1.
Santa Monica, California
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Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736, due in part to an agreeable climate, Santa Monica became a famed resort town by the early 20th century. The city has experienced a boom since the late 1980s through the revitalization of its core, significant job growth. The Santa Monica Pier remains a popular and iconic destination, Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language, the first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3,1769. Named after the Christian saint Monica, there are two different accounts of how the name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica, another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her sons early impiety. In Los Angeles, several battles were fought by the Californios, following the Mexican–American War, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights. US government sovereignty in California began on February 2,1848, in the 1870s the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was a modest 1873 brick building, later a beer hall and it is Santa Monicas oldest extant structure. By 1885, the towns first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel, around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica, the two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community. Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field for the Douglas Aircraft Company, in 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles in 175 days, the Douglas Company kept facilities in the city until the 1960s. The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply, one report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt, in the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica. The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall, the main Post Office and Barnum Hall were also among other WPA projects
Santa Monica, California
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Santa Monica's Ocean Avenue at Sunset
Santa Monica, California
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An 1840 Santa Monica adobe home (photographed in 1890).
Santa Monica, California
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A busy day on the beach, 1880
Santa Monica, California
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Exterior view of the Bank Building at the corner of Third Street and Broadway, Santa Monica, ca.1900
2.
Trip hop
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Trip hop is a musical genre that originated in the early 1990s in the United Kingdom, especially Bristol. Trip hop can be highly experimental and it was pioneered by acts like Massive Attack, Tricky, and Portishead. Trip hop achieved commercial success in the 1990s, and has described as Europes alternative choice in the second half of the 90s. DJs, MCs, b-boys and graffiti artists grouped together into informal soundsystems, Bristols soundsystem DJs, drawing heavily on Jamaican dub music, typically used a laid-back, slow and heavy drum beat. Bristols Wild Bunch crew became one of the soundsystems to put a spin on the international phenomenon, helping to birth Bristols signature sound of trip hop. As the hip hop scene matured in Bristol and musical trends evolved further toward acid jazz and house in the late 1980s, another influence came from Gary Clails Tackhead soundsystem. Clail often worked with former The Pop Group singer Mark Stewart, produced by Adrian Sherwood, the music combined hiphop with experimental rock and dub and sounded like a premature version of what later became trip hop. In 1993, Kirsty MacColl released Angel, one of the first examples of the crossing over to pop. In the 1990s, Janet Jackson brought trip hop into the American charts with the song If, several songs on her Janet. and The Velvet Rope used this genre of music, Songs like Got Til Its Gone and You. Massive Attacks first album Blue Lines was released in 1991 to huge success in the UK, Massive Attack released their second album entitled Protection in 1994. The term trip hop was coined that year, but not in reference to anything on the Massive Attack albums, in 1993, Icelandic musician Björk released Debut, produced by Wild Bunch member Nellee Hooper. The album, although rooted in four-on-the-floor house music, contained elements of trip hop and is credited as one of the first albums to introduce electronic music into mainstream pop. She had been in contact with Londons underground electronic music scene and was involved with trip hop musician Tricky. Björk embraced trip hop even more with her 1995 album Post by collaborating with Tricky, homogenic, her 1997 album, has been described as a pinnacle of trip hop music. 1994 and 1995 saw trip hop near the peak of its popularity, with such as Howie B, Naked Funk. The period also marked the debut of two acts who, along with Massive Attack, would define the Bristol scene for years to come, in 1994 Portishead, a trio comprising singer Beth Gibbons, Geoff Barrow, and Adrian Utley, released their debut album Dummy. Their background differed from Massive Attack in many ways, one of Portisheads primary influences was 1960s and 1970s film soundtrack LPs, nevertheless, Portishead shared the scratchy, jazz-sample-based aesthetic of early Massive Attack, and the sullen, fragile vocals of Gibbons also brought them wide acclaim. In 1995, Dummy was awarded the Mercury Music Prize as the best British album of the year, Tricky also released his debut solo album Maxinquaye in 1995, to great critical acclaim
Trip hop
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Massive Attack, a British trip hop group that helped bring the genre to mainstream success in the 1990s
Trip hop
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Tricky, a major trip hop artist
Trip hop
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Björk, an artist who has often incorporated trip hop in her music
3.
Interscope Records
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Interscope Records is an American record company. At the time, it differed from most record companies by giving decision-making authority to its A&R staff and it had its first hit records less than a year after it was founded and achieved profitability in 1993. In 1992, Interscope acquired the rights to market and distribute the hardcore rap label Death Row. Albums by Death Row artists included rappers Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, as a result, Time Warner severed ties with Interscope by selling its 50 percent stake back to Field and Iovine for $115 million in 1995. In 1996, 50% of the label was acquired by the MCA Music Entertainment Group for a reported $200 million, Iovine served as chairman and CEO until May 2014. He was succeeded by John Janick, Interscope is headquartered in Santa Monica, California. The labels best-selling artists include U2, Eminem, Lady Gaga, in 1989, Ted Field began to build Interscope Records as a division of his film company, Interscope Communications. To run it, he hired John McClain, who had played a role in Janet Jacksons success at A&M Records, and Tom Whalley. Separately, Iovine, who had produced records by U2, Bruce Springsteen, I thought, Music is going to change, Iovine said in 1997. Young bands arent going to be asking for me, but I love working with the new thing. I always liked the part of the business thats the first time you hear something, Iovine and Field were introduced by Paul McGuinness, then U2s manager. After a series of negotiations led by David Geffen, they came to an agreement, in a 1997 article in Rolling Stone, David Wild wrote, Interscopes start-up coincided with a period of incredible change in the music world. Nirvana had ushered in the alternative revolution, based in Westwood, California, Interscope was run by music men. It was a departure from the industry practices of the 1970s and 1980s. A founding tenet of the label was that artists would have creative control. Interscopes first release was Rico Suave by Ecuadoran rapper Gerardo in December 1990, Primus Interscope debut was released in May, followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunchs Music for the People in July. It included the #1 single Good Vibrations, two days after first hearing his demo, Whalley signed Tupac Shakur, and in November 1991, Interscope released 2pacalypse Now, Shakurs studio debut. Interscope began to develop a significant presence in the genre in 1992
Interscope Records
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Interscope Records
4.
Polydor Records
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Polydor is a British record label and company, that operates as part of Universal Music Group. It has a relationship with Universals Interscope Geffen A&M label. In turn, Polydor distributes Interscope releases in the United Kingdom, Polydor Records Ltd. was established in London in 1954 as a British subsidiary of German company Deutsche Grammophon GmbH. The Polydor label was founded on 2 April 1913 by German Polyphon-Musikwerke AG in Leipzig, during World War I on 24 April 1917, Polyphon-Musikwerke AG acquired the German Deutsche Grammophon-Aktiengesellschaft record plant and company from the German government. The German state was taken over Grammophon and the British holdings as enemies property during World War I, Polydor was originally an independent branch of the Polyphon-Grammophon-Konzern group. It was used as a label since 1924. The British and German branches of the Gramophone Company were so departed during World War I, in turn, Deutsche Grammophon records exported from Germany were released on the Polyphon Musik and Polydor labels. The new foreign branches were founded for example into Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Polydor became a popular music label in 1946, while the new Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft label was to become a classical music label in 1949. The previously used label, Grammophon, was disbanded, DGG gave, with an agreement dated 5 July 1949, an exclusive license from 1 July 1951 to use the Nipper-dog with gramophone to the original owners company Electrola, the German branch of EMI. In 1970, Polydor acquired the Hong Kong-based Diamond Records, which had owned and founded by the local Portuguese merchant Ren da Silva in the late 1950s. In 1972, The Grammophon-Philips Group reorganized to create PolyGram, the Polydor label continued to run as a subsidiary label under the new company. The name PolyGram is a portmanteau of Polydor and PhonoGram, into the 1980s, Polydor continued to do respectable business, in spite of becoming increasingly overshadowed by its PolyGram sister label Mercury Records. Polydor took over management of British Deccas pop catalog, A&R manager Frank Neilson was able to score a major top ten hit in March 1981 for the label with Do The Hucklebuck by Coast to Coast as well as signing Ian Dury and Billy Fury to the company. In 1984, the name was parodied in the rockumentary film This Is Spinal Tap. By the early 1990s, Polydor had begun to underperform, in 1994, as Island Records recovered from its sales slump, PolyGram dissolved most of PLG into it. Meanwhile, Polydor Records and Atlas Records merged, briefly called Polydor/Atlas, in 1995, Polydor/Atlas became simply Polydor Records again. Over the next few years, Polydor tried to keep itself afloat with new artist signings, new releases, in 1998, PolyGram was purchased by Seagram and absorbed into its Universal Music Group. Today, in America, the Polydor Records name and logo is used on reissues of older material from its 1960s and 1970s heyday
Polydor Records
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1920s vintage Polydor export label with its double-horn gramophone logo
Polydor Records
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In 1954 Polydor Records introduced their distinctive orange label.
5.
Ultraviolence (album)
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Ultraviolence is the third studio album and second major-label record by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey, released on June 13,2014 by UMG Recordings. Despite originally dismissing the possibility of releasing another record after her major-label debut Born to Die, production continued into 2014, at which time she heavily collaborated with Dan Auerbach to revamp what she initially considered to be the completed record. The project saw additional contributions from producers including Paul Epworth, Greg Kurstin, Daniel Heath, Ultraviolence received positive reviews from contemporary music critics, who commended its cohesion as a concept album, compared to her previous albums, and its overall production. It has also noted as an improvement from Del Reys debut album Born to Die. It debuted at one on the U. S. Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 182,000 copies, becoming Del Reys first number-one album on the chart. Ultraviolence was preceded by the release of five singles, the top 20 hit West Coast, Shades of Cool, Ultraviolence, Brooklyn Baby. On December 1,2014, she announced The Endless Summer Tour featuring shows with Courtney Love and Grimes, Ultraviolence has sold 1,259,000 copies worldwide as of December 2014. After the release of Born to Die in 2012, Del Rey dismissed the idea of releasing another album, however, by February 2013, Del Rey had started work on an album saying, Its a little more stripped down but still cinematic and dark. Ive been working on it slowly but I love everything Ive done. Ive been writing in Santa Monica and I know what the record sounds like, now I just have to finish it. Musically Ive worked with the three guys. She mentioned that one of the songs off the album would be called Black Beauty, when the demo version leaked in July, Del Rey stated I do feel discouraged, yeah. I dont really know what to put on the record, but I guess I could just put them on and see what happens. Ill never write a song if I dont think its going to be perfect for the record and she also stated that she was writing low-key and stripped back songs and was working with Dan Heath, her boyfriend Barrie-James ONeill and that she wanted to work with Lou Reed. In October, Del Rey said about the prospect of a new album, When people ask me about it, I dont want to say, Yeah, definitely—the next ones better than this one, because I dont really hear a next one. She only comes to me sometimes, which is annoying, by January 2014, Del Rey and Dan Auerbach were rumored to be working together at Auerbachs Easy Eye Sound recording studio in Nashville, Tennessee and he was said to be producing her upcoming album. Del Rey and Auerbach were initially scheduled to work together for three days but ended up spending two weeks on recording a full album. On February 20, Del Rey posted a picture of herself and Auerbach on Twitter with the caption, Me, about working with Del Rey, Auerbach later said, She impressed me every day
Ultraviolence (album)
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Ultraviolence
6.
High by the Beach
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High by the Beach is a song recorded by American singer Lana Del Rey and the first single from her fourth studio album, Honeymoon. Written by Lana Del Rey, Rick Nowels and Kieron Menzies, a synth-led trap-pop ballad, it is more uptempo and pop-indebted than Del Reys previous releases, but prominently recalls the hip hop and trip hop influences of her 2012 album, Born to Die. The song is based around production, a trap beat. Preceded by an online leak, High by the Beach was released as the lead single from Honeymoon on August 10,2015. High by the Beach debuted at number 51 on the Billboard Hot 100 a week after its release, the song also ranked at number 89 in Triple Js Hottest 100 songs of 2015 in Australia. High by the Beach was written by Lana Del Rey, Rick Nowels and Kieron Menzies and its development started with its chorus, which was inspired by a period when Lana Del Rey frequently drove by the beach. In an interview for Apple Musics Beats 1, she said and it had this weird drone to it, but with this beat it had a trap aspect. High by the Beach is a synth-led, trap-pop ballad, relatively upbeat and structurally sedate, it serves as a combination of all Del Reys musical styles, particularly recalling the hip hop and trip hop influences of Born to Die. It is more uptempo and pop-indebted than her previous releases, and is based around laidback, airy electronic production, the drums were noted to put emphasis on its hi-hat. The song opens with the sound of waves lapping on a beach shore, el Hunt of DIY writes, The chorus is oddly paced, half a leg behind like its just quaffed a glass of white wine and a sedative. Del Rey sings with a wispy, hazy, breathy vocal, also using a combination of crooning and rapping techniques and her vocals were noted to be coy and saccharine in delivery, and in an octave just above a whisper throughout. Leonie Cooper of NME noted, Densely produced, her vocals are doubled and then doubled again, according to Patrick Hosken of MTV News, Del Reys vocals in the song are patented distant and sound like she recorded them via a tin can tied to a shoe lace. While Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times said it sounded like she vaped a gram of Girl Scout Cookies before her vocal take, lyrically, High by the Beach is a self-assured kiss-off torch song. It contains several themes, including self-depreciation, nihilism, independence and indolence. According to Jessica Goodman of Entertainment Weekly, the song is a tongue-in-cheek meditation discarding the extra folks in your life, Goodman noted that with the lyric, You could be a bad motherfucker, but that dont make you a man. Now youre just another one of my problems because you got out of hand/ We wont survive, were sinking into the sand, Del Rey throws an old lover under the bus. Erin Jensen of USA Today viewed it as a breakup ballad, while Hosken suggested that the song could just represent a rough patch in an overall dramatic. Del Reys atypically assertive lyrics in the song were compared to that of Rihannas Bitch Better Have My Money, High by the Beach is the lead single from Honeymoon
High by the Beach
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"High By the Beach"
7.
Music to Watch Boys To
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Music to Watch Boys To is a song by American singer Lana Del Rey from her fourth studio album Honeymoon. It was written by Del Rey and Rick Nowels and it was released as the second single from Honeymoon on September 11,2015, via digital download. Del Rey first mentioned the song as a title for the whole album in late June 2014. Del Rey later stated that Music to Watch Boys To is one of my favourite songs from the record, reminds me of what Les Baxter wouldve had as a bonus track on Jewels of the Sea. The song was originally eyed as the single for the album. A snippet of the song was featured alongside excepts from Terrence Loves You, Freak, on September 9,2015, Del Rey posted the official single cover on social media sites along with an announcement that the track would premier later that day on Beats 1 Radio. The song was released as the second single on September 11,2015. in September 2015. The official music video premiered on September 30,2015, the video features Del Rey lounging in a lawn chair while men play basketball on an empty court, and a group of young girls in dresses swimming together underwater. Scenes of Del Rey wearing glitter and wearing a black dress are intercut in between the footage of the basketball players, the video ends with Del Rey and the young girls holding hands and jumping together in a line. Music to Watch Boys To on YouTube
Music to Watch Boys To
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"Music To Watch Boys To"
8.
Studio album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
Studio album
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Early record albums were packages of 78 RPM records in book form
Studio album
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Two vinyl records with inner and outer album sleeves
Studio album
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A blank compact cassette tape and case
Studio album
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A compact disc within an open 'Jewel Case'
9.
