharma is launched into space, aboard the Soyuz T-11. April 4 – U. S. President Ronald Reagan calls for a ban on chemical weapons. April 9 – The 56th Academy Awards, hosted by Johnny Carson, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, terms of Endearment wins Best Picture and 4 other Academy Awards. April 12 – Palestinian gunmen take Israeli bus number 300 hostage, Israeli special forces storm the bus, freeing the hostages
1984
–
Diretas Já demonstration held in
São Paulo.
1984
–
Newspaper vending machine featuring news of the
1984 Summer Olympics, which opened on July 28.
1984
–
The launch of shuttle, Discovery, on
STS-41-D, its first mission.
1984
–
Controlled Impact Demonstration
46.
Space Shuttle program
–
When its mission was complete, the orbiter would re-enter the Earths atmosphere and land like a glider at either the Kennedy Space Center or Edwards Air Force Base. The Shuttle is the only winged manned spacecraft to have achieved orbit and landing, and its missions involved carrying large payloads to various orbits, providing crew rotation for the space station, and performing service missions. The orbiter also recovered satellites and other payloads from orbit and returned them to Earth, the stalled plans for a U. S. space station evolved into the International Space Station and were formally initiated in 1983 by U. S. The first experimental orbiter Enterprise was a glider, launched from the back of a specially modified Boeing 747. The Space Shuttle program finished with its last mission, STS-135 flown by Atlantis, in July 2011, the Space Shuttle program formally ended on August 31,2011. Since the Shuttles retirement, many of its duties are performed by an assortment of government. The European ATV Automated Transfer Vehicle supplied the ISS between 2008 and 2015, classified military missions are being flown by the US Air Forces unmanned space plane, the X-37B. Crew service to the ISS is currently provided by the Russian Soyuz while work on the Commercial Crew Development program proceeds, for missions beyond low Earth orbit, NASA is building the Space Launch System and the Orion spacecraft. Before the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969, NASA began early studies of space shuttle designs, in 1969, President Richard Nixon formed the Space Task Group, chaired by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew. Smaller goals included a variety of vehicles for moving spacecraft around in orbit. Presenting the plans to Nixon, Agnew was told that the administration would not commit to a Mars mission and he was then told to select one of the two remaining proposals. During early shuttle development there was debate about the optimal shuttle design that best balanced capability, development cost. Ultimately the current design was chosen, using a reusable winged orbiter, reusable solid rocket boosters, the shuttle program was formally launched on January 5,1972, when President Nixon announced that NASA would proceed with the development of a reusable space shuttle system. The prime contractor for the program was North American Rockwell, the company responsible for building the Apollo Command/Service Module. The contractor for the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters was Morton Thiokol, for the tank, Martin Marietta. All Space Shuttle missions were launched from the Kennedy Space Center, the weather criteria used for launch included, but were not limited to, precipitation, temperatures, cloud cover, lightning forecast, wind, and humidity. The Shuttle was not launched under conditions where it could have been struck by lightning, the first fully functional orbiter was Columbia, built in Palmdale, California. It was delivered to Kennedy Space Center on March 25,1979, Challenger was delivered to KSC in July 1982, Discovery in November 1983, Atlantis in April 1985 and Endeavour in May 1991
Space Shuttle program
–
Space Shuttle program
Space Shuttle program
–
Early U.S. space shuttle concepts.
Space Shuttle program
–
STS-1 at liftoff. The External Tank was painted white for the first two Space Shuttle launches. From
STS-3 on, it was left unpainted. [
citation needed]
Space Shuttle program
–
Space Shuttle Endeavour docked with the
International Space Station (ISS)
47.
Astronaut
–
An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the terms are applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists. Starting in the 1950s up to 2002, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, with the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created, the commercial astronaut. The criteria for what constitutes human spaceflight vary, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed an altitude of 100 kilometers. In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 50 miles are awarded astronaut wings. As of 17 November 2016, a total of 552 people from 36 countries have reached 100 km or more in altitude, of which 549 reached low Earth orbit or beyond. Of these,24 people have traveled beyond Low Earth orbit, to either lunar or trans-lunar orbit or to the surface of the moon, the three astronauts who have not reached low Earth orbit are spaceplane pilots Joe Walker, Mike Melvill, and Brian Binnie. As of 17 November 2016, under the U. S. definition 558 people qualify as having reached space, of eight X-15 pilots who exceeded 50 miles in altitude, only one exceeded 100 kilometers. Space travelers have spent over 41,790 man-days in space, as of 2016, the man with the longest cumulative time in space is Gennady Padalka, who has spent 879 days in space. Peggy A. Whitson holds the record for the most time in space by a woman,377 days, dryden preferred cosmonaut, on the grounds that flights would occur in the cosmos, while the astro prefix suggested flight to the stars. Most NASA Space Task Group members preferred astronaut, which survived by common usage as the preferred American term, when the Soviet Union launched the first man into space, Yuri Gagarin in 1961, they chose a term which anglicizes to cosmonaut. In English-speaking nations, a space traveler is called an astronaut. The term derives from the Greek words ástron, meaning star, the first known use of the term astronaut in the modern sense was by Neil R. Jones in his short story The Deaths Head Meteor in 1930. The word itself had been known earlier, for example, in Percy Gregs 1880 book Across the Zodiac, astronaut referred to a spacecraft. In Les Navigateurs de lInfini of J. -H, rosny aîné, the word astronautique was used. The word may have inspired by aeronaut, an older term for an air traveler first applied to balloonists. An early use in a publication is Eric Frank Russells poem The Astronaut in the November 1934 Bulletin of the British Interplanetary Society. NASA applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond, NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its Astronaut Corps
Astronaut
–
NASA Astronaut
Bruce McCandless II using a
Manned Maneuvering Unit outside
Space Shuttle Challenger on shuttle mission
STS-41-B in 1984.
Astronaut
–
Alan Shepard aboard
Freedom 7
Astronaut
–
Yuri Gagarin, first human in space (1961)
Astronaut
–
Valentina Tereshkova, first woman in space (1963)
48.
Robert L. Stewart
–
Robert Lee Stewart is a retired Brigadier General of the United States Army and a former NASA astronaut. Stewart was born August 13,1942, in Washington, D. C and he graduated from Hattiesburg High School in Hattiesburg, Mississippi in 1960. Stewart is married and has two children and his interests include woodworking, photography, and skiing. Stewart entered on duty with the United States Army in May 1964 and was assigned as an air defense artillery director at the 32nd NORAD Region Headquarters, Gunter Air Force Base. In July 1966, after completing rotary wing training at Fort Wolters, Texas and he flew 1,035 hours of combat time from August 1966 to 1967, primarily as a fire team leader in the armed helicopter platoon of A Company, 101st Aviation Battalion. He was a pilot at the U. S. He is a graduate of the U. S. Armys Air Defense Artillery Schools Air Defense Officers Advanced Course, Stewart served in Seoul, Korea, from 1972 to 1973, with the 309th Aviation Battalion as a battalion operations officer and battalion executive officer. He has military and civilian experience in 38 types of airplanes and helicopters, Stewart became a NASA astronaut in August 1979. His technical duties in the Astronaut Office included, testing and evaluation of the flight control systems for STS-1, ascent abort procedures development. He also served as support crewman for STS-4, and Ascent/Orbit CAPCOM for STS-5 and he served as a mission specialist on STS-41-B in 1984 and STS-51-J in 1985, and logged a total of 289 hours in space, including approximately 12 hours of EVA operations. He was the first active duty U. S. Army soldier to make a spaceflight, in 1986, while in training for his scheduled third flight to be known as STS-61-K, Stewart was selected by the Army for promotion to Brigadier General. Upon accepting this promotion, Stewart was reassigned from NASA to be the Deputy Commanding General, U. S. Army Strategic Defense Command, in Huntsville, in this capacity Stewart managed research efforts in developing ballistic missile defense technology. In 1989 he was reassigned as Director of Plans, United States Space Command, Colorado Springs, Stewart retired from the Army in 1992 and currently makes his home in Woodland Park, Colorado. He is presently employed as Director, Advanced Programs, Nichols Research Corporation, Colorado Springs, STS-41-B Challenger was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and returned to land there 8 days later. During the mission, Stewart and fellow astronaut Bruce McCandless participated in two extravehicular activities to conduct first flight evaluations of the Manned Maneuvering Units and these EVAs represented mans first untethered operations from a spacecraft in flight. Upon completion of this mission Stewart became the first Army officer awarded the Army Astronaut Badge, STS-51-J Atlantis was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and after 98 hours of orbital operations returned to land at Edwards Air Force Base, California. It was the second Space Shuttle Department of Defense mission, during the mission he was responsible for a number of on-orbit activities. He has been a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, Association of Space Explorers, Phi Eta Sigma, and the Scabbard and Blade
Robert L. Stewart
–
Robert Lee Stewart
49.
Space walk
–
Extravehicular activity is any activity done by an astronaut or cosmonaut outside a spacecraft beyond the Earths appreciable atmosphere. On each of the last three of these missions, astronauts also performed deep-space EVAs on the return to Earth, to retrieve film canisters from the outside of the spacecraft, astronauts also used EVA in 1973 to repair launch damage to Skylab, the United States first space station. A Stand-up EVA is where the astronaut does not fully leave a spacecraft and its name derives from the astronaut standing up in the open hatch, usually to record or assist a spacewalking astronaut. EVAs may be tethered, or untethered. S. The Soviet Union/Russia, the United States, and China have conducted EVAs, to support this, and other Apollo objectives, the Gemini program was spun off to develop the capability for astronauts to work outside a two-man Earth orbiting spacecraft. The Soviets were able to launch two Voskhod capsules before U. S. was able to launch its first manned Gemini, by contrast, the Gemini avionics did not require air cooling, allowing the spacewalking astronaut to exit and re-enter the depressurized cabin through an open hatch. Because of this, the American and Soviet space programs developed different definitions for the duration of an EVA, the Soviet definition begins when the outer airlock hatch is open and the cosmonaut is in vacuum. An American EVA began when the astronaut had at least his head outside the spacecraft, the USA has changed its EVA definition since. The first EVA was performed on March 18,1965 by Soviet cosmonaut Alexey Leonov, carrying a white metal backpack containing 45 minutes worth of breathing and pressurization oxygen, Leonov had no means to control his motion other than pulling on his 15.35 m tether. At the end of his walk, the suit stiffening caused a more serious problem. He improperly entered the airlock head-first and got stuck sideways and he could not get back in without reducing the pressure in his suit, risking the bends. This added another 12 minutes to his time in vacuum, and it would be almost four years before the Soviets tried another EVA. They misrepresented to the press how difficult Leonov found it to work in weightlessness, the first American spacewalk was performed on June 3,1965, by Edward H. White, II from the second manned Gemini flight, Gemini 4, for 21 minutes. White was tethered to the spacecraft, and his oxygen was supplied through a 25-foot umbilical and he was the first to control his motion in space with a Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit, which worked well but only carried enough propellant for 20 seconds. White found his tether useful for limiting his distance from the spacecraft but difficult to use for moving around, no EVAs were planned on the next three Gemini flights. The next EVA was planned to be made by David Scott on Gemini 8, astronauts on the next three Gemini flights, performed several EVAs, but none was able to successfully work for long periods outside the spacecraft without tiring and overheating. Cernan attempted but failed to test an Air Force Astronaut Maneuvering Unit which included a self-contained oxygen system, on November 13,1966, Edwin Buzz Aldrin became the first to successfully work in space without tiring, on the Gemini 12 last flight. Aldrin worked outside the spacecraft for 2 hours and 6 minutes, on January 16,1969, Soviet cosmonauts Aleksei Yeliseyev and Yevgeny Khrunov transferred from Soyuz 5 to Soyuz 4, which were docked together
Space walk
–
Cosmonaut
Sergey Volkov works outside the International Space Station on August 3, 2011.
Space walk
–
Stephen Robinson riding the
robotic arm during
STS-114, doing a first in-flight repair of the Space Shuttle. The landmass in the backdrop is the
Bari region of
Somalia.
Space walk
–
Ed White performs the first American spacewalk during Gemini IV (June 1965)
Space walk
–
Buzz Aldrin during
Apollo 11 ' s first Moon landing mission in 1969
50.
1986
–
The year 1986 was designated as the International Year of Peace by the United Nations. January 1 Spain and Portugal enter the European Community, which becomes the European Union. Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands and is separated from the Netherlands Antilles, the Province of Flevoland is established in the Netherlands. UNIDO becomes an agency of the United Nations. January 9 – After losing a patent battle with Polaroid, Kodak leaves the instant camera business, January 11 – The Gateway Bridge in Brisbane, Australia, at this time the worlds longest prestressed concrete free-cantilever bridge, is opened. January 12 – STS-61-C, Space Shuttle Columbia is launched with the first Hispanic American astronaut, January 13–24 – South Yemen Civil War. January 19 – The first PC virus, Brain, starts to spread, January 20 – The United Kingdom and France announce plans to construct the Channel Tunnel. January 24 – The Voyager 2 space probe makes its first encounter with Uranus, January 25 – Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army Rebel group takes over Uganda after leading a 5-year guerrilla war in which up to half a million people are believed to have been killed. They will later use January 26 as the date to avoid a coincidence of dates with Dictator Idi Amins 1971 coup. January 26 – Super Bowl XX, The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, January 29 – Yoweri Museveni is sworn in as President of Uganda. February 3 – Pixar Animation Studios are opened in California, february 7 President Jean-Claude Duvalier flees Haiti, ending 28 years of family rule. February 8 – The Hinton train collision happened, which a Canadian National train heading westbound collided with a Via Rail train in Hinton,23 people were killed in the accident, and injured 71 people. February 9 – Halleys Comet reaches its perihelion, the closest point to the Sun, february 11 – Human rights activist Natan Sharansky is released by the Soviet Union and leaves the country. February 15 – The Beechcraft Starship makes its maiden flight, february 16 The Soviet liner MS Mikhail Lermontov sinks in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. Ouadi Doum air raid, The French Air Force raids the Libyan Ouadi Doum airbase in northern Chad, february 17 – The Single European Act is signed. February 19 The Soviet Union launches the Mir space station, the United States Senate approves a treaty outlawing genocide. February 21 – Nintendo releases the first game in the Zelda series, The Legend of Zelda, february 22 – The People Power Revolution begins in the Philippines to remove President Ferdinand Marcos from office. February 25 The 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union opens in Moscow, the General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev introduces the keywords of his mandate to the audience, Glasnost and Perestroika
1986
–
Disintegration of the
Space Shuttle Challenger, January 28, 1986
1986
–
Colin Morgan
1986
–
Zlata Ognevich
1986
–
Lauren Conrad
51.
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
–
The Soviet Union was dissolved on December 26,1991. It was a result of the declaration number 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and that evening at 7,32, the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag. Previously, from August to December, all the individual republics, the week before the unions formal dissolution,11 republics signed the Alma-Ata Protocol formally establishing the CIS and declaring that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist. The Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR also signalled the end of the Cold War, some have joined NATO and the European Union. Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11,1985, Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy, the reforms began with personnel changes of senior Brezhnev-era officials who would impede political and economic change. On April 23,1985, Gorbachev brought two protégés, Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov, into the Politburo as full members. He kept the power ministries happy by promoting KGB Head Viktor Chebrikov from candidate to full member and this liberalisation, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. Under Gorbachevs leadership, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1989 introduced limited competitive elections to a new central legislature, in May 1985, Gorbachev delivered a speech in Leningrad advocating reforms and an anti-alcohol campaign to tackle widespread alcoholism. Prices of vodka, wine, and beer were raised in order to make these drinks more expensive and a disincentive to consumers, unlike most forms of rationing intended to conserve scarce goods, this was done to restrict sales with the overt goal of curtailing drunkenness. Gorbachevs plan also included billboards promoting sobriety, increased penalties for public drunkenness, however, Gorbachev soon faced the same adverse economic reaction to his prohibition as did the last Tsar. The disincentivization of alcohol consumption was a blow to the state budget according to Alexander Yakovlev. Alcohol production migrated to the market, or through moonshining as some made bathtub vodka with homegrown potatoes. The purpose of these reforms, however, was to prop up the centrally planned economy, unlike later reforms. The latter, disparaged as Mr Nyet in the West, had served for 28 years as Minister of Foreign Affairs, gromyko was relegated to the largely ceremonial position of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, as he was considered an old thinker. In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger, at the next Central Committee meeting on October 15, Tikhonov retired from the Politburo and Talyzin became a candidate. Finally, on December 23,1985, Gorbachev appointed Yeltsin First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party replacing Viktor Grishin, Gorbachev continued to press for greater liberalization. The CTAG Helsinki-86 was founded in July 1986 in the Latvian port town of Liepāja by three workers, Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss and its name refers to the human-rights statements of the Helsinki Accords
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
–
Tanks at
Red Square during the
1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
–
Mikhail Gorbachev (1987 photo)
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
–
Figure of Liberty on the
Freedom Monument in Riga, focus of 1986 Latvian demonstrations.
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
–
The Dawn of Liberty monument in
Almaty (Alma-Ata).
52.
10 Downing Street
–
Situated in Downing Street in the City of Westminster, London, Number 10 is over 300 years old and contains approximately 100 rooms. A private residence occupies the floor and there is a kitchen in the basement. At the rear is a courtyard and a terrace overlooking a garden of 0.5 acres. Adjacent to St Jamess Park, Number 10 is near Buckingham Palace, the London residence of the British monarch, and the Palace of Westminster, originally three houses, Number 10 was offered to Sir Robert Walpole by King George II in 1732. Walpole accepted on the condition that the gift was to the office of First Lord of the Treasury rather than to him personally, Walpole commissioned William Kent to join the three houses and it is this larger house that is known as Number 10 Downing Street. The arrangement was not an immediate success, despite its size and convenient location near to Parliament, few early Prime Ministers lived there. Costly to maintain, neglected, and run-down, Number 10 was close to being demolished several times but the property survived and became linked with many statesmen, in 1985 Margaret Thatcher said Number 10 had become one of the most precious jewels in the national heritage. Number 10 Downing Street was originally three properties, a mansion overlooking St Jamess Park called the House at the Back, a house behind it. The town house, from which the building gets its name, was one of several built by Sir George Downing between 1682 and 1684. Downing, a spy for Oliver Cromwell and later Charles II, invested in property. In 1654, he purchased the lease on land south of St Jamess Park, Downing planned to build a row of town houses for persons of good quality to inhabit in. The street on which he built them now bears his name, straightforward as the investment seemed, it proved otherwise. The Hampden family had a lease on the land that they refused to relinquish, Downing fought their claim, but failed and had to wait thirty years before he could build. When the Hampden lease expired, Downing received permission to build on land further west to take advantage of recent property developments. The new warrant issued in 1682 reads, Sir George Downing. to build new, subject to the proviso that it be not built any nearer than 14 feet of the wall of the said Park at the West end thereof. Between 1682 and 1684, Downing built a cul-de-sac of two-storey town houses with coach-houses, stables, over the years, the addresses changed several times. In 1787 Number 5 became Number 10, Downing employed Sir Christopher Wren to design the houses. Although large, they were put up quickly and cheaply on soft soil with shallow foundations, the fronts were façades with lines painted on the surface imitating brick mortar
10 Downing Street
10 Downing Street
10 Downing Street
–
Sir George Downing
10 Downing Street
–
The Palace of Whitehall by
Hendrick Danckerts c. 1660–1679. Viewed from the west side of
St. James's Park, the "House at the Back" is on the far right; the octagonal building next to it is the Cockpit.
53.
1992
–
1992 was designated as, International Space Year by the United Nations. January 1 The Atari 2600 is finally discontinued 15 years after its introduction in September 1977, boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt replaces Javier Pérez de Cuéllar of Peru as United Nations Secretary-General. George H. W. Bush becomes the first U. S. President to address the Australian Parliament, January 2 – President of Russia Boris Yeltsin ends price controls, resulting in prices of some goods and services becoming 3 to 5 times more expensive. This in effect ends the command economy in Russia, January 6 – The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is proclaimed by the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh. January 7 – The Yugoslav Air Force downs a helicopter, killing 5 military observers from the European Community. January 8 – George H. W. Bush is televised falling violently ill at a dinner in Japan, vomiting into the lap of Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa. January 9 – Bosnian Serbs declare their own republic within Bosnia and Herzegovina, in protest of the decision by Bosniaks, January 11 Singer Paul Simon is the first major artist to tour South Africa after the end of the cultural boycott. Shanda Sharer is tortured and burned to death in Madison, Indiana by 4 teenage girls, Albanian referendum for territorial and political autonomy in FYR Macedonia. January 12 – The second round of Algerias general elections is cancelled when the first round is favorable to the Islamic Salvation Front, January 13 – Japan apologizes for forcing Korean women into sexual slavery during World War II. January 15 – The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia begins to break up, Slovenia and Croatia gain independence and international recognition in some Western countries. January 16 – El Salvador officials and rebel leaders sign the Chapultepec Peace Accords in Mexico City ending the 12-year Salvadoran Civil War that claimed at least 75,000 lives. January 18 – In Nairobi, Kenya, more than 100,000 attend protests demanding an end to one-party rule by the Kenya African National Union, January 19 The Bulgarian presidential election is won by Zhelyu Zhelev, leader of the Union of Democratic Forces. Paramount Leader of China Deng Xiaoping speaks in Shenzhen during his southern tour, January 20 – Cuba executes Eduardo Diaz Betancourt, who was found guilty of sabotage and terrorism. January 21 – Faced with decreased military spending, United Technologies Corporation announces it will eliminate 13,900 jobs by 1993, January 22 Rebel forces occupy Zaires national radio station in Kinshasa and broadcast a demand for the governments resignation. STS-42, Dr. Roberta Bondar becomes the first Canadian woman in space, January 24 In El Salvador, an army colonel and a lieutenant of the Atlacatl Battalion are each sentenced to 30 years in prison for the 1989 murder of six Jesuit priests and their housekeepers. China and Israel establish diplomatic relations, January 26 Boris Yeltsin announces that Russia will stop targeting cities of the United States and her allies with nuclear weapons. In return George H. W. Bush announces that the United States and her allies will stop targeting Russia, in Mauritania, security forces open fire on opponents of President of Mauritania Maaouya Ould SidAhmed Taya, killing at least 5 people. January 27 Macys files for bankruptcy, Nagorno-Karabakh War, in the disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, fighting between Armenians and Azeris leaves at least 60 people dead
1992
–
Maja Keuc
1992
–
Jack Wilshere
1992
–
Taylor Lautner
1992
–
Neymar
54.
European Union
–
The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,475,757 km2, the EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished, a monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. The EU operates through a system of supranational and intergovernmental decision-making. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community, the community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. While no member state has left the EU or its antecedent organisations, the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship. The latest major amendment to the basis of the EU. The EU as a whole is the largest economy in the world, additionally,27 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the United Nations Development Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7, because of its global influence, the European Union has been described as an emerging superpower. After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the nationalism which had devastated the continent. 1952 saw the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the supporters of the Community included Alcide De Gasperi, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri Spaak. These men and others are credited as the Founding fathers of the European Union. In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome and they also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community for co-operation in developing nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958, the EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand, Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members. During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power, Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission. In 1973, the Communities enlarged to include Denmark, Ireland, Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum
European Union
–
In 1989, the
Iron Curtain fell, enabling the union to
expand further (
Berlin Wall pictured).
European Union
–
Flag
European Union
–
2009, the
Lisbon Treaty entered into force.
European Union
–
The 65,993 km (41,006 mi) coastline dominates the European climate (
Cyprus).
55.
Ramzi Yousef
–
Ramzi Yousef is one of the main perpetrators of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, bombing of Philippine Airlines Flight 434, and a co-conspirator in the Bojinka plot. In 1995, he was arrested by the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence, diplomatic Security Service at a guest house in Islamabad, Pakistan while trying to set a bomb in a baby doll, then extradited to the United States. He was tried in the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of New York along with two co-conspirators and was convicted of planning the Bojinka plot and he was sentenced to two life sentences for his part in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and Bojinka plot. Yousefs maternal uncle is Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, with whom he planned the Bojinka plot. Mohammed is a senior al-Qaeda member accused of being the architect of the September 11 attacks in 2001. Yousef is serving his sentences at ADX Florence, located near Florence. The name Ramzi Yousef is believed to be an alias, the 9/11 Commission claimed that Yousefs real name is Abdul Basit Mahmoud Abdul Karim. He was born in Kuwait to his parents who were both from Pakistan and his father is Mohammed Abdul Karim from Balochistan, Pakistan. His mother is believed to be the sister of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, when his family returned to Pakistan in the mid-1980s, Yousef was sent to the United Kingdom for education. In 1986, he enrolled at Swansea Institute in Wales, where he studied engineering, graduating four years later. He also studied at the Oxford College of Further Education to improve his English, Yousef left the United Kingdom after completing his studies and returned to Pakistan. He began to bomb making in a terrorist training camp in Peshawar. The World Trade Center bombing was a terrorist attack occurred on 26 February 1993. The 1,500 lb urea nitrate-hydrogen gas enhanced device was intended to knock the North Tower into the South Tower and it failed to do so, but killed six civilians and injured 1,042, including 919 civilians,88 firefighters, and 35 police officers. This action was done in response for the American political, economical, and military support to Israel, the state of terrorism and our Demands Are,1 – Stop all military, economical, and political aid to Israel. 2 – All diplomatic relations with Israel must stop,3 – Not to interfere with any of the Middle East countries interior affairs. If our demands are not met, all of our functional groups in the army will continue to execute our missions against the military and civilian targets in, for your own information, our army has more than hundred and fifty suicidal soldiers ready to go ahead. The terrorism that Israel practices must be faced with a similar one, the dictatorship and terrorism that some countries are practicing against their own people must also be faced with terrorism
Ramzi Yousef
–
United States
Diplomatic Security Service photograph showing the damaged interior of PAL 434 after the bombing. The explosion punched a hole, visible in the lower center of the photo, through the floor below seat 26K into the center cargo bay.
Ramzi Yousef
–
FBI photo of Ramzi Yousef.
56.
1993 World Trade Center bombing
–
The 1,336 pounds urea nitrate–hydrogen gas enhanced device was intended to send the North Tower crashing into the South Tower, bringing both towers down and killing tens of thousands of people. It failed to do so but killed six people and injured over a thousand, the attack was planned by a group of terrorists including Ramzi Yousef, Mahmud Abouhalima, Mohammad Salameh, Nidal A. Ayyad, Abdul Rahman Yasin, and Ahmed Ajaj. They received financing from Khaled Sheikh Mohammed, Yousefs uncle, in March 1994, four men were convicted of carrying out the bombing, Abouhalima, Ajaj, Ayyad, and Salameh. The charges included conspiracy, explosive destruction of property, and interstate transportation of explosives, in November 1997, two more were convicted, Ramzi Yousef, the mastermind behind the bombings, and Eyad Ismoil, who drove the truck carrying the bomb. Yousef arrived illegally in the United States on September 1,1992, traveling with Ahmed Ajaj from Pakistan, Ajaj tried to enter with a forged Swedish passport, though it had been altered and thus raised suspicions among INS officials at John F. Kennedy International Airport. When officials put Ajaj through secondary inspection, they discovered bomb-making instructions and other materials in his luggage, the name Abu Barra, an alias of Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, appeared in the manuals. Yousef tried to enter with a false Iraqi passport, claiming political asylum, Yousef was allowed into the United States, and was given a hearing date. Yousef set up residence in Jersey City, New Jersey, traveled around New York and New Jersey and called Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman, a controversial blind Muslim cleric, via cell phone. He ordered chemicals from his room when injured in a car crash – one of three accidents caused by Salameh in late 1992 and early in 1993. El Sayyid Nosair, one of the blind men, was arrested in 1991 for the murder of Rabbi Meir Kahane. According to prosecutors, the Red Mahmud Abouhalima, also convicted in the bombing, in the initial court case in NYS Criminal Court Nosair was acquitted of murder but convicted of gun charges. According to the journalist Steve Coll, Yousef mailed letters to various New York newspapers just before the attack, in which he claimed he belonged to Liberation Army, Fifth Battalion. He stated that the attack on the World Trade Center would be merely the first of such attacks if his demands were not met. In his letters, Yousef admitted that the World Trade Center bombing was an act of terrorism and they parked on the underground B-2 level. Yousef ignited the 20-foot fuse, and fled, twelve minutes later, at 12,17,37 p. m. the bomb exploded in the underground garage, generating an estimated pressure of 150,000 psi. The bomb opened a 30-m wide hole through four sublevels of concrete, the detonation velocity of this bomb was about 15,000 ft/s. Initial news reports indicated a main transformer may have blown, before it became clear that a bomb had exploded in the basement, the bomb instantly cut off the World Trade Centers main electrical power line, knocking out the emergency lighting system. With thick smoke filling the stairwells, evacuation was difficult for building occupants, telephone service for much of Lower Manhattan was also disrupted
1993 World Trade Center bombing
–
Underground damage after the bombing
1993 World Trade Center bombing
–
Image of the procession of rescue vehicles responding to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. One World Trade Center is on the far right of the frame.
1993 World Trade Center bombing
–
The names of the six victims of the attack are inscribed in panel N-73 of the North Pool at the
National September 11 Memorial, where the North Tower formerly stood.
57.
Islamabad
–
Islamabad is the capital city of Pakistan located within the federal Islamabad Capital Territory. The city is the seat of Pakistan and is administered by the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation. Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the part of the country. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab, Islamabad was built during the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistans capital. The city is known for the presence of several parks and forests, including the Margalla Hills National Park, the city is home several landmarks, including the Faisal Mosque, the largest mosque in South Asia and the fourth largest in the world. Other landmarks include the Pakistans National Monument and Democracy Square, Islamabad is a gamma+ world city, it is categorised as very high on the Human Development Index, the highest in the country. The city has the highest cost of living in Pakistan, and its population is dominated by middle, the city is home to sixteen universities, including the Quaid-e-Azam University and NUST. The city is one of the safest in Pakistan, and has a surveillance system with 1,900 CCTV cameras. The name of the city, Islamabad is derived from two words, Islam and abad, meaning City of Islam, Islam is an Arabic word which refers to the religion of Islam and -abad is a Persian place name that means inhabited place or city. Islamabad Capital Territory, located on the Pothohar Plateau of the Punjab region, is considered one of the earliest sites of settlement in Asia. Some of the earliest Stone Age artefacts in the world have found on the plateau. Rudimentary stones recovered from the terraces of the Soan River testify to the endeavours of early man in the inter-glacial period, items of pottery and utensils dating back to prehistory have been found. Excavations have revealed evidence of a prehistoric culture, one end of the Indus Valley Civilization flourished here between the 23rd and 18th centuries BC. Later the area was a settlement of the Aryan community. A Buddhist town once existed in the region, many great armies such as those of Zahiruddin Babur, Genghis Khan, Timur and Ahmad Shah Durrani used the corridor through Islamabad on their way to invade the rest of the Indian Subcontinent. Modern Islamabad is based on the old settlement known as Saidpur, the British took control of the region from the Sikhs in 1849 and built South Asias largest cantonment in the region. When Pakistan gained independence in 1947, the port city of Karachi was its first national capital. In the 1960s, Islamabad was constructed as a capital for several reasons
Islamabad
–
From top, left to right:
Faisal Mosque, Serena Hotel, Prime Minister's Secretariat,
Parliament House,
Faisal Mosque, and
Pakistan Monument
Islamabad
–
15th century
Pharwala Fort beside the
Swaan River
Islamabad
–
Rawat Fort, built by the
Gakhars in the 16th century
Islamabad
–
Aiwan e Quaid, Capital Park
58.
1997
–
January 17 – A Delta II rocket carrying a military GPS payload explodes, shortly after liftoff from Cape Canaveral. January 18 – In northwest Rwanda, Hutu militia members kill 6 Spanish aid workers,3 soldiers, january 19 – Yasser Arafat returns to Hebron after more than 30 years, and joins celebrations over the handover of the last Israeli-controlled West Bank city. January 20 – Bill Clinton is sworn in for a term as President of the United States. January 22 – Madeleine Albright becomes the first female Secretary of State, january 23 – Mir Aimal Kasi is sentenced to death for a 1993 assault rifle attack outside CIA headquarters that killed 2 and wounded 3. January 27 – It is revealed that French museums had nearly 2,000 pieces of art that had been stolen by Nazis, february 4 On their way to Lebanon,2 Israeli troop-transport helicopters collide, killing 73. After at first contesting the results, Serbian President Slobodan Milošević recognizes opposition victories in the November 1996 elections, British Home Secretary Michael Howard informs Moors Murderer Myra Hindley that she will never be released from prison. Mr. Howard has made the decision in agreement with a made by his predecessor David Waddington in 1990. February 5 The so-called Big Three banks in Switzerland announce the creation of a $71 million fund to aid Holocaust survivors, morgan Stanley and Dean Witter Reynolds investment banks announce a $10 billion merger. February 10 The United States Army suspends Gene C, mcKinney, Sergeant Major of the Army, its top-ranking enlisted soldier, after hearing allegations of sexual misconduct. Sandline affair, Australian newspapers publish stories that the government of Papua New Guinea has brought mercenaries onto Bougainville Island, february 13 STS-82, Tune-up and repair work on the Hubble Space Telescope is started by astronauts from the Space Shuttle Discovery. The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 7,000 for the first time, february 22 – In Roslin, Scotland, scientists announce that an adult sheep named Dolly had been successfully cloned, and was born in July 1996. February 23 – A small fire occurs on the Russian space station Mir, february 27 – Divorce becomes legal in the Republic of Ireland. February 28 – North Hollywood shootout, Two robbers wearing kevlar body armor armed with AK-47s containing armor-piercing bullets injure 17 police officers, the incident sparks debate on the appropriate firepower for United States patrol officers to have available in similar situations in the future. March 4 – U. S. President Bill Clinton bans federal funding for any research on human cloning, march 6 Pablo Picassos Tête de Femme is stolen from a London gallery. In Sri Lanka, Tamil Tigers overrun a military base and kill more than 200, march 13 Indias Missionaries of Charity chooses Sister Nirmala to succeed Mother Teresa as its leader. The National Peoples Congress of the Peoples Republic of China creates a new Chongqing Municipality, the Phoenix Lights, a series of UFOs, are seen over Phoenix, Arizona. March 16 – Sandline affair, On Bougainville Island, soldiers of commander Jerry Singirok arrest Tim Spicer and his mercenaries of the Sandline International. March 18 – The tail of a Russian An-24 charter plane breaks off while en route to Turkey, causing the plane to crash, killing all 50 on board, and resulting in the grounding of all An-24s
1997
–
The funeral cortege of
Diana, Princess of Wales, en route to
Westminster Abbey from
Kensington Palace.
1997
–
Mary McAleese
1997
–
Jack Andraka
1997
–
Cody Simpson
59.
Abdullah II of Jordan
–
Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein has been king of Jordan since the 1999 death of his father, King Hussein. According to Abdullah, he is a 41st-generation direct descendant of Muhammad since he belongs to the Hashemite family and he was born in Amman as the first child of King Hussein and his second wife, British-born Princess Muna Al-Hussein. Shortly after his birth, Abdullah was named the crown prince, King Hussein transferred the title to his brother, Prince Hassan, in 1965 and returned it to Abdullah in 1999. Abdullah began his schooling in Amman, continuing his education abroad and he assumed command of Jordans Special Forces in 1994, and became a major general in 1998. In 1993 Abdullah married Rania Al-Yassin, and they have four children, Crown Prince Hussein, Princess Iman, Princess Salma, the ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed Al-Maktoum, is his brother-in-law by marriage. Although Jordan is a monarchy, the king holds wide executive and legislative powers and is commander-in-chief of the Jordanian Armed Forces. Abdullah embarked on aggressive economic liberalization when he assumed the throne, in 2011, large-scale protests demanding reform erupted in the Arab world. Although many of the led to civil wars in other countries, Abdullah responded quickly to domestic unrest by replacing the government. He introduced proportional representation to the Jordanian parliament in 2016, a move which he said would lead to a parliamentary government, although local opposition groups called his reforms inadequate, other observers praised them. Abdullah is popular locally and internationally for maintaining Jordanian stability, and is known for promoting interfaith dialogue, the third-longest-serving Arab leader, he is regarded by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Center as the most influential Muslim in the world. Abdullah is custodian of the Muslim and Christian sacred sites in Jerusalem, Abdullah was born in Amman on 30 January 1962 to King Hussein during Husseins marriage to his British-born second wife, Princess Muna Al-Hussein. He is the namesake of his great-grandfather, King Abdullah I, Abdullah says that he is the 41st direct descendant of Muhammad through the Hashemite dynasty, which ruled Mecca for over 700 years and has ruled Jordan since 1921. The Hashemites, the oldest ruling dynasty in the Muslim world, are the second-oldest-ruling dynasty in the world, since Hussein had a daughter from his first marriage, Abdullah became heir apparent to the Jordanian throne under the 1952 constitution. Due to political instability, King Hussein appointed his brother Prince Hassan as his heir apparent in 1965, three more children followed Abdullah from Husseins marriage to Princess Muna, two from the kings third marriage and four from his fourth. Abdullah has four brothers and six sisters, seven of whom are half-siblings and he began his schooling in 1966 at the Islamic Educational College in Amman, and continued at St Edmunds School in England. Abdullah attended high school at Eaglebrook School and Deerfield Academy in the United States and he began his military career at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1980, while he was a training officer in the Jordanian Armed Forces. After Sandhurst, Abdullah was commissioned as a lieutenant in the British Army and served a year in Britain. Abdullah was admitted to Pembroke College in 1982, where he completed a one-year special-studies course in Middle Eastern affairs
Abdullah II of Jordan
–
King Abdullah of Jordan.
Abdullah II of Jordan
–
King Abdullah II shows his son, Crown Prince Hussein, a photo given to them by U.S. Secretary of State
John Kerry
Abdullah II of Jordan
–
Abdullah II in a meeting with U.S. President
Barack Obama, 21 April 2009, in Washington, D.C.
60.
2012
–
February 19 – Iran suspends oil exports to Britain and France, following sanctions put in place by the European Union and the United States in January. February 21 – Greek government-debt crisis, Eurozone finance ministers reach an agreement on a second, march 13 – After 244 years since its first publication, the Encyclopædia Britannica discontinues its print edition. March 22 – The President of Mali, Amadou Toumani Touré, is ousted in a coup détat after mutinous soldiers attack government offices, april 6 – The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad unilaterally declares the independence of Azawad from Mali. April 12 – Mutinous soldiers in Guinea-Bissau stage a coup détat and take control of the capital city and they arrest interim President Raimundo Pereira and leading presidential candidate Carlos Gomes Júnior in the midst of a presidential election campaign. April 13 – Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3, a North Korean Earth observation satellite, the United States and other countries had called the impending launch a violation of United Nations Security Council demands. The launch was planned to mark the centenary of the birth of Kim Il-sung, april 26 – Former Liberian President Charles Taylor is found guilty on 11 counts of aiding and abetting war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Sierra Leone Civil War. May 2 – A pastel version of The Scream, by the Norwegian painter Edvard Munch, sells for US$120 million in a New York City auction, may 12 – August 12 – The 2012 World Expo takes place in Yeosu, South Korea. May 22 – Tokyo Skytree, the tallest self-supporting tower in the world at 634 metres high, is opened to the public, june 5–6 – The centurys second and last solar transit of Venus occurs. The next pair are predicted to occur in 2117 and 2125, june 24 – Lonesome George, the last known individual of the Pinta Island tortoise subspecies, dies in Galápagos National Park, thus making the subspecies extinct. July 4 – CERN announces the discovery of a new particle with properties consistent with the Higgs boson after experiments at the Large Hadron Collider, July 27 – August 12 – The 2012 Summer Olympics are held in London, England, United Kingdom. July 30–31 – In the worst power outage in world history, August 6 – Curiosity, the Mars Science Laboratory missions rover, successfully lands on Mars. The move is met with fierce criticism from other countries. September 11–27 – A series of terrorist attacks are directed against United States diplomatic missions worldwide, as well as missions of Germany, Switzerland. In the US, opinions are divided whether the attacks are a reaction to a YouTube trailer for the film Innocence of Muslims. In Libya, among the dead is US ambassador J. Christopher Stevens, october 16 – Seven paintings worth $25 million are stolen from the Kunsthal in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. November 14–21 – Israel launches Operation Pillar of Defense against the Palestinian-governed Gaza Strip, in the following week 140 Palestinians and five Israelis are killed in an ensuing cycle of violence. November 25 – December 9 – Typhoon Bopha, known as Pablo in the Philippines, the typhoon causes considerable damage in the island of Mindanao. November 29 – The UN General Assembly approves a motion granting Palestine non-member observer state status, December 8 – In Qatar, the UN Climate Change Conference agrees to extend the Kyoto Protocol until 2020
2012
–
Etta James
2012
–
Renato Dulbecco
2012
–
Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria
2012
–
Mike Wallace
61.