Born to Die (Lana Del Rey album)
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Born to Die is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey. Her major label debut, it was released on January 27,2012 by Interscope Records, Polydor Records and Stranger Records. Del Rey collaborated with producers including Patrik Berger, Jeff Bhasker, Chris Braide, Emile Haynie, Justin Parker, Rick Nowels, Robopop and their efforts resulted in a primarily baroque pop record, which sees additional influences from alternative hip hop, indie pop and trip hop music. Contemporary music critics gave Born to Die mixed reviews, some commended its production, while its repetitiveness. Born to Die reached the positions on eleven international record charts. The Cedric Gervais remix of Summertime Sadness was released on July 11,2013 and became Del Reys highest-charting single in the United States, Del Rey additionally promoted Born to Die with several televised performances, including a widely criticized appearance on Saturday Night Live. It was reissued on November 9,2012 as an expanded version subtitled The Paradise Edition, Born to Die has sold 7,000,000 copies worldwide as of June 2014. In 2007, Elizabeth Lizzy Grant signed a contract with the independent record label 5 Point Records. The final product Lana Del Ray was digitally released in January 2010, Grant was successfully bought out of her recording contract upon the request of her manager, consequently, Lana Del Ray was pulled out of circulation before physical versions were produced. After settling with her current stage name, Del Rey signed a contract with Stranger Records in June 2011. Initially, she had released the song because it was her favorite and had no intentions of releasing it as a single, during an appearance on the French television series Taratata in November 2011, Del Rey announced that her second studio album would be titled Born to Die. The cover for Born to Die was photographed by Nicole Nodland, while Del Rey and David Bowden oversaw the overall direction for its packaging. In regards to the use of her vocals on the tracks, she stated that people werent taking me very seriously, so I lowered my voice. The singers first singles, Video Games and Born to Die were described variously as quasi-cabaret balladry, woozy and sometimes soporific soundtrack soul and her own description of her music is Hollywood sadcore. You didnt hear it from us, right, Del Rey has once been described as a gangsta Nancy Sinatra, though she cites Britney Spears, Elvis Presley and Antony and the Johnsons as her musical influences. When asked about her style, the singer stated, I would have loved to be part of the indie community. I was looking for a community, I dont even know any people who are musicians, I never met that indie popular indie, whoever the fuck that is. First of all, I cant really get my head around what indie music is, because if youve heard of it, its sort of pop music, right
Born to Die (Lana Del Rey album)
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Del Rey performing during a promotional concert held in Amsterdam, 2011.
Born to Die (Lana Del Rey album)
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Born to Die
10.
Resentment
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Resentment is the foundation of hatred. It is not one of Paul Ekmans big six, resentment is a mixture of disappointment, anger, and fear. It comprises the three basic emotions of disgust, sadness and surprise—the perception of injustice, as the surprise of injustice becomes less frequent, so too fades anger and fear, leaving disappointment as the predominant emotion. So, to the extent perceived disgust and sadness remain, the level of disappointment also remains, the word originates from French ressentir, re-, intensive prefix, and sentir to feel, from the Latin sentire. The English word has become synonymous with anger and spite, resentment can be triggered by an emotionally disturbing experience felt again or relived in the mind. When the person feeling resentment is directing the emotion at himself or herself, resentment can result from a variety of situations, involving a perceived wrongdoing from an individual, which are often sparked by expressions of injustice or humiliation. Unlike many emotions, resentment does not have physical tags exclusively related to it that telegraph when a person is feeling this emotion, however, physical expressions associated with related emotions such as anger and envy may be exhibited, such as furrowed brows or bared teeth. Resentment is most powerful when it is felt toward someone whom the individual is close to or intimate with. To have an injury resulting in resentful feelings inflicted by a friend or loved one leaves the individual feeling betrayed as well as resentful, to further compound these negative effects, resentment often functions in a downward spiral. Because of the consequences they carry, resentful feelings are dangerous to live with, resentment is an obstacle to the restoration of equal moral relations among persons, and must be handled and expunged via introspection and forgiveness. Psychologist James J. Messina recommends five steps to facing and resolving resentful feelings, aside from sharing similar facial expressions, resentment and anger differ primarily in the way they are externally expressed. Anger results in aggressive behavior, used to avert or deal with a threat, resentment and spite also differ primarily in the way they are expressed. Resentment is unique in that it is almost exclusively internalized, where it can do further emotional and psychological damage, by contrast, spite is exclusively externalized, involving vindictive actions against a source of wrong. Spiteful actions can stem from resentful feelings, however, philosopher Robert C. Solomon wrote extensively on the emotion of resentment and its negative effects on those who experience it. Solomon describes resentment as the means by which man clings to his self-respect and he wrote that it is in this moment when humanity is at its lowest ebb. The Alcoholics Anonymous organization cites resentment as the number one offender, resentment can also play a role in racial and ethnic conflicts. Resentment is cited as having infected the structure of social value and it can also be one of the emotions experienced during class conflict, particularly by the oppressed social class. Kinder, Donald R. Sanders, Lynn M. Subtle Prejudice for Modern Times, divided by Color, Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals
Resentment
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Facial expressions of bitterness
Resentment
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A pinched and bitter facial expression
11.
Violence
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This definition involves intentionality with the committing of the act itself, irrespective of the outcome it produces. However, generally, anything that is excited in an injurious or damaging way may be described as violent even if not meant to be violence. Globally, violence resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1.28 million people in 2013 up from 1.13 million in 1990. Of the deaths in 2013, roughly 842,000 were attributed to self-harm,405,000 to interpersonal violence, in Africa, out of every 100,000 people, each year an estimated 60.9 die a violent death. Corlin, past president of the American Medical Association said, The United States leads the world—in the rate at which its children die from firearms and he concluded, Gun violence is a threat to the public health of our country. For each single death due to violence, there are dozens of hospitalizations, hundreds of emergency department visits, furthermore, violence often has lifelong consequences for physical and mental health and social functioning and can slow economic and social development. In 2013, assault by firearm was the cause of death due to interpersonal violence. The same year, assault by sharp object resulted in roughly 114,000 deaths, Violence in many forms is preventable. Strategies addressing the causes of violence can be effective in preventing violence. These three broad categories are divided further to reflect more specific types of violence. Violence is primarily classified as either instrumental or reactive / hostile, self-directed violence is subdivided into suicidal behaviour and self-abuse. The former includes suicidal thoughts, attempted suicides – also called para suicide or deliberate self-injury in some countries –, self-abuse, in contrast, includes acts such as self-mutilation. Collective violence is subdivided into structural violence and economic violence, unlike the other two broad categories, the subcategories of collective violence suggest possible motives for violence committed by larger groups of individuals or by states. Collective violence that is committed to advance a particular social agenda includes, for example, crimes of hate committed by organized groups, terrorist acts, political violence includes war and related violent conflicts, state violence and similar acts carried out by larger groups. Clearly, acts committed by larger groups can have multiple motives, however, in both research and practice, the dividing lines between the different types of violence are not always so clear. It is the most extreme form of collective violence and we know also ideological, religious and revolutionary wars. Since the Industrial Revolution, the lethality of modern warfare has grown, World War I casualties were over 40 million and World War II casualties were over 70 million. Violence includes those acts that result from a relationship, including threats and intimidation
Violence
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Typology of violence
Violence
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A United States M8 Greyhound armoured car in Paris during World War II
Violence
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A sculpture of a padlock on the warped barrel of a semiautomatic pistol, with the inscription "stop violence!" in (Hebrew:!די לאלימות ) (as weaponry are tools of violence, some forms being especially utilitarian or stigmatized). It is located in Petah Tikva, Israel
Violence
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The Kids off the Block memorial featuring hundreds of simple stone blocks, one for each child killed by violence in Roseland, Chicago
12.
Billboard 200
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The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
Billboard 200
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Contents
13.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
Billboard (magazine)
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An 1896 issue of Billboard
Billboard (magazine)
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Cover of Billboard (January 26, 2013).
14.
Nina Simone
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Nina Simone was an American singer, songwriter, pianist, arranger, and activist in the Civil Rights Movement. Simone employed a range of musical styles including classical, jazz, blues, folk, R&B, gospel. Born in North Carolina, the child of a preacher. With the help of the few supporters in her hometown of Tryon, North Carolina, Waymon then applied for a scholarship to study at the prestigious Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, where she was denied despite a well-received audition. Waymon became fully convinced this rejection had been due to her race. Years later, two days before her death, the Curtis Institute of Music bestowed on her an honorary degree, to make a living, Eunice Waymon changed her name to Nina Simone. The change related to her need to disguise herself from family members and she was told in the nightclub that she would have to sing to her own accompaniment, and this effectively launched her career as a jazz vocalist. Simone recorded more than forty albums, mostly between 1958, when she made her debut with Little Girl Blue, and 1974, and had a hit in the United States in 1958 with I Loves You, Porgy. Simones musical style fused gospel and pop with music, in particular Johann Sebastian Bach. Simone was born Eunice Kathleen Waymon in North Carolina and raised in Tryon, the sixth of eight children in a poor family, she began playing piano at age three, the first song she learned was God Be With You, Till We Meet Again. Demonstrating a talent with the instrument, she performed at her local church, but her concert debut, a classical recital, was given when she was 12. Simone later said that during this performance, her parents, who had taken seats in the front row, were forced to move to the back of the hall to make way for white people. She said that she refused to play until her parents were moved back to the front, Simones mother, Mary Kate Waymon, was a Methodist minister and a housemaid. Simones father, John Divine Waymon, was a handyman who at one time owned a dry cleaning business, Simones music teacher helped establish a special fund to pay for her education. Subsequently, a fund was set up to assist her continued education. With the help of this scholarship money she was able to attend Allen High School for Girls in Asheville, North Carolina. After her graduation, Simone spent the summer of 1950 at the Juilliard School, as a student of Carl Friedberg, discouraged, she took private piano lessons with Vladimir Sokoloff, a professor at Curtis, but never re-applied to the institution. She took a job as an assistant, but also found work as an accompanist at Arlene Smiths vocal studio
Nina Simone
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Simone in 1965
15.
Grazia
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Grazia is a weekly womens magazine that originated in Italy with international editions printed in Albania, Bahrain, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, France, Germany. Greece, Indonesia, India, Japan, Macedonia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Pakistan, Serbia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Thailand, the Italian edition of Grazia was first published Mondadori in November 1938. The magazine was modelled on the American magazine Harpers Bazaar, the start of Grazia was a return in Italy to traditionalist values such as cooking and child-rearing. During the fascist rule in the country the magazine followed the Fascist policies, following World War II the magazine was renewed, but its conservative stance remained. From its beginning in 1938 to September 1943, Bruno Munari served as the art director for the magazine and for another Mondadori title and this brought international condemnation from animal lovers owing to the number of unwanted pets which are killed in overcrowded shelters each week. A press statement from the British Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was critical of Grazia, Grazia has international editions in several countries. Its first international edition was published in Bulgaria in March 2004, the British edition of the magazine began publication in February 2005 and is owned in the UK under licence by Bauer Consumer Media. The Greek version was launched in April 2005, in November of the same year its edition in the United Arab Emirates was first issued. The magazine had an edition in Croatia from February 2006 and in Serbia from June 2006, the Russian edition began publication in March 2007, while the Netherlands followed in August 2007. Grazia India was launched in May 2008 and its Australian edition began publication in July 2008, but folded in February 2013. In February 2009 the Chinese version of Grazia was started, being its twelfth international edition, the French version of the magazine was first published in August 2009. The inaugural issue of Grazia Korea was launched on 20 February 2013 and it features a photospread of actors Lee Byung-hun, Bae Soo-bin and Kim Do-hyun for the play based on the film Masquerade. Grazia Pakistan was launched in February 2017, Grazia had a circulation of 374,213 copies in 1984. The Italian version of the magazine had a circulation of 240,000 copies from January to August 2003, the 2007 circulation of the Italian edition was 218,083 copies. In Italy, the circulation of the rose to 382,000 copies in the first half of 2011. During the same period the British edition of the magazine had a circulation of 219,741 copies, the circulation in the UK for the second half of 2013 was 160,019 copies
Grazia
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Grazia
16.
Blues
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Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs, spirituals, Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blue notes, usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also a part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove, Blues as a genre is also characterized by its lyrics, bass lines, and instrumentation. Early traditional blues verses consisted of a single line repeated four times, Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the troubles experienced in African-American society. Many elements, such as the format and the use of blue notes. The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of the Afro-American community. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the ending of slavery and, later and it is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century, the first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a variety of styles and subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues, World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a form called blues rock evolved. The term blues may have come from blue devils, meaning melancholy and sadness, the phrase blue devils may also have been derived from Britain in the 1600s, when the term referred to the intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal. As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils, by the 1800s in the United States, the term blues was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law, which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday. Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, in lyrics the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood. The lyrics of traditional blues verses probably often consisted of a single line repeated four times. Two of the first published songs, Dallas Blues and Saint Louis Blues, were 12-bar blues with the AAB lyric structure. Handy wrote that he adopted this convention to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times, the lines are often sung following a pattern closer to rhythmic talk than to a melody
Blues
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John Lomax (left) shaking hands with musician "Uncle" Rich Brown in Sumterville, Alabama
Blues
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Charley Patton, one of the originators of the Delta blues style, playing with a pick or a bottleneck slide.
Blues
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Sheet music from " Saint Louis Blues " (1914)
Blues
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Bessie Smith, an early blues singer, was known for her powerful voice.
17.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
Jazz
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Louis Armstrong (1901–1971) is considered one of the pivotal musicians in jazz for his contributions as a trumpet player, composer and singer.
Jazz
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Double bassist Reggie Workman, saxophone player Pharoah Sanders, and drummer Idris Muhammad performing in 1978
Jazz
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Albert Gleizes, 1915, Composition pour Jazz, gouache on cardboard, mounted on Masonite, 73 x 73 cm, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
Jazz
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In the late 18th-century painting The Old Plantation, African-Americans dance to banjo and percussion.
18.
Refrain
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A refrain is the line or lines that are repeated in music or in verse, the chorus of a song. Poetic fixed forms that feature refrains include the villanelle, the virelay, the use of refrains is particularly associated with where the verse-chorus-verse song structure typically places a refrain in almost every song. The refrain or chorus often contrasts the verse melodically, rhythmically, and harmonically. Chorus form, or strophic form, is a sectional and/or additive way of structuring a piece of music based on the repetition of one section or block played repeatedly. In music, a refrain has two parts, the lyrics of the song, and the melody, a similar refrain is found in the Battle Hymn of the Republic, which affirms in successive verses that Our God, or His Truth, is marching on. Refrains usually, but not always, come at the end of the verse, some songs, especially ballads, incorporate refrains into each verse. Fa la la la la la la la la, as one grew bright as is the sun, Lay the bent to the bonny broom So coal black grew the other one. Here, the refrain is syntactically independent of the poem in the song, and has no obvious relationship to its subject. The device can also convey material which relates to the subject of the poem, such a refrain is found in Dante Gabriel Rossettis Troy Town, Heavenborn Helen, Spartas queen, O Troy Town. Had two breasts of heavenly sheen, The sun and moon of the desire, All Loves lordship lay between, A sheen on the breasts I Love. O Troys down, Tall Troys on fire, phrases of apparent nonsense in refrains, and solfege syllables such as fa la la, familiar from the Christmas carol Deck the Halls with Boughs of Holly, have given rise to much speculation. Some believe that the traditional refrain Hob a derry down O encountered in some English folksongs is in fact an ancient Celtic phrase meaning dance around the oak tree, there are two distinct uses of the word chorus. In the thirty-two bar song form that was most common in the earlier twentieth-century popular music, beginning in the rock music of the 1950s, another form became more common in commercial pop music, which was based in an open-ended cycle of verses instead of a fixed 32-bar form. In this form, choruses with fixed lyrics are alternated with verses in which the lyrics are different with each repetition, in this use of the word, chorus contrasts with the verse, which usually has a sense of leading up to the chorus. Many popular songs, particularly early in this century, are in a verse. Most popular songs from the middle of the century consist only of a chorus, according to the musicologists Ralf von Appen and Markus Frei-Hauenschild, In German, the term, Refrain, is used synonymously with chorus when referring to a chorus within the verse/chorus form. At least one English-language author, Richard Middleton, uses the term in the same way, in this usage, the refrain does not constitute a discrete, independent section within the form. A large number of Tin-Pan Alley songs using thirty-two bar form are central to the jazz repertoire
Refrain
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Musical notation for the chorus of "Jingle Bells" Play (help · info)
19.