2013
–
January 16–20 – Thirty-nine international workers and one security guard die in a hostage crisis at a natural gas facility near In Aménas, Algeria. February 12 – North Korea conducts its third nuclear test, prompting widespread condemnation. February 15 – A meteor explodes over the Russian city of Chelyabinsk, injuring 1, 489-1,492 people and it is the most powerful meteor to strike Earths atmosphere in over a century. The incident, along with a flyby of a larger asteroid. February 21 – American scientists use a 3D printer to create a living lab-grown ear from collagen, in the future, it is hoped, similar ears could be grown to order as transplants for human patients suffering from ear trauma or amputation. February 28 – Benedict XVI resigns as pope, becoming the first to do so since Gregory XII in 1415, march 24 – Central African Republic President François Bozizé flees to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, after rebel forces capture the nations capital, Bangui. March 25 – The European Union agrees to a €10 billion economic bailout for Cyprus, the bailout loan will be equally split between the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism, the European Financial Stability Facility, and the International Monetary Fund. The deal precipitates a banking crisis in the island nation, march 27 – Canada becomes the first country to withdraw from the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. April 2 – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Arms Trade Treaty to regulate the trade of conventional weapons. April 15 – Two Chechen Islamist brothers explode two bombs at the Boston Marathon in Boston, Massachusetts, in the United States, killing 3, july 1 – Croatia becomes the 28th member of the European Union. July 3 – Amid mass protests across Egypt, President Mohamed Morsi is deposed in a military coup détat, august 14 – Following the military coup in Egypt, two anti-coup camps are raided by the security forces leaving 2,600 dead. The raids were described by Human Rights Watch as one of the world’s largest killings of demonstrators in a day in recent history”. August 21 –1,429 are killed in the Ghouta chemical attack during the Syrian Civil War, september 21 – al-Shabaab Islamic militants attack the Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya, killing at least 62 civilians and wounding over 170. October 18 – Saudi Arabia rejects a seat on the United Nations Security Council, jordan takes the seat on December 6. November 5 – The Mars Orbiter Mission is launched by India from its launchpad in Sriharikota, november 8 – Typhoon Haiyan, one of the strongest tropical cyclones on record, hits the Philippines and Vietnam, causing devastation with at least 6,241 dead. November 24 – Iran agrees to limit their nuclear development program in exchange for sanctions relief, December 7 – Ninth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization delegates sign the Bali Package agreement aimed at loosening global trade barriers. December 14 – Chinese spacecraft Change 3, carrying the Yutu rover, becomes the first spacecraft to soft-land on the Moon since 1976 and the third ever robotic rover to do so. December 15 – Fighting between ethnic Dinka and Nuer members of the presidential guard break out in Juba, South Sudan, plunging the country into civil war
2013
–
April 24:
Savar building collapse.
2013
–
James M. Buchanan
2013
–
Robert Coleman Richardson
2013
–
Donald A. Glaser
62.
Mississippi
–
Mississippi /ˌmɪsᵻˈsɪpi/ is a state in the southern region of the United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico. Its western border is formed by the Mississippi River, the state has a population of approximately 3 million. It is the 32nd most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States, located in the center of the state, Jackson is the state capital and largest city, with a population of approximately 175,000 people. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, before the American Civil War, most development in the state was along riverfronts, where slaves worked on cotton plantations. After the war, the bottomlands to the interior were cleared, by the end of the 19th century, African Americans made up two-thirds of the Deltas property owners, but timber and railroad companies acquired much of the land after a financial crisis. Clearing altered the Deltas ecology, increasing the severity of flooding along the Mississippi, much land is now held by agribusinesses. The states catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States, since the 1930s and the Great Migration, Mississippi has been majority white, albeit with the highest percentage of black residents of any U. S. state. From the early 19th century to the 1930s, its residents were mostly black, whites retained political power through Jim Crow laws. In 2010, 37% of Mississippians were African Americans, the highest percentage of African Americans in any U. S. state, since gaining enforcement of their voting franchise in the late 1960s, most African Americans support Democratic candidates in local, state and national elections. Conservative whites have shifted to the Republican Party, African Americans are a majority in many counties of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, an area of historic settlement during the plantation era. Since 2011 Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country, the states name is derived from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary. Settlers named it after the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi, in addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake, Mississippi is entirely composed of lowlands, the highest point being Woodall Mountain, in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains,807 feet above sea level. The lowest point is sea level at the Gulf coast, the states mean elevation is 300 feet above sea level. Most of Mississippi is part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, the coastal plain is generally composed of low hills, such as the Pine Hills in the south and the North Central Hills. The Pontotoc Ridge and the Fall Line Hills in the northeast have somewhat higher elevations, yellow-brown loess soil is found in the western parts of the state. The northeast is a region of black earth that extends into the Alabama Black Belt. The coastline includes large bays at Bay St. Louis, Biloxi, the northwest remainder of the state consists of the Mississippi Delta, a section of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain
Mississippi
Mississippi
–
Flag
Mississippi
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Bottomland hardwood swamp near
Ashland, Mississippi
Mississippi
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Jackson, Mississippi
63.
Slavery
–
A slave is unable to withdraw unilaterally from such an arrangement and works without remuneration. Many scholars now use the chattel slavery to refer to this specific sense of legalised. In a broader sense, however, the word slavery may also refer to any situation in which an individual is de facto forced to work against his or her will. Scholars also use the generic terms such as unfree labour or forced labour. However – and especially under slavery in broader senses of the word – slaves may have some rights and/or protections, Slavery began to exist before written history, in many cultures. A person could become a slave from the time of their birth, capture, while slavery was institutionally recognized by most societies, it has now been outlawed in all recognized countries, the last being Mauritania in 2007. Nevertheless, there are still more slaves today than at any point in history. The most common form of the trade is now commonly referred to as human trafficking. Chattel slavery is still practiced in the Islamic State of Iraq. An older interpretation connected it to the Greek verb skyleúo to strip a slain enemy, there is a dispute among historians about whether terms such as unfree labourer or enslaved person, rather than slave, should be used when describing the victims of slavery. Chattel slavery, also called traditional slavery, is so named because people are treated as the chattel of the owner and are bought, although it dominated many societies in the past, this form of slavery has been formally abolished and is very rare today. Even when it can be said to survive, it is not upheld by the system of any internationally recognized government. Indenture, otherwise known as bonded labour or debt bondage is a form of labour under which a person pledges himself or herself against a loan. The services required to repay the debt, and their duration, debt bondage can be passed on from generation to generation, with children required to pay off their parents debt. It is the most widespread form of slavery today, debt bondage is most prevalent in South Asia. This may also include institutions not commonly classified as slavery, such as serfdom, conscription, Human trafficking primarily involves women and children forced into prostitution. And is the fastest growing form of forced labour, with Thailand, Cambodia, India, Brazil, in 2007, Human Rights Watch estimated that 200,000 to 300,000 children served as soldiers in current conflicts. A forced marriage may be regarded as a form of slavery by one or more of the involved in the marriage
Slavery
–
Photograph of a slave boy in
Zanzibar. 'An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence.' c. 1890.
Slavery
Slavery
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Thousands of children work as bonded labourers in
Asia, particularly in the Indian subcontinent.
Slavery
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A world map showing countries by prevalence of female trafficking
64.
Thomas More
–
Sir Thomas More, venerated by Roman Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was also a councillor to Henry VIII, and Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to 16 May 1532 and he also wrote Utopia, published in 1516, about the political system of an imaginary ideal island nation. More opposed the Protestant Reformation, in particular the theology of Martin Luther, More also opposed the Kings separation from the Catholic Church, refusing to acknowledge Henry as Supreme Head of the Church of England and the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. After refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy, he was convicted of treason, of his execution, he was reported to have said, I die the Kings good servant, but Gods first. Pope Pius XI canonised More in 1935 as a martyr, Pope John Paul II in 2000 declared him the heavenly Patron of Statesmen and Politicians. Since 1980, the Church of England has remembered More liturgically as a Reformation martyr, the Soviet Union honoured him for the Communist attitude toward property rights expressed in Utopia. From 1490 to 1492, More served John Morton, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England, Morton enthusiastically supported the New Learning, and thought highly of the young More. Believing that More had great potential, Morton nominated him for a place at the University of Oxford, More began his studies at Oxford in 1492, and received a classical education. Studying under Thomas Linacre and William Grocyn, he became proficient in both Latin and Greek, More left Oxford after only two years—at his fathers insistence—to begin legal training in London at New Inn, one of the Inns of Chancery. In 1496, More became a student at Lincolns Inn, one of the Inns of Court, where he remained until 1502, according to his friend, theologian Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, More once seriously contemplated abandoning his legal career to become a monk. Between 1503 and 1504 More lived near the Carthusian monastery outside the walls of London, although he deeply admired their piety, More ultimately decided to remain a layman, standing for election to Parliament in 1504 and marrying the following year. In spite of his choice to pursue a career, More continued ascetic practices for the rest of his life, such as wearing a hair shirt next to his skin. A tradition of the Third Order of Saint Francis honours More as a member of that Order on their calendar of saints, More married Jane Colt in 1505. She was five years younger than her husband, quiet and good-natured, Erasmus reported that More wanted to give his young wife a better education than she had previously received at home, and tutored her in music and literature. The couple had four children before Jane died in 1511, Margaret, Elizabeth, Cicely, going against friends advice and common custom, within thirty days More had married one of the many eligible women among his wide circle of friends. He certainly expected a mother to care of his little children and, as the view of his time considered marriage as an economic union, he chose a rich widow. More was not viewed as being in haste to remarry for the gratification of sexual pleasure, as Alice was older than he, and their marriage was possibly not consummated. The speed of the marriage was so unusual that More had to get a dispensation of the banns, Alice More lacked Janes docility, Mores friend Andrew Ammonius derided Alice as a hook-nosed harpy
Thomas More
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Sir Thomas More, by
Hans Holbein the Younger, 1527
Thomas More
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Medallion of Thomas More
Thomas More
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Rowland Lockey after
Hans Holbein the Younger, The Family of Sir Thomas More, c. 1594
Thomas More
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Study for a portrait of Thomas More's family, c. 1527, by
Hans Holbein the Younger
65.
Thomas Killigrew
–
Thomas Killigrew was an English dramatist and theatre manager. He was a witty, dissolute figure at the court of King Charles II of England. Killigrew was one of children of Sir Robert Killigrew of Hanworth, a courtier to James I. According to Samuel Pepys, the boy Killigrew used to volunteer as an extra, or devil, at the Red Bull Theatre, the young Killigrew had limited formal education, the Court and the playhouse were his schoolroom. Killigrew was present at the exorcism of the nuns of Loudun. In 1635 he left an account of the proceedings. Before the English Civil War, Killigrew wrote several plays—tragicomedies like Claracilla and The Prisoners, as well as his most popular play, the latter play has been criticized for its coarse humour, but it also contains prose readings of John Donnes poetry to pique a literate audience. A Royalist and Roman Catholic, Killigrew followed Prince Charles into exile in 1647, in the years 1649-51, he was in Paris, Geneva, and Rome, and in the later year was appointed Charles representative in Venice. At the Restoration in 1660, Killigrew returned to England along with many other Royalist exiles, Charles rewarded his loyalty by making him Groom of the Bedchamber and Chamberlain to Queen Catherine. Along with Sir William Davenant, he was given a warrant to form a theatre company in 1660—which gave Killigrew a key role in the revival of English drama. Killigrew beat Davenant to a debut, at Gibbons Tennis Court in Clare Market and its original members were Michael Mohun, William Wintershall, Robert Shatterell, William Cartwright, Walter Clun, Charles Hart and Nicholas Burt. They played for a time at the old Red Bull Theatre, Killigrew staged plays by Aphra Behn, John Dryden, William Wycherley. and Thomas Killigrew, as well as revivals of Beaumont and Fletcher. Two Killigrew productions of his own Parsons Wedding, in 1664, in 1673, Killigrew was appointed Master of the Revels. He lost control of his theatre in a conflict with his son Charles in 1677, Thomas Killigrew died at Whitehall on 19 March 1683. In 1664, Henry Herringman published an edition of Killigrews dramas. Only his two earliest plays had been printed previously, the collected edition identifies the city in which Killigrew supposedly wrote each play. The Parsons Wedding and Claricilla were successful stage plays, yet oddly enough, Aphra Behn adapted Thomaso for her successful The Rover. The tragedy The Pilgrim, apparently never performed, borrows its plot from James Shirleys The Politician, Henry Killigrew, a clergyman, wrote only one play
Thomas Killigrew
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Detail from a portrait of Thomas Killigrew by
Anthony van Dyck, circa 1635
Thomas Killigrew
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Thomas Killigrew and (possibly) Lord William Crofts by
Anthony van Dyck
66.
1693
–
As of the start of 1693, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 11 –1693 Sicily earthquake, Mount Etna erupts, causing an earthquake that affects parts of Sicily. February 8 – The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, is granted a Royal charter from King William III, may 18 – Forces of Louis XIV of France attack Heidelberg, capital of the Electoral Palatinate. May 22 – Heidelberg is taken by invading French forces, june 27 – Nine Years War, The French fleet defeats the joint Dutch and English fleet at the Battle of Lagos off Portugal. July 29 – Nine Years War, The Dutch–English army led personally by King William III of England is defeated by the French at the Battle of Landen near Neerwinden in Flemish Brabant, october 11 – Charleroi falls to French forces. October – William Congreves comedy stageplay The Double-Dealer is first performed at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, china concentrates all its foreign trade on Canton, European ships are taken apart and burned to help keep the lions warm. A religious schism takes place in Switzerland within a group of Swiss and those who follow Ammann become the Mennonite Amish sect. The Knights of the Apocalypse are formed in Italy, the Academia Operosorum Labacensium is established in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Financier Richard Hoare relocates Hoares Bank from Cheapside to Fleet Street in London, john Locke publishes his influential book Some Thoughts Concerning Education. William Penn publishes his proposal for European federation, Essay on the Present and Future Peace of Europe
1693
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January 11:
Etna erupts.
1693
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February 8:
College of William & Mary founded.
1693
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Mehmed IV
67.
Anna of Russia
–
Anna Ioannovna, also spelled Anna Ivanovna and sometimes anglicized as Anne, was regent of the duchy of Courland from 1711 until 1730 and then ruled as Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740. Anna was born in Moscow as the daughter of Tsar Ivan V by his wife Praskovia Saltykova, although Annas father was himself Tsar of Russia and co-ruler with his half-brother Peter I, he was mentally disabled and incapable of administering the country. Therefore, his younger half-brother and co-ruler was effectively the autocrat of all the Russias, Ivan V died in February 1696, when Anna was only three years old, and her uncle became the sole ruler of Russia. Although Anna was the child of her parents, she had only one surviving elder sister, Catherine. The three girls were raised in a disciplined and austere manner by their mother, a very stern lady of sterling character. Anna grew up within a milieu which cherished womanly virtue and domesticity above all else and her education consisted of French, German, religious texts and folklore, leavened with some music and dancing. As she grew older, she developed into a girl, with a mean streak. Anna was famed for her big cheek, which, as shown in her portraits, in time, her uncle Peter the Great ordered the family to move from Moscow to St. Petersburg. This meant a change of not just location but also society, and she greatly enjoyed the splendor of court and the lavishness of high society, which was very different from the austerity preferred by her mother. In 1710, Peter the Great arranged for the 17-year-old Anna to marry Frederick William, Duke of Courland and her wedding was held on a grand scale, as per her own inclinations, and her uncle gave her a fabulous dowry of 200,000 roubles. At the feast which followed the wedding, two performed a parody by jumping out of enormous pies and dancing on the tables. The newly wedded couple spent several weeks in Russia before proceeding to Courland, only twenty miles out of St. Petersburg, on the road to Courland, Duke Frederick died. The cause of death was uncertain - it has been attributed variously to a chill or to the effects of alcohol, after her husband died, Anna proceeded to Jelgava, the capital of Courland and ruled that province for almost twenty years, from 1711 to 1730. During this period, the Russian resident, Peter Bestuzhev, was her adviser and she never remarried after the death of her husband, but her enemies said she conducted a love affair with Ernst Johann von Biron, a prominent courtier, for many years. In 1730, Tsar Peter II died childless at a young age and his death rendered the main line of the Romanov dynasty extinct, which had ruled Russia for over a century, since 1613. Possible candidates for the throne were the three surviving daughters of Ivan V, namely Catherine, Anna and Praskovya, and the two surviving daughters of Peter the Great, namely Anna and Elizabeth. Ivan V had been the brother of Peter the Great and co-ruler with him. Finally, the Russian Supreme Privy Council led by Prince Dmitri Golitzyn selected Anna and she was selected in preference to her elder sister Catherine even though Catherine was at that time resident in Russia whereas Anna was not
Anna of Russia
–
Portrait by
Louis Caravaque
Anna of Russia
Anna of Russia
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Empress Anna abrogates the "
Conditions "
Anna of Russia
–
Anna of Russia
68.
1726
–
As of the start of 1726, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 21 – The Conventicle Act is adopted in Sweden, february 8 – Supreme Privy Council is established in Russia April 15 – Isaac Newton tells William Stukeley the story of how he developed his theory of gravity. May 1 – Voltaire begins exile in England, july 11 – André-Hercule Cardinal de Fleury, recalled from exile by King Louis XV of France, banishes Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, and Madame de Prie from court. August 7 – Pirate Nicholas Brown captured near Xtabi, Jamaica October 26 – Jonathan Swifts satirical novel Gullivers Travels is first published in London, november – Mary Toft allegedly gives birth to 16 rabbits in England, the story is later revealed to be a hoax. December 24 – The city of Montevideo is founded by the Spaniards, the Supreme Privy Council is established in Imperial Russia. The Gujin Tushu Jicheng, an immense Chinese encyclopedia, is printed using copper-based movable type printing, muhammad bin Saud becomes head of the House of Saud. The remaining ruins of Liverpool Castle in England are finally demolished
1726
–
Gullivers Travels by
Jonathan Swift
69.
1804
–
As of the start of 1804, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – Haiti gains independence from France and becomes the first black republic, february 14 – The First Serbian Uprising begins as an intro into Serbian Revolution. By 1817, Principality of Serbia proclaims self-rule from Ottoman Empire, february 15 – New Jersey becomes the last northern state to abolish slavery. February 16 – First Barbary War, Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the pirate-held frigate USS Philadelphia at Tripoli to deny her further use by the captors, february 18 – Ohio University is chartered by the Ohio General Assembly. February – The 1804 Haiti Massacre, a cleansing, eradicates the white population on Haiti. March 7 John Wedgwood founds the Royal Horticultural Society, Thomas Charles is instrumental in founding the British and Foreign Bible Society. March 10 – Louisiana Purchase, In St. Louis, a ceremony is conducted to transfer ownership of Louisiana Territory from France to the United States. March 17 – First performance of Friedrich Schillers play Wilhelm Tell, march 21 – The Napoleonic Code is adopted as French civil law. April 2 – Forty merchantmen are wrecked when a convoy led by the HMS Apollo runs aground off Portugal, April 26 – Henry Addington resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. May 10 – William Pitt the Younger begins his term as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. May 14 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition departs from Camp Dubois, may 18 – Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of the French by the French Senate. May 21 – Père Lachaise Cemetery a 118 acres cemetery in Paris, june 9 – Beethovens Symphony No.3 in E–flat premiered in Vienna. June 15 – The Twelfth Amendment to the U. S, constitution is ratified by New Hampshire, and arguably becomes effective. July 11 – Alexander Hamilton is shot during a duel with Aaron Burr, july 27 – The Twelfth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution ratified by Tennessee, removing doubt surrounding adoption, september 1 – German astronomer K. L. Harding discovers the asteroid Juno. November 3 – The Treaty of St. November 20 – Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat, december 2 – Coronation of Napoleon I, At the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris, Napoleon crowns himself as the first Emperor of the French in a thousand years. Witnessing this, Simón Bolívar dedicates himself to liberating Venezuela from Spanish rule, december 3 – Thomas Jefferson defeats Charles C. Pinckney in the United States presidential election, december 12 – Spain declares war on the United Kingdom
1804
–
*
February 16 – The
USS Philadelphia burns.
1804
–
July 11:
Burr shot
Alexander Hamilton.
1804
–
The Coronation of Napoleon by
Jacques-Louis David, 1805–1807
1804
–
Ludwig Feuerbach
70.
James Murray (lexicographer)
–
Sir James Augustus Henry Murray was a Scottish lexicographer and philologist. He was the editor of the Oxford English Dictionary from 1879 until his death. Sir James Murray was born in the village of Denholm near Hawick in the Scottish Borders, a precocious child with a voracious appetite for learning, he left school at the age of fourteen because his parents were not able to afford to send him to local fee-paying schools. At the age of seventeen he became a teacher at Hawick Grammar School, in 1856 he was one of the founders of the Hawick Archaeological Society. In 1861, Murray met a teacher, Maggie Scott. Two years later, they had a daughter Anna, who shortly died of tuberculosis. Maggie, too, fell ill with tuberculosis, and on the advice of doctors, once there, Murray took an administrative job with the Chartered Bank of India, while continuing in his spare time to pursue his many and varied academic interests. Maggie died within a year of arrival in London, a year later Murray was engaged to Ada Agnes Ruthven, and the following year married her. By this time Murray was primarily interested in languages and etymology, in addition, he was ‘tolerably familiar’ with Dutch, German and Danish. His studies of Anglo-Saxon and Mœso-Gothic had been ‘much closer’, he knew ‘a little of the Celtic’ and was at the time ‘engaged with the Slavonic, having obtained a useful knowledge of the Russian’. He had ‘sufficient knowledge of Hebrew and Syriac to read at sight the Old Testament and Peshito’ and to a degree he knew Aramaic, Arabic, Coptic. However, he did not get the job, by 1869, Murray was on the Council of the Philological Society, and by 1873 had given up his job at the bank and returned to teaching at Mill Hill School in London. He then published The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland, Murray had eleven children with Ada, the eldest, Harold James Ruthven Murray became a prominent chess historian, and one son Wilfrid George Ruthven Murray wrote an account of his father. All the eleven children survived till maturity and helped him in the compilation of the OED and it would be a massive project, which required somebody with Murray’s knowledge and single-minded determination. On 1 March 1879, a agreement was put in place to the effect that Murray was to edit a new English Dictionary. It was expected to take ten years to complete and be some 7,000 pages long, in four volumes. In fact, when the results were published in 1928, it ran to twelve volumes. As work continued on the part of the dictionary, Murray gave up his job as a teacher
James Murray (lexicographer)
–
Murray in the Scriptorium at Banbury Road, before 1910
James Murray (lexicographer)
–
The
pillar box at 78
Banbury Road, Oxford, home of James Murray: the
blue plaque was installed in 2002
71.
1867
–
As of the start of 1867, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The Covington–Cincinnati Suspension Bridge opens between Cincinnati, Ohio and Covington, Kentucky in the United States, becoming the longest single-span bridge in the world and it will be renamed after its designer, John A. Roebling, in 1983. January 8 – African-American men are granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia, january 11 – Benito Juárez becomes Mexican president again. January 30 – Emperor Kōmei of Japan dies suddenly, age 36, january 31 – Maronite nationalist leader Youssef Bey Karam leaves Lebanon aboard a French ship for Algeria. February 3 – Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu abdicates, and the late Emperor Kōmeis son, Prince Mutsuhito becomes Emperor Meiji of Japan in a ceremony in Kyoto. February 7 – West Virginia University is established in Morgantown, West Virginia, February 13 – Covering of the Senne in Brussels begins. February 15 – First performance of Johann Strauss IIs waltz The Blue Danube at a concert of the Vienna Mens Choral Association, Strauss adapts it into its popular purely orchestral version for the International Exposition in Paris later this year. February 17 – The first ship passes through the Suez Canal, February 19 – Battle of Inlon River in Hubei, China. February 22 – Indiana Daily Student established February 28 – After almost 20 years, funding resumes along with relations in 1984. March – The University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign is established, March 1 – Nebraska is admitted as the 37th U. S. state. March 5 – Fenian Rising in Ireland, March 16 – An article by Joseph Lister, outlining the discovery of antiseptic surgery, is first published in The Lancet. March 23 – William III of the Netherlands accepts an offer of 5,000,000 guilders from Napoleon III for the sale of Luxembourg, March 29 – The British North America Act receives royal assent, forming the Dominion of Canada in an event known as the Confederation. This unites the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia on July 1, ottawa becomes the capital, and John A. Macdonald becomes the Dominions first prime minister. March 30 – Alaska is purchased for $7.2 million from Alexander II of Russia, about 2 cent/acre, the news media call this Sewards Folly. April 1 – The Strait Settlement of Singapore, formerly ruled from Calcutta, sorosis, the first womens fraternity founded upon the mens fraternity model, with Pi Beta Phi as its motto, is founded at Monmouth College in Monmouth, Illinois. In 1888, the motto becomes the name of the organization, may 1 – First political May Day march in Chicago May 7 – Alfred Nobel patents dynamite in the United Kingdom. May 11 Treaty of London, the powers of Europe reaffirm the neutrality of Luxembourg. The Duchy of Limburg is formally re-incorporated into the Kingdom of the Netherlands, First public performance of Cox and Box by Francis Burnand and Arthur Sullivan, at the Adelphi Theatre, London
1867
–
January 1:
Roebling 's is the longest
suspension bridge.
1867
–
February 17:
Suez Canal in use.
1867
–
March 30: Alaska bought by check.
1867
–
Carl Laemmle
72.
1870
–
As of the start of 1870, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 The first edition of The Northern Echo newspaper is published in Priestgate, Darlington, plans for the Brooklyn Bridge are completed. January 3 – Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins, january 6 – The Musikverein, Vienna, is inaugurated in Austria-Hungary. January 10 – John D. Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil, january 15 – A political cartoon for the first time symbolizes the United States Democratic Party with a donkey. January 20 – SS City of Boston vanishes at sea with all 177 aboard, january 23 – U. S soldiers attack a peaceful camp of Piegan Blackfeet Indians led by chief Heavy Runner in the Marias Massacre. January 26 – Reconstruction Era, Virginia rejoins the Union, february – Denis Vrain-Lucas is sentenced to 2 years in prison for multiple forgery in Paris. February 1 – Goodna State School in Goodna, Queensland, Australia is founded, february 2 – It is revealed that the famed Cardiff Giant in the U. S. is just carved gypsum and not the petrified remains of a human. February 3 – The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, february 9 – The U. S. Army Weather Bureau is created. February 10 Anaheim, California is incorporated, the YWCA is founded in New York City. February 12 – Women gain the right to vote in Utah Territory, february 23 – Military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union. February 25 – Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, february 26 – In New York City, the first pneumatic subway is opened, Beach Pneumatic Transit. February 26 – The German Commerzbank is founded in Hamburg, february 27 – The circle of the sun flag of Japan is adopted as the national flag for Japanese merchant ships by proclamation of the Daijō-kan. February 28 – The Bulgarian Exarchate is established by decree of Sultan Abdülaziz of the Ottoman Empire, march – The Mitsubishi company is established in Japan as a shipping firm by Iwasaki Yatarō with Thomas Blake Glover. March 1 – Marshal Francisco Solano Lópezs last troops are cornered by those of the Triple Alliance at the Battle of Cerro Corá in Paraguay, lópez refuses to surrender and is killed, ending the Paraguayan War. March 4 – Thomas Scott is executed by Louis Riels provisional government during the Red River Rebellion in modern-day Manitoba, march 5 – First ever international Association football match, England v Scotland, takes place under the auspices of the Football Association at The Oval, London. March 10 – The Deutsche Bank is founded in Berlin, march 19 – The Ohio Legislature passes the Cannon Act, thereby establishing the Ohio Agriculture and Mechanical College, later Ohio State University. March 24 – Syracuse University is established and officially opens, march 30 The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving blacks the right to vote, is ratified. Texas is readmitted to the Union following Reconstruction, march 31 – Thomas Mundy Peterson is the first African-American to vote in an election
1870
–
Maria Montessori
1870
–
Georges Claude
1870
–
Charles Dickens
1870
–
Alexandre Dumas, père
73.
Alfred Adler
–
Alfred W. Adler was an Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist, and founder of the school of individual psychology. His emphasis on the importance of feelings of inferiority—the inferiority complex—is recognized as an element which plays a key role in personality development. Alfred Adler considered human beings as a whole, therefore he called his psychology Individual Psychology. Adler was the first to emphasize the importance of the element in the re-adjustment process of the individual. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Adler as the 67th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Alfred Adler was born at Mariahilfer Straße 208 in Rudolfsheim, then a village on the fringes of Vienna, and today part of Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus. He was third of the seven children of a Hungarian-born, Jewish grain merchant, others contend that he was the second of the children. Alfreds younger brother died in the bed next to him, when Alfred was only three years old, Alfred was an active, popular child and an average student who was also known for his competitive attitude toward his older brother, Sigmund. Early on, he developed rickets, which kept him from walking until he was four years old, at the age of four, he developed pneumonia and heard a doctor say to his father, Your boy is lost. At that point, he decided to be a physician and he was very interested in the subjects of psychology, sociology and philosophy. After studying at University of Vienna, he specialized as an eye doctor and his clients included circus people, and it has been suggested that the unusual strengths and weaknesses of the performers led to his insights into organ inferiorities and compensation. In 1902 Adler received an invitation from Sigmund Freud to join an informal group that included Rudolf Reitler. The group, the Wednesday Society, met regularly on Wednesday evenings at Freuds home and was the beginning of the psychoanalytic movement, a long-serving member of the group, Adler became president of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society eight years later. He remained a member of the Society until 1911, when he and a group of his supporters formally disengaged from Freuds circle and this departure suited both Freud and Adler, since they had grown to dislike each other. During his association with Freud, Adler frequently maintained his own ideas which diverged from Freuds. While Adler is often referred to as a pupil of Freuds, in fact this was never true, they were colleagues, in 1929 Adler showed a reporter with the New York Herald a copy of the faded postcard that Freud had sent him in 1902. He wanted to prove that he had never been a disciple of Freuds, Adler founded the Society for Individual Psychology in 1912 after his break from the psychoanalytic movement. Adlers group initially included some orthodox Nietzschean adherents and their enmity aside, Adler retained a lifelong admiration for Freuds ideas on dreams and credited him with creating a scientific approach to their clinical utilization
Alfred Adler
–
Alfred Adler
74.
1871
–
As of the start of 1871, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 18 – The member states of the North German Confederation, the King of Prussia is declared the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. January 21 – Giuseppe Garibaldis group of French and Italian volunteer troops in support of the French Third Republic win a battle against the Prussians in Dijon, february 9 – United States Commission on Fish and Fisheries is founded. March 7 – José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco, becomes Prime Minister of the Empire of Brazil, march 21 – John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne marries Princess Louise. March 21 – Otto von Bismarck becomes first Chancellor of the German Empire, march 22 In North Carolina, William Holden becomes the first governor of a U. S. state to be removed from office by impeachment. The United States Army issues an order for the abandonment of Fort Kearny, march 26 – The Paris Commune is formally established in Paris. March 27 – The first rugby union International results in a 4–1 win by Scotland over England, march 29 First Surgeon General of the United States appointed. The Royal Albert Hall in London is opened by Queen Victoria, april – The Stockholms Handelsbank is founded. April 4 – New Jersey Detective Agency chartered, april 20 – U. S. President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Civil Rights Act. April 24 – Murder of servant girl Jane Clouson in Eltham, may 4 – The first supposedly Major League Baseball game is played. May 8 – The first Major League Baseball home run is hit by Ezra Sutton of the Cleveland Forest Citys, may 10 – Treaty of Frankfurt is signed confirming the frontiers between Germany and France. May 11 – The first trial in the Tichborne case begins in the London Court of Common Pleas, may 21 – Opening of the first rack railway in Europe, the Vitznau–Rigi Railway on Mount Rigi in Switzerland. May 30 – French Third Republic, Government suppression of the Paris Commune rebellion is completed, june 1 – Bombardment of the Selee River Forts, Koreans attack two United States Navy warships. June 10 – United States expedition to Korea, Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 members of the United States Marine Corps in a naval attack on the Han River forts on Ganghwa Island in Korea. June 18 – The University Tests Act removes restrictions limiting access to Oxford, Cambridge, july 20 British Columbia joins the confederation of Canada. C. W. Alcock proposes that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association, july 21 – August 26 – First ever photographs of Yellowstone National Park region taken by the photographer William Henry Jackson during the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871. July 22 – The foundation stone of the first Tay Rail Bridge is laid, july 28 – The Annie, the first boat ever launched on Yellowstone Lake in Yellowstone National Park region. August 29 – The abolition of the han system is carried out in Japan, August 31 – Adolphe Thiers becomes the President of the French Republic
1871
–
Friedrich Ebert
1871
–
Heinrich Mann
1871
–
Christian Morgenstern
1871
–
Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach
75.
Wilhelm Stenhammar
–
Carl Wilhelm Eugen Stenhammar was a Swedish composer, conductor and pianist. Stenhammar was born in Stockholm, where he received his first musical education and he then went to Berlin to further his studies in music. He became an admirer of German music, particularly that of Richard Wagner. Stenhammar himself described the style of his First Symphony in F major as idyllic Bruckner and he subsequently sought to emancipate himself and write in a more Nordic style, looking to Carl Nielsen and Jean Sibelius for guidance. 2, especially, had an effect on him, leading him to change his style and refuse to refer to his First Symphony as anything. From 1906 to 1922 he was Artistic Director and chief conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony, in this capacity, he organised many performances of music by contemporary Scandinavian composers. In 1909, he held the position of director of music at Uppsala University. Wilhelm Stenhammar died of a stroke at 56 years of age in Jonsered in the province of Västergötland. 3, written around 1891, Ithaka, Op.21, from 1904, writing in The Chamber Music Journal, R. H. R. Silvertrust notes that Stenhammars six string quartets are the most important written between those of Johannes Brahms and Béla Bartók, whether or not this is so, there is no denying that Stenhammars quartets represent a very important development during the twenty-five years he was writing chamber music. Tonally, they range from the middle late Romantics to a style akin to mature Sibelius, though not unknown by the Swedish chamber music public, his string quartets have been neglected elsewhere. In 2008 Musikaliska konstföreningen published the world edition of his Allegro Brillante for piano quartet composed in 1891. Stenhammar was considered the finest Swedish pianist of his time, pianists who venture into the realm of the string quartet often wind up writing compositions which sound as though they were composed at, and are perhaps better played on, the piano. In fact, he toured throughout Europe with them for many years, thus it is no accident that his quartets show a fine grasp of instrumental timbre and technique. The part writing is sure, always idiomatic and evenly distributed, Stenhammar recorded five piano rolls for Welte-Mignon on 21 September 1905. Orchestral works Piano Concerto No.1 in B-flat minor, Op.1 Excelsior, some information in the above article appears on the website of Edition Silvertrust. Permission to use, copy, alter and distribute has been given to Wikipedia under the GNU License, works by or about Wilhelm Stenhammar at Internet Archive Wilhelm Stenhammar Complete String Quartets, Violin Sonata Op. Listen to a free MP3 recording of Vårnatt with Hemavans Sommarkör 2006, free scores by Stenhammar at the International Music Score Library Project
Wilhelm Stenhammar
–
Wilhelm Stenhammar circa 1916.
76.
1873
–
As of the start of 1873, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 Japan adopts the Gregorian calendar, the California Penal Code goes into effect. January 17 – American Indian Wars, The First Battle of the Stronghold is fought during the Modoca War, February 11 – The Spanish Cortes deposes King Amadeus I and proclaims the First Spanish Republic. February 12 Emilio Castelar, the foreign minister, becomes prime minister of the new Spanish Republic. February 20 The University of California opens its first medical school in San Francisco, British Naval Officer John Morseby discovers the site of Port Moresby and claims the land for Britain. March 3 – Censorship, The United States Congress enacts the Comstock Law, making it illegal to send any obscene, lewd, march 4 – Ulysses S. Grant is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States. March 15 – The Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity is founded at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, march 19 – German Modernist composer Max Reger is born in Brand, Bavaria. March 22 – Emancipation Day for Puerto Rico, Slaves are freed, march 29 – The Rio Tinto Company is formed in Spain, following the February 17 purchase of the Rio Tinto mine from the Spanish government by a British investment group. April 1 – The British steamer RMS Atlantic sinks off Nova Scotia, april 4 – The Kennel Club, the worlds first kennel club, is founded in the United Kingdom. April 15–17 – American Indian Wars, The Second Battle of the Stronghold is fought, april 19 –11 perish in a train derailment due to a bridge washout in the village of Richmond Switch in Richmond, Rhode Island. May – Henry Rose exhibits barbed wire at an Illinois county fair, which is taken up by Joseph Glidden and Jacob Haish, may 5 – Battle of Eraul, Carlists under General Dorregaray defeat Republicans at Eraul, near Estella during the Third Carlist War. May 9 Der Gründerkrach, The Wiener Börse crash in Austria-Hungary ends the Gründerzeit and heralds the global Panic of 1873, the Battle of Montejurra at Navarra, Spain, is fought during the Third Carlist War. May 20 Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis receive United States patent#139121 for using copper rivets to strengthen the pockets of denim work pants, Levi Strauss & Co. begin manufacturing the famous Levis brand of jeans, using fabric from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester, New Hampshire. In Chipping Norton, England, rioters attempt to free the Ascott Martyrs –sixteen women sentenced to imprisonment for attempting to dissuade strikebreakers, may 23 The Canadian Parliament establishes the North-West Mounted Police. The Preakness Stakes horse race is run for the first time in Baltimore, may 27 Classical archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann discovers Priams Treasure. Laan brings order to the created by the dockworker riots of Tripoli. The city of Khiva falls to Imperial Russian forces, under the command of General Konstantin von Kaufman, june 4 – American Indian Wars, The Modoc War ends with the capture of Kintpuash. June 9 – Alexandra Palace in London is destroyed by only a fortnight after its opening
1873
–
Melitta Bentz
1873
–
Otto Loewi
1873
–
Alexis Carrel
1873
–
Napoleon III
77.
1877
–
As of the start of 1877, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India by the Royal Titles Act 1876, introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, january 8 – American Indian Wars – Battle of Wolf Mountain, Crazy Horse and his warriors fight their last battle with the United States Cavalry in Montana. January 20 – The Conference of Constantinople ends with Ottoman Turkey rejecting proposals of internal reform, january 29 – The Satsuma Rebellion, a revolt of disaffected samurai in Japan against the new imperial government. The Rebellion lasts until September of that year when it is crushed by a professionally led army of draftees, march – The Nineteenth Century magazine is founded in London. March 4 Emile Berliner invents the microphone, pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys ballet Swan Lake debuts. March 15 –1877 Australia v. England series, The first Test cricket match is held between England and Australia, march 24 – For the only time in history, The Boat Race between the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford is declared a dead heat. April 10 – The first human cannonball act in the British Isles, April 12 – The United Kingdom annexes the South African Republic, violating the Sand River Convention of 1852, causing a new Xhosa War. April 24 – Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire, may 5 – American Indian Wars, Sitting Bull leads his band of Lakota into Canada to avoid harassment by the United States Army under Colonel Nelson Miles. May 6 – Realizing that his people are weakened by cold and hunger, may 8–11 – At Gilmores Gardens in New York City, the first Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is held. May 9 – Iquique earthquake and tsunami, An earthquake of at least magnitude 8.5 Ms occurs on the west coast of South America, may 16 – The 16 May 1877 crisis occurs in France. May 21 – By a speech in the Parliament of Romania by Mihail Kogălniceanu, june 15 – Henry Ossian Flipper becomes the first African American cadet to graduate from the United States Military Academy. June 17 – American Indian Wars – Battle of White Bird Canyon, june 20 – Alexander Graham Bell installs the worlds first commercial telephone service in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. June 21 – The Molly Maguires are hanged at Carbon County Prison in Mauch Chunk, june 26 – The eruption of the volcano Cotopaxi in Ecuador causes severe mudflows that wipe out surrounding cities and valleys, killing 1,000. June 30 – The British Mediterranean fleet is sent to Besika Bay, july – Conclusion of serial publication of Leo Tolstoys Anna Karenina in The Russian Messenger. July 9 – The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club begins its first lawn tennis tournament at Wimbledon, Louis, briefly establishing a Communist government before U. S. President Rutherford B. Hayes calls in the armed forces. July 19 – Russo-Turkish War, The first battle in the Siege of Plevna is fought, july 30 – The second battle in the Siege of Plevna is fought. July 30 – Russo-Turkish War, The Turkish army and its allies destroy the Bulgarian city of Stara Zagora, the army loses 29 soldiers and the Indians lose 89 warriors in an Army victory. August 12 – American astronomer Asaph Hall discovers Deimos, the moon of Mars
1877
–
Hermann Hesse
1877
–
Frederick Soddy
1877
–
Cornelius Vanderbilt
78.
1878
–
As of the start of 1878, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 5 – Battle of Shipka Pass IV, Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire, January 9 – Umberto I becomes King of Italy. January 17 – Battle of Philippopolis, Russian troops defeat the Turks, January 23 – Benjamin Disraeli orders the British fleet to the Dardanelles. January 24 – The revolutionary Vera Zasulich shoots at Fyodor Trepov, January 28 – The Yale News becomes the first daily college newspaper in the United States. January 31 – Turkey agrees to an armistice at Adrianople, february 2 – Greece declares war on Turkey. February 7 – Pope Pius IX dies after a 31½ year reign, february 8 – The British fleet enters Turkish waters and anchors off Istanbul, Russia threatens to occupy Istanbul but does not carry out the threat. February 18 – The Lincoln County War begins in Lincoln County, february 19 – The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison. February 20 – Pope Leo XIII succeeds Pope Pius IX as the 256th pope, february 23 - Sadguru Shri Gajanan Maharaj appeared at Shegaon, Dist, Buldhana, Maharashtra. February 24 – Anti-Russian demonstrations occur in Hyde Park, London, february 28 – Mississippi State University is created by the Mississippi Legislature. March 25 – Russia rejects a British proposal to lay the San Stefano treaty before a European congress, march 27 – In anticipation of war with Russia, Disraeli mobilizes the reserves and calls up Indian troops to Malta. April 20 – The Stawell Gift is run for the first time in Australia, may 2 – The Washburn A Mill in Minneapolis explodes, killing 18. May 15 – The Tokyo Stock Exchange is established, may 25 – Gilbert and Sullivans comic opera H. M. S. Pinafore debuts in London at the Opera Comique with a first run of 571 performances, june 1 – General Postal Union renamed Universal Postal Union. June 4 – Cyprus Convention, The Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom, june 13–July 13 – The Congress of Berlin convenes to discuss the Ottoman Empire. Coastal Survey renamed U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, july 4 – A match race between champion thoroughbred racehorses Ten Broeck and Mollie McCarty draws more than 30,000 fans to Louisville and inspires the folk song, Molly and Tenbrooks. July 26 – In California, the poet and American West outlaw calling himself Black Bart makes his last clean getaway when he steals a box from a Wells Fargo stagecoach. The empty box is later with a taunting poem inside. August 7 – The Salvation Army foundation deed is signed, august 9 – The Wallingford Tornado of 1878, the deadliest tornado in Connecticut history, destroys the town of Wallingford, killing 34 people and injuring 70 or more
1878
–
January–September –
Cleopatra's Needle erected in London.
1878
–
October 31 –
Eldkvarn burns in
Stockholm.
1878
–
Gustav Stresemann
1878
–
Alfred Döblin
79.
Ossip Gabrilowitsch
–
Ossip Gabrilowitsch was a Russian-born American pianist, conductor and composer. Ossip Gabrilowitsch was born in Saint Petersburg on February 7,1878 to Salomon Gabrilowitsch and he studied the piano and composition at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, with Anton Rubinstein, Anatoly Lyadov, Alexander Glazunov and Nikolai Medtner among others. After graduating in 1894, he spent two years studying piano with Theodor Leschetizky in Vienna, in July 1905 he recorded ten pieces for the Welte-Mignon reproducing piano, one of the first pianists to do so. Between 1915 and 1927, he recorded at least fifteen more reproducing rolls for Duo-Art. On 6 October 1909, he married Mark Twains daughter Clara Clemens, on 18 August 1910, their only child, Nina, was born at Mark Twains home in Stormfield, Connecticut. Nina, the last known descendant of Mark Twain, died on 16 January 1966 in a Los Angeles hotel. She had been a drinker, and bottles of pills. Her death was ruled a suicide, from 1910 to 1914, he was conductor of the Munich Konzertverein. At the outbreak of World War I, he was arrested as an enemy national, through the intervention of the nuncio to Bavaria, Archbishop Eugenio Pacelli, Gabrilowitsch was freed from jail, and then he headed to the United States via Zürich in August 1914. He settled in the US, and was offered the post of conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, in declining, he recommended that the Boston board appoint the recently arrived Sergei Rachmaninoff. In 1918 he was appointed the director of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. Before accepting the position, he demanded a new auditorium be built. Gabrilowitsch composed a few works, primarily short pieces for his own use. He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, a professional music fraternity. He died from cancer on September 14,1936 in Detroit. He is buried in the Langdon plot of the Woodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, English version by Clara Clemens Clara Clemens, My husband Gabrilowitsch. Reprint of the ed. published by Harper, New York, New York, NY, Da Capo Press,1979. ISBN 0-306-79563-9 Cooke, James Francis, Great Pianists on Piano Playing, Godowsky, Hofmann, Lhévinne, in James Francis Cook, Great pianists on piano playing, study talks with foremost virtuosos
Ossip Gabrilowitsch
–
Ossip Gabrilowitsch in 1917
Ossip Gabrilowitsch
–
Ossip Gabrilowitsch with his wife
Clara Clemens
80.
1885
–
As of the start of 1885, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 3–4 – Sino-French War – Battle of Núi Bop, French troops under General Oscar de Négrier defeat a numerically superior Qing Chinese force in northern Vietnam, january 4 – The first successful appendectomy is performed by Dr. William W. Grant on Mary Gartside. January 17 – Mahdist War in Sudan, British victory at the Battle of Abu Klea, january 20 – LaMarcus Adna Thompson patents a roller coaster. January 24 – Irish terrorists damage Westminster Hall and the Tower of London with dynamite, january 26 – Mahdist War in Sudan, Troops loyal to the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad conquer Khartoum. The British commander Charles George Gordon is killed, February 5 – King Léopold II of Belgium establishes the Congo Free State as a personal possession. February 7 – The play La vida alegre y muerte triste by dramatist José Echegaray opens, February 9 – The first Japanese arrive in Hawaii. February 16 – Charles Dow publishes the first edition of the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the index stood at a level of 62.76, and represented the dollar average of 14 stocks,12 railroads and two leading American industries. February 21 – United States President Chester A. Arthur dedicates the Washington Monument, February 23 Sino-French War, France gains an important victory over China in the Battle of Đồng Đăng in the Tonkin region of modern-day Vietnam. An English executioner fails after several attempts to hang John Babbacombe Lee, sentenced for the murder of his employer Emma Keyse, February 26 – The final act of the Berlin Conference regulates European colonization and trade in the scramble for Africa. February 28 – February concludes without having a full moon, march 3 – A subsidiary of the American Bell Telephone Company, American Telephone and Telegraph, is incorporated in New York. March 4 – Grover Cleveland is sworn in as President of the United States, march 7 – The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madrid is founded. March 14 – Gilbert and Sullivans comic opera The Mikado opens at the Savoy Theatre in London, march 26 The Prussian government, motivated by Otto von Bismarck, expels all ethnic Poles and Jews without German citizenship from Prussia in the Prussian deportations. North-West Rebellion in Canada by the Métis people, led by Louis Riel, first legal cremation in England, Mrs Jeannette C. Pickersgill of London, well known in literary and scientific circles, is cremated by the Cremation Society at Woking, march 30 – The Battle for Kushka triggers the Panjdeh Incident, which nearly gives rise to war between the British Empire and Russian Empire. March 31 – The United Kingdom establishes the Bechuanaland Protectorate, april 2 – Frog Lake Massacre, Cree warriors led by Wandering Spirit kill 9 settlers at Frog Lake in the Northwest Territories. April 3 – Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent for his single-cylinder water-cooled engine design, april 11 – Luton Town Football Club are created by the merger of Wanderers F. C. and Luton Excelsior F. C. in England. April 14 – Final engagement of Sino-French War, with a French victory at Kép, China withdraws its forces from Tonkin. April 30 – A bill is signed in the New York State legislature forming the Niagara Falls State Park, may 2 Good Housekeeping magazine goes on sale for the first time in the United States
1885
–
Feb. 21:
Washington Monument dedicated.
1885
–
The
Benz Patent-Motorwagen, built in 1885
1885
–
Niels Bohr
1885
–
Heinrich Brüning
81.
Sinclair Lewis
–
Harry Sinclair Lewis was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American capitalism and materialism between the wars and he is also respected for his strong characterizations of modern working women. H. L. Mencken wrote of him, there was ever a novelist among us with a call to the trade. It is this red-haired tornado from the Minnesota wilds and he has been honored by the U. S. Postal Service with a postage stamp in the Great Americans series. Born February 7,1885, in the village of Sauk Centre, Minnesota, Sinclair Lewis began reading books at a young age and he had two siblings, Fred and Claude. His father, Edwin J. Lewis, was a physician, Lewiss mother, Emma Kermott Lewis, died in 1891. The following year, Edwin Lewis married Isabel Warner, whose company young Lewis apparently enjoyed, throughout his lonely boyhood, the ungainly Lewis—tall, extremely thin, stricken with acne and somewhat pop-eyed—had trouble gaining friends and pined after various local girls. At the age of 13 he unsuccessfully ran away from home, Lewis was also nonreligious and an atheist. In late 1902 Lewis left home for a year at Oberlin Academy to qualify for acceptance by Yale University, while at Oberlin, he developed a religious enthusiasm that waxed and waned for much of his remaining teenage years. Lewiss unprepossessing looks, fresh country manners and seemingly self-important loquacity made it difficult for him to win and keep friends at Oberlin and he did initiate a few relatively long-lived friendships among students and professors, some of whom recognized his promise as a writer. Lewiss earliest published creative work—romantic poetry and short sketches—appeared in the Yale Courant, after graduation Lewis moved from job to job and from place to place in an effort to make ends meet, write fiction for publication and to chase away boredom. While working for newspapers and publishing houses, he developed a facility for turning out shallow and he also earned money by selling plots to Jack London, including one for the latters unfinished novel The Assassination Bureau, Ltd. Lewiss first published book was Hike and the Aeroplane, a Tom Swift-style potboiler that appeared in 1912 under the pseudonym Tom Graham. Sinclair Lewiss first serious novel, Our Mr. Wrenn, The Romantic Adventures of a Gentle Man, appeared in 1914, followed by The Trail of the Hawk, A Comedy of the Seriousness of Life and The Job. That same year saw the publication of another potboiler, The Innocents, A Story for Lovers. Free Air, another refurbished serial story, was published in 1919, in 1914 Lewis married Grace Livingston Hegger, an editor at Vogue magazine. They had one son, Wells Lewis, named after British author H. G. Wells, Wells Lewis was killed in action while serving in the U. S. Army in World War II during the rescue of the Lost Battalion in the Forêt de Champ in France. On May 14,1928, he married Dorothy Thompson, a newspaper columnist
Sinclair Lewis
–
Sinclair Lewis
Sinclair Lewis
–
The writer's
boyhood home at 812 Sinclair Lewis Avenue,
Sauk Centre, Minnesota, is now a
museum
Sinclair Lewis
–
Sinclair Lewis in 1914
Sinclair Lewis
–
Sinclair Lewis's former residence in
Washington, D.C.
82.
Nobel Prize in Literature
–
Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, here work refers to an authors work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year, the academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. Although the Nobel Prize in Literature has become the worlds most prestigious literature prize, many authors who have won the prize have fallen into obscurity, while others rejected by the jury remain widely studied and read. The prize has become seen as a political one - a peace prize in literary disguise, whose judges are prejudiced against authors with different political tastes to them. Tim Parks has expressed skepticism that it is possible for Swedish professors, as of 2016,16 of the 113 recipients have been of Scandinavian origin. The Academy has often been alleged to be biased towards European, Nobels vague wording for the criteria for the prize has led to recurrent controversy. In the original Swedish, the word translates as either idealistic or ideal. The Nobel Committees interpretation has varied over the years, in recent years, this means a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets,31 million Swedish kronor, to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes. Due to the level of surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that the Storting approved it. The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, the members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed, the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, the Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundations newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II, according to Nobels will, the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature. Each year, the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature and it is not permitted to nominate oneself. Thousands of requests are sent out each year, and as of 2011 about 220 proposals are returned and these proposals must be received by the Academy by 1 February, after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee. By April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates, by May, a short list of five names is approved by the Committee. The subsequent four months are spent in reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates. In October, members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature
Nobel Prize in Literature
–
Announcement of the Nobel Prize laureate in literature
Nobel Prize in Literature
–
In 1901,
French poet and
essayist Sully Prudhomme (1839–1907) was the first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect."
Nobel Prize in Literature
–
French author
Albert Camus was the first African-born writer to receive the award.
83.
Eubie Blake
–
James Hubert Blake, known as Eubie Blake, was an American composer, lyricist, and pianist of ragtime, jazz, and popular music. In 1921, he and his long-time collaborator Noble Sissle wrote Shuffle Along, one of the first Broadway musicals to be written, Blakes compositions included such hits as Bandana Days, Charleston Rag, Love Will Find a Way, Memories of You and Im Just Wild About Harry. The musical Eubie. which opened on Broadway in 1978, featured his works, Blake was born at 319 Forrest Street in Baltimore, Maryland, to John Sumner Blake and Emily Emma Johnstone, both of whom had been slaves. He was the surviving child of eight, all the rest of whom died in infancy. In 1894, the moved to 414 North Eden Street. John Blake earned US$9.00 weekly working as a stevedore on the Baltimore docks, Blakes musical training began when he was four or five years old. While out shopping with his mother, he wandered into a store, climbed on the bench of an organ. When his mother found him, the manager said to her. It would be criminal to deprive him of the chance to use of such a sublime. The Blakes purchased an organ for US$75.00, making payments of 25 cents a week. When Blake was seven, he received lessons from a neighbor, Margaret Marshall. At age fifteen, without his parents knowledge, he began playing piano at Aggie Sheltons Baltimore bordello. Blake got his first big break in the business in 1907, when the world champion boxer Joe Gans hired him to play the piano at Ganss Goldfield Hotel. According to Blake, he worked the medicine show circuit and was employed by a Quaker doctor. He played a Melodeon strapped to the back of the medicine wagon, Blake stayed with the show only two weeks, however, because the doctors religion didnt allow the serving of Sunday dinner. Blake said he composed the melody of the Charleston Rag in 1899 and it was not committed to paper, however, until 1915, when he learned to write musical notation. In 1912, Blake began playing in vaudeville with James Reese Europes Society Orchestra, the band played ragtime music, which was still quite popular. Shortly after World War I, Blake joined forces with the performer Noble Sissle to form a musical act
Eubie Blake
–
Eubie Blake
Eubie Blake
–
Cover page for "
I'm Just Wild About Harry " from the musical
Shuffle Along by
Noble Sissle and Eubie Blake, 1921.
Eubie Blake
–
Headstone of Blake's grave in
Cypress Hills Cemetery, Brooklyn, (inscription has false birth date)
84.
1889
–
As of the start of 1889, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 A total eclipse of the Sun is seen over parts of California, wovoka experiences a vision leading to the start of the Ghost Dance movement in the Dakotas. January 4 – An Act to Regulate Appointments in the Marine Hospital Service of the United States is signed by President Grover Cleveland and it establishes a Commissioned Corps of officers as a predecessor to the modern-day U. S. January 5 – Preston North End F. C. is declared the winner of the inaugural Football League in England, january 8 – Herman Hollerith receives a patent for his electric tabulating machine in the United States. January 15 – The Coca-Cola Company is originally incorporated as the Pemberton Medicine Company in Atlanta, january 22 – Columbia Phonograph is formed in Washington, D. C. January 30 – Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, and his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera commit a suicide in the Mayerling hunting lodge. February 5 – The first issue of Glasgow University Magazine is published, February 15 – The first issue of La Solidaridad is published. February 11 – The Meiji Constitution of Japan is adopted, the 1st Diet of Japan convenes in 1890, February 22 – President Grover Cleveland signs a bill admitting North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington as U. S. states. March 4 – Benjamin Harrison is sworn in as President of the United States, March 9 – Yohannes IV, Emperor of Ethiopia, is killed in the Battle of Metemma, Sudanese forces, who had been almost defeated, rally and destroy the Ethiopian army. Yohannes is probably the worlds last ruler ever to die in battle, Menelik II proclaims himself as the successor on March 25. March 11 – The North Carolina Legislature issues a charter for the creation of Elon College, March 15 – Samoan crisis, German and American warships keep each other at bay in a standoff in Apia harbor, ending when a cyclone blows in and sinks them all. March 22 – English Association football team Sheffield United F. C. formed at the Adelphi Hotel, March 23 – Claiming to be the Promised Messiah and Mahdi, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founds the Ahmadiyya Muslim community in Punjab Province. March 31 – The Eiffel Tower is inaugurated, at 300 m, its height exceeds the previous tallest structure in the world by 130 m. Contemporary critics regard it as aesthetically displeasing, april 1 – Following a failed attempt at a coup, French defense minister Georges Boulanger is forced to flee the country. April 10 – The Hammarby Roddförening is founded in Sweden, april 16 – Charlie Chaplin is born in London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. April 20 – Adolf Hitler is born at Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary on the border with Bavaria, april 22 – At high noon in Oklahoma Territory, thousands rush to claim land in the Land Rush of 1889. Within hours the cities of Oklahoma City and Guthrie are formed, may 2 – Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia, signs a treaty of amity with Italy, giving Italy control over what will become Eritrea. May 6 – The Exposition Universelle opens in Paris with the Eiffel Tower as its entrance arch, the Galerie des machines, at 111 m, spans the longest interior space in the world at this time
1889
–
January 30:
Rudolf &
Maria at
Mayerling.
1889
–
April 22:
Land Run.
1889
–
Eiffel Tower.
1889
–
September 23:
Nintendo founded as a
playing card manufacturer
85.
Harry Nyquist
–
Harry Nyquist was a Swedish born American electronic engineer who made important contributions to communication theory. Nyquist was born in the Stora Kil parish of Nilsby, Värmland and he was the son of Lars Jonsson Nyqvist and Katrina Eriksdotter. His parents had seven children, Elin Teresia, Astrid, Selma, Harry Theodor, Aemelie, Olga Maria and he emigrated to the USA in 1907. He entered the University of North Dakota in 1912 and received B. S. and M. S. degrees in engineering in 1914 and 1915. He received a Ph. D. in physics at Yale University in 1917 and he worked at AT&Ts Department of Development and Research from 1917 to 1934, and continued when it became Bell Telephone Laboratories that year, until his retirement in 1954. Nyquist received the IRE Medal of Honor in 1960 for fundamental contributions to an understanding of thermal noise, data transmission. In 1969 he was awarded the National Academy of Engineerings fourth Founders Medal in recognition of his fundamental contributions to engineering. In 1975 Nyquist received together with Hendrik Bode the Rufus Oldenburger Medal from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Nyquist lived in Pharr, Texas after his retirement, and died in Harlingen, Texas on April 4,1976. As an engineer at Bell Laboratories, Nyquist did important work on noise, the stability of feedback amplifiers, telegraphy, facsimile, television. With Herbert E. Ives, he helped to develop AT&Ts first facsimile machines that were public in 1924. In 1932, he published a paper on stability of feedback amplifiers. The Nyquist stability criterion can now be found in all textbooks on control theory. This rule is essentially a dual of what is now known as the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
Harry Nyquist
–
Harry Nyquist (1889–1976)
86.
1895
–
As of the start of 1895, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 5 – Dreyfus affair, French officer Alfred Dreyfus is stripped of his army rank, january 17 – Félix Faure is elected President of French Republic after the resignation of Jean Casimir-Perier. January 21 – The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty is founded in England by Octavia Hill, Robert Hunter, february 9 – Mintonette, later known as volleyball, is created by William G. Morgan at Holyoke, Massachusetts. February 11 – The lowest ever UK temperature of −27.2 °C is recorded at Braemar in Aberdeenshire and this record is equalled in 1982 and again in 1995. February 14 – Oscar Wildes last play, the comedy The Importance of Being Earnest, is first shown at St Jamess Theatre in London, february 20 – Venezuelan crisis of 1895, U. S. The bill recommends Venezuela and Great Britain settle their dispute by arbitration, february 25 – The first rebellions take place marking the start of the Cuban War of Independence. March 1 – William Lyne Wilson is appointed United States Postmaster General, March 3 – In Munich, bicyclists have to pass a test and display license plates. March 4 – Japanese troops capture Liaoyang and land in Taiwan, March 18 – First worldwide gasoline bus started in Germany between Siegen and Netphen March 30 – Rudolf Diesel patents the Diesel engine in Germany. April 6 – Oscar Wilde is arrested in London for gross indecency after losing a libel case against the Marquess of Queensberry. April 7 – Nansens Fram expedition to the Arctic reaches 86°13. 6N, april 14 – A major earthquake severely damages Ljubljana, the capital of Carniola. April 16 – The town of Sturgeon Falls, Ontario, is incorporated, april 17 – The Treaty of Shimonoseki is signed between China and Japan. The huge indemnity exacted from China is used to establish the Yawata Iron, april 22 – Gongche Shangshu movement,603 candidates sign a 10, 000-word petition against the Treaty of Shimonoseki. April 27 – The historic Spiral Bridge was constructed to carry U. S.61 over the Mississippi River at Hastings, the picturesque Spiral Bridge was a one-of-a-kind and served the citizens of Hastings for 56 years until it was demolished in 1951 Hastings, Minnesota. May 1 – Dundela Football, Sports & Association Club formed in Belfast, may 2 – Gongche Shangshu movement, Thousands of Beijing scholars and citizens protest against the Treaty of Shimonoseki. May 24 – Anti-Japanese officials led by Tang Ching-sung in Taiwan declare independence from the Qing dynasty, may 25 – R. v. June 5 Liberal Revolution begins in Ecuador, being the civil war more intense in this country. June 11 Britain annexes Tongaland, between Zululand and Mozambique, paris–Bordeaux–Paris is sometimes called the first automobile race in history or the first motor race. June 20 The Kiel Canal, connecting the North Sea to the Baltic across the base of the Jutland peninsula in Germany, is officially opened, Treaty of Amapala establishes union of Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador begins. June 28 – The United States Court of Private Land Claims rules that James Reaviss claim to Barony of Arizona is wholly fictitious, night of July 10–July 11 – The Doukhobors pacifist protests culminate in the Burning of the ass in the South Caucasus
1895
–
January 5:
Dreyfus affair
1895
–
April 17:
Shimonoseki treaty:
Qing China renounces claim on Korea
1895
–
July 31:
Sabino Arana founds the
Basque Nationalist Party
1895
–
October:
The Cosmopolitan
87.
Anita Stewart
–
Anita Stewart was an American actress and film producer of the early silent film era. Stewart was born in Brooklyn, New York as Anna May Stewart on February 7,1895 and she began her acting career in 1911 while still attending Erasmus Hall High School in extra and bit parts for the Vitagraph film studios at their New York City location. Stewart was one of the earliest film actresses to achieve recognition in the nascent medium of motion pictures. In 1917, she married Rudolph Cameron and became the sister-in-law of film director and actor Ralph Ince, who began giving the young actress more prominent roles in films for Vitagraph. Throughout the 1910s and into the early 1920s, Anita Stewart was one of the silent screens most popular actresses and was paired in romantic roles with real-life husband. Stewart was also featured opposite such screen legends as Mae Busch and it was alleged that Stewart was recovering from an illness in a Los Angeles hospital when Mayer convinced her to leave Vitagraph for an undisclosed but exorbitant sum of money. Between 1918 and 1919 Stewart produced seven moderately successful vehicles, starring in all of them, throughout the 1920s, Stewart continue to be featured in prominent roles in silent films. Following Stewarts divorce from Cameron in 1928, Stewart married George Peabody Converse the following year, like many of her silent film contemporaries, Stewart found the transition to sound film extremely difficult. After making just one short in 1932, The Hollywood Handicap. On May 4,1961, Stewart died of an attack in Beverly Hills. For her contribution to motion picture industry as an actress, Anita Stewart was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6724 Hollywood Boulevard. Anita Stewart at the Internet Movie Database Anita Stewart at AllMovie Anita Stewart at the Women Film Pioneers Project Literature on Anita Stewart 1924 passport photo Anita Stewart at Find a Grave
Anita Stewart
–
Anita Stewart in 1917
Anita Stewart
–
The Combat (1916)
88.
Dock Boggs
–
Moran Lee Dock Boggs was an influential old-time singer, songwriter and banjo player. His style of playing, as well as his singing, is considered a unique combination of Appalachian folk music. Boggs was first recorded in 1927 and again in 1929, although he worked primarily as a miner for most of his life. He was rediscovered during the music revival of the 1960s and spent much of his later life playing at folk music festivals. Boggs was born in West Norton, Virginia, in 1898, Docks father, who worked as a carpenter and blacksmith, loved singing and could read sheet music. He taught his children to sing, and several of Docks siblings learned to play the banjo, Boggss version of the ballad John Henry was based in part on the version he learned from Go Lightning during this period. He also recalled sneaking over to the African-American camps in Dorchester at night and he was enamoured of the bands banjo players preference for picking, having previously been exposed only to the frailing style of his siblings. Around the time he working in coal mines, Boggs began playing music more often. He learned much of his technique during this period from his brother Roscoe, Crawford taught him Hustlin Gambler, which was the basis for Boggss Country Blues. He also picked up several songs from a local African-American musician named Jim White, Boggs probably began playing at parties around 1918. In the mid-1920s, various record companies sent representatives to southern Appalachia to hold auditions in hopes of finding new talents, around late 1926 or early 1927, Boggs tried out at one such audition, held by Brunswick Records at the Norton Hotel. Although he played on a banjo borrowed from a music store and needed whiskey to calm his nerves. He recorded only eight sides for Brunswick, however, as he deemed their payment sufficient for only that number. Boggss records sold well, and he returned to the mining areas of southwestern Virginia and eastern Kentucky, where he began to play at parties, gatherings. Around this time, his brother-in-law Lee Hansucker, who was a Holiness preacher and singer, began teaching him religious songs from the Holiness, Boggs also learned a large number of songs from listening to Hansuckers vast record collection. By 1928, he was making money to quit working in coal mines. He bought a new banjo and formed a band known as Dock Boggs, at one point, he was earning three to four hundred dollars a week. While Dock was experiencing a moderate amount of success, the life of a travelling musician often left him at odds with his religious neighbors, who considered such a life sinful
Dock Boggs
–
Dock Boggs is buried with his wife, Sarah
89.
1901
–
As of the start of 1901, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, edmund Barton becomes first Prime Minister of Australia. The birth of Pentecostalism at a meeting at Bethel Bible College in Topeka. January 5 – Typhoid fever breaks out in a Seattle jail, January 7 – Alferd Packer is released from prison after serving 18 years for cannibalism. January 10 – In the first great Texas gusher, oil is discovered at Spindletop in Beaumont, Texas. January 22 Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom dies at age 81, after more than 63 years on the throne, the Grand Opera House in Cincinnati is destroyed in a fire. January 28 – Baseballs American League declares itself a Major League, february 2 – Funeral of Queen Victoria at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. February 5 Hay–Pauncefote Treaty signed by United Kingdom and United States, J. P. Morgan buys mines and steel mills in the United States, marking the first billion dollar business deal. In Evansville, Indiana, a fire burns through the business district, february 11 – Anti-Jesuit riots sweep across Spain. February 12 – Viceroy of India Lord Curzon creates the new North-West Frontier Province in the north of the Punjab region, february 14 – Edward VII opens his first parliament of the United Kingdom. February 15 – The Alianza Lima Foundation is created in Peru, february 20 – The Hawaii Territory Legislature convenes for the first time. February 22 – The Pacific Mail Steamship Companys SS City of Rio de Janeiro sinks entering San Francisco Bay, february 23 – The United Kingdom and Germany agree the frontier between German East Africa and the British colony of Nyasaland. February 25 – U. S. Steel is incorporated by industrialist J. P. Morgan as the first billion-dollar corporation, february 26 Chi-hsui and Hsu-cheng-yu, Boxer Rebellion leaders, executed in Peking. The Middelburg peace conference fails in South Africa as Boers continue to demand autonomy,1901 Census of India taken, the fourth, and first reliable, census of the British Raj. March 2 – The United States Congress passes the Platt Amendment, march 4 – William McKinley is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States. March 5 – Irish nationalist demonstrators are ejected by police from House of Commons of the United Kingdom in London, march 6 – In Bremen, an assassination attempt is made on Wilhelm II, German Emperor. March 11 – The United Kingdom rejects the amended Hay–Pauncefote Treaty, march 13 – Benjamin Harrison, 23rd president of the United States, dies of pneumonia at age 67. March 17 A showing of 71 Vincent van Gogh paintings in Paris,11 years after his death, student riots in Saint Petersburg and Moscow
1901
–
January 22: King
Edward VII ascends the
British throne and also becomes
Emperor of India.
1901
1901
–
March 6:
Wilhelm II, German Emperor, survives an assassination attempt.
1901
–
Silliman University is the first American private school in the Philippines.
90.
1905
–
As of the start of 1905, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. As the second year of the massive Russo-Japanese War began, more than 100,000 died in the largest world battles of that era, Canada and the U. S. expanded west, with the Alberta and Saskatchewan provinces and the founding of Las Vegas. January 1 – The Trans-Siberian Railway officially opens after its completion on July 21,1904, january 2 – Russo-Japanese War, The Russian Army surrenders at Port Arthur in Qing dynasty China. January 5 – The play The Scarlet Pimpernel opens at the New Theatre in London and begins a run of 122 performances, january 26 Russian Revolution of 1905, The Imperial Russian Army opens fire on demonstrators in Riga, Governorate of Livonia, killing 73 and injuring 200 people. The Cullinan Diamond is found near Pretoria, South Africa, at the Premier Mine, february 12 – In Christchurch, New Zealand, the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament is opened. February 16 – At Haulbowline Base in Ireland, two explosions on board HM Submarine A5, due to gasoline fumes after refueling, kill six of the eleven crew, february 17 – At Fremantle, the R. M. S. Orizaba is wrecked, but all 160 passengers and the mail are saved, february 20 – Russo-Japanese War, The Battle of Mukden begins in Manchuria. February 23 – Rotary International is founded, march 1 – Australian Conservative leader Richard Butler takes office as Premier of South Australia. March 3 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create an elected assembly, march 4 – Theodore Roosevelt is sworn in for a full term as President of the United States. March 5 – Russo-Japanese War, Russian troops begin to retreat from Mukden after losing 100,000 troops in 3 days, march 10 Russo-Japanese War, The Japanese capture of Mukden completes the rout of Russian armies in Manchuria. Cassie Chadwick is sentenced for 14 years in Cleveland, Ohio for fraud, chelsea F. C. is founded in London. March 13 – Mata Hari introduces her dance act in Paris. March 20 – Grover Shoe Factory disaster, A boiler explosion, building collapse and fire in Brockton, march 31 – Wilhelm II, German Emperor asserts German equality with France in Morocco, triggering the Tangier or First Moroccan Crisis. April – Albert Einstein works on the theory of relativity as well as the theory of Brownian motion. April 1 – Penny Post established between the United Kingdom and Australia, april 2 – The Simplon Tunnel is officially opened through the Alps. April 3 – Boca Junior, as known for football club of Argentina. April 4 – In India, the 1905 Kangra earthquake hits the Kangra Valley, kills 20,000, april 6 – Lochner v. New York, The Supreme Court of the United States invalidates New Yorks 8-hour-day law. April 14 – Erik Gustaf Boström resigns as the Prime Minister of Sweden and his Minister without Portfolio, Johan Ramstedt, becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden
1905
–
The
Bloody Sunday massacre of Russian demonstrators, at the
Winter Palace in
Saint Petersburg.
1905
–
March 3:
Nicholas II creates the
Duma.
1905
–
May 15:
Las Vegas is founded with auction of 110 acres (0.45 km 2)
1905
–
May 11:
Einstein submits his
dissertation.
91.
Ulf von Euler
–
Ulf Svante von Euler ForMemRS was a Swedish physiologist and pharmacologist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970 for his work on neurotransmitters. Ulf S. von Euler was born in Stockholm, the son of two noted scientists, Hans von Euler-Chelpin, a professor of chemistry, and Astrid Cleve and his great-great-great-great grandfather was Leonhard Euler. At Karolinska, he worked under Robin Fåhraeus in blood sedimentation and rheology and he presented his doctoral thesis in 1930, and was appointed as Assistant Professor in Pharmacology in the same year, with the support of G. Liljestrand. From 1930 to 1931, von Ulf got a Rochester Fellowship to do his studies abroad. Von Euler liked to travel, so he worked and learned biophysics with Archibald Vivian Hill, again in London in 1934. From 1946 to 1947, he worked with Eduardo Braun-Menéndez in the Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental in Buenos Aires, which was founded by Bernardo Houssay. His unerring instinct to work with important scientific leaders and fields was to be proved by the fact that Dale, Heymans, Hill, in 1981, von Euler became a founding member of the World Cultural Council. From 1930 to 1957, von Euler was married to Jane Sodenstierna and they had four children, Hans Leo, scientist administrator at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U. S. A. In 1958, von Euler married countess Dagmar Cronstedt, a radio broadcaster who had during the Second World War worked at Radio Königsberg, broadcasting German propaganda to neutral Sweden. His short stay as a student in Dales laboratory was very fruitful, in 1931 he discovered with John H. Gaddum an important autopharmacological principle. In 1939 von Euler was appointed Full Professor of Physiology at the Karolinska Institute and his early collaboration with Liljestrand had led to an important discovery, which was named the Euler–Liljestrand mechanism. From 1946 on, however, when noradrenaline was discovered, von Euler devoted most of his work to this area. In 1970 he was distinguished with the Nobel Prize for his work, jointly with Sir Bernard Katz, since 1953 he was very active in the Nobel Foundation, being a member of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine and Chairman of the Board since 1965. He also served as Vice-President of the International Union of Physiological Sciences from 1965 to 1971 and he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1973
Ulf von Euler
–
Ulf von Euler
92.
1906
–
As of the start of 1906, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 16–April 7 – Algeciras Conference to resolve the First Moroccan Crisis between France and Germany, january 22 – The SS Valencia strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, killing over 100 in the ensuing disaster. January 31 – Ecuador–Colombia earthquake and associated tsunami, february 10 – HMS Dreadnought is launched and sparks the naval race between Britain and Germany. February 11 – Pope Pius X publishes the encyclical Vehementer Nos denouncing the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches, february 11 – Two British £1-per-head tax collectors are killed near Richmond, Natal, sparking the Bambatha Rebellion. March 10 – Courrières mine disaster, an explosion in a mine in France kills 1,060. March 18 – In France, Romanian inventor Traian Vuia becomes the first person to achieve an unassisted takeoff in a powered monoplane. April 7 – Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples, april 14 – The Azusa Street Revival, the primary catalyst for the revival of Pentecostalism this century, opens in Los Angeles. April 18 – San Francisco earthquake on the San Andreas Fault destroys much of San Francisco, California, USA, killing at least 3,000, with 225, 000–300,000 left homeless, and $350 million in damages. April 23 – In Tsarist Russia, the Fundamental Laws are announced at the first state Duma, may – Jack Londons novel White Fang begins serialization in the American magazine Outing. May 29 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden over the issue of expanded voting rights and he is replaced by the right-wing naval officer and public official, Arvid Lindman. June 7 – Cunard liner RMS Lusitania is launched in Glasgow as the worlds largest ship, July 1 – Sporting Lisbon, a well known football club in Portugal, founded. July 6 – The Second Geneva Convention meets, July 12 – Alfred Dreyfus is exonerated. He is reinstalled in the French Army on July 21, thus ending the Dreyfus affair, august 4 – The first Imperial German Navy submarine, U-1, is launched. August 16 – A magnitude 8.2 earthquake in Valparaíso, august 22 – The first Victor Victrola, a phonographic record player, is manufactured. August 23 – Unable to control a rebellion Cuban President Tomás Estrada Palma requests United States intervention, the subsequent provisional occupation administration lasts until 1909. September 11 – Mahatma Gandhi coins the term Satyagraha to characterize the Non-Violence movement in South Africa, september 18 – A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong. September 30 – The first Gordon Bennett Cup in ballooning is held, the winning team, piloting the balloon United States, lands in Fylingdales, Yorkshire, England. October 1 – The Grand Duchy of Finland becomes the first nation to include the right of women to stand as candidates when it adopts universal suffrage, october 6 – The Majlis of Iran convenes for the first time
1906
–
The ruins of
San Francisco following the
April 18 earthquake and later fires
1906
–
Roberto Rossellini
1906
–
Ernst Boris Chain
1906
–
Josephine Baker
93.