Bridge (music)
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In music, especially western popular music, a bridge is a contrasting section that prepares for the return of the original material section. The bridge may be the third eight-bar phrase in a form, or may be used more loosely in verse-chorus form, or, in a compound AABA form. The term comes from a German word for bridge, Steg, the bridge is often used to contrast with and prepare for the return of the verse and the chorus. The b section of the song chorus is often called the bridge or release. For example, the B of AABA in thirty-two-bar form, with the surrounding the whole. While the bridge in verse-chorus and other forms is C, for example, lyrically, the bridge is typically used to pause and reflect on the earlier portions of the song or to prepare the listener for the climax. The term may refer to the section between the verse and the chorus, though this is more commonly called the pre-chorus or link. Similarly, in the Axis of Awesome song This Is How You Write a Love Song, in the song Get Up Sex Machine, James Brown asks if he can take the band to the bridge. Led Zeppelin makes an in-joke regarding the use of bridges in popular music in their song The Crunge, asking, at the end, the song, humorously, does not have a bridge. Bridges are also common in music, and are known as a specific Sequence form—also known as transitions. The latter work also provides good examples of a short bridge to smooth a modulation. Instead of simply repeating the whole exposition in the key, as would be done in a symphony of the classical period. A two-bar bridge achieves this transition with Franks characteristic combination of enharmonic and chromatic modulation, after the repeat of the first subject, another bridge of four bars leads into the transition theme in F major, the key of the true second subject. In a fugue, a bridge is. a short passage at the end of the first entrance of the answer and its purpose is to modulate back to the tonic key from the answer. Not all fugues include a bridge, an example of a bridge-passage that separates two sections of a more loosely organized work occurs in George Gershwins An American in Paris. As Deems Taylor described it in the notes for the first performance. The Americans itinerary becomes somewhat obscured, however, since what immediately ensues is technically known as a bridge-passage, one is reasonably justified in assuming that the Gershwin pen. has perpetrated a musical pun and that. Our American has crossed the Seine, and is somewhere on the Left Bank, break Montgomery-Ward bridge Sears Roebuck bridge Song structure Appen, Ralf von / Frei-Hauenschild, Markus AABA, Refrain, Chorus, Bridge, Prechorus — Song Forms and their Historical Development
Bridge (music)
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The ragtime progression (E7-A7-D7-G7) often appears in the bridge of jazz standards (Play (help · info)). The III7-VI7-II7-V7 (or V7/V/V/V - V7/V/V - V7/V - V7) circle progression leads back to C major (I) but is itself indefinite in key.
20.
Blue-eyed soul
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Blue-eyed soul is rhythm and blues and soul music performed by white artists. The term was coined in the mid-1960s, to describe artists who performed soul and R&B that was similar to the music of the Motown. Though many rhythm and blues radio stations would play music by black musicians. The Righteous Brothers named their 1964 LP Some Blue-Eyed Soul, Blue-eyed soul was applied to such artists as Sonny & Cher, the Beatles, Tom Jones, Barry McGuire, and Roy Head. White musicians playing R&B music, however, began before the term blue-eyed soul was coined, lonnie Macks 1963 gospel-infused vocals earned him widespread critical acclaim as a blue-eyed soul singer. Groups such as The Rascals had soul-tinged pop songs, but it was the vocals of Felix Cavaliere that gave them the blue-eyed soul sound. By the mid-1960s, British singers Dusty Springfield, Eric Burdon, Blue-eyed soul singer, Chris Clark became the first white singer to have an R&B hit with Motown Records in 1966. In 1967, Jerry Lee Lewis, whose latter days at Sun Records had been characterized by R&B covers, delaney and Bonnie produced the blue-eyed soul album Home on Stax in 1969. Michael Sembello, who left home at age 17 to tour with Stevie Wonder, wrote and performed on numerous blue-eyed soul hits for Wonder, Brian McKnight, David Sanborn, Bill Champlin and Bobby Caldwell. Todd Rundgren began his career in Woodys Truck Stop, a based on the model of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band. He left the band to form the rock band Nazz in 1967. Outside the Anglo-American scene, in Italy, Mina and Carmen Villani fused elements of music with the traditional Italian pop music. Carola and Doris were notable Scandinavian artists who were influenced by soul music, in February 1975, Tower of Power became the first white/mixed act to appear on Soul Train. Also in 1975, David Bowie, another early white artist to appear on Soul Train, released Young Americans and it featured the funk-inspired Fame, which became Bowies first number-one hit in the US. Hall & Oates 1975 Silver Album includes the ballad Sara Smile, shes Gone, another soulful hit, was originally released in 1973 but did better as a re-release after Sara Smile. Boz Scaggs 1976 Lowdown, which featured Scaggs laid-back vocals and a funky groove. In April 1976, The Faragher Brothers became the first all-white ensemble to make an appearance on Soul Train. In September that year, white funk band Wild Cherry released the Billboard Hot 100 chart topping funk/rock single Play That Funky Music, the single would eventually sell 2.5 million copies
Blue-eyed soul
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The Righteous Brothers, one of the early artists most closely associated with blue-eyed soul
Blue-eyed soul
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Steve Winwood performing with Traffic, 1969
Blue-eyed soul
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Duffy, Welsh soul artist
21.
The Verge
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The Verge is an American technology news and media network operated by Vox Media. It has offices in Manhattan, New York City, the network publishes news items, long-form feature stories, product reviews, podcasts, and an entertainment show. The website uses its own proprietary publishing platform with video content, the networks content is financed through advertising and sponsorship and is managed by its editor-in-chief Nilay Patel and executive editor Dieter Bohn. The site launched on November 1,2011, the Verge won five Webby Awards for the year 2012 including awards for Best Writing, Best Podcast for The Vergecast, Best Visual Design, Best Consumer Electronics Site, and Best Mobile News App. Throughout the 2010s, AOL began to acquire websites in pursuit of a new content strategy for the company. One of their first acquisitions was Weblogs, Inc. in 2005, a company that ran dozens of websites, including Engadget, according to Business Insider, Engadget became the industry-leading gadget site, and AOLs most popular and important media property. All Things Digital called it one of the largest in tech, joshua Topolsky became Engadgets editor-in-chief in 2007, and was responsible for new efforts like The Engadget Show and their mobile app, and the sites continued growth. When the acrimony between the two editors escalated in January 2011, AOL didnt intervene, the next month, an internal AOL editor training document called The AOL Way, a new content strategy that prioritized profitability metrics, leaked to the press. The document leaked before Engadget writers and editors saw it internally, the AOL Way dispirited the Engadget staff and created an ideological schism between the two entities. Topolsky and up to eight of Engadgets most prominent writers, editors, the other departing editors included managing editor Nilay Patel and staffers Paul Miller, Ross Miller, Joanna Stern, Chris Ziegler, as well as product developers Justin Glow, and Dan Chilton. In early April 2011, Topolsky announced that their new site would be done in partnership with sports news website SB Nation. Jim Bankoff of SB Nation saw an overlap in the two sites demographics and an opportunity to expand SB Nations model, Bankoff previously worked at AOL in 2005, where he led their Engadget acquisition. Other news outlets viewed the partnership as positive for both SB Nation and Topolskys staff, and negative for AOLs outlook, Bankoff also expressed a wish to attract other journalists and bloggers outside of the sports medium to Vox Media. Development of the Vox Medias content management system, Chorus, is led by Trei Brundrett, by August 2011, the site had reached 1 million unique visitors and 3.4 million page views. By October 2011, the site had 3 million unique views per month and 10 million total page views, time listed the site in its Best Blogs of 2011, calling the prototype site exemplary. The site closed upon The Verges launch on November 1,2011, on June 11,2014, The Verge launched a new section on TheVerge. com called This Is My Next, edited by David Pierce, as a buyers guide for consumer electronics. The Verge launched November 1,2011, along with an announcement of a new parent company, according to the company, the site launched with 4 million unique visitors and 20 million pageviews. At the time of Topolskys departure, Engadget had 14 million unique visitors, Vox Media overall doubled its unique visitors to about 15 million during the last half of 2012
The Verge
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The Verge 's logo, a modified Penrose triangle, and wordmark.
22.
Taylor Swift
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Taylor Alison Swift is an American singer-songwriter. One of the most popular contemporary female recording artists, she is known for songs about her personal life. Born and raised in Pennsylvania, Swift moved to Nashville, Tennessee at age 14 to pursue a career in country music and she signed with the independent label Big Machine Records and became the youngest artist ever signed by the Sony/ATV Music publishing house. Her eponymous debut album in 2006 peaked at five on Billboard 200. The albums third single, Our Song, made her the youngest person to single-handedly write, Swifts second album, Fearless, was released in 2008. Buoyed by the pop success of the singles Love Story and You Belong with Me. The album won four Grammy Awards, with Swift becoming the youngest Album of the Year winner, Swift was the sole writer of her 2010 album, Speak Now. It debuted at one in the United States and the single Mean won two Grammy Awards. Her fourth album, Red, yielded the successful singles We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together, with her fifth album, the pop-focused 1989, she became the first act to have three albums sell a million copies within one week in the United States. Its singles Shake It Off, Blank Space and Bad Blood reached number one in the US, Australia, the album received three Grammy Awards, and Swift became the first woman and fifth act overall to win Album of the Year twice. The 2015 eponymous concert tour for 1989 became one of highest-grossing of the decade, as a songwriter, Swift has received awards from the Nashville Songwriters Association and the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Swift is one of the artists of all time, having sold more than 40 million albums—including 27.1 million in the US—and 130 million single downloads. She has appeared in Times 100 most influential people in the world, Forbes top-earning women in music, Forbes 100 most powerful women and she was the youngest woman to be included in the third of these and ranked first in Celebrity 100. Taylor Alison Swift was born on December 13,1989, in Reading and her father, Scott Kingsley Swift, was a financial advisor, and her mother, Andrea Gardner Swift, was a homemaker who worked previously as a mutual fund marketing executive. She has a brother named Austin. Swift spent the years of her life on a Christmas tree farm in Cumru Township. She attended preschool and kindergarten at the Alvernia Montessori School, run by Franciscan nuns, the family then moved to a rented house in the suburban town of Wyomissing, Pennsylvania, where she attended Wyomissing Area Junior/Senior High School. At the age of nine, Swift became interested in musical theater and she also traveled regularly to New York City for vocal and acting lessons
Taylor Swift
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Swift performing at Ford Field in Detroit during The 1989 World Tour in May 2015
Taylor Swift
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Swift performing at Yahoo! headquarters in Sunnyvale, California in 2007
Taylor Swift
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Swift performing in the Prudential Center in New Jersey during the Fearless Tour in 2010
Taylor Swift
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Swift performing in Los Angeles during the Fearless Tour in 2010
23.
Shake It Off (Taylor Swift song)
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Shake It Off is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift from her fifth album,1989. Written by Swift, Max Martin and Shellback, it is an uptempo dance-pop track considered to be a departure from Swifts earlier country pop music style, Shake It Off is the sixth track on the album and serves as the lead single. The song premiered during a Yahoo, Live stream session on August 18,2014, its music video was also released the same day. Several hours later, the song was available for digital download. The song won Favorite Song at the 2015 Peoples Choice Awards, according to Billboard, it is Swifts biggest Hot 100 hit, staying on the chart for 50 consecutive weeks. Swift began teasing about an announcement in August 2014, on August 4, she posted a video on Instagram in which she pushes the number 18 in an elevator. On August 6, she tweeted an image of the time 5,00 and she later confirmed on August 13,2014 on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon that a Yahoo. Live stream session would take place on August 18,2014 at 5pm, during the live stream, Swift announced her upcoming fifth album and premiered its lead single. Shake It Off was written by Swift, Martin and Shellback, produced by Martin and Shellback, the songs duration is three minutes and thirty-nine seconds. Swifts vocal range spans two octaves from G3 to G5, the songs arrangement features a saxophone. Jason Lipshutz from Billboard compared the songs melody to that of Macklemore & Ryan Lewis song Thrift Shop, a writer from Music Times likened the song to Pharrell Williams Happy. Writing for The Hollywood Reporter, Shirley Halperin labelled Shake It Off an uptempo version of Idina Menzels Let It Go, lyrically, the song is dedicated to Swifts detractors. She has discussed this, saying, I’ve learned a pretty tough lesson that people can say whatever they want about us at any time, the only thing we can control is our reaction to that. In an interview for Rolling Stone, Swift elaborated, Ive had every part of my life choices, my actions, my words, my body, my style. When you live your life under that kind of scrutiny, you can let it break you. And when one lands, you know how to deal with it, and I guess the way that I deal with it is to shake it off. Theres a song that I wrote a couple years ago called Mean, I said, Why you gotta be so mean. From kind of a perspective, which is how we all approach bullying or gossip when it happens to us for the first time
Shake It Off (Taylor Swift song)
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The music video for "Shake It Off" references the styles of multiple pop musicians, including Lady Gaga (pictured)
Shake It Off (Taylor Swift song)
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"Shake It Off"
24.
David Bowie (1969 album)
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David Bowie is the second studio album by the English musician David Bowie, released under that title by Philips in the UK, and as Man of Words/Man of Music by Mercury in the US, on 14 November 1969. It was reissued in 1972 by RCA Records as Space Oddity, Space Oddity was the name used for CD releases of the album in 1984,1990 and 1999, but it reverted to the original, eponymous title for 2009 and 2015 reissues. Basically, David Bowie can be viewed in retrospect as all that Bowie had been, the album came about after Bowie had made the transition from a cabaret/avant-garde-inspired musician to a hippie/folk-based sound and as such the album is a major turning point from his 1967 debut. Dont Sit Down, an unlisted 40-second jam heard after the second song on the UK Philips LP, was excluded from the US Mercury release. The piece was included once again -- and listed as an independent track -- on CD releases of the album in the 1990s, the 2009 and 2015 reissues returned the piece to its original status as a hidden track. Released as a single in July 1969, Space Oddity was an acoustic number augmented by the eerie tones of the composers Stylophone. The title and subject matter were inspired by Stanley Kubricks 2001, A Space Odyssey, the song dates back as early as February 1969. It was written for a video named Love You till Tuesday. The videos intent was to sell Bowie to a new label as he had dropped from Deram Records in April 1968. He was urged by his manager Kenneth Pitt to record new material. His 1980 hit Ashes to Ashes declared We know Major Toms a junkie, unwashed and Somewhat Slightly Dazed reflected a strong Bob Dylan influence, with its harmonica, edgy guitar sound and snarling vocal. God Knows Im Good, Bowies observational tale of a shoplifters plight, cygnet Committee has been called Bowies first true masterpiece. Bowie himself described it at the time as a put down of hippies who seemed ready to follow any charismatic leader, memory of a Free Festival was Bowies reminiscence of an arts festival he had organised in August 1969. Its drawn-out fade/chorus was compared to The Beatles Hey Jude, the song has also interpreted as a derisive comment on the counterculture it was ostensibly celebrating. The background vocals for the finale featured Bob Harris, his wife Sue, Tony Woollcott. Before recording for the album commenced at Trident Studios, the song Space Oddity had been selected as the single based on an earlier demo. Visconti saw it as a novelty record and passed the responsibility for the song on to Gus Dudgeon. However, Visconti produced all the songs on the album
David Bowie (1969 album)
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1969 Philips LP (UK)
David Bowie (1969 album)
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1972 RCA LP
25.
Hip hop
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Hip hop is a subculture and art movement developed by African-Americans and Latinos from the inner-city South Bronx neighbourhood in New York City in the late 1970s. Jamaican immigrant DJ Kool Herc also played a key role in developing hip hop music, at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, Herc mixed samples of existing records and DJed percussion breaks, mixing this music with his own Jamaican-style toasting to rev up the crowd and dancers. These youths mixed these influences with existing musical styles associated with African Americans prior to the 1970s, Hip hop music became popular outside of the African-American community in the late 1980s, with the mainstream commercial success of gangsta rap. Critic Greg Tate described the hip hop movement as the only avant-garde still around, Hip hop culture has spread to both urban and suburban communities throughout the United States and subsequently the world. These elements were adapted and developed considerably, particularly as the art spread to new continents and merged with local styles in the 1990s. Sampling older culture and re-using it in a new context or a new format is called flipping in hip hop culture. Hip hop music follows in the footsteps of earlier African-American-rooted musical genres such as blues, jazz, rag-time, funk, cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into his stage performance. The group frequently performed with artists who would refer to this new type of music by calling them hip hoppers. The name was meant as a sign of disrespect, but soon came to identify this new music. The song Rappers Delight, by The Sugarhill Gang, released in 1979, begins with the phrase I said a hip, hop the hippie the hippie to the hip hip hop, and you dont stop. Lovebug Starski, a Bronx DJ who put out a single called The Positive Life in 1981, and DJ Hollywood then began using the term when referring to this new disco rap music. Bill Alder, an independent consultant, once said, There was hardly ever a moment when rap music was underground, one of the very first so-called rap records, was a monster hit. Hip hop pioneer and South Bronx community leader Afrika Bambaataa also credits Lovebug Starski as the first to use the hip hop. Bambaataa, former leader of the Black Spades gang, also did much to popularize the term. In the 1970s, an urban movement known as Hip Hop began to develop in the South Bronx in New York City. It focused on emceeing over breakbeats, house parties and neighbourhood block party events, Hip hop music has been a powerful medium for protesting the impact of legal institutions on minorities, particularly police and prisons. Jamaican-born DJ Clive Kool Herc Cindy Campbell pioneered the use of DJing percussion breaks in hip hop music, beginning at Hercs home in a high-rise apartment at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, the movement later spread across the entire borough. Herc created the blueprint for hip hop music and culture by building upon the Jamaican tradition of impromptu toasting, on August 11,1973 DJ Kool Herc was the DJ at his sisters back-to-school party
Hip hop
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Nas is an American rapper who is regarded as one of the greatest MCs of all time.
Hip hop
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DJ Kool Herc is credited as being highly influential in the pioneering stage of hip hop music.
Hip hop
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Afrika Bambaataa with DJ Yutaka of Universal Zulu Nation in 2004
Hip hop
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Rapper Busta Rhymes performs in Las Vegas for a BET party
26.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
Pop music
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The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that the term "pop" refers to music performed by such artists as the Rolling Stones (pictured here in a 2006 performance)
Pop music
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According to several sources, MTV helped give rise to pop stars such as Michael Jackson and Madonna; and Jackson and Madonna helped make MTV.
Pop music
27.
Electronic music
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In general, a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer. During the 1920s and 1930s, electronic instruments were introduced and the first compositions for instruments were composed. Musique concrète, created in Paris in 1948, was based on editing together recorded fragments of natural and industrial sounds, Music produced solely from electronic generators was first produced in Germany in 1953. Electronic music was created in Japan and the United States beginning in the 1950s. An important new development was the advent of computers for the purpose of composing music, algorithmic composition was first demonstrated in Australia in 1951. In America and Europe, live electronics were pioneered in the early 1960s, during the 1970s to early 1980s, the monophonic Minimoog became once the most widely used synthesizer at that time in both popular and electronic art music. In the 1980s, electronic music became dominant in popular music, with a greater reliance on synthesizers, and the adoption of programmable drum machines. Electronically produced music became prevalent in the domain by the 1990s. Contemporary electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music. Today, pop music is most recognizable in its 4/4 form. At the turn of the 20th century, experimentation with emerging electronics led to the first electronic musical instruments and these initial inventions were not sold, but were instead used in demonstrations and public performances. The audiences were presented with reproductions of existing music instead of new compositions for the instruments, while some were considered novelties and produced simple tones, the Telharmonium accurately synthesized the sound of orchestral instruments. It achieved viable public interest and made progress into streaming music through telephone networks. Critics of musical conventions at the time saw promise in these developments, ferruccio Busoni encouraged the composition of microtonal music allowed for by electronic instruments. He predicted the use of machines in future music, writing the influential Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, futurists such as Francesco Balilla Pratella and Luigi Russolo began composing music with acoustic noise to evoke the sound of machinery. They predicted expansions in timbre allowed for by electronics in the influential manifesto The Art of Noises, developments of the vacuum tube led to electronic instruments that were smaller, amplified, and more practical for performance. In particular, the theremin, ondes Martenot and trautonium were commercially produced by the early 1930s, from the late 1920s, the increased practicality of electronic instruments influenced composers such as Joseph Schillinger to adopt them
Electronic music
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Telharmonium, Thaddeus Cahill, 1897
Electronic music
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Halim El-Dabh at a Cleveland festival in 2009
Electronic music
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Karlheinz Stockhausen in the Electronic Music Studio of WDR, Cologne, in 1991
Electronic music
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Israeli composer Josef Tal at the Electronic Music Studio in Jerusalem (c. 1965). On the right, Hugh Le Caine 's sound synthesizer the Special Purpose Tape Recorder.
28.
Roland TR-808
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The Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer, often referred to simply as the 808, is a drum machine introduced by the Roland Corporation in 1980 and discontinued in 1983. It was one of the earliest programmable drum machines, with which users could create their own rather than having to use presets. Unlike its nearest competitor, the expensive and sample-based Linn LM-1 Drum Computer. Launched at a time when music had yet to become mainstream. It was succeeded in 1984 by the TR-909, over the course of the decade, the 808 attracted a cult following among underground musicians for its affordability, ease of use, and idiosyncratic sounds, particularly its deep, booming bass drum. It became a cornerstone of the electronic, dance, and hip hop genres, popularized by early hits such as Marvin Gayes Sexual Healing and Afrika Bambaataa. At the time, drum machines were most often used to accompany home organs, Lewis was known for performances using electronic instruments he had modified himself, decades before the popularization of instrument hacking via circuit bending. He made extensive modifications to the Ace Tone drum machine, creating his own rhythms and wiring the device through his organs expression pedal to accent the percussion, unique at the time. Lewis was approached by Ace Tone president and founder Ikutaro Kakehashi, in 1972, Kakehashi formed the Roland Corporation and hired Lewis to help design drum machines. By the late 1970s, microprocessors were appearing in such as the Sequential Circuits Prophet-5 synthesizer. In 1978, Roland released the CompuRhythm CR-78, the first drum machine with which users could write, save, with its next machine, the TR-808, Roland aimed to develop a drum machine for the professional market, expecting that it would mainly be used to create demos. Though the engineers aimed to emulate real percussion, the prohibitive cost of memory drove them to design sound-generating hardware instead of using samples, Kakehashi deliberately purchased faulty transistors to create the machines distinctive sizzling sound. Roland engineer Makoto Muri credited the design of the voice circuits to Mr. Nakamura. The 808 generates 16 different sounds in imitation of acoustic percussion, bass drum, snare, toms, conga, rimshot, claves, handclap, maraca, cowbell, cymbal, and hi-hat. It is completely analog, meaning its sounds are generated via hardware rather than sampled, users can program up to 32 patterns using the step sequencer, each with a maximum of 768 measures, and place accents on individual beats, a feature introduced with the CR-78. Users can also set the tempo and time signature, including unusual signatures such as 5/4, the machine has multiple audio outputs and a DIN sync port to synchronize with other devices, considered groundbreaking at the time. The 808s sounds do not resemble real percussion, and have described as clicky and hypnotic, robotic, toy-like, spacey. Fact described them as a combination of tones and white noise
Roland TR-808
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The Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer, produced 1980–1984
29.
Drum kit
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A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
Drum kit
Drum kit
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South-African jazz drummer Louis Moholo playing a four-piece kit
Drum kit
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Dance band drummer Stan Farmer at Mark Foy's Empress Ballroom, Sydney, New South Wales, using a kit with bass drum pedal and low sock. Tom Lennon, 23 October 1935
Drum kit
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Drummer in a Memphis "juke joint" orchestra playing a kit with four non-tunable toms. Marion Post Wolcott, October 1939
30.
Organ (music)
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In music, the organ is a keyboard instrument of one or more pipe divisions, each played with its own keyboard, played either with the hands on a keyboard or with the feet using pedals. The organ is an old musical instrument, dating from the time of Ctesibius of Alexandria. It was played throughout the Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman world, subsequently it re-emerged as a secular and recital instrument in the Classical music tradition. Pipe organs use air moving through pipes to produce sounds, since the 16th century, pipe organs have used various materials for pipes, which can vary widely in timbre and volume. The pipes are divided into ranks and controlled by the use of hand stops, although the keyboard is not expressive as on a piano and does not affect dynamics, some divisions may be enclosed in a swell box, allowing the dynamics to be controlled by shutters. Some organs are enclosed, meaning that all the divisions can be controlled by one set of shutters. Some special registers with free reed pipes are expressive and these instruments vary greatly in size, ranging from a cubic yard to a height reaching five floors, and are built in churches, synagogues, concert halls, and homes. Small organs are called positive or portative, increasingly hybrid organs are appearing in which pipes are augmented with electronic additions. Great economies of space and cost are possible especially when the lowest of the pipes can be replaced, non-piped organs include the reed organ or harmonium, which like the accordion and harmonica use air to excite free reeds. Electronic organs or digital organs, notably the Hammond organ, generate electronically produced sound through one or more loudspeakers, mechanical organs include the barrel organ, water organ, and Orchestrion. These are controlled by means such as pinned barrels or book music. Little barrel organs dispense with the hands of an organist and bigger organs are powered in most cases by a grinder or today by other means such as an electric motor. The pipe organ is the grandest musical instrument in size and scope, along with the clock, it was considered one of the most complex human-made mechanical creations before the Industrial Revolution. Pipe organs range in size from a short keyboard to huge instruments with over 10,000 pipes. A large modern organ typically has three or four keyboards with five each, and a two-and-a-half octave pedal board. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart called the organ the King of instruments, some of the biggest instruments have 64-foot pipes, and it sounds to an 8 Hz frequency fundamental tone. For instance, the Wanamaker organ, located in Philadelphia, USA, has sonic resources comparable with three simultaneous symphony orchestras, most organs in Europe, the Americas, and Australasia can be found in Christian churches. The introduction of organs is traditionally attributed to Pope Vitalian in the 7th century
Organ (music)
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1741 pipe organ in Église Saint-Thomas, Strasbourg, France
Organ (music)
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Interior of the Seville Cathedral, showing the pipes of the organ.
Organ (music)
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South corp in the Duomo di Milano. The history of this large organ (now with about 16,000 pipes) began in 1395, and it was continuously remodeled until 1986. The present decoration is from the 16th century.
Organ (music)
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The Baroque Leżajsk organ (:De), built by Stanisław Studziński and Jan Głowiński in 1693, has mechanical (tracker)action and 75 voices played from three manuals and pedal.
31.
The Weeknd
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Abel Makkonen Tesfaye, known professionally as The Weeknd, is a Canadian singer, songwriter and record producer. In late 2010, Tesfaye anonymously uploaded several songs to YouTube under the name The Weeknd and he released three nine-track mixtapes throughout 2011, House of Balloons, Thursday and Echoes of Silence, which were critically acclaimed. In 2012, he released a compilation album Trilogy, thirty tracks consisting of the remastered mixtapes and it was released under Republic Records and his own label XO. In 2013, he released his studio album Kiss Land. The songs have held the top three spots on the Billboard Hot R&B Songs chart, making him the first artist in history to achieve this. The Weeknd has won two Grammy Awards and nine Juno Awards, in September 2016, the release of the third album Starboy was announced along with the release of the title track single Starboy, which subsequently reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Abel Makkonen Tesfaye was born on 16 February 1990, in Scarborough, Ontario and he is the only child of Makkonen and Samra Tesfaye, who were Ethiopian migrants to Canada in the 1980s. He was raised in Scarborough, a neighborhood within the city. During his youth, his mother would work several jobs to support the family, often as a nurse and caterer, while also attending night school. His father later abandoned the family, prompting his grandmother to take care for him and his paternal cousin Issam Nazar. This allowed him to become fluent in Amharic, with the Semitic language acting as his first language and she would also take him to services at an Ethiopian Orthodox church. He started smoking marijuana at age 11, and later moved on to hard drugs, describing his teenage years as KIDS without the AIDS, he would shoplift from the local supermarket with his cousin Issam, and began using MDMA, Xanax, cocaine, psilocybin and ketamine. He attended West Hill Collegiate Institute and Birchmount Park Collegiate Institute, the spelling was modified to avoid trademark issues with the Canadian band The Weekend. Tesfaye met producer Jeremy Rose, who had an idea for a dark R&B musical project called The Weeknd. After trying to pitch the idea to musician Curtis Santiago, Rose played one of his instrumentals for Tesfaye, who freestyled over it, and they began working on an album. He produced three songs – What You Need, Loft Music, and The Morning – and others that Tesfaye rapped on, Rose let Tesfaye keep the tracks he had produced under the condition that he would ultimately be credited for them. However, in December 2010, Tesfaye uploaded What You Need, Loft Music and The Morning to YouTube under the name The Weeknd, though his identity was initially unknown. The songs drew attention online through word of mouth, including a blog featuring the songs posted by rapper Drake and they subsequently received coverage from outlets such as Pitchfork Media and The New York Times
The Weeknd
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The Weeknd performing at Bumbershoot 2015
The Weeknd
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The Weeknd at the 2011 Annual OVO Fest.
The Weeknd
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The Weeknd performing at Massey Hall a downtown Toronto theatre on October 17, 2013
The Weeknd
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The Weeknd at Bumbershoot 2015
32.
Azealia Banks
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Azealia Amanda Banks is an American rapper, singer-songwriter, and actress. Raised in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, Banks began releasing music through MySpace in 2008, after releasing her debut single 212, she secured a recording contract with Interscope and Polydor Records, and later released her first extended play 1991. Banks debut studio album Broke with Expensive Taste experienced several delays since its initial announcement before being released in 2014, in 2016, she released the mixtape Slay-Z. Banks outspoken views and controversial social media presence have been the subject of media throughout her career. Azealia Amanda Banks was born on May 31,1991 in Manhattan and her mother raised her and two older sisters in Harlem, after their father died of pancreatic cancer when she was two years old. Following her fathers death, Banks says that her mother became really abusive—physically and verbally, like she would hit me and my sisters with baseball bats, bang our heads up against walls, and she would always tell me I was ugly. I remember once she threw out all the food in the fridge, due to escalating violence, Banks moved out of her mothers home at age 14 to live with her older sister. At a young age Banks became interested in theater, dancing, acting and singing. Aged 10, she began performing in musicals with the Tada. She had lead roles in three productions in addition to performing as a soloist, Banks attended Catholic school in Harlem in her childhood, and danced with the National Dance Institute. As a teenager she trained in the arts at the LaGuardia High School of Performing Arts in Manhattan. It was at point that Banks decided to end her pursuit of an acting career, citing the large amount of competition. Because of this, Banks began writing rap and R&B songs as a creative outlet and she never finished high school, instead choosing to follow her dream of becoming a recording artist. Under the moniker Miss Bank$, she released her debut recording Gimme a Chance on to the internet on November 9,2008, the recording was accompanied by the self-produced track Seventeen, which sampled the Ladytron song of the same name. Banks sent both tracks to American DJ Diplo, later that year, Banks signed a development deal with record label XL Recordings and began working with producer Richard Russell in London, leaving the label later that year due to conflicting ideas. Following her departure from XL Recordings, Banks left behind the Miss Bank$ moniker and formally became Azealia Banks, using YouTube as a portal, Banks uploaded several demo tracks—including L8R and a cover of Slow Hands by Interpol. After her Canadian visa expired, Banks returned to New York, thats when I was really depressed, Banks says, I dont have a manager, I dont have a boyfriend, I dont have any friends, I dont have any money. Here I am working at the club, trying not to say the wrong thing
Azealia Banks
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Banks performing at the 2012 NME Awards
Azealia Banks
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Banks grew up in the New York City neighborhood of Harlem
Azealia Banks
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Banks performing at Art Basel in Miami Beach 2012
Azealia Banks
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Banks performing at Life Ball 2013
33.