Puyi
–
Puyi, of the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan, commonly known as Henry Pu Yi, was the last Emperor of China and the twelfth and final ruler of the Qing dynasty. When a child, he ruled as the Xuantong Emperor from 1908 until his abdication on 12 February 1912. From 1 to 12 July 1917, he was restored to the throne as emperor by the warlord Zhang Xun. In 1932, after the occupation of Manchuria the state of Manchukuo was established by Japan, in 1934, he was declared the Kangde Emperor of Manchukuo and ruled until the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945. Puyis name is romanized in English as either Puyi or Pu-yi, using a former emperors personal name was a punishable offense under traditional Chinese law. However, after Puyi lost his title in 1924, he was officially styled Mr. Puyi in Chinese. His clan name Aisin Gioro was seldom used, Puyi also adopted other names — his zi was Yaozhi, and his hao was Haoran. Puyi is also known to have used a Western given name, Henry, as Puyi was also the last ruling Emperor of China, he is widely known as The Last Emperor in China and throughout the rest of the world. Some refer to him as The Last Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, due to his abdication, Puyi is also known as Xun Di or Fei Di. Sometimes a Qing is added in front of the two titles to indicate his affiliation with the Qing Dynasty, when Puyi ruled the puppet state of Manchukuo and assuming the title of Chief Executive of the new state, his era name was Datong. And he became the emperor from 1934 to 1945, his era name was Kangde, Puyis great-grandfather was the Daoguang Emperor, who was succeeded by his fourth son, the Xianfeng Emperor. Puyis paternal grandfather was Yixuan, Prince Chun, the son of the Daoguang Emperor. The Xianfeng Emperor was succeeded by his son, who became the Tongzhi Emperor. The Tongzhi Emperor died at the age of 18 without a son, the Guangxu Emperor died without an heir. Puyi, who succeeded the Guangxu Emperor, was the eldest son of Zaifeng, Prince Chun, Lady Lingiya used to be a maid in the residence of Yixuan. Born to a Han Bannerman family, her family name was Liu. Zaifeng was therefore a younger half-brother of the Guangxu Emperor and the first in line to succession after Guangxu, Puyi was in a branch of the Aisin Gioro clan with close ties to Empress Dowager Cixi, who was from the Yehenara clan. Cixis niece, who later became Empress Dowager Longyu, was married to the Guangxu Emperor, Puyi had a younger full brother, Pujie, who married a cousin of Emperor Hirohito, Lady Hiro Saga
Puyi
–
Puyi in 1934
Puyi
–
A three-year-old Puyi (right), standing next to his father (
Zaifeng, Prince Chun) and his younger brother
Pujie
Puyi
–
Garden of Serenity in Tianjin
Puyi
–
Puyi as Emperor of Manchukuo
94.
Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov
–
Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov was a prominent Soviet aircraft designer, and the first chief of the Antonov - a world-famous aircraft company in Ukraine, later named in his honour. Antonov was personally responsible for designing a number of very successful Soviet airplanes, Antonov was born on 7 February 1906 in Troitsy, Russian Empire of Russian Ethnicity. In 1912, the Antonovs moved to Saratov, where he attended the secondary school. From an early age, Antonov was fascinated with aviation and spent much of his time at the local airfield. At the age of 17, Antonov founded the Amateur Aviation Club, later he designed the OKA-1 Pigeon, a glider that was entered in a competition in Moscow where he won the first prize, a flight on a Junkers 12 aircraft. In 1930, Antonov graduated from the Kalinin Polytechnical Institute in Leningrad and he continued to design gliders and in 1931 Antonov became the chief designer at the Moscow Glider Factory. During the next eight years, he designed 30 different gliders including the Standard-1, Standard-2, OKA-6 and the large City of Lenin glider. Due to a requirement that all pilots in the Soviet Union had to begin their training on gliders. Following the closure of the factory, Antonov was appointed the Chief Designer for the Yakovlev Design Bureau. In 1940 a new design bureau under his own management was established in Leningrad. In 1943, Antonov returned to Yakovlev’s design bureau to fill a vacancy as Yakovlev’s deputy, a great deal of his time and energy was devoted to the improvement of the Yak series, one of the most mass-produced fighter aircraft types of World War II. After the war, Antonov requested that Yakovlev let him work independently, on 31 May 1946, Antonov was appointed head of the newly redesignated facility, which was later moved to Kiev, Ukraine. In September 1946, Antonov, in addition to his management of the design bureau, Antonov designed a large single bay biplane of all-metal construction, with an enclosed cockpit and a cabin accommodating 12 passengers. A series of significant transports followed under Oleg Antonovs helm, Antonov aircraft range from a rugged An-2 through the An-28 reconnaissance aircraft to the massive An-124 Ruslan strategic airlifter. The quad-turboprop An-12 and its derivatives became the primary Soviet military transport from 1959 onward, Antonov also oversaw development of the mid-range (An-72/An-74 jet airplanes family. In November 2004, FAI placed the An-225 in the Guinness Book of Records for its 240 records, some of Antonovs designs are also built abroad such as the Shaanxi Y-8. Oleg Antonov died April 4,1984 in Kiev, Ukrainian SSR and has buried in the Baikove Cemetery. Among numerous awards, Antonov received the State Award of the USSR in 1952, a street in Kievs Solomyanka neighborhood is named after Oleg Antonov
Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov
–
Oleg Antonov in the 1970s.
Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov
–
Antonov An-2.
Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov
–
An-124-100 Ruslan strategic airlifter.
Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov
–
Аn-2
95.
1908
–
As of the start of 1908, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. According to NASA reports,1908 was the coldest recorded year since 1880, january 1 – Nimrod Expedition, Ernest Shackleton sets sail from New Zealand on the Nimrod for Antarctica. January 12 – A long-distance radio message is sent from the Eiffel Tower for the first time, january 13 – A fire at the Rhoads Opera House in Boyertown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. kills 170. January 24 – Start of publication of Robert Baden-Powells Scouting for Boys in London, the book will over time sell over 100 million copies and effectively begin the worldwide Boy Scout movement. February 1 – Lisbon Regicide, King Carlos I of Portugal, february 3 – Panathinaikos, as well known for professional multi-sports club of Greece, founded in Athens. February 12 – The first around-the-world car race, the 1908 New York to Paris Race, february 18 – Japanese emigration to the United States is forbidden under terms of the Gentlemens Agreement of 1907. March – The Childrens Encyclopædia begins publication in London, march 4 The Pretoria branch of the Transvaal University College, precursor to the University of Pretoria, is established. The Collinwood school fire, near Cleveland, Ohio, U. S. A. kills 174, march 9 – Inter Milan, a well-known football club in Italy, founded. March 21 – French aviator Léon Delagrange pilots the first passenger flight with Henri Farman on board, march 27 – The first Scout troop outside the U. K. is formed in Gibraltar. April 20 – Sunshine rail disaster, A rear-end collision of two trains in Melbourne, Australia, kills 44 people and injures more than 400, april 21 – Frederick Cook claims to have reached the North Pole on this date. May 26–October – Franco-British Exhibition held in London, may 26 – At Masjed Soleyman in southwest Persia, the first major commercial oil discovery in the Middle East is made. The rights to the resource are quickly acquired by the United Kingdom, july 6 – Robert Peary sets sail for the North Pole. July 11–12 – The steamship Amalthea, housing 80 British strikebreakers in Malmö harbour, july 13–25 –1908 Summer Olympics held in London. The Winter Olympics are held here on 19–31 October, july 23 – Young Turk Revolution, The Committee of Union and Progress issues a formal ultimatum to Sultan Abdul Hamid II to restore the constitution of 1876 within the Ottoman Empire. It is restored the following day, july 27-28 – The 1908 Hong Kong typhoon sinks the passenger steamer Ying King, losing 421 lives. August 8 – Wilbur Wright flies in France for the first time demonstrating true controlled powered flight in Europe, august 8 – The Hoover Company of Canton, Ohio, acquires manufacturing rights to the upright portable vacuum cleaner just invented by James M. Spangler. August 17 – Émile Cohl makes the first fully animated film, august 24 – After an intense power struggle, Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco is deposed, and is succeeded by his brother Abd al-Hafid. September 17 – At Fort Myer, Virginia, U. S. A, thomas Selfridge becomes the first person to die in an airplane crash
1908
–
Evidence of the
Tunguska event (June 30). Photo taken
19 years later.
1908
–
January 24:
Boy Scout movement.
1908
–
Walter Bruch behind camera
1908
–
Bette Davis
96.
Buster Crabbe
–
Clarence Linden Crabbe II, commonly known by his stage name Buster Crabbe, was an American two-time Olympic swimmer and movie actor. He won the 1932 Olympic gold medal for 400-meter freestyle swimming event before breaking into acting and he starred in a number of popular films in the 1930s and 1940s. He also played the role in the serials Tarzan the Fearless, Flash Gordon. Crabbe is the actor to play Tarzan, Flash Gordon. Crabbe was born to Edward Clinton Simmons Crabbe, a real estate broker and he had a brother, Edward Clinton Simmons Crabbe Jr. Raised in Hawaii, Crabbe graduated from the Punahou School in Honolulu. He competed in two Olympic Games as a swimmer and he attended the University of Southern California, where he was the schools first All-American swimmer and a 1931 NCAA freestyle titlist. He also became a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity before graduating from USC in 1931, in some movies he is credited as Larry Crabbe or Larry Crabbe. Crabbes role in the Tarzan serial, Tarzan the Fearless, began a career in which he starred in more than a hundred movies, in King of the Jungle, Jungle Man, and the serial King of the Congo, he played typical jungle man roles. He starred in popular films at this time, including The Sweetheart of Sigma Chi alongside Betty Grable. In 1936 he was picked over several stars to play Flash Gordon in the very successful Flash Gordon serial, the series was shown later extensively on American television in the 1950s and 1960s, then edited for release on home video. He also starred as Buck Rogers for Universal playing the role with dark hair unlike Flash Gordons blonde hair, in 1939, Crabbe reunited with Betty Grable for a lead role in the mainstream comedy Million Dollar Legs. Crabbe starred at the Billy Roses Aquacade at the New York Worlds Fair in its year of 1940. As a 34 year old married man, Crabbe had a deferment from the draft but made Army training films for the artillery at Ft. Sill. Crabbe also played some roles for the studio. Following the war Crabbe appeared opposite Weissmuller as a rival in two films, Swamp Fire and Captive Girl. Crabbe returned to the jungle for his final playing the role of Thunda in King of the Congo. Crabbe starred in the series, Captain Gallant of the Foreign Legion as Captain Michael Gallant. His real-life son, Cullen Crabbe, appeared in show as the character Cuffy Sanders
Buster Crabbe
–
Crabbe and lion Jack, one of his partners in
King of the Jungle, are having a lunch in a Hollywood restaurant on February 6, 1933. Crabbe became a lion tamer while working on that film.
Buster Crabbe
–
Circa 1940s
Buster Crabbe
–
Buster Crabbe at age 20 the 1928 Olympics
97.
1912
–
As of the start of 1912, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The Republic of China is proclaimed, January 4 – The Scout Association is incorporated throughout the British Commonwealth by Royal Charter. January 5 – Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet opens, January 6 – New Mexico becomes the 47th state of the United States. January 6 – German geophysicist Alfred Wegener first presents his theory of continental drift, January 14 – Raymond Poincaré forms a coalition government in France, beginning his first term of office as Prime Minister on 21 January. January 17 – British polar explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott and a team of four become the second group to reach the South Pole. January 18 – Prague Party Conference, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party break away from the rest of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. January 22 – The Overseas Railroad opens and the first train arrives in Key West, Florida at 10,43 AM, with Henry M. Flagler, January 23 – The International Opium Convention is signed at The Hague. February 12 – The Manchu Qing dynasty of China comes to an end after 268 years with the abdication of Emperor Puyi in favour of the Republic of China. February 14 – Arizona becomes the 48th U. S. state, february 29 – Serbia and Bulgaria secretly sign a treaty of alliance for a term of eight years, with each pledging to come to the defense of the other during war. March 1 – Albert Berry is reported to have made the first parachute jump from a flying airplane. March 6 – Italian forces became the first to use airships in war, march 7 – Roald Amundsen in Hobart, Tasmania, announces his success in reaching the South Pole the previous December. March 12 – The Girl Scouts is founded by Juliette Gordon Low in Savannah, march 16 – Lawrence Oates, dying member of Scotts South Pole expedition, leaves the tent saying, I am just going outside and may be some time. March 22 – State of Bihar is formed out of the ertswhile State of Bengal in British India, march 27 – Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo gives 3,000 cherry trees to be planted in Washington, D. C. to symbolize the friendship between the two countries. March 29 – The remaining members of Robert Falcon Scotts South Pole expedition die, march 30 – The French Third Republic establishes the French protectorate in Morocco. April 10 – White Star liner RMS Titanic departs from Southampton with 2225 passengers, april 11 – RMS Titanic makes her last call, at Queenstown in Ireland. April 14–15 – Sinking of the RMS Titanic, RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg in the northern Atlantic Ocean, the wreck will not be discovered until 1985. April 16 – Harriet Quimby becomes the first woman to fly across the English Channel, april 17 –500 striking gold miners in Siberia are killed or wounded by troops in the Lena massacre. April 18 – Cunard Line vessel RMS Carpathia arrives in New York with the 708 RMS Titanic survivors, april 20 – Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, opens
1912
–
March 27:
Cherry trees for Washington, D.C.
1912
–
April 15: The
RMS Titanic sinks.
1912
–
March 7:
Amundsen and the
South Pole
1912
–
November 5, 1912: New Jersey Governor
Woodrow Wilson wins U.S. presidential election
98.
1915
–
As of the start of 1915, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Below, the events of World War I have the WWI prefix, january 1 WWI, The Royal Navy battleship HMS Formidable is sunk off Lyme Regis, Dorset, England, by an Imperial German Navy U-boat with the loss of 547 crew. The Battle of Broken Hill, an ambush near Broken Hill, New South Wales. Harry Houdini performs a straitjacket escape performance, january 5 – Joseph E. Carberry sets an altitude record of 11,690 feet, carrying Capt. Benjamin Delahauf Foulois as a passenger in a fixed-wing aircraft. January 12 The United States House of Representatives rejects a proposal to give women the right to vote, a Fool There Was premières in the United States starring Theda Bara as a femme fatale, she quickly becomes one of early cinemas most sensational stars. January 13 – The 6.7 Mw Avezzano earthquake shakes the Province of LAquila in Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI, various agencies estimate the number of people killed to be 29, 978–32,610. January 18 – Twenty-One Demands from Japan to China are made, january 19 Georges Claude patents the neon discharge tube for use in advertising. WWI, German Zeppelins bomb the towns of Great Yarmouth and Kings Lynn in England for the first time. January 21 – Kiwanis is founded in Detroit, as The Supreme Lodge Benevolent Order Brothers, january 24 – WW I, Battle of Dogger Bank, British Grand Fleet defeats the German High Seas Fleet, sinking the armoured cruiser SMS Blücher. Emory College is rechartered as Emory University, and plans to move its campus from Oxford. January 26 – The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the United States Congress, january 26 – WWI, Ottoman Army begins the Raid on the Suez Canal. January 27 – WWI, Military casualties begin arriving at the Hôpital Temporaire dArc-en-Barrois, january 28 – An act of the United States Congress designates the United States Coast Guard, began in 1790, as a military branch. February – While working as a cook at New Yorks Sloane Hospital for Women under a name, Typhoid Mary infects 25 people. February 4 – The Maritz Rebellion of disaffected Boere against the government of the Union of South Africa ends with the surrender of remaining rebels, february 8 – The controversial film, The Birth of a Nation, directed by D. W. Griffith, premieres in Los Angeles. It will be the film for around 25 years. February 18 – WWI, Germany regards waters around the British Isles to be a war zone from this date, february 20 – In San Francisco the Panama–Pacific International Exposition is opened. March – The 1915 Palestine locust infestation breaks out in Palestine, March 3 – The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the predecessor of NASA, is founded in the United States. March 11 – WWI, British armed merchantman HMS Bayano is sunk in the North Channel off the coast of Scotland by Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-27
1915
–
January 1:
HMS Formidable, sunk by a German
U-boat.
1915
–
March 14: WWI:
SMS Dresden, forced to scuttle by the
Royal Navy.
1915
–
May 7: WWI:
RMS Lusitania, sunk by a German
U-boat.
1915
–
August: Destruction by the
1915 Galveston hurricane.
99.
Eddie Bracken
–
Edward Vincent Eddie Bracken was an American actor. During this era, he also had success on Broadway, with performances in plays like Too Many Girls, brackens later movie roles include National Lampoons Vacation, Oscar, and Rookie of the Year. Bracken was born in Astoria, Queens, New York, the son of Catherine, Bracken performed in vaudeville at the age of nine and gained fame with the Broadway musical Too Many Girls in a role he reprised for the 1940 film adaptation. He had performed in a film series called The Kiddie Troupers prior to that. In 1936, Bracken enjoyed success on Broadway with his run in the Joseph Viertel play So Proudly We Hail. The military drama, co-starring Richard Cromwell, opened to much fanfare, in the 1940s, director Preston Sturges cast Bracken in two of his best-loved films, The Miracle of Morgans Creek, opposite Betty Hutton, and Hail the Conquering Hero. Due to the popularity of films, Eddie Bracken was a household name during World War II. He made numerous radio broadcasts during this era, notably on The Eddie Bracken Show and he appeared on Broadway in Shinbone Alley, Hello, Dolly. The Odd Couple and Sugar Babies and his last appearance on Broadway was in the musical Dreamtime, directed by David Niles at the Ed Sullivan Theater at the age of 77. Duncan in Home Alone 2, Lost in New York, Bracken also had a long career with Papermill Playhouse in New Jersey, starring in dozens of productions in the 1980s–early 2000s. One high point was their production of Show Boat in which he played Capn Andy Hawkes and this production was broadcast on PBS in 1990. He also played a cameo in Patrick Read Johnsons 1994 film, Babys Day Out, Bracken has acted in films with two actors who later became U. S. Presidents, these were Ronald Reagan and Donald Trump. On November 14,2002, Bracken died in Glen Ridge, New Jersey and his wife of 63 years, Connie, a former actress, died in August 2002, just three months before his death. Connie was his leading lady in the Broadway production of What a Life in 1938, together Eddie and Connie had five children, two sons and three daughters. For his contributions to radio and television, Bracken has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 1651 Vine Street and 6751 Hollywood Boulevard respectively. Eddie Bracken at the Internet Broadway Database Eddie Bracken at the Internet Movie Database Eddie Bracken at AllMovie Eddie Bracken at Find a Grave
Eddie Bracken
–
Eddie Bracken
100.
1919
–
As of the start of 1919, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 The Czechoslovak Legions occupy much of the free city of Pressburg. HMY Iolaire sinks off the coast of Scotland,206 die, edsel Ford succeeds his father as head of the Ford Motor Company. January 5 Spartacist uprising, Socialist demonstrations in Berlin, Germany turn into an attempted communist revolution, in Germany, the German Workers Party, predecessor of the Nazi Party, is formed by merger of Anton Drexlers Committee of Independent Workmen with journalist Karl Harrers Political Workers Circle. January 7 The beginning of the Tragic Week in Argentina, an anarchist uprising in Buenos Aires, Estonian War of Independence, With Soviet Russian forces just 40 km of the capital Tallinn, Estonian forces start a general and successful counter-offensive against the Red Army. January 9 – Friedrich Ebert orders the Freikorps into action in Berlin, January 10–12 – The Freikorps attacks Spartacist supporters around Berlin. January 13 – Workers councils in Berlin end the general strike, January 14 – Estonian War of Independence, Estonian forces liberate Tartu from the Red Army. January 15 Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht are murdered following the Spartacist uprising, great Molasses Flood, A wave of molasses released from an exploding storage tank sweeps through Boston, Massachusetts, killing 21 and injuring 150. January 16 The Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, authorizing Prohibition, is ratified, pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski becomes the second Prime Minister of Poland. January 18 World War I, The Paris Peace Conference opens at the Palace of Versailles, Estonian War of Independence, Estonian forces liberate Narva, expelling the Red Army from Northern Estonia. Bentley Motors Limited is founded in England, January 19 The Monarchy of the North is established in Northern Portugal. January 21 Dáil Éireann meets for the first time in the Mansion House, in the first shots of the Anglo-Irish War, two Royal Irish Constabulary men are killed in an ambush at Soloheadbeg in Tipperary. Gojong, the first emperor of the Korean Empire, dies, January 23 – The Khotin Uprising breaks out in Khotyn, Ukraine. January 25 – The League of Nations is founded in Paris, January 31 – Battle of George Square, The British Army is called in to deal with riots during negotiations over working hours in Glasgow, Scotland. February 1 – Estonian War of Independence, Estonian forces liberate Valga and Võru, february 3 – Soviet troops occupy Ukraine. February 4-5 – Pressburg becomes capital of Slovakia, february 6 – The Seattle General Strike begins in the United States, affecting over 65,000 workers. February 11 Friedrich Ebert is elected first President of Germany by the Weimar National Assembly, the Seattle General Strike ends when Federal troops are summoned by the State of Washingtons Attorney General. February 12 – Ethnic Germans and Hungarian inhabitants of Pressburg start a protest against its incorporation into Czechoslovakia, february 14 – The Polish–Soviet War begins with the Battle of Bereza Kartuska
1919
–
January 1:
Iolaire sinks.
1919
–
David Kirkwood being detained by police during the
Battle of George Square
1919
–
"The Big Four" during the
Paris Peace Conference (from left to right,
David Lloyd George,
Vittorio Orlando,
Georges Clemenceau,
Woodrow Wilson).
1919
–
Leonid Perfetsky picture showing a conflict between the soldiers of
Ukrainian Galician Army and
Volunteer Army in the streets of Kiev during their
joint operation against the
Bolsheviks, under the command of
General Denikin, Aug 1919.
101.
Desmond Doss
–
Desmond Thomas Doss was a United States Army corporal who served as a combat medic with an infantry company in World War II. After distinguishing himself in the Battle of Okinawa, he became the first conscientious objector to receive the Medal of Honor for actions above and he is also the only conscientious objector to receive the medal during World War II. Desmond Doss was born in Lynchburg, Virginia, to William Thomas Doss, a carpenter, and Bertha Edward Doss and his mother raised him as a devout Seventh-day Adventist and instilled Sabbath-keeping, nonviolence, and a vegetarian lifestyle in his upbringing. He grew up in the Fairview Heights area of Lynchburg, Virginia alongside his older sister Audrey, before the outbreak of World War II, Doss was employed as a joiner at a shipyard in Newport News, Virginia. Doss entered military service – despite being offered a deferment for his shipyard work – on April 1,1942 at Camp Lee and he was sent to Fort Jackson in South Carolina for training with the reactivated 77th Infantry Division. Meanwhile, his brother Harold served aboard the USS Lindsey, Doss refused to kill an enemy soldier or carry a weapon into combat because of his personal beliefs as a Seventh-day Adventist. He consequently became a medic assigned to 2nd Platoon, B Company, 1st Battalion, 307th Infantry, while serving with his platoon in 1944 on Guam and the Philippines, he was awarded a Bronze Star Medal for aiding wounded soldiers under fire. During the Battle of Okinawa, he saved the lives of 75 wounded infantrymen atop the Maeda Escarpment, Doss was wounded four times in Okinawa, and was evacuated on May 21,1945 aboard the USS Mercy. After the war, Doss initially planned to continue his career in carpentry, in 1946, Doss was diagnosed with tuberculosis which he contracted in Leyte. He subsequently underwent treatment for five and a half years – which cost him a lung, despite the severity of his injuries, Doss managed to raise a family on a small farm in Rising Fawn, Georgia. Doss married Dorothy Schutte on August 17,1942 and they had one child, Dorothy died on November 17,1991 due to a car accident. Doss remarried on July 1,1993 to Frances Duman, after being hospitalized for difficulty breathing, Doss died on March 23,2006 at his home in Piedmont, Alabama. He was buried on April 3,2006 in the National Cemetery in Chattanooga, Doss awards include, A portion of US Route 501 near Peaks View Park is named Pfc. Desmond T. Doss Memorial Expressway. Local veterans of the area honor him by decorating the signs marking this portion of several times during the year. In 1951, Camp Desmond T. Doss was created in Grand Ledge, the camp was active throughout the Korean and Vietnam wars before the property was sold in 1988. In the early 1980s, a school in Lynchburg was renamed Desmond T. Doss Christian Academy, the school was founded by the Lynchburg Seventh-Day Adventist Church, the home church of Desmond Doss during his years in Lynchburg. The church wanted to honor Doss for standing strong in his faith despite facing great adversity, Doss visited the school that bears his name three times before his death. On July 10,1990, a section of Georgia Highway 2 between US Highway 27 and Georgia Highway 193 in Walker County was named the Desmond T. Doss Medal of Honor Highway
Desmond Doss
–
Desmond Thomas Doss, Medal of Honor recipient
Desmond Doss
Desmond Doss
–
Doss receiving the Medal of Honor from President
Harry Truman
Desmond Doss
–
Doss Hall renaming ceremony
102.
Medal of Honor
–
The medal is normally awarded by the President of the United States in the name of the U. S. Congress. There are three versions of the medal, one for the Army, one for the Navy, personnel of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard receive the Navy version. U. S. awards including the Medal of Honor do not have titles and while there is no official abbreviation. The Medal of Honor is the oldest continuously issued combat decoration of the United States armed forces, because the medal is presented in the name of Congress, it is often referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor. However, the name is Medal of Honor, which began with the U. S. Armys version. Within United States Code the medal is referred to as the Medal of Honor, in 1990, Congress designated March 25 annually as National Medal of Honor Day. The capture saved the fort of West Point from the British Army, although the Badge of Military Merit fell into disuse after the American Revolutionary War, the concept of a military award for individual gallantry by members of the U. S. 539 Certificates were approved for this period and this medal was later replaced by the Army Distinguished Service Medal which was established on January 2,1918. Those Army members who held the Distinguished Service Medal in place of the Certificate of Merit could apply for the Army Distinguished Service Cross effective March 5,1934. There were no awards or medals at the beginning of the Civil War except for the Certificate of Merit which was awarded for the Mexican-American War. Scott however, was strictly against medals being awarded which was the European tradition, after Scott retired in October 1861, the Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles, adopted the idea of a decoration to recognize and honor distinguished naval service. Senator James W. Secretary Wells directed the Philadelphia Mint to design the new military decoration, on May 15,1862, the United States Navy Department ordered 175 medals with the words Personal Valor on the back from the U. S. Mint in Philadelphia. Senator Henry Wilson, the chairman of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs, the resolution was approved by Congress and signed into law on July 12,1862. During the war, Townsend would have some medals delivered to recipients with a letter requesting acknowledgement of the Medal of Honor. By mid-November the War Department contracted with Philadelphia silversmith William Wilson and Son, the Army version had The Congress to written on the back of the medal. Both versions were made of copper and coated with bronze, which gave them a reddish tint,1863, Congress made the Medal of Honor a permanent decoration. On March 3, Medals of Honor were authorized for officers of the Army, the Secretary of War first presented the Medal of Honor to six Union Army volunteers on March 25,1863 in his office. 1890, On April 23, the Medal of Honor Legion is established in Washington,1896, The ribbon of the Army version Medal of Honor was redesigned with all stripes being vertical
Medal of Honor
–
Army, Navy, and Air Force versions of the Medal of Honor
Medal of Honor
–
Medal of Honor (without the suspension ribbon) awarded to
Seaman John Ortega in 1864 (back view of medal).
Medal of Honor
–
Army version
Medal of Honor
–
Navy version
103.
1920
–
As of the start of 1920, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January –4,025 suspected communists and anarchists arrested and held without trial in the United States following raids in several cities, January 1 Babe Ruth is traded by the Red Sox for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. Bolsheviks increase troops from four divisions to twenty along the Polish border January 7 The forces of Russian White Admiral Alexander Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk, the Great Siberian Ice March ensues. The New York State Assembly refuses to seat five duly elected Socialist assemblymen, January 9 – Thousands of onlookers watch as The Human Fly George Polley climbs the Woolworth Building in New York City. He reaches the 30th floor before being arrested, January 10 – League of Nations Covenant enters into force. On January 16 the organization holds its first council meeting, in Paris, January 11 – The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic is recognised de facto by European powers in Versailles. January 13 – The New York Times ridicules the American rocket scientist Robert H. Goddard, the newspaper has to recant publicly on July 17,1969 when the Apollo crew is on its mission to the Moon. January 16 Prohibition in the United States begins with the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution coming into effect, the Allies of World War I demand that the Netherlands extradite the German Kaiser Wilhelm II, who fled there in 1918. Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated, is founded on the campus of Howard University in Washington, January 19 – The United States Senate votes against joining the League of Nations. January 22 – The Australian Country Party is officially formed, led by Nelson Pollard, January 23 – The Netherlands refuses to extradite the German Kaiser. January 28 – El Tercio de Extranjeros, the Regiment of Foreigners, January 30 – The oldest surviving pro wrestling match on film takes place, with Joe Stecher defeating Earl Caddock. February 1 – The South African Air Force is established, the second autonomous Air Force in the world after the Royal Air Force, february 2 Estonian War of Independence, The Tartu Peace Treaty is signed, ending the war and recognizing Estonian independence. Sayyid Muhammad, Khan of Khiva abdicates, february 7 – Admiral Kolchak and Viktor Pepelyayev are executed by firing squad near Irkutsk. February 10 – General Józef Haller first performs Polands Wedding to the Sea, february 12–24 – Conference of London, Leaders of the United Kingdom, France and Italy meet to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. February 13 – Switzerland rejoins the League of Nations, february 14 – The League of Women Voters is founded in Chicago. February 17 – A woman named Anna Anderson tries to suicide in Berlin and is taken to a mental hospital. February 19 – The United States Senate refuses to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, february 20 –1920 Gori earthquake, An earthquake hits Gori in the Democratic Republic of Georgia, killing 114. February 21 – The island province of Marinduque in the Philippines archipelago is founded, february 22 – In Emeryville, California, the first dog racing track to employ an imitation rabbit opens
1920
–
1920 Summer Olympics
1920
1920
–
Federico Fellini
1920
–
DeForest Kelley
104.
Wang Laboratories
–
Wang Laboratories was a computer company founded in 1951, by Dr. The company was headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Tewksbury, Massachusetts. At its peak in the 1980s, Wang Laboratories had annual revenues of $3 billion and it was one of the leading companies during the time of the Massachusetts Miracle. The company was directed by Dr. Wang, who was described as a leader and played a personal role in setting business. Under his direction, the company went through several transitions between different product lines. Wang Laboratories filed for protection in August 1992. After emerging from bankruptcy, the company changed its name to Wang Global. An Wang took steps to ensure that the Wang family would retain control of the company even after going public and he created a second class of stock, class B, with higher dividends, but only one-tenth the voting power of class C. The public mostly bought class B shares, the Wang family retained most of the class C shares, the companys first major project was the Linasec in 1964. It was a special purpose computer, designed to justify papertape for use on automated Linotype machines. It was developed under contract to Compugraphic, who manufactured phototypesetters, Compugraphic retained the rights to manufacture the Linasec without royalty. They exercised these rights, effectively forcing Wang out of the market, the Wang LOCI-2 Logarithmic Computing Instrument desktop calculator was introduced in January 1965. Using factor combining it was probably the first desktop calculator capable of computing logarithms, the electronics included 1,275 discrete transistors. It actually performed multiplication by adding logarithms, and roundoff in the conversion was noticeable,2 times 2 yielded 3.999999999. From 1965 to about 1971, Wang was a well-regarded calculator company, Wang calculators cost in the mid-four-figures, used Nixie tube readouts, performed transcendental functions, had varying degrees of programmability, and exploited magnetic core memory. The 200 and 300 calculator models were available as timeshared simultaneous packages that had a processing unit connected by cables leading to four individual desktop display/keyboard units. Competition included HP, which introduced the HP 9100A in 1968, one perhaps apocryphal story tells of a banker who spot-checked a Wang calculator against a mortgage table and found a discrepancy. The calculator was right, the tables were wrong
Wang Laboratories
–
Former Wang headquarters in
Lowell, Massachusetts. The building is now called
Cross Point and is anchored by
Motorola. The horizontal windows at the top of the middle tower housed the executive offices, including Dr. Wang's.
Wang Laboratories
–
Wang logo, circa 1976
105.
1921
–
As of the start of 1921, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – In American football, the University of California, january 2 The football club Cruzeiro Esporte Clube from Belo Horizonte is founded as Palestra Italia in Brazil. The first religious radio broadcast is heard over station KDKA AM in Pittsburgh, the Spanish liner Santa Isabel sinks off Villa Garcia,244 die. The De Young Museum opens in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, january 20 – The British K-class submarine HMS K5 sinks in the English Channel, all 56 on board die. January 21 The Italian Communist Party is founded in Livorno, the Marxist Left in Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Ukraine holds its founding congress in Ľubochňa. Womens suffrage is attained in Sweden, the full-length silent comedy-drama film The Kid, written, produced, directed by and starring Charlie Chaplin, with Jackie Coogan, is released in the United States. January 25 – The Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci is righted in Taranto Harbour, february 12 – Red Army invasion of Georgia, The Democratic Republic of Georgia is invaded by forces of Bolshevist Russia. February 20 – The Young Communist League of Czechoslovakia is founded, february 21 –1921 Persian coup détat, Rezā Khan and Ziaeddin Tabatabaee stage a coup détat in Iran. February 23 – The moderately conservative public official Oscar von Sydow takes over the Swedish premiership from Baron Louis De Geer the younger, february 25 – Red Army invasion of Georgia, The Red Army enters the Georgian capital Tbilisi and installs a Moscow-directed communist government. February 27 – The International Working Union of Socialist Parties is formed in Vienna, february 28 – The Kronstadt rebellion is initiated by sailors of the Soviet Navys Baltic Fleet. March – Group Settlement Scheme in Western Australia begins, March 1 – The city of Kiryū, located in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, is founded. March 4 – Warren G. Harding is sworn in as 29th President of the United States, March 5 – Irish War of Independence, Clonbanin Ambush, Irish Republican Army kills Brigadier General Cumming. March 6 – The Portuguese Communist Party is founded, March 8 Spanish Premier Eduardo Dato e Iradier is assassinated while exiting the parliament building in Madrid. Allied forces occupy Düsseldorf, Ruhrort and Duisburg, March 12 – The İstiklâl Marşı, the Turkish national anthem, is officially adopted. March 13 – Occupation of Mongolia, The Russian White Army captures Mongolia from China, roman von Ungern-Sternberg declares himself ruler. March 14 – Armenian Soghomon Tehlirian assassinates Mehmed Talaat, former Interior Minister of Turkey, in Charlottenburg, March 16 – Six Irish Republican Army men of the Forgotten Ten are hanged in Mountjoy Prison, Dublin. March 17 The Red Army crushes the Kronstadt rebellion and a number of sailors flee to Finland, dr. Marie Stopes opens the first birth control clinic in London, England. The Second Polish Republic adopts the March Constitution, March 18 – The second Peace of Riga ends the Polish–Soviet War
1921
–
Friedrich Dürrenmatt
1921
–
Charles Bronson
1921
–
Gene Roddenberry
1921
–
Stanisław Lem
106.
1923
–
As of the start of 1923, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was relegated that February to use only by churches after Greece adopted the Gregorian calendar. January 1 – The Grouping, All major British railway companies are grouped into four larger companies, january 1–7 – Rosewood massacre, a violent, racially motivated conflict in Florida. At least eight people are killed, and the town of Rosewood is abandoned and destroyed, january 9 – Lithuania begins the Klaipėda Revolt to annex the Klaipėda Region. January 11 – Despite strong British protests, troops from France, january 17 – Juan de la Cierva invents the autogyro, a rotary-winged aircraft with an unpowered rotor. January 18 – Elon Colleges campus in North Carolina is destroyed by a fire, norman Albert calls the first live broadcast of an ice hockey game, the third period of an Ontario Hockey League Intermediate playoff game on the Toronto station CFCA. February 9 – Billy Hughes resigns as Prime Minister of Australia, Hughes is succeeded by his Treasurer, Stanley Bruce. February 23 – Albert Einstein visits Barcelona, Spain, at the invitation of scientist Esteban Terradas i Illa, march 1 The USS Connecticut is decommissioned. March 3 – This is the date of the first issue of Time magazine. Retired U. S. Speaker of the House Joseph G. Cannon appears on the first cover, march 6 – The Egyptian Feminist Union, the first nationwide feminist movement in Egypt, was founded at the home of activist Huda Shaarawi. March 9 – Vladimir Lenin suffers his third stroke, which renders him bedridden and unable to speak, march 28 – Regia Aeronautica, the air force of Fascist Italy, is founded. April 4 – Warner Bros. film studio is formally incorporated in the United States as Warner Brothers Pictures, april 6 Louis Armstrong makes his first recording, Chimes Blues, with King Olivers Creole Jazz Band. The first Prefects Board in Southeast Asia is formed in Victoria Institution, april 12 – Kandersteg International Scout Centre comes into existence in Switzerland. April 18 Yankee Stadium opens its doors as the park of the New York Yankees baseball team in The Bronx. Russian professional sports society club, Dynamo Moscow founded, april 19 Hjalmar Branting leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden, after the Swedish Riksdag has rejected a government proposal regarding unemployment benefits. Right-wing academic and jurist Ernst Trygger becomes Prime Minister of Sweden, Egyptian Constitution of 1923 adopted, introducing a parliamentary system of democracy in the country. April 23 – The Gdynia seaport is inaugurated on the Polish Corridor, april 26 – Prince Albert, Duke of York marries Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in Westminster Abbey. April 28 – The original Wembley Stadium opened its doors for the first time to the British public staging the FA Cup Final between Bolton Wanderers and West Ham Utd, may 1 – Rahula College is established in Ceylon with the name of Parakramabhahu Vidyalaya. May 8 – Liseberg, an amusement park in Gothenburg, Sweden, may 9 Southeastern Michigan receives a record 15 centimetres of snow after temperatures plummeted from 17 to 1 degrees between 1 and 6 pm on the previous day
1923
–
Oct.29:
Kemal Atatürk.
1923
–
Richard Attenborough
1923
–
Charlton Heston
1923
–
Maria Callas
107.
Dora Bryan
–
Dora May Broadbent, OBE, known as Dora Bryan was an English actress of stage, film and television. Bryan was born in Parbold, Lancashire at 14 Mill Lane and her father was a salesman and she attended Hathershaw County Primary School in Oldham, Lancashire. Her career began in pantomime before World War II, during which she joined ENSA in Italy to entertain British troops, Bryan made her stage debut as a child in a pantomime in Manchester and, encouraged by her mother, joined the Oldham Repertory while still a teenager. After spending six years honing her craft there, she moved to London to develop her stage career, cast in a production of Noël Cowards Private Lives, the actress was encouraged to adopt a stage name by Coward himself. Recognised for her speaking voice, which became a trademark of her performances, she followed many of her theatre contemporaries into film acting. She often played women of easy virtue—for example in The Fallen Idol, one of her earliest films and she appeared in similarly stereotypical female roles in other films, for example The Cockleshell Heroes, The Green Man and Carry On Sergeant. She appeared in a role in 1955 on the BBC radio series Hancocks Half Hour. In 1961 she appeared in A Taste of Honey, the film won four BAFTA awards, director Tony Richardson won Best British Screenplay and Best British Film, while Bryan won Best Actress and co-star Rita Tushingham was named Most Promising Newcomer. In 1963 she recorded the Christmas song All I want for Christmas is a Beatle and she played the Headmistress in The Great St Trinians Train Robbery, and in 1968 she starred in her own British TV series, According to Dora. It was Bryans first venture into West End musical comedy, in which she played Lily Bell, the shows hit songs, sung by Bryan, included Why Did You Call Me Lily. You Never Know With Men, and It Would Cramp My Style, Bryan appeared in the Anglo-Argentine Hitchcockian thriller, Apartment Zero. The film was featured in the 1988 Sundance Film Festival and was directed by Martin Donovan and starred Hart Bochner, Bryan plays the role of one of two eccentric characters described by the Washington Post as two. Tea-and-crumpet gargoyle-featured spinsters who snoop the corridors, throughout her career she also remained a versatile and popular stage performer, often appearing in musicals such as Gentleman Prefer Blondes and Hello, Dolly. She also headlined a number of stage such as The Dora Bryan Show, My Name Is Dora and An Evening with Dora Bryan. She made her Broadway debut as Mrs. Pierce in Pygmalion, starring Peter OToole and she appeared in the 1994 revival of Harold Pinters The Birthday Party. In 1999 she made an appearance in the Victoria Wood sitcom dinnerladies and she received a BAFTA nomination in 2002 for this role. A few years later in 2005 her role in Last of the Summer Wine came to an end, at about the same time she stopped making films. Her last film appearance was in Gone to the Dogs opposite Antony Booth and her autobiography According To Dora was published in 1987 and has since been updated and republished
Dora Bryan
–
Dora Bryan OBE
108.