T. S. Eliot
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Thomas Stearns Eliot OM was a British essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic, and one of the twentieth centurys major poets. He moved from his native United States to England in 1914 at the age of 25, settling, working and he eventually became a British subject in 1927 at the age of 39, renouncing his American citizenship. Eliot attracted widespread attention for his poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and it was followed by some of the best-known poems in the English language, including The Waste Land, The Hollow Men, Ash Wednesday, and Four Quartets. He was also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948, for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry. The Eliots were a Boston family with roots in Old and New England, Thomas Eliots paternal grandfather, William Greenleaf Eliot, had moved to St. Louis, Missouri to establish a Unitarian Christian church there. Eliot was the last of six surviving children, his parents were both 44 years old when he was born, Eliot was born at 2635 Locust St. property owned by his grandfather, William Greenleaf Eliot. His four sisters were between 11 and 19 years older, his brother was eight years older, known to family and friends as Tom, he was the namesake of his maternal grandfather, Thomas Stearns. Eliots childhood infatuation with literature can be ascribed to several factors, firstly, he had to overcome physical limitations as a child. Struggling from a congenital double inguinal hernia, he could not participate in physical activities. As he was isolated, his love for literature developed. Once he learned to read, the boy immediately became obsessed with books and was absorbed in tales depicting savages. In his memoir of Eliot, his friend Robert Sencourt comments that the young Eliot would often curl up in the window-seat behind an enormous book, setting the drug of dreams against the pain of living. Secondly, Eliot credited his hometown with fuelling his literary vision, I feel that there is something in having passed ones childhood beside the big river, which is incommunicable to those people who have not. I consider myself fortunate to have been here, rather than in Boston, or New York. From 1898 to 1905, Eliot attended Smith Academy, where his studies included Latin, Ancient Greek, French and he began to write poetry when he was fourteen under the influence of Edward Fitzgeralds Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, a translation of the poetry of Omar Khayyam. He said the results were gloomy and despairing and he destroyed them and his first published poem, A Fable For Feasters, was written as a school exercise and was published in the Smith Academy Record in February 1905. Also published there in April 1905 was his oldest surviving poem in manuscript and he also published three short stories in 1905, Birds of Prey, A Tale of a Whale and The Man Who Was King. The last mentioned story significantly reflects his exploration of Igorot Village while visiting the 1904 Worlds Fair of St. Louis, such a link with primitive people importantly antedates his anthropological studies at Harvard
T. S. Eliot
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T. S. Eliot in 1934
T. S. Eliot
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Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot, passport photograph from 1920.
T. S. Eliot
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A plaque at SOAS 's Faber Building, 24 Russell Square, London
T. S. Eliot
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The Faber and Faber building where Eliot worked from 1925 to 1965; the commemorative plaque is under the right-hand arch.
34.
Art rock
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Art rock is a subgenre of rock music that generally reflects a challenging or avant-garde approach to rock, or which makes use of modernist, experimental, or unconventional elements. Art rock aspires to elevate rock from teen entertainment to an artistic statement, influences may be drawn from genres such as experimental rock, avant-garde music, classical music, and jazz. The genres greatest level of popularity was in the early 1970s through British artists, art rock is most associated with a certain period of rock music, beginning in 1966–67 and ending with the arrival of punk in the mid 1970s. After, the genre would be infused within later popular music genres of the 1970s–90s, in the rock music of the 1970s, the art descriptor was generally understood to mean aggressively avant-garde or pretentiously progressive. Art rock is used synonymously with progressive rock. Historically, the term has been used to describe at least two related, but distinct, types of rock music, art rock emphasizes Romantic and autonomous traditions, in distinction to the aesthetic of the everyday and the disposable embodied by art pop. Common characteristics include album-oriented music divided into compositions rather than songs, with complicated and long instrumental sections. Its music was used within the context of concept records. Compared to progressive rock, art rock is more challenging, noisy and unconventional and less classically influenced, art rock can also to refer to either classically driven rock, or a progressive rock-folk fusion. S. Eliot than to Carl Perkins or Willie Dixon, the boundaries between art and pop music became increasingly blurred throughout the second half of the 20th century. The first usage of the art rock, according to Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, was in 1968. As pop musics dominant format transitioned from singles to albums, many rock bands created works that aspired to make grand artistic statements, as it progressed in the late 1960s – in tandem with the development of progressive rock – art rock acquired notoriety alongside experimental rock. According to biographer Richard Williams, created a new concept, the producer as overall director of the creative process, Spector transformed rock music as a performing art to an art which could only exist in the recording studio, which paved the way for art rock. The Beach Boys leader Brian Wilson is also cited as one of the first examples of the music producer. Like Spector, Wilson was known as an eremitic studio obsessive who laboriously produced fantastical soundscapes through his mastery of recording technology. Biographer Peter Ames Carlin wrote that Wilson was the forerunner of a new kind of art-rock that would combine the transcendent possibilities of art with the accessibility of pop music. According to journalist Richard Goldstein, many musicians from California desired to be acknowledged as artists. They yearned for fame, as only needy people can, but they wanted to make art
Art rock
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Roxy Music performing in Toronto in 1974
Art rock
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David Bowie performing in 1978
Art rock
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Spector (center) in the studio with Modern Folk Quartet in 1966
35.
Violins
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The violin is a wooden string instrument in the violin family. It is the smallest and highest-pitched instrument in the family in regular use, smaller violin-type instruments are known, including the violino piccolo and the kit violin, but these are virtually unused in the 2010s. The violin typically has four strings tuned in fifths, and is most commonly played by drawing a bow across its strings. Violins are important instruments in a variety of musical genres. They are most prominent in the Western classical tradition and in varieties of folk music. They are also used in genres of folk including country music and bluegrass music. Electric violins are used in forms of rock music, further. The violin is sometimes called a fiddle, particularly in Irish traditional music and bluegrass. The violin was first known in 16th-century Italy, with further modifications occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries. In Europe it served as the basis for stringed instruments used in classical music, the viola. According to their reputation, the quality of their sound has defied attempts to explain or equal it, many of these trade instruments were formerly sold by Sears, Roebuck and Co. and other mass merchandisers. A person who makes or repairs violins is called a luthier or violinmaker, the parts of a violin are usually made from different types of wood and on the use of a pickup and an amplifier and speaker). Violins can be strung with gut, Perlon or other synthetic, the earliest stringed instruments were mostly plucked. Similar and variant types were probably disseminated along East-West trading routes from Asia into the Middle East, the first makers of violins probably borrowed from various developments of the Byzantine lira. These included the rebec, the Arabic rebab, the vielle, the earliest pictures of violins, albeit with three strings, are seen in northern Italy around 1530, at around the same time as the words violino and vyollon are seen in Italian and French documents. One of the earliest explicit descriptions of the instrument, including its tuning, is from the Epitome musical by Jambe de Fer, by this time, the violin had already begun to spread throughout Europe. The violin proved very popular, both among street musicians and the nobility, the French king Charles IX ordered Andrea Amati to construct 24 violins for him in 1560, one of these noble instruments, the Charles IX, is the oldest surviving violin. The Messiah or Le Messie made by Antonio Stradivari in 1716 remains pristine and it is now located in the Ashmolean Museum of Oxford
Violins
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A standard modern violin shown from the front and the side
Violins
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A young violinist at Ruthin School
Violins
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The cupola of Madonna dei Miracoli in Saronno, with angels playing violin, viola and cello, dates from 1535 and is one of the earliest depictions of the violin family
36.
Drumbeats
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Rhythm generally means a movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions. In the performance arts, rhythm is the timing of events on a scale, of musical sounds and silences that occur over time, of the steps of a dance, or the meter of spoken language. In some performing arts, such as hip hop music, the delivery of the lyrics is one of the most important elements of the style. Rhythm may also refer to visual presentation, as timed movement through space, in recent years, rhythm and meter have become an important area of research among music scholars. Recent work in these areas includes books by Maury Yeston, Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff, Jonathan Kramer, Christopher Hasty, Godfried Toussaint, William Rothstein, and Joel Lester. In Thinking and Destiny, Harold W. Percival defined rhythm as the character and meaning of thought expressed through the measure or movement in sound or form, or by written signs or words. In his television series How Music Works, Howard Goodall presents theories that human rhythm recalls the regularity with which we walk, other research suggests that it does not relate to the heartbeat directly, but rather the speed of emotional affect, which also influences heartbeat. Yet other researchers suggest that certain features of human music are widespread. The perception and abstraction of rhythmic measure is the foundation of human instinctive musical participation, Joseph Jordania recently suggested that the sense of rhythm was developed in the early stages of hominid evolution by the forces of natural selection. Plenty of animals walk rhythmically and hear the sounds of the heartbeat in the womb, some types of parrots can know rhythm. There is not a report of an animal being trained to tap, peck. For this reason, the fast-transient sounds of percussion instruments lend themselves to the definition of rhythm, Musical cultures that rely upon such instruments may develop multi-layered polyrhythm and simultaneous rhythms in more than one time signature, called polymeter. Such are the cross-rhythms of Sub-Saharan Africa and the interlocking kotekan rhythms of the gamelan, for information on rhythm in Indian music see Tala. For other Asian approaches to rhythm see Rhythm in Persian music, Rhythm in Arabian music and Usul—Rhythm in Turkish music and this consists of a series of identical yet distinct periodic short-duration stimuli perceived as points in time. It is currently most often designated as a crotchet or quarter note in western notation, faster levels are division levels, and slower levels are multiple levels. Rhythms of recurrence arise from the interaction of two levels of motion, the faster providing the pulse and the slower organizing the beats into repetitive groups. Once a metric hierarchy has been established, we, as listeners, a durational pattern that synchronises with a pulse or pulses on the underlying metric level may be called a rhythmic unit. A rhythmic gesture is any pattern that, in contrast to the rhythmic unit
Drumbeats
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Percussion instruments have clearly defined dynamics that aid the creation and perception of complex rhythms
Drumbeats
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Simple [quadr] duple drum pattern, against which duration is measured in much popular music: Play (help · info).
37.
Frank Sinatra
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Francis Albert Sinatra was an American singer, actor, and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century. He is one of the music artists of all time. Born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to Italian immigrants, Sinatra began his career in the swing era with bandleaders Harry James. Sinatra found success as a solo artist after he signed with Columbia Records in 1943 and he released his debut album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra, in 1946. Sinatras professional career had stalled by the early 1950s, and he turned to Las Vegas and his career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity, with his performance subsequently winning an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. Sinatra released several critically lauded albums, including In the Wee Small Hours, Come Fly with Me, Only the Lonely and Nice n Easy. Sinatra left Capitol in 1960 to start his own label, Reprise Records. It was followed by 1968s collaboration with Duke Ellington, using his Las Vegas shows as a home base, he toured both within the United States and internationally until a short time before his death in 1998. Sinatra forged a successful career as a film actor. After winning an Academy Award for From Here to Eternity, he starred in The Man with the Golden Arm and he appeared in various musicals such as On the Town, Guys and Dolls, High Society, and Pal Joey, winning another Golden Globe for the latter. Toward the end of his career, he associated with playing detectives. Sinatra would later receive the Golden Globe Cecil B, on television, The Frank Sinatra Show began on ABC in 1950, and he continued to make appearances on television throughout the 1950s and 1960s. While Sinatra never formally learned how to read music, he had a natural, intuitive understanding of it, a perfectionist, renowned for his impeccable dress sense and cleanliness, he always insisted on recording live with his band. His bright blue eyes earned him the popular nickname Ol Blue Eyes, Sinatra led a colorful personal life, and was often involved in turbulent affairs with women, such as with his second wife Ava Gardner. He went on to marry Mia Farrow in 1966 and Barbara Marx in 1976, Sinatra had several violent confrontations, usually with journalists he felt had crossed him, or work bosses with whom he had disagreements. He was honored at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1983, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1985, Sinatra was also the recipient of eleven Grammy Awards, including the Grammy Trustees Award, Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. After his death, American music critic Robert Christgau called him the greatest singer of the 20th century, Francis Albert Sinatra was born on December 12,1915, in an upstairs tenement at 415 Monroe Street in Hoboken, New Jersey. He was the child of Italian immigrants Antonino Martino Marty Sinatra
Frank Sinatra
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Sinatra in 1957
Frank Sinatra
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Hoboken, New Jersey, early 20th century
Frank Sinatra
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Sinatra (far right) with the Hoboken Four on Major Bowes' Amateur Hour
Frank Sinatra
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Harry James in 1942
38.
Consequence of Sound
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Consequence of Sound is a Chicago-based online magazine featuring news, editorials, and reviews of music and movies. In addition, the website features the Festival Outlook micro-site. The website takes its name from the Regina Spektor song, Consequence of Sounds. The site was founded in September 2007 by Alex Young—who now has the role of the sites CEO and publisher—and it has a staff of over 50 writers, editors, graphic designers. In February 2012, the website launched a long form writing section, in March 2012, the website launched its first-ever mobile app at South by Southwest. Consequence of Sound is listed as one of the most influential music websites by Technorati, in 2010, About. com ranked Consequence of Sound the years best music blog, based on Technorati rankings and the online buzz throughout the year. In the Spring of 2014, Style of Sound calculated that Consequence of Sound charted as the No.2 Most Influential Music Blog, a popular feature of Consequence of Sound is the Festival Outlook, posting rumors regarding bands playing music festivals. However, it has caused some controversy, in 2009, CoS reported that Paul McCartney and The Killers would headline the 2009 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival prior to its lineup announcement. In 2010, CoS reported that Muse, Jay-Z, and Gorillaz would headline the 2010 Coachella Valley Music, official website Consequence of Sound on Facebook Consequence of Sound on Twitter
Consequence of Sound
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Consequence of Sound
39.
Bargaining
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Bargaining or haggling is a type of negotiation in which the buyer and seller of a good or service debate the price and exact nature of a transaction. If the bargaining produces agreement on terms, the takes place. Bargaining is a pricing strategy to fixed prices. Optimally, if it costs the retailer nothing to engage and allow bargaining and it allows for capturing more consumer surplus as it allows price discrimination, a process whereby a seller can charge a higher price to one buyer who is more eager. Haggling has largely disappeared in parts of the world where the cost to haggle exceeds the gain to retailers for most common retail items, however, for expensive goods sold to uninformed buyers such as automobiles, bargaining can remain commonplace. Dickering refers to the process, albeit with a slight negative connotation. Bargaining is also the chosen for the third stage of the Kübler-Ross model. Not all transactions are open to bargaining, both religious beliefs and regional custom may determine whether or not the seller is willing to bargain. In North America and Europe bargaining is restricted to expensive or one-of-a-kind items and informal sales settings such as flea markets, in other regions of the world, bargaining may be the norm, even for small commercial transactions. In Indonesia and elsewhere in Asia, locals haggle for goods, even children learn to haggle from a young age. Participating in that tradition can make foreigners feel accepted, on the other hand, in Thailand, haggling seems to be softer than the other countries due to Thai culture, in which people tend to be humble and avoiding argument. However, haggling for food items is strongly discouraged in Southeast Asia and is considered an insult, in almost all large complex business negotiations, a certain amount of bargaining takes place. One simplified western way to decide when its time to bargain is to break negotiation into two stages, creating value and claiming value, claiming value is another phrase for bargaining. Many cultures take offence when they perceive the other side as having started bargaining too soon and this offence is usually as a result of their wanting to first create value for longer before they bargain together. The Chinese culture by contrast places a higher value on taking time to build a business relationship before starting to create value or bargain. Not understanding when to start bargaining has ruined many an otherwise positive business negotiation, in areas where bargaining at the retail level is common, the option to bargain often depends on the presence of the stores owner. A chain store managed by clerks is more likely to use fixed pricing than an independent store managed by an owner or one of owners trusted employees, the stores ambiance may also be used to signal whether or not bargaining is appropriate. For instance, a comfortable and air-conditioned store with posted prices usually does not allow bargaining, supermarkets and other chain stores almost never allow bargaining
Bargaining
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Spice market Djerba, Tunisia.