Hans Schmidt (wrestler)
–
Guy Larose, better known by his ring name of Hans Schmidt, was a Canadian professional wrestler famous in the 1950s and 1960s. Larose used a background in amateur wrestling to break into the pro business after World War II, then in 1951 the Boston-area promoter Paul Bowser, who thought the tall, naturally balding Franco-Québécois looked like a German, rechristened him Hans Schmidt. Nicknamed The Teuton Terror, Schmidt wrestled a rough, aggressive rule-breakers style and he often finished his opponents off with a backbreaker, and was also known to use the piledriver as well. Fellow wrestlers recalled that he liked to work stiff on them, particularly with his boots, Schmidt wrestled in territories all over North America but was a particularly big name in Chicago, Milwaukee and Toronto. By 1954 he was so hated by wrestling audiences that he turned Nature Boy Buddy Rogers into a face simply by wrestling a match against him. He later said that at the peak of his career, between live events and TV tapings he was wrestling as many as eight matches a week. Schmidt wrestled Lou Thesz several times for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship and he was naturally partnered up in tag team action with other evil German wrestlers around at the time, such as Karl von Hess and Ludwig von Krupp. He also frequently tag teamed with Dick The Bulldog Brower, in the wake of Schmidts success in drawing heel heat, other wrestlers took the German heel gimmick and pushed it to greater extremes with goose-stepping, fascist saluting and use of Nazi iconography. Schmidt never took it to this himself, though he was known to wear a helmet to the ring later in his career. Near the end of his career in the 1970s, Schmidt worked around the Montreal region, still a heel, guy Larose spent his retirement years in the Laurentians north of Montreal until his death on May 26,2012. He is survived by two children as well as his wife and stepchildren, wrestling Canadian Hall of Fame, Hans Schmidt
Hans Schmidt (wrestler)
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Guy Larose
109.
1926
–
January 1 Flooding of the Rhine River struck Cologne,50,000 were forced to evacuate their homes. Irelands first regular service, 2RN, began broadcasting. January 3 – Theodoros Pangalos declared himself dictator in Greece, January 6 – The airline Deutsche Luft Hansa was founded in Berlin. January 8 – Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud was crowned King of Hejaz and it was a precursor to Gosden and Corrells more popular later program, Amos n Andy. January 16 – A BBC comic radio play broadcast by Ronald Knox about a revolution caused a panic in London. January 21 – The Belgian Parliament accepted the Locarno Treaties, January 26 – Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated a mechanical television system for members of the Royal Institution and a reporter from The Times at his London laboratory. January 29 – Eugene ONeills The Great God Brown opened at the Greenwich Theatre, January 31 – British and Belgian troops left Cologne. February 1 – Land on Broadway and Wall Street in New York City was sold at a record $7 per sq inch, february 8 – Seán OCaseys The Plough and the Stars opened at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin. February 9 – Flooding hit London suburbs, february 12 – The Irish minister for Justice, Kevin OHiggins, appointed the Committee on Evil Literature. February 20 – The Berlin International Green Week debuted in Berlin, february 25 – Francisco Franco became General of Spain. March 6 – The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon is destroyed by fire, march 6 – The first commercial air route to South Africa is established by Alan Cobham. March 16 – Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fuel rocket, at Auburn, march 23 – Éamon de Valera organises Fianna Fáil in Ireland. April 4 – Greek dictator Theodoros Pangalos won the election with 93. 3% of the vote. Turnout was light as the result was considered a foregone conclusion, april 7 – An assassination attempt against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini fails. April 12 – By a vote of 45–41, the United States Senate unseats Iowa Senator Smith W. Brookhart and seats Daniel F. Steck, april 17 – Zhang Zuolins army captured Beijing. April 24 – Treaty of Berlin, Germany and the Soviet Union each pledged neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a party for the next five years. April 25 – Rezā Khan was crowned Shah of Iran under the name Pahlevi, april 30 – African-American pilot Bessie Coleman was killed after falling 500 feet from an airplane. May 3 – Coal miners were locked out in Britain, may 4 – The United Kingdom general strike began at midnight in support of the coal strike
1926
–
March 16:
Goddard with rocket in 1926.
1926
–
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
1926
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Hugh Hefner
1926
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Elizabeth II
110.
Bill Hoest
–
He also created other syndicated strips and panels for King Features. Born in Newark, New Jersey, Hoest spent two years in the Navy and studied art at Cooper Union and he started his art career in 1948 as a greeting card designer with Norcross Greeting Cards, continuing in that field until 1951 when he left to become a freelancer. His cartoons soon began appearing in Colliers, Playboy, The Saturday Evening Post, Hoest entered the comic strip community during the 1960s as an assistant on Harry Haenigsens Penny. After an injury from a 1965 traffic accident kept Haenigsen away from the board, Hoest took over most of the work. In 1970, when Hoest left to start his own strip, My Son John, for the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate, Haenigsen chose to end Penny and retired. Hoest was one of the featured in Think Small, a 1967 promotional book distributed as a giveaway by Volkswagen dealers. Top cartoonists of that decade drew cartoons showing Volkswagens, and these were published along with amusing automotive essays by such humorists as H. Allen Smith, Roger Price and Jean Shepherd. While working on Penny, Hoest began his cartoons about a couple, The Lockhorns, as a single-panel daily on September 9,1968. He then took a route with Bumper Snickers, a cartoon series about cars and drivers for the National Enquirer. His King Features comic strip, Agatha Crumm, was published as both a daily and a Sunday strip from 1977 to 1996, what a Guy. co-created with his assistant John Reiner, was syndicated by King Features from 1987 to 1996. Hired as the editor of Parade in 1979, Hoest created Laugh Parade for that Sunday supplement magazine in 1980. For Laugh Parade, he ganged together several miscellaneous cartoons, adding Howard Huge to that mix in 1981 and he was president of the National Cartoonists Society at the time of his death. Hoest, who lived in Lloyd Neck, Long Island, was 62 when he died of lymphoma at New York Medical Center and he was survived by his wife, Bunny Hoest, his mother, Dorothea Whittinghill of Lloyd Neck, nine children and stepchildren. Hoest was reportedly a diligent cartoonist, putting in ten hours a day at his drawing board and it is a business, and I have to treat it like a business. Thats the way I make my living, after Hoests death, Reiner continued to illustrate all the features, while Hoests widow, Bunny Hoest, took over the scripting. Reiner recalled, Bill Hoest insisted on doing each of his comics meticulously, the artwork, writing, lettering and inking were all done in such a way as to meet his high self-imposed standards. I came to realize that his success, which so many young and old tried to analyze, was the result of a simple rule. He then blended the elements to work that stood out on the comics page
Bill Hoest
–
Bill Hoest self-portrait
111.
Vladimir Kuts
–
Volodymyr Petrovych Kuts was a Soviet long-distance runner. Kuts was born in Oleksyne, Ukraine, USSR and he started training in running in 1945, while serving in the Soviet Navy. In 1951 he won his first national titles, in the 5000 and 10000 m and his first international success came in 1954, when he defeated the favourites – Emil Zátopek and Christopher Chataway – in the 5000 m at the European Championships, setting a new world record. He lost the record months later to Chataway, only to take it back 10 days later. Having lost his world record again in 1955, Kuts was still one of the favourites for the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and his chief opponent in the 5000 m was British runner Gordon Pirie, who had broken the world record earlier that year. However, Kuts had set a new 10,000 metres world record shortly before the Games. In the first final, the 10,000 m, Kuts – as always – led from the start, finally breaking Piries spirit 4 laps from the end, the 5,000 m final ended in a similar fashion, with Kuts leading from start to finish. Kuts improved the 5000 m world record in 1957 to 13,35.0 minutes, a time which would remain unbeaten until 1965, although he was only beaten on a couple of occasions, Kuts retired at the age of 32 in 1959. He had often suffered from stomach pains and although he had denied that he had had operations and that was confirmed by the fact that former runners who met him, in his later years, said that he looked badly overweight. After retirement, Kuts worked as an athletics coach and his stomach pains led to alcoholism and loss of job. Kuts suffered a stroke in 1972 and died in 1975, in an apparent suicide from mixing sleeping pills, from a Newbie to Master of Sport
Vladimir Kuts
–
Vladimir Kuts
112.
1928
–
January – English bacteriologist Frederick Griffith reports the results of Griffiths experiment, indirectly proving the existence of DNA. January 1 Estonia changes its currency from the mark to the kroon, abolition of domestic slavery in the British Protectorate of Sierra Leone comes into effect. Eastern Bloc emigration and defection, Boris Bazhanov, Joseph Stalins personal secretary, January 6–7 – The River Thames floods in London,14 drown. On January 7 the moat at the Tower of London is completely refilled by the river, January 12 – Convicted American murderer Ruth Snyder is executed at Sing Sing. January 17 – The OGPU arrests Leon Trotsky in Moscow, he assumes a status of passive resistance, January 26 – The volcanic island Anak Krakatau appears. January 31 – Leon Trotsky is exiled to Alma-Ata, february 8 – British inventor John Logie Baird broadcasts a transatlantic television signal from London to Hartsdale, New York. February 11–19 – The 1928 Winter Olympics are held in St. Moritz, Switzerland, sonja Henie of Norway wins her first gold medal in womens figure skating. February 12 – Heavy hail kills 11 in Britain, february 20 – The Japanese general election produces a hung parliament. February 25 – Charles Jenkins Laboratories of Washington, D. C. becomes the first holder of a license from the Federal Radio Commission. March 12 – In California, the St. Francis Dam north of Los Angeles fails, March 15 March 15 incident, The Japanese government cracks down on socialists and communists. Chinese warlord Shi Yousan sets fire to the Shaolin Monastery in Henan, destroying some of its ancient structures, March 21 – Charles Lindbergh is presented with the Medal of Honor for his first Transatlantic flight. March 26 – The China Academy of Art is founded in Hangzhou, april 10 – Pineapple Primary, The United States Republican Party primary elections in Chicago are preceded by violence, bombings and assassination attempts. April 12 – A bomb attack against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini in Milan kills 17 bystanders, april 12–14 – The first ever east–west transatlantic flight by aeroplane takes place from Dublin, Ireland, to Greenly Island, Canada, using German Junkers W33 Bremen. April 14 – Two earthquakes in Chirpan and Plovdiv in Bulgaria destroy more than 21,000 buildings, april 19 – The last section of the original Oxford English Dictionary is completed and published. April 22 – An Ms 6.0 earthquake affects southern Greece with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX, leaving 20 dead, a non-destructive tsunami was also observed. April 28 –28 inches of snow fall in southern-central Pennsylvania, may 3 – Jinan incident, An armed conflict between the Imperial Japanese Army allied with Northern Chinese warlords against the Kuomintangs southern army, occurs in Jinan, China. May 7 – Passage of the Representation of the People Act in the United Kingdom lowers the age for women from 30 to 21 giving them equal suffrage with men from July 2. May 10 – The first regular schedule of television programming begins in Schenectady, may 15 The Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia commences operations
1928
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A 1928
Ford Model A
1928
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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
1928
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Walter Mondale
1928
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Jeanne Moreau
113.
Lincoln D. Faurer
–
Lieutenant General Lincoln D. Faurer was director of the National Security Agency and Chief of the Central Security Service from 1981 to 1985. Faurer was born February 7,1928, in Medford, Massachusetts and he graduated from Central High School in Philadelphia in 1945 and attended Cornell University. He graduated from the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, in 1950 with a Bachelor of Science degree and he received a Master of Science degree in Engineering Management from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York, in 1964. After graduation from the Academy, Faurer attended flying schools at Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas, and Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma, and received his pilot wings in August 1951. He completed B-29 pilot training at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, in January 1952 and was assigned to the 308th Bombardment Wing at Forbes Air Force Base. In May 1952 he moved with the wing to Hunter Air Force Base, from April 1953 to September 1955, Faurer flew weather reconnaissance flights in WB-29s with the 56th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron at Yokota Air Base, Japan. In May 1958 he transferred to Headquarters 90th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, also at Forbes, while at Barksdale he was associated with the 2nd Air Forces growing inventory of intercontinental ballistic missiles, Atlas D, E, F, Titan II, and Minuteman I. He attended the graduate engineer management program at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute from June 1963 to July 1964, after graduation, he was assigned to the Defense Intelligence Agency in Washington, D. C. Upon graduation from the National War College in July 1968, Faurer was named director of current operations, 14th Aerospace Force at Ent Air Force Base, Colorado. In May 1974 Faurer returned to the Defense Intelligence Agency as deputy director for intelligence and he was assigned as director, J-2, U. S. European Command in Vaihingen, West Germany, in August 1977 and he became Director of the National Security Agency in April 1981. Faurer has also presented the National Intelligence Medal of Achievement in recognition of his service to the national intelligence community. He was promoted to Lieutenant General September 1,1979, with date of rank. He retired on April 1,1985 and he was President of the Corporation for Open Systems, a not-for-profit industry research center for the promotion of OSI and ISDN international communications standards, from 1986 to 1991. He has served as Chairman of the Association for Intelligence Officers, during the 1990s, Linc Faurer also served on the Board of Directors for the Aegis Research Corporation of Rosslyn and later Falls Church, Virginia. He was Chairman of the Board of Directors of the National Cryptologic Museum Foundation until October 2014, Faurer died on November 7,2014, and will be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. FAURER LINCOLN D at NameBase SEC filings This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document
Lincoln D. Faurer
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Lieutenant General Lincoln D. Faurer
114.
1932
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January 1 – The United States Post Office Department issues a set of 12 stamps commemorating the 200th anniversary of George Washingtons birth. January 3 – The British arrest and intern Mohandas Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel, January 7 – The Stimson Doctrine is proclaimed, in response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. January 8 – In Great Britain the Archbishop of Canterbury forbids Anglican church remarriage of divorced persons, January 9 – Sakuradamon Incident, Korean nationalist Lee Bong-chang fails in his effort to assassinate Hirohito Emperor of Japan. The Kuomintangs official newspaper runs an editorial expressing regret that the attempt failed, January 12 – Hattie W. Caraway becomes the first woman elected to the United States Senate. January 14 – Maurice Ravels Concerto in G debuts with piano soloist Marguerite Long, January 15 – About 6 million are unemployed in Germany. January 26 – The British submarine M2 sinks with all 60 hands, January 28 – Conflict between Japan and China in the Battle of Shanghai. January 29 – The minority government of Karl Buresch in Austria ends the governmental crisis, January 31 – Japanese warships arrive in Nanking. February 1 – Brave New World, a novel by Aldous Huxley, is first published, february 2 A general World Disarmament Conference begins in Geneva. The principal issue at the conference is the demand made by Germany for gleichberechtigung, the League of Nations again recommends negotiations between the Republic of China and Japan. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation begins operations in Washington, D. C, february 4 The 1932 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York. February 11 – Pope Pius XI meets Benito Mussolini in Vatican City, february 18 – Japan declares Manchukuo formally independent from China. February 22 – The first Purple Heart is awarded, february 24 – Womens suffrage is granted in Brazil. February 25 – Adolf Hitler obtains German citizenship by naturalization, opening the opportunity for him to run in the 1932 election for Reichspräsident, february 27 – The Mäntsälä rebellion occurs in Finland. March 1 Charles Lindbergh, Jr. the infant son of Anne Morrow Lindbergh and Charles Lindbergh, is kidnapped from the home near Hopewell. Japan proclaims Manchuria an independent state and installs Puyi as puppet emperor, march 2 – The Mäntsälä rebellion ends in failure, Finnish democracy prevails. The Lapua Movement is condemned by conservative Finnish President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud in a radio speech, march 5 – Dan Takuma, prominent Japanese businessman and director of the Mitsui Zaibatsu conglomerate is assassinated by the radical right-wing League of Blood group. March 7 – Four people are killed when police fire upon 3,000 unemployed autoworkers marching outside the Ford River Rouge Plant in Dearborn, march 9 – Éamon de Valera is elected President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State. It is the first change of government in the Irish Free State since its foundation 10 years previously, march 14 – George Eastman, founder of Kodak, commits suicide
1932
–
The
Cipher Bureau breaks the German Enigma cipher and overcomes the ever-growing structural and operating complexities of the evolving
Enigma with
plugboard, the main German cipher device during World War II.
1932
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Umberto Eco
1932
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Edward Kennedy
1932
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Johnny Cash
115.
Alfred Worden
–
Alfred Merrill Al Worden, is an American astronaut and engineer who was the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 15 lunar mission in 1971. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, the son of Merrill and Helen Worden, he was born February 7,1932, in Jackson, Michigan. Worden attended Dibble, Griswold, Bloomfield and East Jackson grade schools, Worden was a Boy Scout and earned the rank of First Class. He also received an Honorary Doctorate of Science in Astronautical Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1971, prior to his arrival for duty at the Johnson Space Center, he served as an instructor at the Aerospace Research Pilots School from which he graduated in September 1965. He is also a February 1965 graduate of the Empire Test Pilots School in Farnborough and he has logged more than 4,000 hours flying time—which includes 2,500 hours in jets. Worden was one of the 19 astronauts selected by NASA in April 1966 and he served as a member of the astronaut support crew for the Apollo 9 flight and as backup Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 12 flight. Worden served as Command Module Pilot for Apollo 15, which flew from July 26 to August 7,1971 and his companions on the flight were David Scott, spacecraft commander, and James B. Apollo 15 was the manned lunar landing mission and the first to visit and explore the moons Hadley Rille. Additionally, Worden has been listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the Most isolated human being during his time alone in the Command Module Endeavour. When the orbiting Command Module was at its greatest distance from Scott and Irwin in the Falcon, Apollo 15 concluded with a Pacific splashdown and subsequent recovery by USS Okinawa. In completing his flight, Worden logged 295 hours and 11 minutes in space. The astronauts were allowed to choose the design for the patch but were not allowed to put on the Roman numeral for 15 and they got around this technicality by adding it to the moons surface in the background. During 1972–1973, Worden was Senior Aerospace Scientist at the NASA Ames Research Center, between 1972 and 1975, he made seven guest appearances on Mister Rogers Neighborhood. After retirement from NASA and active duty in 1975, Worden became President of Maris Worden Aerospace, Inc. and then became staff Vice President of BG Goodrich Aerospace in Brecksville, Ohio. Worden served as Chairman of the Astronaut Scholarship Foundation until 2011, providing scholarships to exceptional science, in 2011, Wordens memoir Falling To Earth made the top 12 of the LA Times Bestseller list. After the return of Apollo 15 to Earth, it was discovered that, without authority, of these,100 were then sold to a German stamp dealer. The profits of the sale would have used to establish trust funds for the crews children. In 1982, Worden ran for the United States House of Representatives in Floridas 12th congressional district and he sold some of the postal covers to pay for debts from this unsuccessful campaign
Alfred Worden
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Alfred M. Worden
Alfred Worden
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Worden performing humanity's first deep-space EVA during Apollo 15's homeward journey
116.
1933
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January 5 – Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge begins in San Francisco Bay. January 11 – Sir Charles Kingsford Smith makes the first commercial flight between Australia and New Zealand, January 15 – Political violence causes almost 100 deaths in Spain. January 17 – The United States Congress votes favorably for Philippines independence, January 23 – The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, changing Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20 starting in 1937. January 28 – Pakistan Declaration, Choudhry Rahmat Ali publishes a pamphlet entitled Now or Never, in which he calls for the creation of a Muslim state in northwest India that he calls Pakstan which is influential on the Pakistan Movement. January 30 Édouard Daladier forms a government in France, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany by President of Germany Paul von Hindenburg. The Lone Ranger debuts on American radio, January – The London Underground diagram designed by Harry Beck is introduced to the public. February 1 – Adolf Hitler gives his Proclamation to the German People in Berlin, February 2 – A second international conference on disarmament ends without results. It tries to limit the sizes of the major powers, while Germany is entitled to 200,000. February 5 – A mutiny starts on the Royal Netherlands Navy coastal defence ship De Zeven Provinciën in the Dutch East Indies, after 6 days, it is bombed by a Dutch aircraft, killing 23 men, and the remaining mutineers surrender. February 6 – The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution goes into effect, February 6–7 – Officers on the USS Ramapo record a 34-meter high sea-wave in the Pacific Ocean. February 9 – The King and Country debate, The Oxford Union student debating society in England passes a resolution stating, That this House will in no circumstances fight for its King, February 10 – The New York City-based Postal Telegraph Company introduces the first singing telegram. February 15 – In Miami, Giuseppe Zangara attempts to assassinate President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt, February 17 Newsweek magazine is published for the first time in the United States. The Blaine Act passes the United States Senate, submitting the proposed Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution to the states for ratification, the amendment is ratified on December 5, ending prohibition in the United States. February 27 – Reichstag fire, Germanys parliament building in Berlin, February 28 – The Reichstag Fire Decree is passed in response to the Reichstag fire, nullifying many German civil liberties. March 2 – The original film version of King Kong, starring Fay Wray, premieres at Radio City Music Hall, March 3 Ching Yun University is established. Mount Rushmore National Memorial is dedicated, a powerful earthquake and tsunami hit Honshū, Japan, killing approximately 3,000 people. It is the last time Inauguration Day in the United States occurs on March 4, frances Perkins becomes United States Secretary of Labor, and the first female member of the United States Cabinet. The Parliament of Austria is suspended because of a quibble over procedure, March 5 The Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares a Bank holiday, closing all United States banks and freezing all financial transactions
1933
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January 5:
Golden Gate Bridge begun.
1933
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February 27:
Reichstag fire.
1933
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Kim Novak
1933
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Abolhassan Banisadr
117.
King Curtis
–
Curtis Ousley, who performed under the stage name King Curtis, was an American saxophone virtuoso known for rhythm and blues, rock and roll, soul, blues, funk and soul jazz. Variously a bandleader, band member, and session musician, he was also a musical director, the son of Ethel Montgomery, he was born Curtis Montgomery in Fort Worth, Texas, and was adopted, with his sister Josephine, by Josie and William Ousley. Curtis Ousley attended I. M. Terrell High School, Curtis started playing saxophone at the age of twelve in the Fort Worth area. He took interest in musical genres including jazz, rhythm and blues. As a student pursuing music, he turned down college scholarships in order to join the Lionel Hampton Band, during his time with Hampton, he was able to write and arrange music and learn guitar. In 1952 Curtis decided to move to New York and became a musician, recording for such labels as Prestige, Enjoy, Capitol. He recorded with Nat Adderley, Wynton Kelly, Buddy Holly, Waylon Jennings, stylistically, Curtis took inspiration from saxophonists Lester Young, Louis Jordan, Illinois Jacquet, Earl Bostic, and Gene Ammons. Known for his syncopated and percussive style, he was versatile and powerful as a musician. He put together a group during his time as a musician that included Richard Tee, Cornell Dupree, Jerry Jemmott. Curtis enjoyed playing both jazz and rhythm and blues but decided he would make money as a rhythm. In a 1971 interview with Charlie Gillett he said, I love the authentic rhythm and blues more than anything, Buddy Holly hired him for session work, during which they recorded Reminiscing. Holly wrote this song, but gave Curtis the songwriting credit for flying down to the session and his best-known singles from this period are Soul Twist — his highest-charting single, reaching number one on the R&B chart and number 17 on the Billboard pop chart — and Soul Serenade. He provided backing on a number of songs for LaVern Baker, including her 1958 hit single I Cried a Tear, in 1965 he moved to Atlantic Records and recorded his most successful singles, Memphis Soul Stew and Ode to Billie Joe. He worked with The Coasters, and led Aretha Franklins backing band the Kingpins, the Kingpins opened for the Beatles during their 1965 performance at Shea Stadium. Curtis produced records, often working with Jerry Wexler and recorded for Groove Records during this period, including the Joe South song Games People Play with guitarist Duane Allman. In March 1971 he appeared with Aretha Franklin and the Kingpins at the Fillmore West, in July 1971, Curtis recorded saxophone solos on Its So Hard and I Dont Wanna Be a Soldier from John Lennons Imagine. Along with the Rimshots, he recorded the theme song for the 1971 hit television show Soul Train. On June 17,1971 Curtis played at the Montreux Jazz Festival, in the Casino Kursaal, with Champion Jack Dupree, backed by Cornell Dupree on guitar, Jerry Jemmott on bass and Oliver Jackson on drums
King Curtis
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King Curtis
118.
1935
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January – Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia creates a military school at Holeta. January 1 – The Italian colonies of Tripoli and Cyrenaica are joined together as Libya, january 3 – The trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann, accused of the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr. begins in Flemington, New Jersey. January 4 – Dry Tortugas National Park is established, january 7 – Italian premier Benito Mussolini and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval conclude an agreement in which each power agrees not to oppose the others colonial claims. January 11 – Amelia Earhart becomes the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to California, january 13 – A plebiscite in the Territory of the Saar Basin shows that 90. 3% of those voting wish to join Germany. January 16 – The FBI kills the Barker Gang, including Ma Barker, january 19 – Coopers Inc. sells the worlds first mens briefs, as jockeys, in Chicago. January 24 – The first canned beer is sold in Richmond, Virginia, United States, january 28 – Iceland legalizes abortion on medical grounds. February 6 – Parker Brothers begins selling the board game Monopoly in the United States, february 23 – The classic Mickey Mouse cartoon The Band Concert is released by United Artists in the United States. February 26 In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler orders reinstatement of the air force, Robert Watson-Watt first demonstrates the use of radar to detect aircraft at Daventry in England. February 28 – Ladby ship, Viking ship grave discovered in Denmark, March 11935 Greek coup détat attempt, Nikolaos Plastiras, Anastasios Papoulas and other Venizelists lead a coup against the Peoples Party government in Greece. The attempt is suppressed by March 11 and the condemned to death for treason. İsmet İnönü forms the new government in Turkey, March 2 – King Prajadhipok of Siam abdicates the throne. He is succeeded by his 9-year-old-nephew Ananda Mahidol, March 8 – Faithful dog Hachikō dies on the spot where he had awaited his dead owner for nine years in Japan. March 9 – Porky Pig makes his debut as the first major Looney Tunes character in I Havent Got a Hat, March 16 – Adolf Hitler announces German re-armament in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. March 19 – Harlem riot of 1935, A race riot breaks out in Harlem after a rumor circulates that a teenage Puerto Rican shoplifter in the S. H. Kress & Co. department store has been brutally beaten, March 21 – Persia is renamed Iran. March 22 – The worlds first television program by Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow is transmitted from the Funkturm in Berlin, april 1 – The North American NA-16, prototype of the North American T-6 Texan or Harvard flying trainer, flies for the first time. April 14 – Dust Bowl, The great dust storm in the United States hits eastern New Mexico and Colorado and it will be made famous by Woody Guthrie in his dust bowl ballads. April 15 – Roerich Pact, a Pan-American treaty on the protection of cultural artefacts, is signed in Washington D. C, april 16 – Fibber McGee and Molly debuts on NBC Radio in the United States. April 17 – Sun Myung Moon, a teenage Presbyterian convert in Korea under Japanese rule, april 27 – FA Cup, Sheffield Wednesday F. C. beat West Bromwich Albion 4–2 at Wembley Stadium in England
1935
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Dust storm approaching
Spearman, Texas
1935
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October 22 page from a
Soviet revolutionary calendar with six-day weeks.
1935
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Bernard Tussaud completes the wax figure of Lady Alice Scott and the Duke of Gloucester – London, 1935.10.16
1935
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Elvis Presley
119.
1941
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Below, the events of World War II have the WWII acronym. January 1 – Thailand Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram decrees January 1 as the start of the Thai solar calendar new year. January 3 – A decree promulgated in Nazi Germany by Martin Bormann on behalf of Adolf Hitler requires replacement of blackletter typefaces by Antiqua. January 4 – The short subject Elmers Pet Rabbit is released, marking the appearance of Bugs Bunny. January 5 – WWII, At the Battle of Bardia in Libya, Australian and British troops defeat Italian forces, January 6 – The keel of the USS Missouri is laid at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn. January 10 – The Lend-Lease Act is introduced into the United States Congress, January 11 – The British Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Southampton is sunk off Malta. January 13 – All persons born in Puerto Rico since this day are declared U. S. citizens by birth, through U. S. federal law. January 14 – WWII, Commerce raiding German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin captures the Norwegian whaling fleet near Bouvet Island, January 15 – John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry describe the workings of the Atanasoff–Berry computer in print. January 19 – WWII, British troops attack Italian-held Eritrea, January 20 – Franklin D. Roosevelt is sworn in for a third term as President of the United States. January 22 WWII, Battle of Tobruk, Australian and British forces capture Tobruk from the Italians, in Sweden, Victor Hasselblad registers the Hasselblad camera company. January 23 – Aviator Charles Lindbergh testifies before the U. S. Congress and recommends that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Adolf Hitler. January 27 – WWII, Joseph Grew, the U. S. ambassador to Japan, reports to Washington a rumor overheard at a diplomatic reception concerning a planned attack on Pearl Harbor. January 30 – WWII, Australians capture Derna, Libya, from the Italians, February 3 – WWII, The Nazis forcibly restore Pierre Laval to office in occupied Vichy France. February 4 – WWII, The United Service Organization is created to entertain American troops, February 5 – Air Training Corps, The Air Training Corps is formed in the United Kingdom. February 5–April 1 – WWII, Battle of Keren – British, February 6 – WWII, Fall of Benghazi to the Western Desert Force. Lieutenant-General Erwin Rommel is appointed commander of Afrika Korps, February 8 – WWII, The U. S. House of Representatives passes the Lend-Lease Act. February 9 – Winston Churchill, in a worldwide broadcast, tells the United States to show its support by sending arms to the British, Give us the tools, February 12 WWII, Erwin Rommel arrives in Tripoli. Reserve Constable Albert Alexander, a patient at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford, becomes the first person treated with penicillin intravenously and he reacts positively but there is insufficient supply of the drug to reverse his terminal infection
1941
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USS Arizona ablaze after the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor
1941
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Hayao Miyazaki
1941
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Long John Baldry
1941
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Scott Glenn
120.
Kevin Crossley-Holland
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Kevin John William Crossley-Holland is an English childrens author, poet and translator. His best known work may now be the Arthur trilogy, published around age sixty, for which he won the Guardian Prize, Crossley-Holland and his 1985 novella Storm won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the years outstanding childrens book by a British author. For the 70th anniversary of the Medal in 2007 it was named one of the top ten winning works, born in Mursley, north Buckinghamshire, Crossley-Holland grew up in Whiteleaf, a small village in the Chilterns. His father was Peter Crossley-Holland, a composer and ethnomusicologist, and his mother was Joan Cowper and he attended Bryanston School in Dorset, followed by St Edmund Hall, Oxford, where after failing his first exams he discovered a passion for Anglo-Saxon literature. After graduating he became the Gregory Fellow in Poetry at the University of Leeds, crossley-Hollands writing career began when he became a poetry, fiction, and children’s book editor for Macmillan Publishers. He was later director for Victor Gollancz. He is known for poetry, novels, story collections, and translations, including versions of the Anglo-Saxon classic Beowulf for adults, some of his books, including the Arthur trilogy, reinterpret medieval legends. He also wrote a collection of Norse myths and British and Irish folk tales. Bracelet of Bones, the first of his Viking sagas, was published in 2011, as was The Mountains of Norfolk, New and Selected Poems, the second saga, Scramasax, was published in 2013. He has edited and translated the riddles included in the Anglo-Saxon Exeter Book, Crossley-Holland has also written the libretti for two operas by Nicola LeFanu, The Green Children and The Wildman, and for a chamber opera by Rupert Bawden about Nelson, Haydn, and Emma Hamilton. He has collaborated several times with the composers Arthur Bliss, William Mathias, Bernard Hughes, Bob Chilcott and Cecilia McDowall, Crossley-Holland lives on the North Norfolk coast, where he spent some of his childhood. His autobiography, The Hidden Roads, A Memoir of Childhood, was published in 2009, from 2012-17 he held the honorary post of President of the School Library Association. The Arthur trilogy comprises The Seeing Stone, At the Crossing-Places and these have been published in 25 different languages and must be the authors best-known works. Crossley-Holland takes a new look at the King Arthur legends, showing a medieval boys development from a page to a squire, alongside this advance, the medieval Arthur faces issues such as his prospective betrothal and inheritance. Meanwhile, he has the Seeing Stone through which observes the remarkably parallel early life of King Arthur, a follow-up to the trilogy was published in 2006, Gattys Tale. Crossley-Holland was awarded the 1985 Carnegie Medal and 2007 Anniversary Top Ten recognition from British librarians for Storm, the Seeing Stone was also bronze runner up for the Smarties Prize in ages category 9–11 years and it made the 2000 Whitbread Awards shortlist. Gattys Tale was one of seven books on the 2008 Carnegie shortlist
Kevin Crossley-Holland
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Crossley-Holland at
Vienna International School in 2012
Kevin Crossley-Holland
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Characters
121.
1948
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January 1 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade inaugurated. Railways of Britain are nationalized to form British Railways, the Constitution of the Italian Republic goes into effect. The latest Constitution of New Jersey goes into effect, january 5 – Warner Brothers shows the first color newsreel. January 7 – Kentucky Air National Guard pilot Thomas Mantell crashes while in pursuit of a supposed UFO, january 12 – Mahatma Gandhi begins his fast-unto-death in Delhi to stop communal violence during the Partition of India. January 17 – A truce is declared between nationalist Indonesian and Dutch troops in Java, january 22 – British foreign secretary Ernest Bevin proposes the formation of a Western Union between Britain, France, and the Benelux countries to stand up against the Soviet Union. The Treaty of Brussels is signed March 17 as a consequence, january 29 The Pakistan Socialist Party is founded in Karachi. DC-3 aircraft crash at Los Gatos Creek, near Coalinga, California, kills four US citizens and 28 deportees, january 30 Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, Indian pacifist and leader Mahatma Gandhi is shot by Nathuram Godse in New Delhi. Also on this day Orville Wright of the pioneering aviators the Wright Brothers dies in Dayton,1948 Winter Olympics open in St. Moritz, Switzerland. January 31 – The British crown colony of the Malayan Union, Penang, february 1 The Soviet Union begins to jam Voice of America broadcasts. Proclamation of the Federation of Malaya, february 4 – Ceylon becomes an independent kingdom within the British Commonwealth. February 16 – Miranda, innermost of the moons of Uranus, is discovered by Gerard Kuiper. February 18 – Éamon de Valera, Irish head of government since 1932, John A. Costello is appointed Taoiseach by President Seán T. OKelly. February 19 – The Conference of Youth and Students of Southeast Asia Fighting for Freedom, february 21 – The United States stock car racing organization NASCAR is founded by Bill France, Sr. with other drivers. February 22 – The first of the Ben Yehuda Street bombings in Jerusalem kills between 49 and 58 civilians and injures between 140 and 200, the 2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India convenes in Calcutta. March 8 – McCollum v. Board of Education, The United States Supreme Court rules that religious instruction in public schools violates the U. S. Constitution, March 12 – The Costa Rican Civil War begins. March 16 – The largest flood in the history of Brampton, Ontario, March 17 Treaty of Brussels signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, providing for economic, social and cultural collaboration and collective self-defence. The Hells Angels motorcycle gang is founded in California, March 18 – The Round Table Conference in The Hague, Netherlands for the preparation of the decolonization process for Aruba and the other Dutch Colonies. March 20 Singapore holds its first elections, renowned Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini makes his television debut, conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra in an all-Wagner program in the United States
1948
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Israeli Declaration of Independence, 1948
1948
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Airplane C-54 at airport Berlin-Tempelhof.
1948
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Ichirou Mizuki
1948
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John Carpenter
122.
1949
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January 1 – UN sponsored ceasefire brings an end to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. The war results in a stalemate and the division of Kashmir, january 2 – Luis Muñoz Marín becomes the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico. January 4–February 22 – Series of winter storms in Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, Utah, Colorado and Nevada – winds of up to 72 mph – tens of thousands of cattle and sheep perish. January 4 – RMS Caronia of the Cunard Line departs Southampton for New York on her maiden voyage, january 5 – U. S. President Harry S. Truman unveils his Fair Deal program. January 11 – Los Angeles receives its first recorded snowfall, january 16 – Şemsettin Günaltay forms the new government of Turkey. January 17 – The first VW Type 1 to arrive in the United States, unable to interest dealers or importers in the Volkswagen, Pon sells the sample car to pay his travel expenses. Only two 1949 models were sold in America that year, convincing Volkswagen chairman Heinrich Nordhoff the car had no future in the U. S, january 19 – The Poe Toaster first appears at the grave of Edgar Allan Poe. January 20 – Harry S. Truman is sworn in for a term as President of the United States. January 25 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance established by Soviet Union, the first Emmy Awards are presented at the Hollywood Athletic Club. In the first Israeli election, David Ben-Gurion becomes Prime Minister, january 26 – Australian citizenship comes into being and the Constitution of India is prepared. January 31 – Forces from the Communist Party of China enter Beijing, february 1 Rationing of clothes ends in Britain. Belgian astronomer Jean Meeus asserts that the orbits of all the planets of the Solar System are within the same 90° arc of the Solar System on this date, the next time it is thought this will occur is on May 6,2492. February 10 – Arthur Millers tragedy Death of a Salesman opens at the Morosco Theatre in New York City, february 11 – London Mozart Players perform their first concert at the Wigmore Hall, London. February 13 – António Óscar Carmona is re-elected president of Portugal for lack of an opposing candidate, february 17 – Chaim Weizmann begins his term as the first President of Israel. February 19 – Ezra Pound is awarded the first Bollingen Prize in poetry by the Bollingen Foundation, february 22 Cincinnati Gardens opens in Cincinnati. Grady the Cow, a 1, 200-pound cow, gets stuck inside a silo on a farm in Yukon, Oklahoma, february 28 – Margaret Roberts, the future Margaret Thatcher, is adopted as the Conservative candidate for Dartford. She will go on to fight two elections in the constituency unsuccessfully in 1950 and 1951, february 29 – Revolutionary Communist Party of India stages attacks at Dum Dum. March 1 World heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis retires, Indonesia seizes Yogyakarta from the Dutch
1949
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January 17:
Beetle in U.S.
1949
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Soviets detonate their first nuclear weapon.
1949
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Konrad Adenauer.
1949
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Dec. 16:
Sukarno, first President of
Indonesia
123.
Jacques Duchesneau
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Jacques Duchesneau, CM is a Québécois politician, civil servant, former Montreal Chief of Police, and former President and Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority. Since 2012, Duchesneau was the member of the Quebec National Assembly for the riding of Saint-Jérôme, jacques Duchesneau began his career at the Montreal Urban Community Police Service in 1968. He first appeared in the eye in 1981, when as a young sergeant-detective. After losing the race and failing to secure a seat as city councillor, Duchesneau retired from CATSA in 2008 to become an adjunct professor in the faculty of social science at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology. He was fired a month later and his candidacy was said to be a game-changer in the election. He subsequently won a seat as an MNA in the riding of Saint-Jérôme and he also served on the board of directors of the Canadian Red Cross. He has written articles on security, terrorism, organized crime, drug trafficking, police ethics, and leadership
Jacques Duchesneau
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Jacques Duchesneau in 2013
124.