Bargaining
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Medina Tripoli, Libya
40.
Instagram
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In August 2015, version 7.5 was released for mobile devices, allowing users to upload media captured in any aspect ratio, but not at full size. Users can also apply various digital filters to their images, the service rapidly gained popularity, with over 100 million active users as of April 2012 and over 300 million as of December 2014. Support for the app is available for iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, Windows 10 devices and Android handsets, while third-party Instagram apps are available for BlackBerry 10, the service was acquired by Facebook in April 2012 for approximately US$1 billion in cash and stock. In 2013, Instagram grew by 23%, while Facebook, as the parent company, Instagram began development in San Francisco, when Systrom and Brazilian Krieger chose to focus their multi-featured HTML5 check-in project, Burbn, on mobile photography. As Krieger reasoned, Burbn became too similar to Foursquare, and for that, Burbn pivoted to become more focused. The word Instagram is a portmanteau of instant camera and telegram, on March 5,2010, Systrom closed a $500,000 seed funding round with Baseline Ventures and Andreessen Horowitz while working on Burbn. Josh Riedel then joined the company as Community Manager, shayne Sweeney joined in November 2010 as an engineer and Jessica Zollman was hired as a Community Evangelist in August 2011. In January 2011, Instagram added hashtags to help users discover both photographs and each other, Instagram encourages users to make tags both specific and relevant, rather than tagging generic words like photo, to make photographs stand out and to attract like-minded Instagram users. In September, version 2.0 went live in the App Store and included new and live filters, instant tilt–shift, high resolution photographs, optional borders, one-click rotation, the deal valued Instagram at around $25 million. On April 3,2012, Instagram was released for Android phones running the 2.2 Froyo version of the OS and that same week, Instagram raised $50 million from venture capitalists for a share of the company, the process valued Instagram at $500 million. Facebook made an offer to purchase Instagram, along with its 13 employees, for approximately $1 billion in cash and stock in April 2012, with a plan to keep the company independently managed. Britains Office of Fair Trading approved the deal on August 14,2012, and on August 22,2012, on September 6,2012, the deal between Instagram and Facebook was officially closed. On April 12,2012, Facebook acquired Instagram for approximately $1 billion in cash, the deal, which was made just prior to Facebooks scheduled IPO, cost about a quarter of Facebooks cash-on-hand, according to figures documented at the end of 2011. Mark Zuckerberg noted that Facebook was committed to building and growing Instagram independently, according to multiple reports, the deal netted Systrom $400 million based on his ownership stake in the business. The exact purchase price was $300 million in cash and 23 million shares of stock, on December 17,2012, Instagram updated its Terms of Service, granting itself the right—starting on January 16, 2013—to sell users photos to third parties without notification or compensation. In January 2013, it was confirmed that Instagram had asked for identification as a form of verification due to unspecified violations. In September 2013, Instagram reaffirmed its commitment to free and open access to its app for users. On October 3,2013, Instagram announced that it would be adding advertising to its platform
Instagram
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A photo collage of an unprocessed image (top left) modified with the 16 different Instagram filters available in 2011
Instagram
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An original photograph (left) is automatically cropped to a square by Instagram, and has a filter added at the selection of the user (right)
41.
Honeymoon (Lana Del Rey song)
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Honeymoon is a song by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey co-written by Rick Nowels. It was uploaded to her YouTube channel on July 14,2015 and was released for purchase as the promotional single on September 7,2015 from her fourth studio album. The music video for Honeymoon was directed and edited by Del Rey, when asked if she was going to release it, Del Rey expressed, You haven’t seen the full video for Honeymoon because I didn’t put it out yet. I don’t know if I will because I made it myself, Del Rey didnt reveal the video because Nothing really happened in it. NME called the track cinematic and emotionally thrilling before describing it as perhaps her most heart-stopping ballad yet, the Independent praised the song, calling it melancholic and beautiful. Billboard said the song was grander and more ambitious than anything the singer-songwriter has released thus far, prior to the release, the lyrics to the song were released as part of a lyric book, which was available for purchase among the merchandise for The Endless Summer Tour. Del Rey then posted two snippets of the song on her Instagram accounts, the song was finally released in a lyric video, which was uploaded on her official YouTube channel on July 14,2015. The song was released digital download on September 7,2015
Honeymoon (Lana Del Rey song)
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"Honeymoon"
42.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. As of February 2017, there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, as of April 2017, the website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet, a web traffic analysis company. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day
YouTube
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From left to right: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim
YouTube
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Screenshot of YouTube's homepage
YouTube
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YouTube's headquarters as of 2010 in San Bruno, California.
43.
Honeymoon (song)
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Honeymoon is a song by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey co-written by Rick Nowels. It was uploaded to her YouTube channel on July 14,2015 and was released for purchase as the promotional single on September 7,2015 from her fourth studio album. The music video for Honeymoon was directed and edited by Del Rey, when asked if she was going to release it, Del Rey expressed, You haven’t seen the full video for Honeymoon because I didn’t put it out yet. I don’t know if I will because I made it myself, Del Rey didnt reveal the video because Nothing really happened in it. NME called the track cinematic and emotionally thrilling before describing it as perhaps her most heart-stopping ballad yet, the Independent praised the song, calling it melancholic and beautiful. Billboard said the song was grander and more ambitious than anything the singer-songwriter has released thus far, prior to the release, the lyrics to the song were released as part of a lyric book, which was available for purchase among the merchandise for The Endless Summer Tour. Del Rey then posted two snippets of the song on her Instagram accounts, the song was finally released in a lyric video, which was uploaded on her official YouTube channel on July 14,2015. The song was released digital download on September 7,2015
Honeymoon (song)
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"Honeymoon"
44.
Annie Mac
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Annie MacManus, popularly known as Annie Mac, is an Irish DJ and television presenter. Annie Mac was born in Dublin, Ireland, after attending Wesley College, she studied English Literature at Queens University in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Annie lives in Queens Park, London and she has a son with her partner, fellow BBC Radio 1 DJ Toddla T. She gave birth to her child on 6 January 2017. Whilst on maternity leave her show is presented by MistaJam. Her brother, Davey MacManus, was the singer and guitarist in bands The Crocketts. Annie Macs first Radio 1 programme was broadcast on 29 July 2004 and she had been a producer at Radio 1 before this and was heard as a voice for jingles on the station at least as far back as February 2004. Her first live set at the station was at Radio 1s Big Weekend in Dundee in May 2006 as part of the Essential Mix live broadcast, Annie remarked on air at the time how it was the first time they had trusted her to do a live mix. Annie currently hosts programmes on Radio 1 and her main programme, called Annie Mac, airs from 19,00 to 22,00 on Mondays to Thursdays, playing dance-pop, hip-hop, rock and indie. Additionally, Annie Macs Mash Up is broadcast on Friday nights from 22,00 to midnight and she previously hosted BBC Switch with Nick Grimshaw on Sunday evenings from 19,00 to 21,00 until 21 March 2010. After this date they moved to 22,00 - midnight with a new show simply called Nick Grimshaw and she is currently one of only two presenters on the station to present shows in both the specialist and entertainment sector, the other being Huw Stephens. A popular feature is the Annie Mac Mini Mix, an opportunity to showcase various DJs ability to produce a mix with other DJs. The Mini mix was also a feature of her previous show on a Thursday night, as well as her own Friday show, Annie also covers for other Radio 1 shows. She was a stand in for Zane Lowes show before he left the station. In 2009 Annie won the Best female award at the drum, Annie makes regular appearances as a feature presenter on BBC Twos The Culture Show, giving her opinions on the latest music offerings. She appeared on Never Mind the Buzzcocks in January 2006 and she co-presented Top of the Pops on 18 June 2006 with Reggie Yates, Annie has also filled in for Zane Lowe on his Gonzo show on MTV2. She also recently appeared on ITV Comedy, FM, as herself, on 18 February 2007 BBC Radio 1 launched their first video podcast or vodcast. It featured Annie on a tour around the Radio 1 buildings
Annie Mac
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Annie Mac in Brighton, 2006
Annie Mac
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Annie Mac performing at Amnesia, 2012
45.
Freak (Lana Del Rey song)
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Freak is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey for her album Honeymoon. It was written by Del Rey and Rick Nowels, a music video for the song was released on February 9,2016. Del Rey debuted a preview of the track along with previews of Terrence Loves You and Music to Watch Boys To in The Honeymoon Sampler, which preceded the American release of the album by ten days. DigitalSpys Amy Davidson stated that Del Rey dance in slow motion with you before leaning in to convincingly whisper the argument towards being a freak like me too in your ear, hopper later went on to praise the switch in lyrical styling which is sampled in the song. On January 25,2016, Del Rey confirmed on social media that a video to accompany Freak had been completed. She announced that the video would star the girls featured in Music to Watch Boys To, segments of the music video were featured in The Honeymoon Sampler that was released onto YouTube on September 8,2015. The video was directed by Del Rey herself, the video premiered on February 9 at The Wiltern theater in Los Angeles, California, and was released on her VEVO channel on the same day of the premiere. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Freak (Lana Del Rey song)
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Entrance to Electric Lady Studios, where part of the album was recorded
Freak (Lana Del Rey song)
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Honeymoon
Freak (Lana Del Rey song)
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The eighth track on the album, "Burnt Norton (Interlude)", hears Del Rey reciting an extract of the first poem from T. S. Eliot 's Four Quartets, while the closing track is a cover of Nina Simone 's " Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood ".
Freak (Lana Del Rey song)
46.
Metacritic
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Metacritic is a website that aggregates reviews of media products, music albums, games, movies, TV shows, DVDs, and formerly, books. For each product, the scores from each review are averaged, Metacritic was created by Jason Dietz, Marc Doyle, and Julie Doyle Roberts. The site provides an excerpt from each review and hyperlinks to its source, a color of Green, Yellow or Red summarizes the critics recommendations and therefore the general appeal of the product to reviewers and, to a lesser extent, the public. It is regarded as the game industrys foremost review aggregator. Metacritics scoring converts each review into a percentage, either mathematically from the mark given, before being averaged, the scores are weighted according to the critics fame, stature, and volume of reviews. Metacritic was launched in July 1999 by Marc Doyle, his sister Julie Doyle Roberts, rotten Tomatoes was already compiling movie reviews, but Doyle, Roberts, and Dietz saw an opportunity to cover a broader range of media. They sold Metacritic to CNET in 2005, CNET and Metacritic are now owned by the CBS Corporation. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal wrote in September 2004, Mr. Doyle,36, is now a product manager at CNET. Speaking of video games, Doyle said, A site like ours helps people cut through. unobjective promotional language and he added that the review process was not taken as seriously when unconnected magazines and websites provided reviews in isolation. In August 2010, the appearance was revamped, reaction from users was overwhelmingly negative. Certain publications are given more significance because of their stature, games Editor Marc Doyle was interviewed by Keith Stuart of The Guardian to get a look behind the metascoring process. Stuart wrote, the phenomenon, namely Metacritic and GameRankings, have become an enormously important element of online games journalism over the past few years. The ranging of metascores is, Metacritic is regarded as the foremost online review site for the video game industry. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal has written that Metacritic influence the sales of games and he explains its influence as coming from the higher cost of buying video games than music or movie tickets. Many executives say that low scores can hurt the sales potential. He claimed that a number of businesses and financial analysts use Metacritic as an early indicator of a games potential sales and, by extension. In 2004, Jason Hall of Warner Bros. began including quality metrics in contracts with partners licensing its movies for games, if a product does not at least achieve a specific score, some deals require the publisher to pay higher royalties. In 2008, Microsoft began using Metacritic averages to de-list underperforming Xbox Live Arcade games and these are the top 10 individual games with the highest scores on the site as of 2 April 2017
Metacritic
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Metacritic
47.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
AllMusic
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AllMusic's logotype and logo (since July 2013)
48.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
The Guardian
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The Guardian front page on 6 June 2014
The Guardian
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The Guardian senior news writer Esther Addley interviewing Ecuadorian Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño for this article relating to Julian Assange (August 2014)
The Guardian
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The Guardian's HQ in London
The Guardian
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The Guardian' s Newsroom visitor centre and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name The Manchester Guardian
49.
Rolling Stone
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Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
Rolling Stone
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Cee Lo Green, Adam Levine, Christina Aguilera, and Blake Shelton, on the cover of the February 1, 2012, issue of Rolling Stone
50.
Newsweek
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Newsweek is an American weekly news magazine founded in 1933. It was published in four English language editions and 12 global editions written in the language of the circulation region, between 2008 and 2012, Newsweek underwent internal and external contractions designed to shift the magazines focus and audience while improving its finances. Instead, losses accelerated, revenue dropped 38 percent from 2007 to 2009, in November 2010, Newsweek merged with the news and opinion website The Daily Beast, forming The Newsweek Daily Beast Company, after negotiations between the owners of the two publications. Tina Brown, The Daily Beasts editor-in-chief, served as the editor of both publications, Newsweek was jointly owned by the estate of the late Harman and the diversified American media and Internet company IAC. Newsweek ceased print publication with the December 31,2012, issue and transitioned to an all-digital format, IBT Media relaunched a print edition of Newsweek on March 7,2014. In 2003, worldwide circulation was more than 4 million, including 2.7 million in the U. S, Newsweek publishes editions in Japanese, Korean, Polish, Spanish, Rioplatense Spanish, Arabic, and Turkish, as well as an English language Newsweek International. Russian Newsweek, published since 2004, was shut in October 2010, the Bulletin incorporated an international news section from Newsweek. Based in New York City, the magazine claimed 22 bureaus in 2011, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago/Detroit, Dallas, Miami, Washington, D. C. Boston and San Francisco, and others overseas in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, Jerusalem, Baghdad, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Beijing, South Asia, Cape Town, Mexico City and Buenos Aires. News-Week was launched in 1933 by Thomas J. C. Martyn and he obtained financial backing from a group of U. S. stockholders which included Ward Cheney, of the Cheney silk family, John Hay Whitney, and Paul Mellon, son of Andrew W. Mellon. Paul Mellons ownership in Newsweek apparently represented the first attempt of the Mellon family to function journalistically on a national scale, the group of original owners invested around $2.5 million. Other large stockholders prior to 1946 were public utilities investment banker Stanley Childs, journalist Samuel T. Williamson served as the first editor-in-chief of Newsweek. The first issue of the magazine was dated 17 February 1933, seven photographs from the weeks news were printed on the first issues cover. In 1937 News-Week merged with the weekly journal Today, which had founded in 1932 by future New York Governor and diplomat W. Averell Harriman. In 1937 Malcolm Muir took over as president and editor-in-chief and he changed the name to Newsweek, emphasized interpretive stories, introduced signed columns, and launched international editions. Over time the magazine developed a spectrum of material, from breaking stories and analysis to reviews. The magazine was purchased by The Washington Post Company in 1961, osborn Elliott was named editor of Newsweek in 1961 and became the editor in chief in 1969. The women won, and Newsweek agreed to allow women to be reporters, edward Kosner became editor from 1975 to 1979 after directing the magazine’s extensive coverage of the Watergate scandal that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974
Newsweek
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Cover of the first issue of News-Week magazine
Newsweek
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January 16, 1939 cover featuring Felix Frankfurter
Newsweek
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The first issue released after the magazine switched to an opinion and commentary format.
Newsweek
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The cover of Newsweek's final print issue under The Newsweek Daily Beast Company ownership.
51.
ARIA Charts
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The ARIA Charts are the main Australian music sales charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres in Australia, ARIA became the official Australian music chart in June 1988, succeeding the Kent Music Report which had been Australias national charts since 1974. The Go-Set charts were Australias first national singles and albums charts published from 5 October 1966 until 24 August 1974, succeeding Go-Set, the Kent Music Report began issuing the national top 100 charts in Australia from May 1974. The compiler, David Kent, also published Australias national charts from 1940–1974 in a retrospective fashion using state based data, in mid 1983, the Australian Recording Industry Association commenced licensing the Kent Music Report chart. The first printed national top 50 chart available in record stores, ARIA began compiling its own charts in-house from the chart dated week ending 26 June 1988. Various artists compilation albums were included in the albums chart, as they had been on the Kent Report chart, until 2 July 1989. The ARIA Report, detailing the top 100 singles and albums charts, was first available via subscription in January 1990, the printed top 50 chart ceased publication in June 1998, but resumed publication later in the year. The printed top 50 chart again ceased publication at the end of 2000, the ARIA charts are based on data collected from physical and digital retailers in Australia. Data of physical sales come from such as Sanity and JB Hi-Fi, while data of digital sales come from online retailers such as iTunes, Bandit FM, GetMusic. Since 17 February 1997, all physical sales data contributing towards the chart has been recorded electronically at point of sale. In March 1991, Do the Bartman by The Simpsons was the first single to reach #1 in Australia that was not available on 7 inch vinyl, but cassingle only. Starting from 8 October 2006, due to low physical single sales at the time, in 2006, it was announced that the Brazin retailing group, comprising major retailers HMV, Sanity and Virgin music/DVD stores would no longer contribute sales data to the ARIA charts. However, after an absence, Brazin reportedly re-commenced contributing sales figures to the ARIA Charts on 26 November 2006. The ARIA website publishes the top 50 singles and albums charts, top 40 digital tracks chart, the ARIA Report lists all charts in full and is available via paid e-mail subscription each week. These reports are uploaded to the Pandora Archive periodically, on 5 February 2006, the ARIA Chart Show was a radio program launched on the Nova network and broadcast throughout Australia, playing the official ARIA top 50 singles. The live music program was hosted by Jabba each Sunday afternoon at 3, the show was aired before the top 50 chart, dated for the following Monday, is published on the ARIA website at 6,00 pm. The charts were published online at 6,00 pm each Sunday. The diamond certification was created for albums in November 2015 to mark 500,000 sales/shipments, for music DVDs, a gold accreditation originally represented 7,500 copies shipped, with a platinum accreditation representing 15,000 units shipped. co. uk
ARIA Charts
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ARIA logo
52.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard logo
53.
Burnt Norton
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Burnt Norton is the first poem of T. S. Eliots Four Quartets. He created it while working on his play Murder in the Cathedral, the poems title refers to a Cotswolds manor house Eliot visited. The manors garden served as an important image within the poem, structurally, the poem is based on Eliots The Waste Land with passages of the poem related to those excised from Murder in the Cathedral. The central discussion within the poem is on the nature of time, Eliot emphasises the need of the individual to focus on the present moment and to know that there is a universal order. By understanding the nature of time and the order of the universe, mankind is able to recognise God, many reviewers of Burnt Norton focused on the uniqueness and beauty of the poem. However, others complained that the poem does not reflect Eliots earlier greatness, the concept of Burnt Norton is connected to Eliots Murder in the Cathedral, he worked on the poem while the play was being produced during 1935. The connection between the poem and the play is deep, many of the lines for the come from lines originally created for the play that were, on E. Martin Browns advice. Years later, Eliot recollected, There were lines and fragments that were discarded in the course of the production of Murder in the Cathedral, cant get them over on the stage, said the producer, and I humbly bowed to his judgment. However, these fragments stayed in my mind, and gradually I saw a poem shaping itself round them, like many of Eliots works, the poem was compiled from various fragments that were reworked over many years. To structure the poem, Eliot turned to the organisation of The Waste Land, Burnt Norton was Eliots only major poem to be completed during a six-year period as he turned to writing plays and continued with his work on essays. The poem was re-published as an independent work in 1941, the same year East Coker and The Dry Salvages, the actual Burnt Norton is a manor located near the village of Aston Subedge in Gloucestershire that Eliot visited with Emily Hale during 1934. The original Norton House was a burned down in 1741 by its owner, Sir William Keyt. Even though Eliot was married, he spent a lot of time with Hale, even after their time at Burnt Norton, Eliot stayed in close correspondence with her and sent her many of his poems. The actual manor does not serve as an important location within the poem, instead, it is the garden surrounding the manor that became the focus. The poem begins with two taken from the fragments of Heraclitus, τοῦ λόγου δὲ ἐόντος ξυνοῦ ζώουσιν οἱ πολλοί ὡς ἰδίαν ἔχοντες φρόνησιν I. p.77. ὁδὸς ἄνω κάτω μία καὶ ὡυτή I. p.89 Fr.60. The first may be translated, Though wisdom is common, the live as if they have wisdom of their own, the second, the way upward and the way downward is one. The poem was the first of Eliots that relied on speech, described as a poem of early summer, air, and grace, it begins with a narrator recalling a moment in a garden
Burnt Norton
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Early poems
54.
Wind instrument
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The pitch of the vibration is determined by the length of the tube and by manual modifications of the effective length of the vibrating column of air. In the case of wind instruments, sound is produced by blowing through a reed. Using different air columns for different tones, such as in the pan flute and this method is used on nearly all brass instruments. Changing the length of the air column by lengthening and/or shortening the tube using a sliding mechanism. This method is used on the trombone and the slide whistle, changing the frequency of vibration through opening or closing holes in the side of the tube. This can be done by covering the holes with fingers or pressing a key which then closes the hole and this method is used in nearly all woodwind instruments. Making the column of air vibrate at different harmonics without changing the length of the column of air, almost all wind instruments use the last method, often in combination with one of the others, to extend their register. A more accurate way to determine whether an instrument is brass or woodwind is to examine how the player produces sound, in brass instruments, the players lips vibrate, causing the air within the instrument to vibrate. For example, the saxophone is typically made of brass, but is classified as an instrument because it produces sound with a vibrating reed. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, wind instruments are classed as aerophones, sound production in all wind instruments depends on the entry of air into a flow-control valve attached to a resonant chamber. The resonator is typically a long cylindrical or conical tube, open at the far end, a pulse of high pressure from the valve will travel down the tube at the speed of sound. It will be reflected from the end as a return pulse of low pressure. Under suitable conditions, the valve will reflect the pulse back, with increased energy, Reed instruments such as the clarinet or oboe have a flexible reed or reeds at the mouthpiece, forming a pressure-controlled valve. Standing waves inside the tube will be odd multiples of a quarter-wavelength, with a pressure anti-node at the mouthpiece, the reed vibrates at a rate determined by the resonator. For Lip Reed instruments, the controls the tension in their lips so that they vibrate under the influence of the air flow through them. They adjust the vibration so that the lips are most closed, and the air flow is lowest, standing waves inside the tube will be odd multiples of a quarter-wavelength, with a pressure anti-node at the mouthpiece, and a pressure node at the open end. For Air Reed instruments, the thin grazing air sheet flowing across an opening in the pipe interacts with an edge to generate sound. The jet is generated by the player, when blowing through a thin slit, for recorders and flue organ pipes this slit is manufactured by the instrument maker and has a fixed geometry
Wind instrument
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Erke, wind instrument of Argentina
Wind instrument
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The bell of a B Flat clarinet
55.
IFPI Greece
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Currently a Top-75 combined repertoire albums sales chart is compiled. The charts is published by IFPI Greece and sponsored by Cyta Hellas, the domestic trade name of IFPI Greece is Ένωση Ελλήνων Παραγωγών Ηχογραφημάτων. However, it is referred to, and branded as. IFPI Greece founded the first official charts in Greece in 1989. There were two top 20 albums charts, one for domestic and the other for foreign repertoire, the broadcast rights of the charts were acquired by ANT1 radio. Prior to the introduction of industry charts by IFPI Greece, unreliable charts were being published by various magazines which lacked credibility and authority over the monitoring of record sales, by May 1991, the charts were discontinued after it was discovered that they were easily manipulated. Executives blamed artists who made themselves appear more popular by buying hundreds of copies of their own albums in an attempt to gain bargaining power for shows. Also cited was the number of small shops which lacked detailed sales data required as a basis toward an accurate tracking system. In response to the discontinuation, Viko Antypas, managing director of PolyGram Greece, in March 2009 IFPI Greece announced that they would close their charts for a period of time in order to renew their charting system. There will be a shift from wholesale to point of sale sales, inclusion of digital downloads will also prompt the revival of the singles chart, as the decrease in sales and releases of CD singles had led to the discontinuation of the physical singles chart. Nielsen Soundscan is already engaged in the monitoring of digital downloads sold in Greece, in January 2010, IFPI Greece announced that they would start providing the Top 50 Foreign Albums chart on their website again, although the reformed charting system is not yet functional. Thus the Top 50 Foreign Albums chart continues to utilize the old charting system, IFPI debuted its new chart in early October 2010. The new chart, Top 75 Combined Repertoire, is now the sole chart by IFPI Greece and lists the top 75 domestic, the Top 75 Combined Repertoire chart is the official albums chart of Greece. It debuted in October 2010, replacing and combining the prior separate Greek-language, in 2011 IFPI Greece partnered up with a new radio monitoring service called Media Inspector to provide an official airplay chart. Top 50 Greek Albums The Top 50 Greek Albums chart was the albums chart of Greece for Greek-language repertoire. Sales of domestic repertoire are higher in Greece compared to other IFPI nations, the chart was discontinued in March 2009, and later replaced by the Top 75 Combined Repertoire chart. Top 50 Foreign Albums The Top 50 Foreign Albums chart was the sales chart for Greece of foreign repertoire. The chart was discontinued in March 2009, and later replaced by the Top 75 Combined Repertoire chart, Prior to 1997, the sales thresholds for foreign repertoire were the same as domestic ones
IFPI Greece
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Music of Greece
IFPI Greece
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2005 version of the "Piracy kills music" logo
56.
Irish Recorded Music Association
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The Irish Recorded Music Association is a non-profit association set up in 1999 to manage and control the music industry in the Republic of Ireland. On 12 June 2013, IRMA secured an Order of the High Court to block access to The Pirate Bay to all Irish internet users in the Republic of Ireland, IRMA operates to promote and protect the welfare and interests of the Irish record industry. Specifically, IRMA is involved in lobbying to protect and enhance the interest of member companies, in the past IRMA have organised The IRMA Honours, an awards ceremony which honours the life work of Irelands leading musicians and people who have influenced the Irish music industry. Past recipients include Bob Geldof, Larry Gogan and Christy Moore, IRMA also compile and manage the official music charts for the Republic of Ireland. These include, Top 100 Albums, Top 100 Singles, Top 10 Classical Albums, Top 10 Dance Singles, Top 20 Multi-Artist Compilation Albums, Top 30 Videos, Top 20 DVDs and Top 10 Music DVDS. On 12 April 2005, the association began to take action against serial filesharers in the Republic of Ireland who illegally distribute music on the Internet. On 15 November 2005, the IRMA began Phase II of its plan to battle filesharing, only Irish companies can become members of the IRMA. All members pay a fee based on company size. Currently, the IRMA has 51 member companies, in the mid-1990s IRMA presented the IRMA Music Awards. These have been replaced by the music awards show Meteor Ireland Music Awards. IRMA and Eircom reached an agreement over file sharing which uses a third-party organisation to monitor Eircom users for downloading of infringing music, the agreed system was reported to use a three-strikes-and-youre-out system. The agreement was criticised by Digital Rights Ireland and IrelandOffline, protests against the actions of IRMA are being organised by Digital Rights Ireland, as well as Blackout Ireland. The trusts main initiative is the Instrument Bank, which provides music instruments to young people, particularly to young people who live in disadvantaged communities throughout Ireland
Irish Recorded Music Association
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Irish Recorded Music Association
57.
Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana
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The Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana is an umbrella organization that keeps track of virtually all aspects of the music recording industry in Italy. It was established in 1992, when major corporate labels left the previously existing Associazione dei Fonografici Italiani, during the following years, most of the remaining Italian record labels left AFI to join the new organization. As of 2011, FIMI represents 2,500 companies operating in the music business, FIMI is a member of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry and of the Italian employers federation, Confindustria. Its main purpose is to protect the interests of the Italian record industry, starting in March 1995, the Italian Music Industry Federation began providing the Italian official albums chart. In January 1997, FIMI also became the provider of the Italian official singles chart, due to the decrease of CD singles sales in Italy, FIMI replaced its physical singles chart with a digital downloads chart—based on legal internet and mobile downloads—on 1 January 2008. In July 2011, Enzo Mazza was confirmed as FIMI chairman, the Italian Music Industry Federation compiled its first album chart in March 1995. Issued on 7 March 1995, it was based on sales between 23 February 1995 and 1 March 1995 and this period coincided with the first week of sales for the albums released by the 45th Sanremo Music Festival contestants, the most important music event in Italy. The first number-one album was Bruce Springsteens Greatest Hits, between 1995 and 2009, the FIMI Album Chart was based on data provided by Nielsen. From January 2010, the FIMI Album Charts positions have been derived from GfK Retail, in 1995, the chart was based on data digitally gathered by 130 sellers. The number of sellers was later increased and, as of 2011, starting from 14 October 2011, the FIMI Albums Chart also includes digital sales. In March 1995, alongside the FIMI Album Chart, the Italian Music Industry Federation also began the FIMI Compilations Chart and these albums are not included in the FIMI Album Chart. The first number-one was Sanremo 95, released by RTI Music, in January 1997, the Italian Music Industry Federation also started an official singles chart. The first number-one single was Depeche Modes Barrel of a Gun, compiled by Nielsen, the chart listed the best-selling physical singles in Italy, but on 1 January 2008 it was replaced by the Top Digital Download, listing the best-selling digital singles. The last number one on the physical FIMI Singles Chart was The Singles Collection by Vasco Rossi, the Italian DVD Chart was established by the Italian Music Industry Federation in October 2003. The first Italian DVD Chart listed only the first ten positions, as of July 2011, it lists the 20 best-selling music DVDs in Italy, and is compiled by ACNielsen. On 10 April 2006, FIMI published the first chart listing the best-selling digital singles in Italy, compiled by Nielsen SoundScan, the chart was based on data provided by 10 digital stores. The first number-one single was Sei nellanima by Gianna Nannini, due to the decrease of CD singles sales in Italy, on 1 January 2008 the Top Digital Download became the Italian official singles chart, replacing the chart based on physical sales. A certification system has existed in Italy since the mid 1970s, during that period, albums had to sell 500,000 units to qualify for a Silver status, while for Gold, the requirement was 1,000,000 units
Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana
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Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana
58.