1950
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January 1 – The International Police Association – the largest police organization in the world – is formed. Senator Estes Kefauver introduces a resolution calling for an investigation of organized crime in the U. S, January 6 – The UK recognizes the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China severs diplomatic relations with Britain in response. January 7 – A fire consumes Mercy Hospital in Davenport, Iowa, January 9 – The Israeli government recognizes the Peoples Republic of China. January 11 – Huk guerrillas manhandle the town of Hermosa, Bataan in the Philippines, January 12 The British submarine Truculent collides with a Swedish oil tanker in the Thames Estuary and sinks,64 die. Cold War, U. S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson delivers his Perimeter Speech, January 13 – Finland forms diplomatic relations with the Peoples Republic of China. January 17 – Great Brinks Robbery, Eleven thieves steal more than $2 million from the Brinks armored car company headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts. January 21 – Accused communist spy Alger Hiss is convicted on 2 accounts January 23 – The Knesset passes a resolution that states Jerusalem is the capital of Israel, Fuchs is formally charged on February 2. The Kingdom of Mysore is merged into the new republic, January 29 – Lord Balfour criticizes the fact that rationing is still in force in Britain. January 31 United States President Harry S. Truman orders the development of the hydrogen bomb, the last Kuomintang troops surrender in mainland China. December – First five-year plan is tabled in the Parliament by Jawaharlal Nehru and it emphasizes Agricultural and Community development. February 1 – Chiang Kai-shek is re-elected as a president of the Republic of China, February 4 – Ingrid Bergmans illegitimate child arouses ire in the U. S. February 6 – First Cabinet Secretary N. R. February 8 The Stasi is founded in East Germany and acts as a secret police until 1990, payment first made by Diners Club card, in New York, first use of a charge card. February 11 Two Viet Minh battalions attack a French base in French Indochina, February 12 Pro-communist riots erupt in Paris. The European Broadcasting Union is founded, albert Einstein warns that nuclear war could lead to mutual destruction. February 13 The U. S. Army begins to deploy anti-aircraft cannons to protect nuclear stations and military targets. British Columbia B-36 crash – The U. S. Air Force loses a Convair B-36 bomber that carried a Mark 4 nuclear bomb off the west coast of Canada, February 14 – Cold War, The Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China sign a mutual defense treaty. In an election speech at Edinburgh, Winston Churchill proposes a parley at the summit with Soviet leaders, February 15 Juho Kusti Paasikivi is re-elected president of Finland. Walt Disney releases his 12th animated film, Cinderella in Hollywood, February 19 – Konrad Adenauer tries unsuccessfully to negotiate with East Germany to begin unification
1950
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January 15:
Mount Lamington erupts in
New Guinea.
1950
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Victoria Principal
1950
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Peter Gabriel
1950
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Julie Walters
125.
Karen Joy Fowler
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Karen Joy Fowler is an American author of science fiction, fantasy, and literary fiction. Her work often centers on the century, the lives of women. She is best known as the author of the best-selling novel The Jane Austen Book Club that was made into a movie of the same name, Fowler was born in Bloomington, Indiana, and spent the first eleven years of her life there. Her family then moved to Palo Alto, California, Fowler attended the University of California, Berkeley, and majored in political science. After having a child during the last year of her masters program, feeling restless, Fowler decided to take a dance class, and then a creative writing class at the University of California, Davis. Often these tales had a feminist theme or mindset and her first novel, Sarah Canary, was published to critical acclaim. The novel involves a group of people alienated by nineteenth century America experiencing a kind of first contact. One character is Chinese American, another putatively mentally ill, a third a feminist, similar to some of her other work, notably her award-winning short story What I Didnt See, Fowlers first novel, Sarah Canary, has been controversial in regards to its actual genre. Fowler states, If I tell that I believe that Sarah Canary is in fact an extraterrestrial, Fowler meant for Sarah Canary to read like a science fiction novel to a science fiction reader and like a mainstream novel to a mainstream reader. Both novels have been incorporated with aspects of fiction that typical readers would overlook. Fowlers intentions were to leave room for the readers’ own interpretation of the text, Fowler also collaborated with Pat Murphy to found the James Tiptree, Jr. Award in 1991, a literary prize for science fiction or fantasy that expands or explores our understanding of gender. As such, she serves as the inspiration for the protagonist in Fowler’s “What I Didn’t See. ”The awards main focus is to recognize the authors, male or female, who challenge and reflect shifting gender roles. Her other genre works also tended to focus on odd corners of the nineteenth century experiencing the unexpected or fantastic and her second novel, The Sweetheart Season is a romantic comedy infused with historical and fantasy elements. Her 1998 collection, Black Glass, won a World Fantasy Award, and her 2010 collection What I Didnt See and her 2004 novel The Jane Austen Book Club become a critical and popular success including being on The New York Times bestsellers list. Although it is not a fiction or fantasy work, science fiction does play an integral part to the novels plot. Fowler was an instructor at the Clarion Workshop 2007 in San Diego and she was one of the two Guests of Honor at Readercon 2007. In 2008, she won the Nebula Award for the time for Best Short Story for her 2007 story Always. Her short story “The Pelican Bar” won a Shirley Jackson Award in 2009, Fowlers most recent novel, We Are All Completely Beside Ourselves won the Pen/Faulkner Award for 2014, and has been nominated for a 2014 Nebula Award as well
Karen Joy Fowler
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Karen Joy Fowler at the 2013 Texas Book Festival.
126.
1953
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January 5 – Samuel Becketts play Waiting for Godot has its first public stage première in French as En attendant Godot at the Théâtre de Babylone in Paris. January 6 – The Asian Socialist Conference opens in Rangoon, Burma, january 7 – United States President Harry S. Truman announces the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb. January 12 – Estonian émigrés found a government-in-exile in Oslo, january 14 Marshal Josip Broz Tito is chosen President of Yugoslavia. The CIA-sponsored Robertson Panel first meets to discuss the UFO phenomenon, january 15 – Georg Dertinger, foreign minister of East Germany, is arrested for spying. This record has yet to be broken, january 20 – Dwight D. Eisenhower is sworn in as President of the United States. January 22 – The Crucible, a drama by Arthur Miller, january 24 Mau Mau Uprising, Rebels in Kenya kill the Ruck family. Walter Ulbricht announces that agriculture will be collectivized in East Germany, january 28 – Derek Bentley is executed for murder at Wandsworth Prison in London. February 1 – The surge of the North Sea flood continues from the previous day, february 3 – Batepá massacre, Hundreds of native creoles known as forros are massacred in São Tomé by the colonial administration and Portuguese landowners. February 5 – Walt Disneys feature film Peter Pan premieres, february 11 President Dwight D. Eisenhower refuses a clemency appeal for Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. The Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations with Israel after an explosion at the Soviet embassy in reaction to the Doctors plot. February 12 – The Nordic Council is inaugurated, february 13 – Transsexual Christine Jorgensen returns to New York after successful sex reassignment surgery in Denmark. February 16 – The Pakistan Academy of Sciences is established in Pakistan, february 19 – Georgia approves the first literature censorship board in the United States. February 21 – Nitroform Products Company plant in Newark, New Jersey, is destroyed by an explosion, february 25 – Release, in France, of Jacques Tatis film Les Vacances de M. Hulot, introducing the gauche character of Monsieur Hulot. February 28 James Watson and Francis Crick of the University of Cambridge announce their discovery of the structure of the DNA molecule, greece, Turkey, and Yugoslavia sign the Balkan Pact. March 1 Joseph Stalin suffers a stroke after a dinner with Soviet Union interior minister Lavrentiy Beria and future premiers Georgi Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin. The stroke paralyzes the right side of his body and renders him unconscious until his death on March 5, bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg is made deputy constable and lieutenant governor of Windsor Castle. March 6 – Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov succeeds Joseph Stalin as Premier, March 8 – The Thieves World, which had been transformed into the Russian mafia, are freed from prisons by the Malenkov regime which ends the Bitch Wars. March 13 – The United Nations Security Council nominates Dag Hammarskjöld from Sweden as United Nations Secretary General, March 14 – Nikita Khrushchev is selected First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party
1953
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34th President Dwight D. Eisenhower
1953
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Mount Everest.
1953
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Malcolm Young
1953
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Anders Fogh Rasmussen
127.
Dieter Bohlen
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Dieter Günther Bohlen is a German songwriter, singer, musician, producer, entertainer, and TV personality. Bohlen is best known for being part of popular pop-duo Modern Talking during 1983–1987, Bohlen took his Abitur in Oldenburg. His father was a supplier to the construction business, in 1973, Dieter Bohlen was member of the band Monza. In 1981 he was member of trio Sunday, and they had a hit Hale Hey Louise, from 1983 to 1987 and from 1998 to 2003, Bohlen was one half of the pop duo Modern Talking as producer, songwriter and composer. From 1985 to 1988, he produced and wrote songs for the disco singer C. C, in 1988, Dieter Bohlen signed 15-year-old singer Anna Garcia whose stage name was Sheree. In 1988 she recorded a song Ronnie – Talk To Russia, as Sheree, written by German songwriter and former member of Modern Talking, Dieter Bohlen. After Modern Talkings first split in 1987, Bohlen formed Blue System, for most projects Bohlen had session singers for the background vocals to produce a high-pitched chorus. He frequently worked in the studio with the producer Luis Rodríguez, rivalen Der Rennbahn is a soundtrack written by Bohlen. It was one of the albums in 1989 in Germany. Bohlen produced the German boygroup Touché which was founded by one of the five members. In 1986, Bohlen wrote and produced Chris Normans Midnight Lady for an episode of the German crime show Tatort and this song became a major hit in central Europe. In the 1990s, Bohlen became producer for Bonnie Tyler under Hansa Records and they released three albums, Bitterblue, Angel Heart and Silhouette in Red. Tyler had great success with her single Bitterblue, which was written and he has been a judge on all the seasons of the talent show Deutschland sucht den Superstar and has worked with acts discovered in the show, yielding several major hits. He is criticized for controversial and insulting comments, Bohlen has also released five books. Two of these are autobiographical and describe his career, romantic involvements, the first book was an unprecedented success in Germany. Both books were released as audio books. In 2006, Bohlen released an album called Dieter, Der Film that was a soundtrack to the movie of the same name, in 2011, he founded the clothing label Needs Clothing along with Felix Werner. He has also been a judge the talent show Das Supertalent and he is the only judge to have been in every season of the show
Dieter Bohlen
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Dieter Bohlen
128.
1956
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January 1 The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan. Carl Perkins record Blue Suede Shoes is released in the United States, a crowd crush and stampede during a New Years event results in 124 deaths and 77 injuries at the Yahiko Shrine in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. January 3 – In the United States, By popular demand, Peter Pan, Columbia Records first releases Glenn Goulds solo piano recording of Bachs Goldberg Variations. January 8 – Operation Auca, Five U. S, January 16 – Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser vows to reconquer Palestine. January 25–26 – Finnish troops reoccupy Porkkala after Soviet troops vacate its military base, January 26 – The 1956 Winter Olympics open in Cortina dAmpezzo, Italy. February 11 – British spies Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean resurface in the Soviet Union after being missing for 5 years, february 14–26 – 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. February 16 – Only a little more than four months after the release of the 70mm version of Oklahoma, the film version of Rodgers and Hammersteins Carousel, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones, is released in CinemaScope 55. MacRae and Jones had previously starred in Oklahoma, Carousel, intended for showing in 55mm, ends up being shown only in 35mm. February 22 – Elvis Presley enters the United States music charts for the first time, february 23 – Norma Jean Mortenson legally changes her name to Marilyn Monroe. February 24 – Doris Day records her most famous song, Que Sera, Sera, it is from Alfred Hitchcocks The Man Who Knew Too Much, february 25 – Nikita Khrushchev attacks the veneration of Josef Stalin in a speech On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences. March 1 – The International Air Transport Association finalizes a draft of the spelling alphabet for the International Civil Aviation Organization. March 2 – Morocco declares its independence from France, march 9 The British deport Archbishop Makarios from Cyprus to the Seychelles. Soviet Armed Forces suppresses mass demonstrations in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, on TV it is not shown in prime time, but as an afternoon matinée, in a slightly cut version. It is one of the first such experiments of its kind, olivier is later nominated for an Oscar for his performance. Congressmen sign the Southern Manifesto, a protest against the 1954 Supreme Court ruling that public education. The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 500 for the first time rising 2.40 points, or 0. 48%, march 13 – Elvis Presley releases his first gold album titled Elvis Presley. March 15 – The Broadway musical My Fair Lady opens in New York City, march 19 – At age 48, Dutch boxer Bep van Klaveren contests his last match in Rotterdam. March 20 – Tunisia gains independence from France, march 21 – The 28th Academy Awards ceremony is held
1956
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A reel of 2-inch
quadruplex videotape compared with a modern-day
miniDV videocassette.
1956
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Mel Gibson
1956
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David Caruso
1956
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Bill Maher
129.
Mark St. John
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Mark Leslie Norton, better known as Mark St. John, was a guitarist best known for his brief work with the rock band Kiss from April to November 1984. He played on the bands Animalize album and a few dates on the subsequent tour before being replaced by Bruce Kulick, before joining Kiss, St. John was a well known and respected teacher and guitarist for the Southern California cover band Front Page. After leaving Kiss, he formed a band called White Tiger, featuring David Donato, his brother Michael Norton, and Brian James Fox. Demos that the band had recorded with producer Andy Johns and guitarist Neil Citron, prior to Mark joining, apparently led to Donatos equally short tenure with another legendary band, Black Sabbath. St. John was only with Kiss a short time, but he was featured on the album Animalize and this turned out to be one of Kisss most successful studio albums, aside from those made by the original lineup. St. Johns only video appearance with Kiss is in the video for the hit single Heavens on Fire, paul also said that he had to dub in certain parts during Marks solos to make them work better with the song. He also developed arthritis, which caused his hands and arms to swell and he was all but unable to perform live as a member of Kiss, and only played two full shows and one partial show during the Animalize tour, with Bruce Kulick playing the rest. Mark St. John was officially replaced by Bruce Kulick on December 8,1984 and he is also the only Kiss member not to appear on any album front cover, since the Animalize cover only features a tapestry of animal prints. However, he is posing with the rest of the band on the back cover. In January 1985 St. John teamed up with vocalist David Donato, by March he was playing live again, appearing at an all-star jam session at the FM Station Club. The lineup included Rudy Sarzo and Tommy Aldridge, St. John also performed at a sold-out audience at a benefit jazz concert for Greenpeace. Some of the jazz musicians playing alongside St. John included the Steve Hooks Band, Stu Nevitt, Slyde Hyde, Al Aarons. St. John and Donato soon formed White Tiger and they had written most of the material for the album by mid-1985 and set out to complete a lineup with which to record. The band also included St. Johns younger brother, Michael, on bass, St. John and Lane became good friends meeting for a second time at Trojan Studios in Garden Grove, California. The band didnt manage to break and split while working on demos for an album in 1988. St. John teamed up with Jeff Scott Soto in 1988 to make a demo, St. John also did some session work performing lead guitar on Livin for My Lord on Ken Tamplins 1990 album, Axe to Grind. Tamplin is an inspirational Christian rocker more famed for his involvement in the band Shout, tamplin has also co-written material with Gene Simmons of Kiss. St. John also worked with former Knight Rider star David Hasselhoff, even appearing in his video, St. John made a demo in 1990 with fellow former Kiss member Peter Criss
Mark St. John
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Mark St. John
130.
1957
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January 1 The Saarland joins West Germany. An Irish Republican Army attack on the Brookeborough police barracks in Northern Ireland leads to the deaths of Seán South, italian conductor Arturo Toscanini suffers the stroke that leads to his death a little over two weeks later in the United States. January 2 – The San Francisco and Los Angeles stock exchanges merge to form the Pacific Coast Stock Exchange, January 3 – Hamilton Watch Company introduces the first electric watch. January 4 – After 69 years the last issue of Colliers Weekly magazine is published in the United States, January 5 – Russell Endean becomes the first batsman to be dismissed for having handled the ball in Test cricket. January 6 – Elvis Presley appears on The Ed Sullivan Show for the 3rd and he is shown only from the waist up, even during the gospel segment, singing Peace In The Valley. Ed Sullivan describes Elvis thus, This is a real decent, weve never had a pleasanter experience on our show with a big name than weve had with you. January 9 – British Prime Minister Anthony Eden resigns, January 10 – Harold Macmillan becomes the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. January 11 – The African Convention is founded in Dakar, January 13 – Wham-O Company produces the first Frisbee. January 14 Kripalu Maharaj is named fifth Jagadguru after giving seven days of speeches before 500 Hindu scholars, American screen actor Humphrey Bogart dies aged 57 in California after a long battle with cancer. January 15 – Release, in Japan, of the film Throne of Blood, January 16 – The Cavern Club opens in Liverpool as a jazz club. January 20 Dwight D. Eisenhower is privately sworn in for a term as President of the United States. Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula, the New York City Mad Bomber, George P. Metesky, is arrested in Waterbury, Connecticut, and charged with planting more than 30 bombs. January 21 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower is publicly sworn in, January 23 – Ku Klux Klan members force truck driver Willie Edwards to jump off a bridge into the Alabama River, he drowns as a result. January 26 – The Ibirapuera Planetarium is inaugurated in the city of São Paulo, february 2 – President Iskander Mirza of Pakistan lays the foundation-stone of the Guddu Barrage across the Indus River near Sukkur. February 4 France prohibits U. N. involvement in Algeria and it is decommissioned on March 3,1980. A coal gas explosion at the giant Bishop coal mine in Bishop, Virginia, february 6 – The Soviet Union announces that Swedish envoy Raoul Wallenberg had died in a Soviet prison possibly of a heart attack on July 17,1947. February 10 – The Confederation of African Football is founded at a meeting in Khartoum, february 15 – Andrei Gromyko becomes foreign minister of the Soviet Union. February 16 The Toddlers Truce, a controversial television closedown between 6.00 p. m. and 7.00 p. m. is abolished in the United Kingdom, ingmar Bergmans film The Seventh Seal opens at cinema in Sweden
1957
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E. M. S. Namboodiripad, head of the first democratically elected communist government in the world
1957
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Flag of Ghana, the first country in colonial Africa to gain independence
1957
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Kathy Najimy
1957
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John Turturro
131.
Carney Lansford
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Carney Ray Lansford is a former third baseman in Major League Baseball and former hitting coach of the Colorado Rockies. Lansford, who played for the California Angels, Boston Red Sox and Oakland Athletics, batted, the Angels dealt Lansford to the Red Sox after the 1980 season. In 1981, he won the American League batting title in the strike-shortened season, however, the emergence of Wade Boggs resulted in the Red Sox sending Lansford to Oakland in a trade involving Tony Armas during the 1982 off-season. Lansford became the As regular third baseman and was there for their 1988 through 1992 dynasty, Lansford narrowly missed winning his second batting title in 1989 with a.336 average. He played in three World Series with the As, losing in 1988 and 1990 and winning in 1989, in his 15-year career, Lansford was a.290 hitter with 151 home runs,874 RBI, and 224 stolen bases in 1862 games. Lansford was a coach for the San Francisco Giants during the 2008 and 2009 seasons. Lansford was relieved of his duties following the 2009 season, Lansford was hired by the Rockies for the 2011 season. He is a descendant of Sir Francis Drake. His son, Jared, was drafted by Oakland in the round of the 2005 amateur draft. His other son, Josh, was a third baseman in the Chicago Cubs minor league system and he played for the Briarwood Little League team, from Santa Clara, California, which made it to the finals of the 1969 Little League World Series. In the final game of the World Series on August 2, Carneys team was defeated 5-0 by the team from Taipei City, Lansford is one of fewer than a dozen men who have played in both the Little League World Series and the MLB World Series. Lansford went to Wilcox High School in Santa Clara, California, and due to his success, the schools baseball field is named for him
Carney Lansford
–
Carney Lansford
132.
Giuseppe Baresi
–
Giuseppe Baresi is an Italian football manager and former player, who played as a defender or as a defensive midfielder. He currently works as an assistant at Internazionale. Baresi spent the majority of his 18-year career with Italian club Internazionale, with Inter, he won two Serie A titles and the UEFA Cup, among other trophies, and also served as the teams captain. His younger brother, Franco Baresi, also a defender, served as captain for cross-city rivals Milan, born in Travagliato, province of Brescia, Baresi was acquired by Inter as a youngster, and became a member of the teams youth system. He made his debut with the senior side in the Coppa Italia on 8 June 1977, in a 1–0 win over Juventus during the 1976–77 season. He later went on to captain the Milan-based club from 1988 to 1992, with Inter, he won two Serie A titles, two Italian Cups, an UEFA Cup, and the Supercoppa Italiana. After leaving Inter at the end of the 1991–92 season, Baresi also played for Modena in the Serie B for a couple of seasons before retiring in 1994, a long-standing nerazzurro, he also served as Internazionale captain for four seasons, winning several trophies both domestically and internationally. Baresi was also a member of Italys 1986 World Cup squad. After serving as head of Internazionales club youth system, he was appointed assistant manager to new Internazionale manager José Mourinho on 2 June 2008, after Benitez was appointed he brought his own assistant coach Mauricio Pellegrino, while Baresi became a technical assistant. He returned to position after Benitez was sacked and replaced by Leonardo. At the start of 2011–12 Serie A Gian Piero Gasperini brought his own assistant coach Bruno Caneo from Genoa, claudio Ranieri replaced Gasperini while Baresi became the assistant coach, again from the position of technical assistant. He is the brother of fellow former defender Milan legendary captain Franco Baresi. Interestingly, as youngsters, both players had tryouts for Inter, but Franco was rejected, and purchased by local rivals Milan, as he was the younger player, he was initially known as Baresi 2. Due to Francos great success and popularity later in his career, however, Internazionale Serie A, 1979–80, 1988–89 Supercoppa Italiana,1989 UEFA Cup, 1990–91 Coppa Italia, 1977–78, 1981–82 Premio Nazionale Carriera Esemplare Gaetano Scirea,1992 FIGC
Giuseppe Baresi
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Giuseppe Baresi
Giuseppe Baresi
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Brothers Giuseppe (left) and
Franco (right) Baresi face each other in the
1979-80 Milan derby.
133.
Terry Marsh (boxer)
–
Terry Marsh is an English former professional boxer who was an undefeated world champion in the light welterweight division. Marsh was a three-time ABA senior amateur champion who went on to become the British, European and he was the first European boxer ever to retire as an undefeated World Champion, a feat later equalled by Romanian Michael Loewe, Germanys Sven Ottke and Welshman Joe Calzaghe. Marsh was charged with the murder of his former manager. Marsh spent 10 months on remand before he was released after being acquitted at trial, in 2010, Marsh changed his name by deed poll to None Of The Above X and stood in the that years general election as an independent candidate. He changed his name as a protest against there being no option to select None of the above in the election, Marsh was born in Stepney, East London, where he grew up in a small terraced house with his parents and three brothers. Marsh, who was a chess champion, began boxing as a youth at the St Georges Club in Stepney before the family moved to Basildon in Essex. Marsh attended Westminster City School between 1969 -1971, before he became a professional boxer, Marsh was a Royal Marine who served in Cyprus and in Crossmaglen in Northern Ireland during the Troubles. He later became a firefighter with the Essex County Fire & Rescue Service, serving on White Watch, as an amateur Marsh won three senior national titles whilst representing the Royal Navy boxing team. Marshs first title came in 1978 in the lightweight division beating Edmund Gajny in the final, the following year Marsh moved up to the light welterweight division and again reached the final but was this time defeated by Eddie Copeland. In 1980, Marsh again moved up a weight, to welterweight,1981 saw Marshs final year as an amateur, this year he remained at welterweight and again reached the final, his fourth in a row. In the 67 kg final, he defeated the future British, Commonwealth and he had his first professional fight in October 1981, defeating Andrew DaCosta on points over six rounds, in Bloomsbury, London. In his thirteenth fight he won the vacant Southern Area Light-Welterweight Title, defeating Vernon Vanriel on points over ten rounds, in September 1984, he defeated Clinton McKenzie to take the British Light-Welterweight Title. The fight was at the Britannia Leisure Centre, Shoreditch, in October 1985, he fought the Italian, Alessandro Scapecchi for the vacant European Light-Welterweight Title. The bout was held in Monte Carlo and Marsh won by an out in the seventh round. He successfully defended his European title against Tusikoleta Nkalankete in January 1986, on 4 March 1987, he fought the American, Joe Manley for the International Boxing Federation World Light-Welterweight title. The fight was at his town of Basildon, and Marsh won on a technical knockout in the tenth round. On 1 July 1987, he defended his IBF title against Japanese fighter, Akio Kameda at the Royal Albert Hall, Marsh won, what was to be his last fight, by a technical knockout in the seventh round. He then retired as undefeated IBF world champion, in September 1987 he announced that he had epilepsy, which came as a surprise to his manager Frank Warren, who read about it in the newspaper
Terry Marsh (boxer)
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Marsh in October, 2005
Terry Marsh (boxer)
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Robe worn during his defence.
134.
1959
–
January 1 Cultivars of plants named after this date must be named in a modern language, not in Latin. Cuba, Fulgencio Batista flees Havana when the forces of Fidel Castro advance, january 2 CBS Radio discontinues four soap operas, Backstage Wife, Our Gal Sunday, The Road of Life, and This is Nora Drake. The Soviet Union successfully launches the Luna 1 spacecraft from Baikonur Cosmodrome, january 3 The island of Addu in the Maldives declares independence. Alaska is admitted as the 49th U. S. state, january 4 In Cuba, rebel troops led by Che Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos enter the city of Havana. In Léopoldville, at least 49 people are killed during clashes between the police and participants of a meeting of the Abako Party, january 6 Fidel Castro arrives in Havana. The International Maritime Organization is inaugurated, january 7 – The United States recognizes the new Cuban government of Fidel Castro. January 8 – Charles de Gaulle is inaugurated as the first president of the French Fifth Republic, january 10 – The Soviet government recognizes the new Castro government. January 11 – The Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques is founded in Monaco, january 12 The Caves of Nerja are discovered in Spain. Motown Records is founded by Berry Gordy, Jr, january 13 – Cuban communists execute 71 supporters of Fulgencio Batista. January 15 – The Soviet Union conducts its first census after World War II, january 21 – The European Court of Human Rights is established. January 22 – Knox Mine Disaster, Water breaches the River Slope Mine in Port Griffith, Pennsylvania near Pittston, january 25 – Pope John XXIII announces that the Second Vatican Council will be convened in Rome. January 29 – Walt Disney releases his 16th animated film, Sleeping Beauty in Beverly Hills and it is Disneys first animated film to be shown in 70mm and modern 6-track stereophonic sound. Also on the program is Disneys new live-action short subject Grand Canyon, Grand Canyon wins an Oscar for Best Documentary Short. February 1 – A referendum in Switzerland turns down female suffrage, february 2 – Nine ski hikers mysteriously perish in the northern Ural Mountains in the Dyatlov Pass incident and are all found dead a few weeks later. The tragedy is later termed The Day the Music Died, popularized in Don McLeans 1971 song American Pie. American Airlines Flight 320, a Lockheed L-188 Electra from Chicago crashes into the East River on approach to New York Citys LaGuardia Airport, february 6 – At Cape Canaveral, Florida, the first successful test firing of a Titan intercontinental ballistic missile is accomplished. February 9 – Yugoslavia and Spain set trade relations, february 13 – TAT-2, AT&Ts second transatlantic telephone cable goes into operation. February 16 Fidel Castro becomes Premier of Cuba, a blizzard causes a massive power outage in Newfoundland
1959
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February 3: Crash kills musicians and pilot.
1959
–
September 13:
Luna 2.
1959
–
Keith Olbermann
1959
–
Larry McReynolds
135.
Mick McCarthy
–
Michael Joseph McCarthy is a professional football manager, pundit and former player who is the current manager of Ipswich Town. Born in Barnsley, England with an Irish father, he played for the Republic of Ireland on 57 occasions scoring 2 goals. McCarthy began his career at Barnsley in 1977, and he later had spells at Manchester City, Celtic, Lyon. He went on to manage Millwall, and then the Republic of Ireland and he guided Ireland to the knockout stage of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan. He later managed Sunderland, and then Wolverhampton Wanderers and he has also been a television pundit and commentator, most recently for the BBC. Born in Barnsley, Yorkshire, McCarthy made his debut for then-Fourth Division Barnsley on 20 August 1977 in a 4–0 win over Rochdale. He spent two years in the basement league, before the club won promotion, two years later, the team again went up to the Division 2. A strong central defender, he was a virtual ever-present for his hometown club, the Maine Road club won promotion in McCarthys first full season and he finally had the chance to play at the highest level. His first season in the top flight was enough as the club reached midtable. McCarthy himself would not face the drop though as he moved to Celtic in May 1987 and he picked up his first silverware at the Scottish club as they won the league and cup double in his first season. The following season McCarthy again won a Scottish Cup winners medal, McCarthy again moved onto a new country, as he joined Lyon in July 1989. However, things did not work out for the defender in France and, feeling his international chances were being harmed, he returned to England on loan with top flight Millwall in March 1990. Despite the London side suffering relegation during his period, McCarthy impressed enough to earn a move. His appearances in the two seasons were often limited by injuries and he effectively retired from playing when he took over as manager of the club in 1992. McCarthy was eligible for the Republic of Ireland because his father, making his international debut in a goalless friendly against Poland on 23 May 1984, McCarthy soon became a first-choice player and featured in all three of Irelands games at Euro 88. He went on to captain, leading to the nickname Captain Fantastic. The highlight of McCarthys international career was the second-round penalty shoot-out win over Romania in the 1990 World Cup finals and this led to a crunch tie with hosts Italy in the quarter-final, where Irelands first ever appearance in the finals came to an end, losing 1–0. McCarthy was the player who committed the most fouls in the 1990 tournament, in total, McCarthy won 57 caps for the Republic of Ireland, scoring two goals, one against Yugoslavia in April 1988, the other against the United States in May 1992
Mick McCarthy
–
Mick McCarthy managing Wolverhampton Wanderers
136.
1960
–
January – The state of emergency is lifted in Kenya, officially ending the Mau Mau Uprising. January 1 – Cameroon gains its independence from French-administered U. N. trusteeship, senator John F. Kennedy announces his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination. January 6 – The Associations Law comes into force in Iraq, January 9–11 – Aswan High Dam construction begins in Egypt. January 10 – British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan makes the Wind of Change speech for the first time, January 14 – The Reserve Bank and Commonwealth Bank are created in Australia. January 15 – The first televised anime, Three Tales, debuts on NHK, January 19 – The Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan is signed in Washington, D. C. January 21 – A coal mine collapses at Coalbrook, South Africa, January 22 In France, President Charles de Gaulle fires Jacques Massu, the commander-in-chief of the French troops in Algeria. Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh descend into the Mariana Trench in the bathyscaphe Trieste, reaching the depth of 10,911 meters, January 24 – A major insurrection occurs in Algiers against French colonial policy. January 25 – In Washington, D. C. the National Association of Broadcasters reacts to the scandal by threatening fines for any disc jockeys who accepted money for playing particular records. January 28 – The National Football League announces expansion teams for Dallas to start in the 1960 NFL season, paul for the 1961 NFL season. January 30 – The African National Party is founded in Chad, february 1 – In Greensboro, North Carolina, four black students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University begin a sit-in at a segregated Woolworths lunch counter. Although they are refused service, they are allowed to stay at the counter, the event triggers many similar non-violent protests throughout the Southern United States, and six months later the original four protesters are served lunch at the same counter. February 3 – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan makes the Wind of Change speech to the South African Parliament in Cape Town, february 5 – The first CERN particle accelerator becomes operational in Geneva, Switzerland. February 9 Joanne Woodward receives the first star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, adolph Coors III, the chairman of the board of the Coors Brewing Company, is kidnapped, and his captors demand a ransom of $500,000. Coors is later murdered, and Joseph Corbett, Jr. is indicted for the crime. February 10 – A conference about the independence of the Belgian Congo begins in Brussels. February 11 The N-class blimp ZPG-3W of the U. S. Navy is destroyed during a storm over Massachusetts, twelve Indian soldiers die in clashes with Red Chinese troops along their small common border. February 13 – France tests its first atomic bomb in the Sahara Desert of Algeria, february 18 – The 1960 Winter Olympics begin at the Squaw Valley Ski Resort, in Placer County, California. February 26 – A New York-bound Alitalia airliner crashes into a cemetery at Shannon, Ireland, shortly after takeoff, killing 34 of the 52 persons on board
1960
–
A section of lunch counter from the
Greensboro, North Carolina Woolworth's where the
Greensboro sit-ins began is now preserved in the
Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History
1960
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The iconic picture of Che Guevara."
1960
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Tiros I prototype on display at the Smithsonian
National Air and Space Museum
1960
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Francis Gary Powers wearing special pressure suit for stratospheric flying
137.
James Spader
–
James Todd Spader is an American actor. His best-known television roles are those of attorney Alan Shore in The Practice and its spin-off Boston Legal and he currently stars as high-profile criminal-turned-FBI-informant Raymond Red Reddington in the NBC crime drama The Blacklist, for which he has earned two Golden Globe Award nominations. Spader was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and is the youngest of three children and his parents Jean and Stoddard Greenwood Todd Spader were both teachers. Spader grew up in a liberal and progressive home, saying regarding his mother and he later transferred to Phillips Academy before dropping out at the age of seventeen and moving to New York City to pursue his acting career. On his way to becoming an actor, Spader undertook jobs such as bartending, teaching yoga, driving a meat truck, loading railroad cars. Spaders first major role was in the film Endless Love. However, he did not rise to stardom until 1986, when he played the rich and he co-starred in Mannequin and the film adaptation of Less Than Zero, in which he played a drug dealer named Rip. For this performance, he received the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival, in 1994, he starred as Egyptologist Daniel Jackson in the sci-fi film Stargate. In 1996, he played car accident fetishist James Ballard in the controversial Canadian film Crash, in 1997, Spader guest starred in the Seinfeld episode The Apology, as an angry recovering alcoholic who refuses to apologize to George for making fun of him. In 2000, he played a drug-addicted detective tracking down a killer in The Watcher. In 2002, he starred as a boss in Secretary. From 2004 to 2008, Spader starred as Alan Shore in the series Boston Legal and he won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2004 for his portrayal on The Practice and won it again in 2005 and 2007 for Boston Legal. With the 2005 win, he one of only a few actors to win an Emmy award while playing the same character in two different series. Even rarer, he won a second consecutive Emmy while playing the character in two different series. He also won the Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Series, in October 2006, Spader narrated China Revealed, the first episode of Discovery Channels documentary series Discovery Atlas. He has also done the voice-over in several commercials for Acura. He starred in Race, a written and directed by David Mamet. The show closed on August 21,2010 after 297 performances, in March 2011, he was named to star in the film By Virtue Fall, written and to be directed by Sheldon Turner
James Spader
–
Spader at the 2013
San Diego Comic-Con
138.
Garth Brooks
–
Troyal Garth Brooks is an American country singer and songwriter. His integration of rock and roll elements into the genre has earned him immense popularity in the United States. Brooks has had success in the country single and album charts, with multi-platinum recordings and record-breaking live performances. He is also one of the worlds best-selling artists of all time, since 1989, Brooks has released 21 records in all, which include,12 studio albums,1 live album,3 compilation albums,3 Christmas albums and 4 box sets, along with 77 singles. He won several awards in his career, including 2 Grammy Awards,17 American Music Awards, troubled by conflicts between career and family, Brooks retired from recording and performing from 2001 until 2009. During this time, he sold millions of albums through a distribution deal with Walmart. In 2005, Brooks started a comeback, giving select performances. In 2009, he began Garth at Wynn, a periodic weekend residency show at Las Vegas Encore Theatre from December 2009 to January 2014, following the conclusion of the residency, Brooks announced his signing with Sony Music Nashville in July 2014. In September 2014, he began his tour, The Garth Brooks World Tour, with wife. His most recent album, Gunslinger, was released in November 2016, Brooks was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame on October 21,2012. Troyal Garth Brooks was born on February 7,1962, in Tulsa and this was the second marriage for each of his parents, giving Brooks four older half-siblings. The couple had two children together, Kelly and Garth, at their home in Yukon, Oklahoma, the family hosted weekly talent nights. All of the children were required to participate, either by singing or doing skits, Brooks learned to play both the guitar and banjo. As a child, Brooks often sang in casual family settings, in high school, he played football and baseball and ran track and field. He received a scholarship to Oklahoma State University in Stillwater. Brooks graduated in 1984 with a degree in advertising and his roommate, Ty England, later played guitar in his road band until going solo in 1995. In 1985, Brooks began his music career, singing and playing guitar in Oklahoma clubs and bars. Through his elder siblings, Brooks was exposed to a range of music
Garth Brooks
–
Brooks at the
We Are One concert in 2009
Garth Brooks
–
Brooks performing in February 2015
Garth Brooks
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Brooks' second wife Trisha Yearwood
Garth Brooks
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Brooks in April 2010
139.
1963
–
January 1 Osamu Tezukas Tetsuwan Atomu, Japans first serialized animated series based on the popular manga, debuts on Japanese television station Fuji Television. January 2 – Vietnam War, The Viet Cong win their first major victory in the Battle of Ap Bac. January 8 – Leonardo da Vincis Mona Lisa is exhibited in the United States for the first time, at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, january 14 George Wallace becomes governor of Alabama. In his inaugural speech, he defiantly proclaims segregation now, segregation tomorrow, the steam locomotive Flying Scotsman makes its last scheduled run, before going into the hands of Alan Pegler for preservation. January 18 – Due to severe winter conditions the twelfth elfstedentocht skating tour in the Netherlands turns into an almost total disaster, of the 9,294 participants only 69 manage to finish, making this the heaviest elfstedentocht ever held. January 22 – France and West Germany sign the Élysée Treaty, january 26 – The Australia Day shootings rock Perth,2 people are shot dead and 3 others injured by Eric Edgar Cooke. January 28 – Black student Harvey Gantt enters Clemson University in South Carolina, january 29 – French President Charles de Gaulle vetoes the United Kingdoms entry into the European Common Market. February 8 – Travel, financial and commercial transactions by United States citizens to Cuba are made illegal by the John F. Kennedy Administration. February 10 – Five Japanese cities located on the northernmost part of Kyūshū are merged and become the city of Kitakyūshū, february 11 The Central Intelligence Agencys Domestic Operations Division is created in the United States. The Beatles record their debut album Please Please Me in a day at the Abbey Road Studios in London. American-born poet Sylvia Plath commits suicide in London, february 12 – Northwest Airlines Flight 705 crashes in the Florida Everglades, killing all 43 aboard. February 14 – Harold Wilson becomes leader of the opposition Labour Party in the United Kingdom, february 21 – An earthquake destroys the village of Marj, Libya, killing 900. February 27 Juan Bosch takes office as the 41st president of the Dominican Republic, female suffrage is enacted in Iran. February 28 – Dorothy Schiff resigns from the New York Newspaper Publishers Association and her paper, the New York Post, resumes publication on March 4. March The divorce case of The Duke and Duchess of Argyll causes scandal in the United Kingdom, March 4 – In Paris, six people are sentenced to death for conspiring to assassinate President Charles de Gaulle. De Gaulle pardons five, but the other conspirator, Jean Bastien-Thiry, is executed by firing squad several days later, March 17 – Mount Agung erupts on Bali, killing approximately 1,500. March 22 – The Beatles release their first album, Please Please Me, March 23 – Dansevise by Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1963 for Denmark. March 27 – In Britain, Dr. Richard Beeching issues a report, The Reshaping of British Railways, March 28 – Director Alfred Hitchcocks film The Birds is released in the United States
1963
–
January 8:
Mona Lisa in Washington, D.C.
1963
–
March 21:
Alcatraz closes
1963
–
August 28:
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
1963
–
November 22:
Lyndon Baines Johnson is sworn in as U.S. President after assassination of
John F. Kennedy.
140.
Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
–
Heidemarie Martha Stefanyshyn-Piper is an American Naval officer and a former NASA astronaut. She has achieved the rank of Captain in the United States Navy and she is also a qualified and experienced salvage officer. Stefanyshyn-Piper has received honors and awards, such as the Meritorious Service Medal. She has flown on two Space Shuttle missions, STS-115 and STS-126, during which she completed five spacewalks totaling 33 hours and 42 minutes, as of January 2017, she ranks 39th on the all-time list of space walkers by duration. Stefanyshyn-Piper was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, United States and her father, Michael Stefanyshyn, now deceased, was born in the Halychyna region of Ukraine, and sent to work in Germany during World War II. After the end of the war, he married a German woman, Stefanyshyn-Piper was raised in the Ukrainian cultural community of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, is a member of Plast – a Ukrainian scouting organization, and speaks Ukrainian. She is a ham radio operator with Technician License KD5TVR. Stefanyshyn-Piper married Glenn A. Piper, and they have one son, Michael, Stefanyshyn-Piper hyphenated her surname after marriage to serve as a reminder of her family roots. Stefanyshyn-Piper received her commission from the Naval ROTC Program at MIT in June 1985 and she completed training at the Naval Diving and Salvage Training Center in Panama City, Florida as a Navy Basic Diving Officer and Salvage Officer. During her Salvage tour, she participated in the de-stranding of the tanker Exxon Houston off the coast of Barbers Point in Hawaii, Stefanyshyn-Piper is currently a Captain in the United States Navy. Selected as a candidate by NASA in April 1996, Stefanyshyn-Piper reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1996. After two years of training and evaluation, she qualified for assignment as a mission specialist. Initially assigned to support duties for launch and landing, she has also served as lead Astronaut Office Representative for Payloads. Stefanyshyn-Piper flew her first mission on STS-115, aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis, as a Mission Specialist, Stefanyshyn-Piper participated in two of the missions three EVAs for a total of 12 hours,8 minutes made her the second most experienced female spacewalker. She also became the first Minnesota woman to go into space, EVA One -- With astronaut Joe Tanner, Stefanyshyn-Piper conducted initial installation of the P3/P4 truss onto the space station. Connected power cables on the truss, released the launch restraints on the solar array blanket box, the Beta Gimbal Assembly, configured the Solar Alpha Rotary Joint, and removed two circuit interrupt devices to prepare for STS-116. Stefanyshyn-Piper became the seventh American woman to conduct a spacewalk, Tanner took photos of the shuttle’s wings using an infrared camera to test the cameras ability to detect damage. Stefanyshyn-Piper flew as a Mission Specialist on STS-126, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour, the mission ended when Endeavour landed successfully at Edwards Air Force Base, California
Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
–
Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
–
Stefanyshyn-Piper
Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
–
STS-115 crew
Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
–
The
NEEMO 12 crew. L-R:
Josef Schmid, Stefanyshyn-Piper,
James Talacek,
Dominic Landucci,
José Hernández and
Timothy J. Broderick.
141.
Chris Rock
–
Christopher Julius Rock III is an American comedian, actor, writer, producer, and director. After working as a comic and appearing in small film roles. He developed, wrote, and narrated the sitcom Everybody Hates Chris, Rock hosted the 77th Academy Awards in 2005 and the 88th in 2016. He has won four Emmy Awards and three Grammy Awards and he was voted the fifth-greatest stand-up comedian in a poll conducted by Comedy Central. He was also voted in the United Kingdom as the ninth-greatest stand-up comic on Channel 4s 100 Greatest Stand-Ups in 2007, Rock was born in Andrews, South Carolina. Shortly after his birth, his parents moved to Crown Heights, Brooklyn, a few years later, they relocated and settled in the working-class area of Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. His mother, Rosalie, was a teacher and social worker for the mentally handicapped, Julius died in 1988 after ulcer surgery. Chriss younger brothers, Tony, Kenny, and Jordan, are also in the entertainment business and his older half-brother, Charles, died in 2006 after a long struggle with alcoholism. Rock has said that he was influenced by the style of his paternal grandfather, Allen Rock. Rock was bused to schools in predominately white neighborhoods of Brooklyn, as he got older, the bullying became worse and Rock’s parents pulled him out of James Madison High School. He dropped out of school altogether, but he later earned a GED. Rock then worked menial jobs at various fast-food restaurants, Rock began doing stand-up comedy in 1984 in New York Citys Catch a Rising Star. He slowly rose up the ranks of the circuit in addition to earning bit roles in the film I’m Gonna Git You Sucka. Upon seeing his act at a nightclub, Eddie Murphy befriended and mentored the aspiring comic, Murphy gave Rock his first film role in Beverly Hills Cop II. Rock became a cast member of the sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live in 1990. He and other new cast members Chris Farley, Adam Sandler, Rob Schneider, in 1991, he released his first comedy album, Born Suspect and won acclaim for his role as a crack addict in the film New Jack City. His tenure on SNL gave Rock national exposure, with plans to leave Saturday Night Live after the 1992-93 season, Rock was effectively fired from the show. Beginning that fall, he appeared in six episodes of the predominantly African-American sketch show In Living Color as a special guest star, the show was canceled a month after he arrived
Chris Rock
–
Rock at the 2012 premiere of
What to Expect When You’re Expecting
Chris Rock
–
Rock at the
Israeli premiere of
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, on November 22, 2008.
142.
Kristin Otto
–
Kristin Otto is a German Olympic swimming champion. She is most famous for being the first woman to win six medals at a single Olympic Games. In long course, she held the records in the 100 meter and 200 meter freestyle events. Otto was also the first woman to swim the short course 100 meter backstroke in under a minute, Otto was born in Leipzig, East Germany, and began swimming at the age of 11, training in an East German sports academy. After 1982, Otto changed coaches and began concentrating on other speed strokes, at the following European Championships in 1983, Otto finished second in the 100 meter freestyle, following her fellow East German, Birgit Meineke. In 1984, Otto set a record in the 200 meter freestyle. She was expected to win medals at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic games. In 1985 she fractured a vertebra, keeping her from competing for most of the year or to go to the European Championships, Otto returned to competitive swimming at the 1986 World Championships in Madrid, where she won 4 gold medals and 2 silver medals. Her success continued the year at the 1987 European Championships where she won 5 gold medals. At the 1988 Seoul Olympic games she once again was expected to win Olympic gold and she won six gold medals, as well as setting Olympic records in the 50 m freestyle and 100 m butterfly. Otto retired from swimming in 1989 and she currently works as a sports reporter for German television. She was named the Female World Swimmer of the Year in 1984,1986 and 1988 by Swimming World magazine. However, Otto stated that she was not aware that she was being doped and she passed all the tests during competition, saying. List of Olympic medalists in swimming List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
Kristin Otto
–
Kristin Otto in 1982
143.
1968
–
This was the year of the Protests of 1968. January 5 – Prague Spring, Alexander Dubček is chosen as the leader of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia, January 8 – British Prime Minister Harold Wilson endorses the Im Backing Britain campaign for working an additional half-hour each day without pay. January 14 – The Green Bay Packers defeat the Oakland Raiders by the score of 33-14 in Super Bowl II at the Miami Orange Bowl, January 15 – An earthquake in Sicily kills 380 and injures around 1,000. January 17 – Lyndon B. Johnson calls for the non-conversion of the U. S. dollar, January 21 Vietnam War – Battle of Khe Sanh, One of the most publicized and controversial battles of the war begins, ending on April 8. A U. S. B-52 Stratofortress crashes in Greenland, discharging 4 nuclear bombs, January 22 – Rowan & Martins Laugh-In debuts on NBC. January 23 – North Korea seizes the USS Pueblo, claiming the ship violated its territorial waters while spying, January 25 – The Israeli submarine INS Dakar sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 69. January 28 – The French submarine Minerve sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, January 30 – Vietnam War, The Tet Offensive begins, as Viet Cong forces launch a series of surprise attacks across South Vietnam. January 31 Việt Cộng soldiers attack the US Embassy, Saigon, nauru president Hammer DeRoburt declares independence from Australia. February 1 Vietnam War, A Viet Cong officer named Nguyễn Văn Lém is executed by Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, the event is photographed by Eddie Adams. The photo makes headlines around the world, eventually winning the 1969 Pulitzer Prize, the Pennsylvania Railroad and the New York Central Railroad merge to form Penn Central, the largest ever corporate merger up to this date. February 6–February 18 – The 1968 Winter Olympics are held in Grenoble, february 11 Border clashes take place between Israel and Jordan. Madison Square Garden in New York City opens at its current location, february 12 – Vietnam War, Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre. February 13 – Civil rights disturbances occur at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, february 17 – Administrative reforms in Romania divide the country into 39 counties. February 19 The Florida Education Association initiates a mass resignation of teachers to protest state funding of education and this is, in effect, the first statewide teachers strike in the United States. NET televises the very first episode of Mister Rogers Neighborhood, february 24 – Vietnam War, The Tet Offensive is halted, South Vietnam recaptures Huế. February 25 – Vietnam War, Hà My massacre, february 27 – Ex-Teenagers singer Frankie Lymon is found dead from a heroin overdose in Harlem. March 7 – Vietnam War, The First Battle of Saigon ends, march 8 – The first student protests spark the 1968 Polish political crisis. Vietnam War, Battle of Lima Site 85, the largest single combat loss of United States Air Force members during the then-secret war later known as the Laotian Civil War
1968
–
January 30:
Tet begins.
1968
–
January 23 USS Pueblo
1968
–
Molly Ringwald
1968
–
Celine Dion
144.
Peter Bondra
–
Peter Bondra is a Ukrainian-born Slovak former professional ice hockey player. He was the manager of the Slovakia national team from 2007 to 2011. A two-time 50-goal scorer, Bondra became the 37th player in National Hockey League history to score 500 NHL goals, Bondra was born in 1968 in Lutsk, Ukraine, then in the Soviet Union. Bondras father had moved to Lutsk from Poprad, Czechoslovakia, when he was 16, the parents moved with Peter and his two older brothers, Juraj and Vladimír, to Poprad when Peter was three years old. Bondra was a Soviet citizen when he arrived in the United States, later obtaining a Slovak passport and his son David is a forward at Michigan State University for the Spartans mens ice hockey team. His other son, Nick, is playing for the Little Caps U18 AAA National championship bound team, Bondra played one season for HK Poprad in the lower ranks of Czechoslovak league competition, and transferred to VSŽ Košice in the First Division at the age of 18. His older brother Juraj also played there on defense, having won one championship title with the team the year before. As early as his season with Košice, Peter was considered one of the top shooters in the Czechoslovak league. Bondra was drafted by the Washington Capitals in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft, before joining the Capitals, he played for TJ VSŽ Košice for four seasons from 1986 to 1990 in Czechoslovakia. In Washington, Bondra became one of the more prolific goal-scorers of the 1990s, due to the language barrier, he became good friends with Ukrainian-born Capitals player Dmitri Khristich, who he spoke with in both Russian and Ukrainian. His deepest playoff run came in 1997–98, when the Capitals advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals before being swept by the Detroit Red Wings. In the 2003–04 season, Bondras 14th with Washington, the Capitals endured a disappointing year, as a result, Bondra was traded to the Ottawa Senators for Brooks Laich and a second round draft pick. At the press conference announcing this trade, Bondra notably broke into tears, in 14 years with the Capitals, Bondra scored 472 goals and racked up 353 assists in 961 games. He holds the Capitals team records in short-handed goals and hat tricks, with Washington, he appeared in five All-Star Games. In 1997 and 1999, Bondra won the Fastest Skater Competition on All-Star weekend, in 2004, the Capitals held a vote for fans to determine the top 30 players in franchise history to celebrate their 30th season in the league. Bondra finished second with 2,018 votes, the winner, Olaf Kölzig, beat him by only 20 votes. During the 1994–95 and 1997–98 seasons, Bondra led the league in goals scored, after the 2004–05 NHL season was canceled due to the NHL labor dispute, Bondra played a handful of games with HK Tatravagónka ŠKP Poprad of the Slovak Extraliga. Prior to the 2005–06 season, Bondra was in talks to rejoin the Capitals, on December 10, Bondra signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Blackhawks
Peter Bondra
–
Peter Bondra scoring on
Roberto Luongo.
145.
Mark Tewksbury
–
Marcus Tewksbury, MSM is a Canadian former competition swimmer. He is best known for winning the medal in the 100-metre backstroke at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He also hosted the first season of How Its Made, a Canadian documentary series, Tewksbury was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal in 1993 for being a motivational speaker and a gifted athlete. Raised in Calgary, Alberta, Tewksbury trained at the University of Calgary and he competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, and won a silver medal as a member of Canadas relay team. Going into Barcelona, Tewksbury was ranked fourth in the world, tewksburys gold medal was Canadas first at the Barcelona games and the first Canadian gold in swimming since the Communist-boycotted 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. Tewksbury also won a medal in the relay event in Barcelona. He made the cover of Time magazine and he was inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame, the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, and the International Swimming Hall of Fame and was named Canada’s Male Athlete of the Year. After the Barcelona games, Tewksbury retired from swimming and he was also part of the group of former Olympic athletes that was pushing for the resignation of IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch. Only months after the surrounding the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympic winter Games broke, Tewksbury became prominent around the world as a critic of the IOC. In December 1998, Tewksbury officially came out as gay, he subsequently lost a contract as a motivational speaker because he was too openly gay. Tewksbury was also critical of Swimming Canadas organization in the wake of the national teams poor performance at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. He suggested that there was a lack of accountability within Swim Canada, Tewksbury became a prominent advocate for gay rights and gay causes in Canada and the world. On May 16,2003, Tewksbury joined the board of directors for the 2006 World Outgames in Montreal and was named co-president, Tewksbury was the narrator for the TV show How Its Made during the first season. In 2006, he published his book, an autobiography entitled Inside Out. Tewksbury remains a public figure working as a speaker, a television commentator for swimming events. He is a member of the Gay and Lesbian Athletics Foundation. On November 30,2006 Tewksbury was the Master of Ceremonies for the Tribute to former Prime Minister Paul Martin at the Liberal Party of Canadas Leadership, during the 2008 Summer Olympics, Tewksbury served as CBC Sports swimming analyst alongside play-by play announcer Steve Armitage. On August 5,2010, he was named the chef de mission of the 2012 Canadian Summer Olympic team
Mark Tewksbury
–
Tewksbury and
Martina Navratilova read the
Declaration of Montreal at the opening ceremonies of the
World Outgames.
146.
1972
–
Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. January 1 – Kurt Waldheim becomes Secretary-General of the United Nations, january 2 – Pierre Hotel Robbery, Six men rob the safe deposit boxes of The Pierre hotel in New York City for at least $4 million. January 3 – MGMs 1951 Show Boat is presented on television by NBC for the first time and this marks the first complete network telecast of any version of Show Boat. January 4 The first scientific calculator is introduced. Rose Heilbron becomes the first woman judge at the Old Bailey in London, january 5 – U. S. President Richard Nixon orders the development of a Space Shuttle program. January 7 Iberia Airlines Flight 602 crashes into a 462-meter peak on the island of Ibiza,104 are killed, Howard Hughes speaks to the press by telephone to denounce Clifford Irvings hoax biography of him. January 9 – The RMS Queen Elizabeth is destroyed by fire in Hong Kong harbor, january 10 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returns to Bangladesh from Pakistan. January 13 – Prime Minister of Ghana Kofi Abrefa Busia is overthrown in a military coup, january 14 – Queen Margrethe II of Denmark succeeds her father, King Frederick IX, on the throne of Denmark. January 19 – The Libertarian enclave Minerva on a platform in the South Pacific, sponsored by the Phoenix Foundation, soon neighboring Tonga annexes the area and dismantles the platform. January 20 President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto announces that Pakistan will immediately begin a nuclear weapons program, fears are growing about the economy of the United Kingdom, where unemployment is now exceeding 1 million for the first time since World War II. January 21 A New Delhi bootlegger sells wood alcohol to a party,100 die. Tripura, part of the former independent Twipra Kingdom, becomes a state of India. January 24 – Japanese soldier Shoichi Yokoi is discovered in Guam, january 25 – Shirley Chisholm, the first African American Congresswoman, announces her candidacy for President. January 26 Yugoslavian air stewardess Vesna Vulović is the only survivor when her plane crashes in Czechoslovakia and she survives after falling 10,160 meters in the tail section of the aircraft. The Aboriginal Tent Embassy is set up on the lawn of Parliament House in Canberra, january 30 Bloody Sunday, The British Army kills 14 unarmed nationalist civil rights marchers in Derry, Northern Ireland. Pakistan withdraws from the Commonwealth of Nations, january 31 – King Birendra succeeds his father as King of Nepal. February 2 A bomb explodes at the British Yacht Club in West Berlin, killing Irwin Beelitz, the German militant group 2 June Movement announces its support of the Provisional Irish Republican Army. Anti-British riots take place throughout Ireland, the British Embassy in Dublin is burned to the ground, as are several British-owned businesses
1972
–
The
arcade version of
Pong is released.
1972
–
Nixon's landslide victory in the electoral college during the
1972 Election.
1972
–
Jang Seo-hee
1972
–
Amanda Peet
147.
Robyn Lively
–
Robyn Elaine Lively is an American actress. Lively is best known for her role in the film Teen Witch, as well as for her roles in the TV shows Doogie Howser, M. D. Twin Peaks, Savannah, born in Powder Springs, Georgia, Lively was born into a family of actors. Her mother, stepfather and all four siblings are, or have been and she is the daughter of talent manager Elaine Lively and Elaines first husband Ronnie Lively. Her siblings are sister Lori and brother Jason, and her half-siblings are Blake, Lively began her career as a child actress. At age six, she made her debut in the television movie Summer of My German Soldier in 1978. Throughout the 1980s, she appeared in television shows including Silver Spoons. She appeared in the feature films Wildcats, The Karate Kid Part III, after being cast as Jessica Andrews in The Karate Kid Part III in 1989, producers were forced to modify her role of being the new love interest for the films protagonist Daniel LaRusso. This change was because Lively was only 17 years old at the time of filming and still a minor and this situation caused scenes that called for Daniel and Jessica to romantically kiss to be re-written so that the pair only developed a close friendship. At the age of 19, Lively was nominated for an Emmy Award for her performance as a teen in the 1991 ABC Afterschool Special episode Less Than Perfect Daughter. In the 1990s, Lively had recurring roles on Twin Peaks, Doogie Howser, M. D. in 1996, she appeared as Lane McKenzie, one of three lead characters in the short-lived WB drama Savannah. In 2003, Lively played NCIS Special Agent Vivian Blackadder in the JAG episodes Ice Queen, in 2008, Lively appeared alongside Holly Hunter in an episode of Saving Grace and also had a role in Cold Case. In 2010, she appeared alongside Twin Peaks costars in the Dual Spires episode of Psych and she starred in the TV series Gortimer Gibbons Life On Normal Street for Amazon Studios. Lively married fellow actor Bart Johnson on September 25,1999, the couple have three children, Baylen, Kate, and Wyatt Blake. The family resides in the Hollywood Hills, Robyn Lively at the Internet Movie Database Film Reference, Robyn Lively Hollywood. com, Robyn Lively at Archive. is
Robyn Lively
–
Lively in November 2014
Robyn Lively
–
Robyn Lively and her husband Bart Johnson in 2011
148.
Danny Goffey
–
Daniel Robert Goffey is an English musician and singer-songwriter, best known as the drummer and backing vocalist for Supergrass. He briefly toured with Babyshambles in 2010, following their drummers departure, Goffey started his music career as a child when he formed his first band, The Jubbly Spufflewubs, which consisted of his brother on guitar and friend David Mackay. He had no drums so had to accompany the others by hitting chopsticks on lunch boxes, at age ten he received a high hat and snare from his parents, prompting him to start his other band, The Fallopian Tubes. They made songs such as My Wife Shut My Gonads In The Door, Goffey saying, at Wheatley Park School, east of Oxford, he became drummer for the four-piece The Jennifers, which featured a sixteen-year-old Gaz Coombes on vocals. The Jennifers began building a reputation in the Oxford indie music scene, allegedly, before the split, Goffey and Coombes had agreed to continue to work together in the future. In 1993 Coombes introduced Goffey to his co-worker Mick Quinn, who at the time was working at a local Harvester, I imposed on him greatly, said Goffey. He had a house, and I used to people back. Thats how he built his foundation in this band, I shagged too often on his sofa. Weve still never been able to describe it in interviews, when were in that room, were all really similar. We all have the same ideas, the three of them soon started playing together and shortly after Theodore Supergrass, later just Supergrass, were formed. The band enjoyed a good start to their career with the release of their debut album I Should Coco which reached number one in the UK Albums Chart. This good start continued with the release of the single Alright, several albums later and Supergrass were still together, recording their next album, tentatively titled Release the Drones, slated for release in May 2010. It remained unreleased and unfinished as, on 12 April 2010, the group disbanded after four farewell gigs, the final one at La Cigale, Paris on 11 June 2010. Dannys brother, Nic Goffey, who was also a part of The Jennifers, has directed most of Supergrass music videos and they work under the name Dom and Nic. They have joked on the Supergrass Is 10 DVD about nearly killing the band on several occasions while filming music videos, Goffey embarked on a solo project in 2006 using the pseudonym Van Goffey, a name based on the artist Vincent van Gogh. He released tracks via MySpace in August 2006, the first three being Crack House Blues, I Feel so Gaye and Natalie Loves the F. He was also a drummer for the collective of musicians called Twisted X who released a charity song called Born In England which charted at number 8 in the UK Singles Charts in 2004. In 2004 he joined musicians including Paul McCartney to record a Christmas charity single called Do They Know Its Christmas
Danny Goffey
–
Danny Goffey performing with Supergrass on London's
South Bank, 2008.
149.
1975
–
It was also declared the International Womens Year by the United Nations and the European Architectural Heritage Year by the Council of Europe. Altair 8800 is released, sparking the microcomputer revolution, Volkswagen introduces the Golf, its new front-wheel-drive economy car, in the United States and Canada as the Volkswagen Rabbit. January 1 Stevie Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham join Fleetwood Mac, Watergate scandal, John N. Mitchell, H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman are found guilty of the Watergate cover-up. Malawi changes its capital city from Zomba to Lilongwe, january 2 The Federal Rules of Evidence are approved by the United States Congress. Bangladesh revolutionary leader Siraj Sikder is killed by police while in custody, january 5 – Tasman Bridge disaster, The Tasman Bridge in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, is struck by the bulk ore carrier MV Lake Illawarra, killing 12 people. January 6 – United States television debuts, Game show Wheel of Fortune premieres on NBC, AM America makes its television debut on ABC. January 7 – OPEC agrees to raise oil prices by 10%. January 8 Ella Grasso becomes Governor of Connecticut, the first female U. S. governor who does not succeed her husband, U. S. President Gerald Ford appoints Vice President Nelson Rockefeller to head a special commission looking into alleged domestic abuses by the CIA. January 14 – Heiress Lesley Whittle,17, is kidnapped from her home in Shropshire, january 15 Alvor Agreement, Portugal announces that it will grant independence to Angola on November 11. International Womens Year is launched in Britain by Princess Alexandra and Barbara Castle, steel roller coaster Space Mountain opens at Walt Disney World in Florida, becoming one of the parks most popular attractions into the 21st century. January 19 –1975 Kinnaur earthquake, An earthquake strikes Himachal Pradesh, january 20 In Hanoi, North Vietnam, the Politburo approves the final military offensive against South Vietnam. American talent agent Michael Ovitz founds the Creative Artists Agency, work is abandoned on the British end of the Channel Tunnel. January 24 – Jazz pianist Keith Jarrett plays the solo improvisation The Köln Concert at the Cologne Opera, january 26 – Immaculata University defeats the University of Maryland 80-48 in the first nationally televised womens basketball game in the United States. January 29 – The Weather Underground radical student group bombs the United States Department of State main office in Washington, february 1 – The Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation is launched in the Philippines. February 4 – The Haicheng earthquake, the first successfully predicted earthquake, kills 2,041 and injures 27,538 in Haicheng, Liaoning, february 6 – A crucial by-election is held in Kankesanthurai, Sri Lanka. February 9 – The Soyuz 17 crew returns to Earth after 1 month aboard the Salyut 4 space station, february 11 Margaret Thatcher defeats Edward Heath for the leadership of the opposition UK Conservative Party. Thatcher,49, is Britains first female leader of any political party, colonel Richard Ratsimandrava, President of Madagascar, is assassinated. February 13 A Turkish Federated State of North Cyprus is declared as an unsuccessful first step to recognition of a Turkish Cypriot separatist state in Cyprus
1975
–
Dax Shepard
1975
–
Flag of
Papua New Guinea
1975
–
Bradley Cooper
1975
–
Sara Gilbert
150.
1978
–
January 1 The Copyright Act of 1976 takes effect, making sweeping changes to United States copyright law. Air India Flight 855, a Boeing 747 passenger jet, crashes into the ocean near Bombay, Edward M. Davis retires from the Los Angeles Police Department after 30 years on the force and more than 8 years as its police chief. January 4 – A referendum in Chile supports the policies of dictator Augusto Pinochet, January 5 – Bülent Ecevit, of CHP forms the new government of Turkey. January 6 – The Holy Crown of Hungary is returned to Hungary from the United States, January 10 – Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, a critic of the Nicaraguan government, is assassinated, riots erupt against Somozas government. January 14 – January 15 – The body of former U. S, vice President Hubert Humphrey lies in state in the Capitol Rotunda, following his death from cancer. Rock succeeds Edward M. Davis as LAPDs interim chief, January 18 – The European Court of Human Rights finds the British government guilty of mistreating prisoners in Northern Ireland, but not guilty of torture. January 19 – Federal Appeals Court Judge William H. Webster is appointed FBI Director, January 22 – Ethiopia declares the ambassador of West Germany persona non grata. January 24 Soviet satellite Kosmos 954 burns up in Earths atmosphere, Rose Dugdale and Eddie Gallagher become the first convicted prisoners to marry in prison in the history of the Republic of Ireland. January 25 – January 27 – The Great Blizzard of 1978 strikes the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes, January 28 – Richard Chase, the Vampire of Sacramento, is arrested. February 1 – film director Roman Polanski skips bail and flees to France, February 5 – February 7 – The Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978 hits the New England region and the New York metropolitan area, killing about 100 and causing over US$520 million in damage. February 6 – King Dragon operation in Arakan, Burmese General Ne Win targets Muslim minorities in the village of Sakkipara, February 8 – United States Senate proceedings are broadcast on radio for the first time. February 8 – Project SHAWN begins in Connecticut, February 9 – The Budd Company unveils its first SPV-2000 self-propelled railcar in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. February 11 Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314, a Boeing 737-200, crashes in Cranbrook, British Columbia, sixteen Unification Church couples wed in New York City. Somalia mobilizes its troops, due to an apparent Ethiopian attack, the Peoples Republic of China lifts a ban on works by Aristotle, William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens. February 13 – Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing, A bomb explodes outside the Hilton Hotel in Sydney, Australia, killing 2 garbagemen, February 15 Rhodesia, one of only two remaining white-ruled African nations, announces that it will accept multiracial democracy within 2 years. Serial killer Ted Bundy is captured in Pensacola, Florida, February 16 The Hillside Strangler, a serial killer prowling Los Angeles, claims a tenth and final victim. The first computer bulletin board system is created in Chicago, February 19 – Egyptian raid on Larnaca International Airport February 21 – Electrical workers in Mexico City find the remains of the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in the middle of the city. February 25 – The first Legislative Assembly election is held in Arunachal Pradesh, March 1 – Charlie Chaplins remains are stolen from Cosier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
1978
–
Afghanistan President
Daoud Khan was assassinated by the
People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan on April 25
1978
–
Karina Smirnoff
1978
–
Sheamus
1978
–
Ashton Kutcher
151.
David Aebischer
–
David Aebischer, is a former Swiss professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League with the Colorado Avalanche, Montreal Canadiens and Phoenix Coyotes. He was a member of the 2001 Stanley Cup champion Avalanche team and he moved to North America in 1997 and spent the 1997–98 season in the ECHL, first with the Chesapeake Icebreakers and then with the Wheeling Nailers. He spent the two seasons with Colorados American Hockey League affiliate, the Hershey Bears, with whom he compiled a 46-33-7 record. When the Avalanche traded back-up goaltender Marc Denis to the Columbus Blue Jackets in the summer of 2000, Aebischer played 26 games during his rookie season with Colorado. Aebischer made his NHL debut, and first NHL start on October 18,2000 against the Columbus Blue Jackets in Columbus for his first NHL victory. On October 26,2000 in his career start, Aebischer shut out the Chicago Blackhawks in Chicago for his first NHL career shutout. The year would prove a successful one, as Roy backstopped the Avalanche to their second Stanley Cup championship, with the win, Aebischer became the first Swiss hockey player to win the Stanley Cup. Following two more seasons as the Avalanches back-up, Aebischer became Colorados starting goaltender following Roys retirement in the summer of 2003 and he played 62 games and posted 32 wins during the 2003–04 season. That season, he started his first career game for the Avalanche and led Colorado to the second round. The following season, due to the NHL lockout, Aebischer returned to Switzerland and that summer, Montreal re-signed him to a one-year deal worth $1.9 million. He served as Cristobal Huets back-up for the 2006–07 season and posted a 13–12–3 record, the Canadiens failed to make the playoffs and Montreal opted not to re-sign Aebischer. On July 19,2007, Aebischer signed a one-year, $600,000 contract with the Phoenix Coyotes, however, he lost the goaltending battle in training camp to Alex Auld and Mikael Tellqvist, and was waived. He went unclaimed and was assigned to the Coyotes AHL affiliate. On November 23,2007, Aebischer was loaned to HC Lugano to make room on the San Antonio roster for goaltender Alex Auld. In August,2011, after four seasons back in his native Switzerland, on October 5,2011, it was announced that Aebischer would play with the Jets AHL affiliate, the St. Johns IceCaps. On July 1,2012, Aebischer again left North America, in the 2014–15 season, Aebischer played five games with HC Thurgau of the National League B before announcing his retirement from his playing career to focus for a coaching role on January 25,2015. Aebischer has represented Switzerland internationally on many occasions and his first international experience came in the 1997 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, hosted by Switzerland. The Swiss finished in 7th place, Aebischer has also appeared for Switzerland in five IIHF World Championships and two Winter Olympic Games
David Aebischer
–
David Aebischer
152.
Ashton Kutcher
–
Christopher Ashton Kutcher is an American actor and investor. Kutcher began his career as a model and began his career portraying Michael Kelso in the Fox sitcom That 70s Show. He made his debut in the romantic comedy Coming Soon and became known by audiences in the comedy film Dude. In 2004, Kutcher starred in the role of the psychological film The Butterfly Effect. Kutcher subsequently appeared in romantic comedies, including Guess Who, A Lot Like Love, What Happens in Vegas. From 2011 to 2015, he starred as Walden Schmidt on the CBS sitcom Two, in 2013, Kutcher portrayed Steve Jobs in the biographical film Jobs. Kutcher was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, to Diane, a Procter & Gamble employee, and Larry M. Kutcher and his father is of Czech descent, while his mother is of Czech, German, and Irish ancestry. Kutcher was raised in a relatively conservative Catholic family and he has an older sister named Tausha and a fraternal twin brother named Michael, who had a heart transplant when the brothers were young children. Michael also has cerebral palsy and is a spokesperson for the advocacy organization Reaching for the Stars, michaels cardiomyopathy caused Kutchers home life to become increasingly stressful. He has said that he didnt want to come home and find more bad news about his brother, stating, Kutcher attended Washington High School in Cedar Rapids for his freshman year, before his family moved to Homestead, Iowa, where he attended Clear Creek Amana High School. During high school, he developed a passion for acting and appeared in school plays, however, Kutchers home life worsened as his parents divorced when he was 16. During his senior year, he broke into his school at midnight with his cousin in an attempt to steal money. Kutcher was convicted of burglary and sentenced to three years probation and 180 hours of community service. Kutcher stated that although the experience straightened him out, he lost his girlfriend and anticipated college scholarships, Kutcher enrolled at the University of Iowa in August 1996, where his planned major was biochemical engineering, motivated by the desire to find a cure for his brothers heart ailment. At college, Kutcher was kicked out of his apartment for being too noisy, Kutcher stated, I thought I knew everything but I didnt have a clue. I was partying, and I woke up many mornings not knowing what I had done the night before, I am amazed I am not dead. To earn money for his tuition, Kutcher worked as a college summer hire in the department for the General Mills plant in Cedar Rapids. While at the University of Iowa, he was approached by a scout at a bar called The Airliner in Iowa City, Iowa
Ashton Kutcher
–
Kutcher at the
Time 100 Gala in June 2010
Ashton Kutcher
–
Kutcher with
Two and a Half Men co-star
Jon Cryer in September 2011
Ashton Kutcher
–
Kutcher attending
TechCrunch Disrupt in
New York City,
New York on May 24, 2011
153.
Daniel Bierofka
–
Daniel Bierofka is a retired German football player and coach. His playing career had been plagued by injuries which limited his chances of playing matches for Germany national squad. Bierofka came through the Bayern Munich youth system and made it to the reserve squad and he then transferred to city rival 1860 Munich where he played 55 games in two seasons. Bierofka then moved to Bayer Leverkusen for three years before going over to VfB Stuttgart, in the 2006–07 season, Bierofka won the Bundesliga title with VfB Stuttgart. In June 2007, Bierofka returned to 1860 Munich with the committing to a deferred payment of €400,000. Bierofka has played three internationals for Germany and scored one goal – on 18 May 2002, in the 6–2 win against Austria in a friendly match. After ending his career at 1860 Munich II in May 2014 Bierofka became head coach of the U-16 squad of his former club. On 18 February 2015 he became the coach of 1860 Munich II after Torsten Fröhling was appointed head coach of the first team. On 14 March 2015, in his debut,1860 Munich II, in a Bavarian derby, on 21 March 2015,1860 Munich II lost to 1. He finished with a record of four wins, three draws, and five losses and he took on the first team on 19 April 2016. Under Bierofkas coaching 1860 Munich won its first three matches against Eintracht Braunschweig, FC St. Pauli and SC Paderborn and thereby avoided relegation from the 2, as Bierofka did not held a coaching license for the 2. Bundesliga he was allowed to coach with a special permit for three matches. He won all three of his matches, after this permit expired he took over the second team again and was replaced by interim coach Denis Bushuev for the last match of the season against FSV Frankfurt. He was again appointed as the head coach on 22 November 2016. Scores and results list Germanys goal tally first, as of 24 November 2016 VfB Stuttgart Bundesliga, 2006–07 Daniel Bierofka at TSV1860. de Daniel Bierofka at Fussballdaten
Daniel Bierofka
–
Bierofka with
1860 Munich in 2011
154.
Lee Ok-sung
–
Lee Ok-Sung is a South Korean amateur boxer best known for winning the 2005 World Amateur Boxing Championships in the mens flyweight division. Lee is relatively tall for a flyweight, at the 2005 World Championships In Mianyang, China, he beat young southpaw Raushee Warren to set up his surprise championship win. In the finals he defeated Cuban Andry Laffita who had beaten Somjit Jongjohor and he became the first South Korean amateur boxer to win a gold medal at the World Amateur Boxing Championships since 1986 when Moon Sung-Kil won the gold in Reno, United States. At the 2006 Asian Games Lee just as surprisingly lost to Yang Bo of China in the quarterfinals and he did not participated in the national trials for the 2007 World Championships in order to complete his Masters degree. In the first round of the 2008 Olympic Games Lee defeated 2007 World Champion Raushee Warren in another surprising upset victory,2005 World Championships 2008 Summer Olympics Profile sports-reference
Lee Ok-sung
–
Lee Ok-Sung
155.
1982
–
January 1 – New ITV franchises, Central, TVS and TSW, are launched. January 7 – The Commodore 64 8-bit home computer is launched by Commodore International in Las Vegas, January 8 – AT&T Corporation agrees to break up and divest itself of 22 subdivisions. January 11 – Mark Thatcher, son of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, disappears in the Sahara during the Dakar Rally, January 11 – January 17 – A brutal cold snap sends temperatures to all-time record lows in dozens of cities throughout the Midwestern United States. January 13 – Shortly after takeoff, Air Florida Flight 90 crashes into Washington, D. C. s 14th Street Bridge and falls into the Potomac River, on the same day, a Washington Metro train derails to the north, killing 3. January 17 – Cold Sunday sweeps over the northern United States, January 26 Mauno Koivisto is elected President of Finland. Unemployment in the United Kingdom increases by 129,918 to 3,070,621, January 27 – The Garret FitzGerald government of the Republic of Ireland is defeated 82–81 on its budget, the 22nd Dáil Éireann is dissolved. January 30 – The first computer virus, the Elk Cloner and it infects Apple II computers via floppy disk. February 1 – Senegal and Gambia form a loose Senegambia Confederation, february 2 – The Hama massacre begins in Syria. February 3 – Syrian president Hafez al-Assad orders the army to purge the city of Harran of the Muslim Brotherhood, february 5 – London-based Laker Airways collapses, leaving 6,000 stranded passengers and debts of $270 million. February 7 – Iraqi club Al-Shorta win the 1982 Arab Club Champions Cup with a 4–2 aggregate win over Al-Nejmeh in the final. February 9 – Japan Airlines Flight 350 crashes in Tokyo Bay due to thrust reversal on approach to Tokyo International Airport, february 15 – The oil platform Ocean Ranger sinks during a storm off the coast of Newfoundland, killing all 84 rig workers aboard. February 18 – The Republic of Ireland general election gives a boost to Fianna Fáil, february 19 – The DeLorean Motor Company Car Factory in Belfast is put into receivership. February 24 – In South Africa,22 National Party MPs led by Andries Treurnicht vote for no confidence in P. W. Botha. February 25 – The European Court of Human Rights rules that teachers who cane, february 27 – Atlanta murders of 1979–81, Wayne Williams is convicted of murdering 2 adult men and is sentenced to two consecutive life terms. February 28 – Adobe Systems was founded, March 3 – Elizabeth II opens the Barbican Centre in London. March 9 – Charles Haughey becomes Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland, March 10 The United States places an embargo on Libyan oil imports, alleging Libyan support for terrorist groups. Syzygy, All 8 planets align on the side of the Sun. March 16 – In Newport, Rhode Island, Claus von Bülow is found guilty of the murder of his wife
1982
–
Elena Paparizou
1982
–
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
1982
–
Dwyane Wade
1982
–
Adam Lambert
156.
Osamu Mukai
–
Osamu Mukai is a Japanese actor. He was born in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan and he graduated from Meiji University, and majored in genetic engineering. He received the Best Poster Award at the International Zoological Genetics Conference in 2004, while he was attending university, he worked as a bartender. He became an employee there after graduation, and he became a manager later. While working as a bartender, he got into the magazine Tokyo Graffiti, a reader later recruited him to be an actor. Now, he works for Hori agency, as an actor
Osamu Mukai
–
Osamu Mukai at a film premiere at Meiji University, September 2011
157.
Christian Klien
–
Christian Klien is an Austrian former Formula One racing driver. In total he has scored 14 points in Formula One, Klien currently drives for NewBlood By Morand Racing in the ELMS, while also serving in the Austrian Armed Forces. Born in Hohenems, Klien started his career in his early teens. He raced in karting championships in both Austria and Switzerland, before moving to Formula BMW, after winning several titles in lower Formulas, Klien moved into Formula One, driving for the Jaguar Racing team, alongside Mark Webber. At the end of 2004, however, Jaguar sold its Formula One team to Red Bull, in an unusual arrangement, Klien shared a race seat with Italian Vitantonio Liuzzi. He stayed at Red Bull for 2006, whilst Liuzzi moved to the Red Bull junior team, after an unsuccessful 2006, Kliens old teammate Mark Webber replaced him for the 2007 season, news Klien learned from Webber himself. Klien was offered alternatives to Formula One for 2007, including driving in the ChampCar series and he secured the test drivers seat at Honda, despite competition from other drivers, including Gary Paffett. On 2 February 2008 Klien signed as BMW Saubers reserve and test driver for the 2008 Formula One season, Klien became enthused about racing when his dad brought him to watch a Go-Kart race. This enthusiasm for the sport was only increased after meeting Brazilian Formula One driver Ayrton Senna, the Austrian started his career at the age of 13. From 1996 to 1998, Klien won several races in both Switzerland and his native Austria, becoming the Suisse champion in his first year. In 1999, Klien moved to racing in the Formula BMW ADAC Junior Cup, winning four races, the following year, he moved into the main Formula BMW ADAC Championship with Team Rosberg, finishing the series ranked tenth overall and third in the rookie rankings. Continuing in the series in 2001, Klien managed to win five races, joining JD Motorsport for the Italian winter Formula Renault series, he won one event, which led to a drive for the team in German Formula Renault for 2002. Klien won four races, winning the German title, and finishing fifth in the European series, from there, Klien moved into the Formula Three Euroseries, with Mucke Motorsport, winning four races and finishing runner-up to Ryan Briscoe. Klien also won the 2003 Marlboro Masters event at Zandvoort and he had significant pressure on him as second driver to his more experienced teammate Mark Webber, but was the first driver to ever outqualify Webber from the same team. Klien proved to be considerably reliable over the season, retiring only on 4 occasions out of the possible 18, Kliens only points scoring finish in his debut season came in Belgium, where Klien finished sixth, scoring 3 Championship points. He finished alongside Cristiano da Matta and Nick Heidfeld in joint 16th in the Drivers Championship,2005 Jaguar were bought out in November 2004 by Austrian energy drink company Red Bull and were renamed Red Bull Racing. During winter testing in 2005, Klien tested several times for Red Bull Racing alongside Vitantonio Liuzzi, Klien secured the second race seat at Red Bull, alongside Coulthard. Klien started the year with points finishes in the first two races before retiring in Bahrain before the race had started due to an electrical problem
Christian Klien
–
Klien at the Silverstone round of the ELMS 2014
Christian Klien
–
Klien driving for
Jaguar at the
2004 Belgian Grand Prix, where he scored his first
Formula One points
Christian Klien
–
Klien in qualifying at the
2005 United States Grand Prix
Christian Klien
–
Klien driving for RBR at the
2006 Turkish Grand Prix
158.
Federico Marchetti
–
Federico Marchetti is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Lazio and the Italy national team. Marchetti began his club career with Torino in 2002, and was subsequently loaned out to Pro Vercelli, Crotone. In 2005, he spent a season with Biellese, and later played for AlbinoLeffe and Cagliari, before moving to Lazio in 2011, where he won the Coppa Italia in 2013. At international level, he has represented Italy at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, and at UEFA Euro 2016. In mid-2005, Torino which originally promoted to Serie A, went bankrupt and a new team started again in Serie B as successor and he was signed by AlbinoLeffe and left for Biellese in co-ownership deal. On June 2006, he was back by Serie B club AlbinoLeffe. In his first season with the celeste, he made 13 appearances, during the 2007–08 season, his performances proved to be instrumental in AlbinoLeffes historic first qualification to the promotion playoffs, where his club narrowly missed promotion to Lecce. He subsequently won the Serie B best goalkeeper award, thus raising significant interest from top-flight teams, in July 2008, Cagliari agreed a loan bid with AlbinoLeffe for the goalkeeper, with Cagliari having an option to buy 50% of players rights to an agreed price. On 1 February 2010, Cagliari bought the rights from AlbinoLeffe. However, he was frozen by the club in 2010–11 season, as his transfer request denied He became the keeper, behind Michael Agazzi. He was unfrozen on 3 April 2011, winning Genoa as unused bench, following the departure of their Uruguay international Fernando Muslera at the end of the 2010–11 season, Marchetti joined Lazio. President Claudio Lotito activated Marchettis €5.2 million release clause, Marchetti arrived in Rome on 5 July to undertake a medical and sign a five-year contract. He described his move to Lazio as the end of a nightmare and his performances led him to be called up once again to the Italian national team. In May 2009, following his performances with Cagliari, Marchetti received his first call-up to Marcello Lippis Italian national team for a friendly game versus Northern Ireland. He was featured in the game as a starter, and played the whole match, Marchetti kept a clean sheet, as Italy were already 1–0 down at the time of his introduction. Marchetti played only one game for the Italy national team new coach Cesare Prandelli between 2010 and 2012. In 2013, however, Marchetti was recalled by Prandelli to represent Italy in a match against Netherlands. On 14 August 2013, Marchetti was brought on for the half of an international friendly match, in honour of Pope Francis
Federico Marchetti
–
Marchetti with
Italy in 2013
159.
Trey Hardee
–
James Edward Trey Hardee III is a retired American track and field athlete who specialized in the combined events. He is a former NCAA Champion, a two-time World Outdoor Champion, a member of the United States 2008 Olympic team, Hardee did not start out as a decathlete. He preferred basketball, and only joined the track and field team as a junior after failing to make the varsity squad at Vestavia Hills High School. He was recruited to Mississippi State University as a pole vaulter, Hardee started college at Mississippi State in 2002. It was at the university that coaches, noting his combination of size and speed, pushed him toward the decathlon and he finished second in the decathlon at the 2004 NCAA Outdoor Championships. Mississippi State dropped its track and field program after the 2004 season. In his first season at Texas, he was third in the heptathlon at the 2005 NCAA Indoor Championships and won the decathlon at the 2005 NCAA Outdoor Championships. In 2006, he set the NCAA decathlon record with a personal best 8,465 points and was named the 2006 NCAA Division I Mens Indoor Field Athlete of the Year. Hardee was the runner-up in the decathlon at the 2008 US Olympic Trials, at the Olympics, he was in 4th place through seven events when his no-height score in the pole vault cost him a chance to medal. His performances during the 2008 outdoor season garnered interest from the New York Jets of the National Football League, however, he expressed no interest in pursuing the opportunity. At the 2009 World Athletics Championships in Berlin, Hardee won gold in the decathlon with a total of 8790. He was awarded the Jim Thorpe All-Around Award by the United States Sports Academy for his achievements that year, in the same year, he won the USA Outdoor championship with a score of 8,261. At the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships, he won a medal in the heptathlon by finishing behind Bryan Clay. Hardee finished with a total of 6184, which was 20 points behind Clay. At the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, Hardee defeated his compatriot Ashton Eaton, in 2012, Hardee again finished second in the Olympic Trials and made a second Olympic Team. On August 9,2012, he won the medal at the London 2012 Olympics behind Eaton. Hardee attempted to make a third Olympic team in 2016, but was unsuccessful and he soon retired and did attend the Olympics as a television analyst for NBC Sports. Trey Hardee has faster acceleration, but lower top speed
Trey Hardee
–
Trey Hardee at DTW 8/12/12
Trey Hardee
–
Hardee at the 2009 World Athletics Championships
160.
1988
–
In the 20th century, the year 1988 has the most Roman numeral digits. 1988 was a year in the early history of the Internet—it was the year of the first well-known computer virus. The first permanent intercontinental Internet link was made between the United States and Europe as well as the first Internet-based chat protocol, Internet Relay Chat, the concept of the World Wide Web was first discussed at CERN in 1988. The Soviet Union began its major restructuring towards an economy at the beginning of 1988. The Iron Curtain began to disintegrate in 1988 as Hungary began allowing freer travel to the West, the first extrasolar planet, Gamma Cephei Ab was detected this year and the World Health Organization began its mission to eradicate polio. January – The cargo ship Khian Sea deposits 4,000 tons of waste in Haiti after wandering around the Atlantic for sixteen months. January 1 – The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America is established, January 2 The Soviet Union begins its program of economic restructuring with legislation initiated by Premier Mikhail Gorbachev. Michigan State Spartans football team wins the Rose Bowl Game against USC Trojans, January 15 – In Jerusalem, Israeli police and Palestinian protestors clash at the Dome of the Rock, several police and at least 70 Palestinians are injured. Vice President George H. W. Bush and CBS News anchor Dan Rather clash over Bushs role in the Iran–Contra affair during a television interview. January 26 – The Phantom of the Opera, the longest running Broadway play ever, January 29 – The Midwest Classic Conference, a U. S. college athletic conference, is formed. February 3 – The Democratic-controlled United States House of Representatives rejects President Ronald Reagans request for $36.25 million to support the Nicaraguan Contras, February 12 Anthony Kennedy is appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States. The 1988 Black Sea bumping incident, Soviet frigate Bezzavetnyy intentionally rams USS Yorktown in Soviet territorial waters while Yorktown claims innocent passage, February 13 –28 – The 1988 Winter Olympics are held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. February 171988 Oshakati bomb blast, A bomb explodes outside the First National Bank in Oshakati, Namibia, killing 27, Lieutenant Colonel William R. Higgins, serving with a United Nations group monitoring a truce in southern Lebanon, is kidnapped. February 20 – The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast votes to secede from the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic and join the Armenian SSR, February 25 – The constitution of the Sixth Republic of Korea comes into effect. February 24 – Hustler Magazine v. Falwell, The Supreme Court of the United States sides with Hustler magazine by overturning a court decision to award Jerry Falwell $200,000 for defamation. February 27 – February 29 – - Collapse of the Soviet Union - The Sumgait pogrom of Armenians occurs in Sumqayit, February 29 – A Nazi document implicates Kurt Waldheim in World War II deportations. March 3 – A new British political party, the Liberal Democrats, is formed, march 6 – Operation Flavius, A Special Air Service team of the British Army shoots dead 3 unarmed members of a Provisional Irish Republican Army Active service unit in Gibraltar. March 8 Two United States Army helicopters collide in Fort Campbell, Kentucky, U. S. presidential candidate George H. W. Bush defeats Bob Dole in numerous Republican primaries and caucuses on Super Tuesday
1988
–
The Iranian Frigate, IS Alvand, attacked by US Navy forces during
Operation Praying Mantis
1988
–
Haley Bennett
1988
–
Robert Sheehan
1988
–
Skrillex
161.
Ai Kago
–
Ai Kago, born February 7,1988 in Yamatotokada, Nara, Japan, is a Japanese singer, actress, author, and former Guinness World Record holder. Kago began her career at the age of 12 as a member of the idol group Morning Musume. In the same year, she became a member of Minimoni. In 2004, she graduated from both the groups and formed W with Nozomi Tsuji. In 2006, Kago was suspended from the group and dismissed a year later, in 2008 she embarked on a career in film and recorded a jazz album two years later. At age 12, Kago won the 4th National Audition of Morning Musume held by the Up-Front Works in 2000, on April 15, she, along with Rika Ishikawa, Hitomi Yoshizawa, and Nozomi Tsuji, were inducted into the idol group Morning Musume as its fourth generation. Their recording debut was in the ninth single Happy Summer Wedding. Kago and Tsujis addition to the received positive critical response. With an increasing fan base, they, along with fellow Morning Musume member Mari Yaguchi and Coconuts Musume member Mika Todd, in addition to this, Kago was also admitted into established subgroup Tanpopo as a second generation member. From 2001 to 2004 Kago participated in the annual Hello, in August 2004, Kago and Tsuji graduated from Morning Musume together after Minimoni began their indefinite hiatus. Under the arrangement of their agency, Kago and Tsuji formed a new pop duo, W, before the release of their seventh single and their third album, W3, Faithful, on February 9,2006, Friday published photos showing Kago smoking. The following day, her agency issued a statement saying that she. Kago spent the remainder of the year under house arrest at her familys residence in Nara, during this time, she was not allowed to have contact with Tsuji or any of the other members from her agency, and she was caught smoking again during her probation period. In 2007 Up-Front Works reported that they were working on her comeback, in late March 2007, photos of Kago going to an onsen with a man 18 years her senior and smoking for a third time circulated in the media, further tarnishing her reputation. Not long after, Yuukichi Kawaguchi, the director of Up-Front Works, after Kago departed from Up-Front Agency, her mother attempted to sign her to a new talent agency in her hometown, Nara. Later that year, Josei Seven published an interview with her mother, revealing that Kago left Japan, Kago herself later revealed that she had actually not gone to New York, but rather to Los Angeles for three months because she felt like a criminal in Japan. During her stay, she met people who encouraged her, including Winona Ryder and she also considered suicide and cut her wrists. Kago made a return to the entertainment industry in 2008 with plans of pursuing an acting career
Ai Kago
–
Ai Kago, November 2009
162.
1989
–
Collectively known as the Revolutions of 1989, they heralded the beginning of the post–Cold War period. The first commercial Internet service providers surfaced in this year, as well as the first written proposal for the World Wide Web and New Zealand, Japan, the first babies born after preimplantation genetic diagnosis were conceived in late 1989, starting the era of designer babies. 1989 marked the beginning of the current Heisei period in Japan and it is also, the latest year, when written in Roman numerals, to have an L. The next such year is 2040, January 2 – Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa takes office as the third President of Sri Lanka. January 4 – Gulf of Sidra incident, Two Libyan MiG-23 Floggers are engaged, January 7 – Hirohito dies, and Akihito is enthroned as the 125th Emperor of Japan immediately, followed by the change in the era name from Showa to Heisei on the following day. January 8 – Kegworth air disaster, A British Midland Boeing 737 crashes on approach to East Midlands Airport, January 10 – In accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 626 and the New York Accords, Cuban troops begin withdrawing from Angola. January 11 – President of the United States Ronald Reagan delivers his farewell address to the nation, January 15 Thirty-five European nations, meeting in Vienna, agree to strengthen human rights and strengthen East-West trade. Palach Week, A pro-democracy demonstration in Prague is attacked by the police, January 17 – Stockton schoolyard shooting, Patrick Edward Purdy kills 5 children, wounds 30 and then shoots himself in Stockton, California. January 18 The Polish United Workers Party votes to legalize Solidarity, ante Marković succeeds Branko Mikulić as Prime Minister of Yugoslavia. January 20 – George H. W. Bush is sworn in as President of the United States, January 23 – A powerful earthquake in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic kills around 275 people. January 23–24 – Armed civilian leftists briefly attack and occupy an Argentinian army base near Buenos Aires, January 24 – Florida executes Ted Bundy by electric chair for the murders of young women. January 29 – The British childrens television show, Thomas & Friends, January 30 – Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney shuffles his cabinet, appointing 6 new ministers and reassigning the responsibilities of 19 others. February 1 – Joan Kirner becomes Victorias first female Deputy Premier, after the resignation of Robert Fordham over the VEDC Crisis, February 2 Soviet war in Afghanistan, The last Soviet Union armored column leaves Kabul, ending 9 years of military occupation since 1979. Carlos Andrés Pérez takes office as President of Venezuela, satellite television service Sky Television plc is launched in Europe. February 3 A military coup overthrows Alfredo Stroessner, dictator of Paraguay since 1954, after a stroke, P. W. Botha resigns his partys leadership and the presidency of South Africa. February 5 – Eurosport, a sports broadcasting station in Europe. February 6 – The government of the Peoples Republic of Poland holds formal talks with representatives of Solidarity movement for the first time since 1981, February 7 The Peoples National Party, led by Michael Manley, wins the Jamaican general election. The Los Angeles City Council bans the sale or possession of semiautomatic firearms, February 10 Ron Brown is elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee, becoming the first African American to lead a major United States political party
1989
–
The
Exxon Valdez
1989
–
People's Liberation Army were to drive away students in Tiananmen Square.
1989
–
Voyager 2 at
Neptune
1989
–
The
Phillips Disaster
163.
Ksenia Stolbova
–
Ksenia Andreyevna Stolbova is a Russian pair skater. Ksenia Andreyevna Stolbova was born on 7 February 1992 in Saint Petersburg and she attended the Lesgaft Academy of Physical Education in Saint Petersburg. Stolbova became interested in skating at the age of three but did not begin skating until a few years later after badgering her family. After a number of years in single skating, she wanted to try something different, stolbovas partnership with Artur Minchuk lasted three seasons, from 2006–07 to 2008–09. They finished 11th competing on the level at the Russian Championships in December 2008. In spring 2009, coach Ludmila Velikova partnered Stolbova with Fedor Klimov, during their first season together, the pair placed 2nd and 7th at their two Junior Grand Prix events, and 7th at the Final. The pair won the Russian Junior title and then bronze at Junior Worlds in 2010, during the 2010–11 season, Stolbova/Klimov won both of their JGP events and qualified for the JGP Final. They also debuted on the senior GP circuit, finishing 5th at Skate America and they won silver at the Junior Grand Prix Final. At the 2011 Russian Championships, Stolbova/Klimov finished sixth overall in their national debut. They were the silver medalists at the 2011 World Junior Championships, for the Grand Prix season, Stolbova/Klimov were assigned to 2011 Trophée Eric Bompard, where they finished 7th, and 2011 Cup of Russia, where they finished 4th. Third in the program and second in the long at the 2012 Russian Championships. Stolbova/Klimov were originally the first alternates for the 2012 European Championships, replacing Kavaguti/Smirnov at the event, Stolbova/Klimov set new personal bests in their short and long program to win their first European medal, bronze. For the 2012–13 season, Stolbova/Klimov worked on upgrading their twist to a triple and they began their international season at the 2012 Coupe de Nice, where they took the silver. Stolbova/Klimov won their first senior Grand Prix medal, bronze, at the 2012 Cup of China and they won the bronze medal at the 2013 Russian Championships. First alternates for the 2013 European Championships, Stolbova/Klimov were called up to replace Vera Bazarova / Yuri Larionov who withdrew due to Larionovs wrist injury, after finishing sixth at Europeans in Zagreb, they won their first senior international title at the 2013 Bavarian Open. In April 2013, the said they wanted to move to Moscow to work with Nina Mozer. The move was opposed by Oleg Nilov, the head of the Saint Petersburg skating association, arguing against a concentration of skaters in Moscow, in 2013–14, Stolbova/Klimov started their Grand Prix season with a bronze medal at the 2013 Skate America. After placing sixth in the program and third in the free skate
Ksenia Stolbova
–
Stolbova/Klimov at 2012 European Championships
Ksenia Stolbova
–
Stolbova/Klimov at the
2010 Skate America
Ksenia Stolbova
–
Stolbova/Klimov at the
2014 World Championships podium
Ksenia Stolbova
–
Stolbova/Klimov at the
2013 Skate America
164.
1259
–
Year 1259 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. The Oxford Parliament, led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, september – Battle of Pelagonia, The Empire of Nicaea defeats the Principality of Achaea, ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople in 1261. The famous frescoes of the Boyana Church in Bulgaria are completed, the German cities of Lübeck, Wismar, and Rostock enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the Baltic Sea, laying the groundwork for the Hanseatic League. Nogai Khan leads the second Mongol Golden Horde attack against Lithuania, august 11 – While conducting a siege against the Song Dynasty city known as Fishing Town in the province of Chongqing, China, the Mongol Khagan, Möngke Khan, dies in the nearby hills. Persian, Chinese, and Mongol records have different accounts of how he died, including succumbing to a wound received by a Chinese archer in the siege, dysentery. In the end, Ariq Böke surrenders to Kublai, lannathai, a kingdom in the north of Thailand, is founded by King Mangrai. The Goryeo Kingdom in Korea surrenders to invading Mongol forces, the Chinese era Kaiqing begins and ends, in the Northern Song Dynasty of China. The Japanese Shōka era ends, and the Shōgen era begins
1259
–
Portion of a fresco of the Boyana Church, completed this year.
165.
1520
–
Year 1520 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. January 19 – King Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats the Swedes at Lake Åsunden in Sweden, the Swedish regent Sten Sture the Younger is mortally wounded in the battle. He is rushed towards Stockholm, in order to lead the fight against the Danes from there, june – Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, is declared deposed due to his captivity by conquistador Hernán Cortés. His brother Cuitláhuac rises to the throne, june 7 – King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of France meet at the famous Field of Cloth of Gold. June 10 – Revolt of the Comuneros, Blockade of Segovia, june 15 – Pope Leo X issues the bull Exsurge Domine, threatening Martin Luther with excommunication if he does not recant his position on indulgences and other Catholic doctrines. July 1 – La Noche Triste, The forces of Cuitláhuac, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan and this results in the death of about 400 conquistadors and some 2,000 of their Native American allies. However, Cortés and the most skilled of his men manage to escape, july 20 – The Spaniards defeat the Aztecs at Otumba near Lake Texcaco. August – Martin Luther writes To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, september 7 – Christian II makes his triumphant entry into Stockholm, which has surrendered to him a few days earlier. September 22 – Suleiman I succeeds his father Selim I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, october – Cuitláhuac, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies from smallpox. He is succeeded by his nephew Cuauhtémoc, october 21 – The islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon are discovered by Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes off Newfoundland. He names them Islands of the 11,000 Virgins in honour of Saint Ursula, november 1 – Christian II is elected king of Sweden. November 4 – Christian II is crowned king of Sweden, the coronation is followed by a three-day feast in Stockholm. November 7 – At the end of the day of Christians coronation feast. December 10 – Martin Luther burns a copy of The Book of Canon Law, the Franciscan friar Matteo Bassi is inspired to return to the primitive life of solitude and penance as practiced by St. Francis, giving rise to the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. Aleksandra Lisowska is given as a gift to Suleiman I on the occasion of his accession to the throne
1520
–
June:
Aztec battles.
1520
–
September 22:
Suleiman I.
1520
–
November 8:
Stockholm Bloodbath.
1520
–
Raphael
166.
Alfonsina Orsini
–
Alfonsina Orsini was a Regent of Florence. She governed the Republic of Florence during the absences of her son in the period of 1515–1519 and her rule was feared as a sign of the end of republican government there. She was born from a family and raised in the royal court of Naples. She was the spouse of Piero di Lorenzo de Medici from 1488 and she helped restore the Medicis to power after they had been exiled. She worked to secure a French royal marriage for her son, throughout her life, she used her wealth, position, and connections to help the poor and underrepresented. She also used them to further her familys power and wealth and she was a patron of the arts and architecture, both in Florence and in Rome. This included renovation of buildings as well as construction of palaces for the family. Born in 1472, she was the daughter of Catherine Sanseverino and Roberto Orsini, Count of Tagliacozzo and she was raised in the court of Ferdinand I of Naples. In 1486, Orsinis marriage to Piero di Lorenzo de Medici was arranged by his uncle, in February 1488, she brought a dowry of 12000 ducats when she joined her husband at a wedding in Rome attended by Ferdinand and his wife Joanna of Aragon. She finally arrived in Florence in May 1488, like previous wives of the Medicis, she was frequently petitioned by the religious and the poor to aid their requests for aid from her husband, and later, her son. She was asked to ease tax burdens, provide jobs. Orsini, her mother, and Clarice Orsini supported a renovation of the Santa Lucia convent in Florence. The renovation included expanding dormitories for the Dominican sisters, rebuilding the church, a few of the rooms were made available for women in the Medici family whenever they were needed. On 9 November 1494, a mob plundered the Medici palace and drove Alfonsina and her mother out and they then stayed at the convent they had rebuilt. Under Florentine law, women and children were not included with their husbands or fathers in exile, though their funds and ability to travel were limited. The law also allowed women whose husbands were exiled to use their dowry as their source of funds. Alfonsina and her mother negotiated with Charles to end the exile, but he removed their status as rebels. In May 1495, Alfonsina asked permission to travel to Rome and rejoin her husband there and that September, she left without permission and joined Piero and his brother Giuliano in Siena
Alfonsina Orsini
–
Alfonsina Orsini by
Sandro Botticelli.
167.
1560
–
Year 1560 was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. March 7 – A Spanish-led expedition, commanded by Juan de la Cerda, 4th Duke of Medinaceli, la Renaudie is subsequently caught and executed, along with over a thousand of his followers. April 15 – Denmark buys the Estonian island of Saaremaa from its last prince bishop, may 11 – At the Battle of Djerba, the Ottoman fleet, commanded by Piali Pasha, overwhelms a large joint European fleet, sinking about half its ships. June 12 – Battle of Okehazama, Oda Nobunaga defeats Imagawa Yoshimoto, july 6 – The Treaty of Edinburgh is signed between England, France and Scotland. This largely ends the Auld Alliance between France and Scotland, and ends the wars between England and its northern neighbour, august 2 – Livonian War, Russians defeat the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in the Battle of Ergeme, precipitating the dissolution of the order. August 21 – A total eclipse of the sun is observable in Europe, september 29 – Eric XIV becomes king of Sweden upon the death of his father Gustav Vasa. December 5 – Seventeen-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots, is widowed by the death of her first husband and her mother-in-law, Catherine de Medici, becomes regent of France. December 6 – Charles IX of France succeeds his brother, Francis II. Publication of the complete Geneva Bible, the first tulip bulb is brought from Constantinople to the Netherlands. The first scientific society, the Academia Secretorum Naturae, is founded in Naples by Giambattista della Porta, solihull School is founded in the West Midlands of England. The oldest surviving violin, known as the Charles IX, is made in Cremona, bairam Khan loses power in the Mughal Empire. The great age of piracy in the Caribbean starts around this time
1560
–
Tulip arrives.
1560
–
August 2:
Livonian Brothers of the Sword.
168.
Bartolommeo Bandinelli
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Bartolommeo Bandinelli, actually Bartolommeo Brandini, was a Renaissance Italian sculptor, draughtsman and painter. Bandinelli was the son of a prominent Florentine goldsmith, and first apprenticed in his shop, as a boy, he was apprenticed under Giovanni Francesco Rustici, a sculptor friend of Leonardo da Vinci. Among his earliest works was a Saint Jerome in wax, made for Giuliano de Medici, having counterfeited the key of the chamber. 1512, Piero Soderini was deposed and the, in the tumult, therefore, Baccio, being by himself, secretly cut the cartoon into several pieces. The loss anyhow to the city was no one. Bandinellis lifelong obsession with Michelangelo is a theme in assessments of his career. A brilliant draughtsman and excellent small-scale sculptor, he had a fascination for colossi which he was ill-equipped to execute. His failure as a sculptor on a scale was accentuated by his desire to imitate Michelangelo. Hercules and Cacus was commissioned by the Medici pope Clement VII, the supplied block of Carrara marble was not big enough to execute Bandinellis wax model. He had to make new wax models, one of which was chosen by the pope as the final draft, Bandinelli had already carved the sculpture as far as the abdomen of Hercules, when during the 1527 Sack of Rome, the pope was taken prisoner. Meanwhile, in Florence, republican enemies of the Medici took advantage of the chaos to exile Ippolito de Medici, Bandinelli, a supporter of the Medici, was also exiled. In 1530 Emperor Charles V retook Florence after a long siege, Pope Clement VII subsequently installed his illegitimate son Alessandro de Medici as duke of Tuscany. Bandinelli then returned to Florence and continue work on the statue completed in 1534. But from the moment it was unveiled, it faced ridicule, afterwards, the Bandinelli tried to sabotage Cellinis career. The statue was restored between February and April 1994, Bandinellis drawings, which have in the past masqueraded as Michelangelos in connoisseurs collections, have come into their own in the later twentieth century. Among Bandinellis pupils were Vasari and Francesco de Rossi and his sons Clemente, a collaborator in his studio, and Michelangelo Bandinelli were also sculptors. Baccio Bandinellis works include, copy of Laocoon, at the time in the Cortile del Belvedere, tombs of the Medici popes Leo X and Clement VII in Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Bust of Cosimo I de Medici This had been locked away in a vault in a Swiss bank until a tip led the curator Olga Raggio to its rediscovery
Bartolommeo Bandinelli
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Self-portrait of Bartolommeo Bandinelli, c. 1530
Bartolommeo Bandinelli
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Baccio Bandinelli - Drawing of monument for pope Leo X and Clemens VII.
Bartolommeo Bandinelli
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The cartoon of the Battle of Cascina by
Michelangelo.
Bartolommeo Bandinelli
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Hercules and Cacus.
169.
1603
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As of the start of 1603, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. February 25 – Dutch–Portuguese War, the Portuguese ship Santa Catarina is seized by Dutch East India Company ships off Singapore, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia is established in Banten. March – French explorer Samuel Champlain sails to Canada, march – beginning of Fulda witch trials. March 24 Queen Elizabeth I of England dies at Richmond Palace and is succeeded by her cousins son, King James VI of Scotland, Tokugawa Ieyasu is granted the title of shogun from Emperor Go-Yozei, and establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate in Edo, Japan. Start of the 265-year-long Edo period, march 31 – The Nine Years War is ended by the submission of Hugh ONeill, Earl of Tyrone, to the English Crown and the signing of the Treaty of Mellifont. April 28 – The funeral of Elizabeth I of England is held in Westminster Abbey, July 17 or July 19 – Sir Walter Raleigh is arrested for treason. July 25 – James I is crowned as King of England in Westminster Abbey, ceremonies are limited because of plague. September 20 – Samuel Champlain arrives back in France, october – Sangley Rebellion takes place, ending in the massacre of 20,000 Sangley Chinese in Manila. November – Rokugō rebellion, More than 1,000 rōnin rebel in support of their lord, Onodera Yoshimichi. November 17 – Sir Walter Raleigh goes on trial for treason in the converted Great Hall of Winchester Castle and he is found guilty but his life is spared by King James I at this time and he is returned to imprisonment in the Tower of London. December 22 – Ottoman Dynasty, Sultan Mehmed III of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Ahmed I, a rebellion breaks out in Transylvania. French Huguenot Pierre de Gua is granted permission to settle in North America. Yaqob is deposed as Emperor of Ethiopia by Za Sellase, who appoints his cousin Za Dengel to replace him, johann Bayer publishes the star atlas Uranometria, the first to cover the entire celestial sphere. The Accademia dei Lincei, the oldest scientific academy in the world, is founded in Rome by Federico Cesi, the earliest of eight companies that would eventually merge to form the Kikkoman Corporation, the ubiquitous producers of soy sauce, is founded in Japan
1603
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King James I of England/VI of Scotland, the first monarch to rule the Kingdoms of England and Scotland at the same time.
170.
1642
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As of the start of 1642, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 4 – First English Civil War, Charles I attempts to arrest 6 leading members of the Long Parliament, march 1 – Georgeana, Massachusetts becomes the first incorporated city in America. March 19 – the citizens of Galway seize an English naval ship, close the town gates, april 8 – George Spencer is executed by the New Haven Colony for alleged bestiality. May 1 – honours granted by Charles I from this date onward are retrospectively annulled by Parliament. May 17 – foundation of Ville-Marie, later renamed Montreal, as a permanent settlement July – First English Civil War, august 4 – Lord Forbes relieves Forthill and besieges Galway. August 21 – First Battle of Lostwithiel, august 22 – King Charles I raises the royal battle standard over Nottingham Castle, so declaring war on his own Parliament. September 2 – Parliament orders the theatres of London closed, effectively ending the era of English Renaissance theatre, september 7 – Lord Forbes raises his unsuccessful siege of Galway. September 8 – Thomas Granger is executed by hanging at Plymouth, october 23 – First English Civil War – Battle of Edgehill, Royalists and Parliamentarians battle to a draw. November 13 – First English Civil War – Battle of Turnham Green, The Royalist forces withdraw in face of the Parliamentarian army, november 24 – Abel Tasman becomes the first European to discover the island Van Diemens Land. December 13 – Abel Tasman is the first recorded European to sight New Zealand, the Dutch drive Spain from Taiwan. The village of Bro in Sweden is granted the city rights for the time and takes the name Kristinehamn after the then Swedish monarch. Rembrandt finishes his painting The Night Watch, the Manchu under their leader Hong Taiji raid the Ming Chinese province of Shandong from their base in Manchuria. Two years later Beijing falls to rebels, the Chongzhen Emperor commits suicide, isaac Aboab da Fonseca is appointed rabbi in Pernambuco, Brazil, thus becoming the first rabbi of the Americas
1642
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Abel Tasman sights New Zealand.
1642
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The Night Watch
1642
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Mehmed IV
1642
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Isaac Newton
171.
William Bedell
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Rev. William Bedell, D. D. was an Anglican churchman who served as Lord Bishop of Kilmore became a martyr of the Reformation during the Irish Rebellion of 1641. He was born at Black Notley in Essex, and educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge and he became a fellow of Emmanuel in 1593, and took orders. He translated the Book of Common Prayer into Italian, and was on terms of friendship with the Italian patriot. He wrote a series of sermons with Fulgenzio Micanzio, Sarpis disciple, in 1616 he was appointed to the rectory of Horningsheath, which he held for twelve years. In 1627, because of his ceaseless efforts for nationalist evangelism, he was appointed provost of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1629, he was appointed to become Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh. He set himself to reform the abuses of his diocese, which had been notorious for its corruption, bribery, and graft. He is noted for commissioning the translation of the Bible into the Irish Language and he would appoint only Irish speakers to parishes. Bedell was a man of life, often walking miles on foot or on horse. Bedell was also noted for his application of the law in prosecuting the law and providing help against corruption. For instance, he sided with the Catholics of Kilmore against the excess of Alan Cooke, however, the church courts found that Cooke had legally acquired the right as chancellor, and the Bishop was unable to remove him. Because of his support within the common Irish, especially the Catholic Irish leadership fearful of his standing, with the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the local warlords, led by the OReillys, took control of the area. Nonetheless, while support for the rebellion had yet to bear full fruit the rebel leadership trod carefully around the popular bishop, thus, the OReillys gave comfortable words to the Bishop and Bedells house at Kilmore in County Cavan was left untouched. In the end, however, the rebels insisted upon the release into their capture of all who had taken shelter in his house. Knowing full well that they would likely be mass murdered, the bishop refused, having isolated the Bishop and the refugees, the rebels believed they could murder the bishop and refugees in silence. They mounted an assault, seized the Bishop and other missionaries of the Reformation. Here, Bedell and other were tortured while imprisoned for several weeks, freed, Bedell was now into the care of his friend Denis Sheridan but the imprisonment and torture had worked their damage. Shortly after his release Bedell died from his wounds and exposure on 7 February 1642, Bishop Bedell was afforded the dignity by his captors of being buried next to his wife Leah at Kilmore, where he received an honourable funeral in the presence of his ORaghallaigh captors. At his funeral, a Roman Catholic priest, Father Farrelly, was heard to say, May my soul be with Beddells, the story of his life was written by Bishop Gilbert Burnet in 1685 and by his elder son
William Bedell
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On a gate pillar of the graveyard beside
Kilmore Cathedral,
County Cavan
William Bedell
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THE DIOCESE OF KILMORE The Cathedral Church of St Fethlimidh, Kilmore (Bedell Memorial Church)
172.
Paul Pellisson
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Paul Pellisson was a French author. Pellisson was born in Béziers, of a distinguished Calvinist family and he studied law at Toulouse, and practised at the bar of Castres. Going to Paris with letters of introduction to Valentin Conrart, a fellow Calvinist, Pellisson undertook to be their historian, and in 1653 published a Relation contenant lhistoire de l’Académie française. He was rewarded with a promise of the vacant place. In 1657 Pellisson became secretary to the minister of finance, Nicolas Fouquet, another pamphlet, Seconde défense de M. Fouquet, followed. Pellisson was released in 1666, and sought the royal favour and he became official historian to the king, and in that capacity wrote a fragmentary Histoire de Louis XIV, covering the years 1660 to 1670. In 1670 he was converted to Catholicism and obtained rich ecclesiastical preferment and he was very intimate with Mlle de Scudéry, in whose novels he figures as Herminius and Acante. He had many friends, and Bussy-Rabutins described him as encore plus honnête homme que bel esprit and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Pellisson, Paul. This work in turn cites, Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du lundi, F. L. Marcon, Étude sur la vie et les œuvres de Pellisson Works by or about Paul Pellisson at Internet Archive
Paul Pellisson
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Paul Pellisson,
173.
1736
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As of the start of 1736, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 23 – The Civil Code of 1734 is passed in Sweden, january 26 – Stanislaus I of Poland abdicates his throne. February 12 – Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor marries Maria Theresa of Austria, april – The Genbun era begins in Japan. The era of Kyōhō Reforms ends, march 8 – Nader Shah, founder of the Afsharid dynasty, is crowned Shah of Iran. April 14 – The Porteous Riots erupt in Edinburgh after the execution of smuggler Andrew Wilson, may 8 – Frederick, Prince of Wales, marries Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. May 26 – Battle of Ackia, British and Chickasaw Native Americans defeat French troops, june 8 – Leonhard Euler writes to James Stirling describing the Euler–Maclaurin formula, providing a connection between integrals and calculus. June 19 – French Academy of Sciences expedition led by Pierre Louis Maupertuis, with Anders Celsius, july – Russo-Turkish War, Russian forces under Peter Lacy storm the Ottoman fortress of Azov. September 7 – An Edinburgh crowd drags John Porteous out of his cell in Tolbooth Prison, december 7 – Benjamin Franklin builds the first volunteer fire company in Philadelphia. December 26 - Andrew Michael Ramsay gave an oration in which he related the heritage, neustrelitz becomes the capital of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney, becomes the first Field Marshal of Great Britain, a fire in the Russian city of Saint Petersburg burns 2000 houses. Fifty-three houses in the English town of Stony Stratford are consumed by fire, one of the earliest records of use of a bathing machine is made at Scarborough in England. Charles Marie de La Condamine, with François Fresneau Gataudière, makes the first scientific observations of rubber, Leonhard Euler produces the first published proof of Fermats little theorem. Sir Isaac Newtons Method of Fluxions, describing his method of differential calculus, is first published, muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab writes the Kitab at-tawhidt, marking the beginning of Wahhabism. The Haidamakas raid the shtetl of Pavoloch, killing 35
1736
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May 26:
Battle of Ackia.
1736
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James Watt
1736
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Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
174.
William Boyce (composer)
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William Boyce was an English composer and organist. A house in the present choir school is named after him and his first professional appointment came in 1734 when he was employed as an organist at the Oxford Chapel. He went on to take a number of similar posts before being appointed Master of the Kings Musick in 1755, one of his students was the prodigy Thomas Linley. By the year 1758 his deafness had increased to such an extent that he was unable to continue in his organist posts and he resolved to give up teaching and to retire to Kensington, and devote himself to editing the collection of church music which bears his name. He retired and worked on completing the compilation Cathedral Music that his teacher Greene had left incomplete at his death and this led to Boyce editing works by the likes of William Byrd and Henry Purcell. Many of the pieces in the collection are used in Anglican services today. Boyce is known for his set of eight symphonies, his anthems and he also composed the British and Canadian Naval March Heart of Oak. The lyrics were written by David Garrick for his 1759 play Harlequins Invasion. Boyce also wrote music for masonic rituals, lambert had already launched the early stages of the modern Boyce revival in 1928, when he published the first modern edition of the Eight Symphonies. Boyces portraits were painted by Joshua Reynolds and Thomas Hudson and he was drawn and engraved by John Keyse Sherwin, and a vignette made by Drayton after Robert Smirke. His only son, also William Boyce, was a double bass player. On the 7 February 1779 Boyce died from an attack of gout and he was buried under the dome of St Pauls cathedral. Lambert, Finzi and the Anatomy of the Boyce Revival, bartlett, Ian, and Robert J. Bruce. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie, Boyce, William, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Kenyon, Nicholas. William Boyce Music and Musicians 27, no
William Boyce (composer)
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William Boyce