List of music recording certifications
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Music recording certifications are typically awarded by the global music industry based on the total units sold or shipped to the retailers. These awards and their requirements are defined by the certifying bodies representing the music industry in various countries and territories worldwide. The standard certification awards given consist of Gold, Platinum, and sometimes Diamond awards, in ascending order, in most cases, a Multi-Platinum or Multi-Diamond award is given for multiples of the Platinum or Diamond requirements. Many music industries around the globe are represented by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, the IFPI operates in 66 countries and services affiliated industry associations in 45 countries. Still other countries not represented by the IFPI have certifying bodies operating independently, though all certifying bodies give awards for album sales or shipments, many also certify singles, paid digital downloads, music videos, music DVDs, and master ringtones. Additionally, some certifying bodies have separate threshold scales for works of domestic or international origins, varying genres, lengths, from the 2010s digital streaming was included in some territories. Note, Top numbers represent sales for domestic material, italicized numbers in parentheses represent sales for international material if different from the domestic requirement, other notes and exceptions are provided in footnotes below each table. For albums released until September 24,1999 the thresholds are 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum, for albums released between September 25,1999 and December 31,2002 the thresholds are 150,000 for Gold and 300,000 for Platinum. Also, for Jazz albums, the thresholds are 10,000 for Gold and 20,000 for Platinum, Diamond-award is applicable to titles released on/after January 1,2013. ^ IV Hungarian sales figures provided refer to Pop albums. However, there are six separate release scales in all, each scale is provided here with Gold and Platinum sales thresholds in parentheses, Hindi Films, Regional Films, Regional Basic, National Basic, Classical/Non-Classical, and International. For albums released before 1 July 2009, sales exceeding 10,000 and 20,000 for Gold and Platinum awards, a separate scale is used for digital album sales via digital download, sales exceeding 5,000 and 10,000 for Gold and Platinum awards respectively. Thresholds for productions before 1 July 2009 differ,40,000,80,000, and 400,000 for Gold, Platinum, separate scales are used for jazz/classical albums, and soundtracks. Each scale is provided here with Gold, Platinum, and Diamond sales thresholds in parentheses, Jazz/Classical, from 1973–79 the thresholds were based on monetary revenue, Platinum, Gold and Silver. For singles released prior to that thresholds are 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum, as of June 1,2014, the German thresholds for the single-titles, are 200,000 for Gold and 400,000 for Platinum. German industry also introduced a Diamond-award which is applicable to all titles released on/after January 1,2013, for Jazz singles, the thresholds are 10,000 for Gold and 20,000 for Platinum. Prior to this the thresholds were Silver, Gold, and Platinum, for EP-length configurations including the 12-inch single, the thresholds were lowered to Gold and Platinum, previously the thresholds were Gold and Platinum. From then on, the lowered thresholds applied to certification of all singles, ^ XIX Japanese awards refer to online singles and mobile singles. ^ XX Japanese physical and digital download sales exceeding 1,000,000 are given the Million award. ^ XXI Danish DVD sales figures provided refer to Music/Single DVDs, a separate scale is used for Long form videos and Multi-Box Music Video Sets, sales exceeding 50,000 and 100,000 for Gold and Platinum awards respectively
List of music recording certifications
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A "gold record" of The Beatles ' compilation album, Hey Jude
59.
British Phonographic Industry
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The BPI Limited, commonly known as the British Phonographic Industry or BPI, is the British recorded music industrys trade association. Its membership comprises hundreds of companies including all three major record companies in the UK, and hundreds of independent music labels and small to medium-sized music businesses. It has represented the interests of British record companies since being formally incorporated in 1973 when the aim was to promote British music. In 2007, the legal name was changed from British Phonographic Industry Limited. It founded the annual BRIT Awards for the British music industry in 1977, the organizing company, BRIT Awards Limited, is a fully owned subsidiary of the BPI. Proceeds from both shows go to the BRIT Trust, the arm of the BPI that has donated almost £15m to charitable causes nationwide since its foundation in 1989. In September 2013, the BPI presented the first ever BRITs Icon Award to Sir Elton John, the BPI also endorsed the launch of the Mercury Prize for the Album of the Year in 1992. In September 2008, the BPI became one of the members of UK Music. The BRIT Trust is the music charity actively supporting all types of education across the entire spectrum of music. Through the projects it supports, which include Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy and the BRIT School, proceeds from the BRIT Awards and the Classic BRITs shows go to the BRIT Trust, which has donated almost £15m to charitable causes nationwide since its foundation. Opened in September 1991, the BRIT School is a joint venture between The BRIT Trust and the Department for Education and Skills, based at Selhurst in Croydon, the school is the only non fee-paying performing arts school in the UK. It teaches up to 1,100 students each year aged from 14–19 years in music, dance, drama, musical theatre, production, media and art & design. Students are from diverse backgrounds and are not required to stick to their own discipline, dancers learn songwriting. Nor do students have to work/perform in the evening to pay for the tuition, the BPI administers the Platinum, Gold and Silver awards scheme for music releases in the United Kingdom. The level of the award varies depending on the format of the release, member companies do, however, still have the option to certify titles based on shipment levels if they choose to. Since July 2014, audio streaming has also included for singles at a ratio of 100 streams equivalent to 1 unit. From June 2015, audio streams were added to album certifications, according to BPI, they would take the 12 most-streamed tracks from the standard version of an album, with the top two songs down-weighted in line with the average of the rest. The total of these streams will be divided by 1,000, additionally, personnel are also seconded to the City of London Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit top support anti-piracy operations
British Phonographic Industry
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A gold certification for Eric Clapton 's album August.
60.
LP record
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The LP is an analog sound storage medium, a vinyl record format characterized by a speed of 33 1⁄3 rpm, a 12 or 10 inch diameter, and use of the microgroove groove specification. Introduced by Columbia in 1948, it was adopted as a new standard by the entire record industry. Apart from a few relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound, the new product was a 12- or 10-inch fine-grooved disc made of vinyl and played with a smaller-tipped microgroove stylus at a speed of 33 1⁄3 rpm. Each side of a 12-inch LP could play for more than 20 minutes, although the LP was suited to classical music because of its extended continuous playing time, it also allowed a collection of ten or more pop music recordings to be put on a single disc. The use of the word album persisted for the one-disc LP equivalent, the prototype of the LP was the soundtrack disc used by the Vitaphone motion picture sound system, developed by Western Electric and introduced in 1926. For soundtrack purposes, the less than five minutes of playing time of side of a conventional 12-inch 78 rpm disc was not acceptable. The sound had to play continuously for at least 11 minutes, long enough to accompany a full 1, the disc diameter was increased to 16 inches and the speed was reduced to 33 1⁄3 revolutions per minute. Unlike their smaller LP descendants, they were made with the same large standard groove used by 78s, unlike conventional records, the groove started at the inside of the recorded area near the label and proceeded outward toward the edge. Like 78s, early soundtrack discs were pressed in an abrasive shellac compound, syndicated radio programming was distributed on 78 rpm discs beginning in 1928. The desirability of a longer continuous playing time soon led to the adoption of the Vitaphone soundtrack disc format, 16-inch 33 1⁄3 rpm discs playing about 15 minutes per side were used for most of these electrical transcriptions beginning about 1930. Transcriptions were variously recorded inside out like soundtrack discs or with an outside start, some transcriptions were recorded with a vertically modulated hill and dale groove. This was found to allow deeper bass and also an extension of the frequency response. Neither of these was necessarily an advantage in practice because of the limitations of AM broadcasting. Today we can enjoy the benefits of those higher-fidelity recordings, even if the radio audiences could not. Initially, transcription discs were pressed only in shellac, but by 1932 pressings in RCA Victors vinyl-based Victrolac were appearing, by the late 1930s, vinyl was standard for nearly all kinds of pressed discs except ordinary commercial 78s, which continued to be made of shellac. Use of the LPs microgroove standard began in the late 1950s, the King Biscuit Flower Hour is a late example, as are Westwood Ones The Beatle Years and Doctor Demento programs, which were sent to stations on LP at least through 1992. RCA Victor introduced a version of a long-playing record for home use in September 1931. These Program Transcription discs, as Victor called them, played at 33 1⁄3 rpm and used a somewhat finer and they were to be played with a special Chromium Orange chrome-plated steel needle
LP record
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At top, format logo used on early issues. Below, a typical LP, showing its central spindle hole and label surrounded by the grooved area. Three separate "tracks" are visible, but all are parts of one continuous spiral groove.
LP record
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Neumann SX-24 Record Cutting Machine
LP record
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LPs pressed in multicolored vinyl (Sotano Beat: A Todo Color, a various-artists compilation) and clear yellow vinyl - (Rock On Elvis by Tulsa McLean) both from Argentina.
61.
Vertigo Records
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Vertigo Records is a record company which originated in the UK. It was a subsidiary of the Philips/Phonogram record label, launched in 1969 to specialise in progressive rock, today it is operated by Universal Music UK. Vertigo was the brainchild of Olav Wyper when he was Creative Director at Phonogram and it was launched as a competitor to labels such as Harvest and Deram. It was the home to such as Colosseum, Jade Warrior, Affinity, Ben. The first Vertigo releases came with a black and white spiral label. Vertigo later became the European home to hard rock bands signed to Mercury in North America, such as Bon Jovi, Rush. Vertigo is a division of The Island Def Jam Music Group in the United States and operates as Virgin EMI Records in the UK and it distributes Cooking Vinyl, Metallica, Razorlight, Rush and Dire Straits. More recent signings include The Rapture, The Killers, One Night Only, Amy Macdonald, Noisettes and Thee Unstrung 2004-2005, black Sabbath have returned to the label in 2013 although former sister label Sanctuary Records Group had acquired international rights to their back catalogue in the interim. Official website Worldwide Vertigo Swirl Guide
Vertigo Records
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Alternate logo used in Canada.
Vertigo Records
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Vertigo Records
Vertigo Records
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Divisions and subsidiaries
62.
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
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The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, branded as CBC/Radio-Canada, is a Canadian crown corporation that serves as the national public radio and television broadcaster. Although some local stations in Canada predate CBCs founding, CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada, Radio services include CBC Radio One, CBC Radio 2, Ici Radio-Canada Première, Ici Musique and the international radio service Radio Canada International. Television operations include CBC Television, Ici Radio-Canada Télé, CBC News Network, Ici RDI, Ici Explora, Documentary Channel, the CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord. The radio service employed commercials from its inception to 1974, since then, its primary radio networks, like the BBC, have been commercial-free. However, in the fall of 2013, CBCs secondary radio networks Radio 2, in 1929, the Aird Commission on public broadcasting recommended the creation of a national radio broadcast network. A major concern was the influence of American radio broadcasting as U. S. -based networks began to expand into Canada. Meanwhile, Canadian National Railways was making a network to keep its passengers entertained and give it an advantage over its rival. This, the CNR Radio, is the forerunner of the CBC, Graham Spry and Alan Plaunt lobbied intensely for the project on behalf of the Canadian Radio League. In 1932 the government of R. B. Bennett established the CBCs predecessor, the CRBC took over a network of radio stations formerly set up by a federal Crown corporation, the Canadian National Railway. The network was used to broadcast programming to riders aboard its passenger trains, with coverage primarily in central, on November 2,1936, the CRBC was reorganised under its present name. While the CRBC was a company, the CBC was a Crown corporation on the model of the BBC. Leonard Brockington was the CBCs first chairman, for the next few decades, the CBC was responsible for all broadcasting innovation in Canada. This was in part because, until 1958, it was not only a broadcaster and it used this dual role to snap up most of the clear-channel licences in Canada. It began a separate French-language radio network in 1937 and it introduced FM radio to Canada in 1946, though a distinct FM service wasnt launched until 1960. Television broadcasts from the CBC began on September 6,1952, with the opening of a station in Montreal, Quebec, the CBCs first privately owned affiliate television station, CKSO in Sudbury, Ontario, launched in October 1953. From 1944 to 1962, the CBC split its English-language radio network into two known as the Trans-Canada Network and the Dominion Network. The latter, carrying lighter programs including American radio shows, was dissolved in 1962, on July 1,1958, CBCs television signal was extended from coast to coast. The first Canadian television show shot in colour was the CBCs own The Forest Rangers in 1963, colour television broadcasts began on July 1,1966, and full-colour service began in 1974
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
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CBC's headquarters, in Ottawa
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
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CBC's English-language master control point, the Canadian Broadcasting Centre, in Toronto
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
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CBC building in Ottawa.
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
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The CBC Regional Broadcast Centre in Vancouver
63.
New York (magazine)
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New York is a bi-weekly magazine concerned with life, culture, politics, and style generally, and with a particular emphasis on New York City. Founded by Milton Glaser and Clay Felker in 1968 as a competitor to The New Yorker, it was brasher and less polite, and established itself as a cradle of New Journalism. Since its redesign and relaunch in 2004, the magazine has won more National Magazine Awards than any other publication and it was one of the first dual-audience lifestyle magazines, and its format and style have been emulated by some other American regional city publications. In 2009, its paid and verified circulation was 408,622 and its websites—NYmag. com, Vulture. com, The Cut, and Grub Street—receive visits from more than 14 million users per month. New York began life in 1963 as the Sunday-magazine supplement of the New York Herald Tribune newspaper, edited first by Sheldon Zalaznick and then by Clay Felker, the magazine showcased the work of several talented Tribune contributors, including Tom Wolfe, Barbara Goldsmith, and Jimmy Breslin. Soon after the Tribune went out of business in 1966–67, Felker and his partner, Milton Glaser, gerald Goldsmith, and reincarnated the magazine as a stand-alone glossy. Joining them was managing editor Jack Nessel, Felkers number-two at the Herald Tribune, New Yorks first issue was dated April 8,1968. Among the by-lines were many names from the magazines earlier incarnation, including Breslin, Wolfe, and George Goodman. Within a year, Felker had assembled a team of contributors who would come to define the magazines voice, Breslin became a regular, as did Gloria Steinem, who wrote the city-politics column, and Gail Sheehy. Harold Clurman was hired as the theater critic, Alan Rich covered the classical-music scene. Gael Greene, writing under the rubric The Insatiable Critic, reviewed restaurants, Woody Allen contributed a few stories for the magazine in its early years. The magazines regional focus and innovative illustrations inspired numerous imitators across the country, the office for the magazine was on the top floor of the old Tammany Hall clubhouse at 207 East 32nd Street, which Glaser owned. Wolfe, a contributor to the magazine, wrote a story in 1970 that captured the spirit of the magazine, Radical Chic. The article described a benefit party for the Black Panthers, held in Leonard Bernsteins apartment, in a collision of high culture, in 1972, New York also launched Ms. magazine, which began as a special issue. New West, a magazine on New Yorks model that covered California life, was also published for a few years in the 1970s. As the 1970s progressed, Felker continued to broaden the magazines editorial vision beyond Manhattan, covering Richard Nixon, twenty years later, Cohn admitted that hed done no more than drive by Odysseys door, and that hed made the rest up. It was a problem of what Wolfe, in 1972, had labeled The New Journalism. In 1976, the Australian media baron Rupert Murdoch bought the magazine in a hostile takeover, a succession of editors followed, including Joe Armstrong and John Berendt
New York (magazine)
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June 8, 1970 issue
64.
Exclaim!
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Exclaim. is a monthly Canadian music magazine that features in-depth coverage of new music across all genres with special focus on Canadian and cutting-edge artists. Content is based on the print publication, publishes 11 issues per year. Exclaim. began as a discussion among campus and community radio programmers at Ryersons CKLN-FM in 1991 and it was started by Ian Danzig, together with other programmers and Toronto musicians. The goal of the publication was to support great Canadian music that was otherwise going unheralded, the group worked through 1991 to produce their first issue in April 1992, with monthly issues being produced since. Ian Danzig has been the publisher of the magazine since its start, similarly to an alternative weekly newspaper, the magazine is distributed as a free publication at campus and community radio stations, bars, record stores, libraries, and coffee shops. The magazines website features reviews, interviews and profiles not found in the print publication and it includes a news page that is updated with the latest in music and music-related culture. The site reaches 211,000 unique users every month, TV, which includes weekly instalments of video interviews with musicians, as well as a section titled Click Hear where readers are guided to the latest music released on the Internet. As well as music, exclaim. ca reviews films, DVDs, music DVDs, concerts, exclaim. ca is also increasing its coverage of film festivals, such as the Toronto International Film Festival and the Sundance Film Festival. The magazine also covers smaller Toronto festivals such as the Toronto Reel Asian International Film Festival, Hot Docs Documentary Film Festival, the magazines website also has contests where readers can enter for a chance to win various music-related prizes. These artists are featured on the cover of Exclaims monthly issue, x3 artists of the month have included Knaan, Malajube, Thunderheist, Japandroids, Apostle of Hustle, You Say Party. We Say Die. and The Rural Alberta Advantage
Exclaim!
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Exclaim!
65.
HitFix
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In mid-2010 HitFix crossed the 1,000,000 unique users per month milestone. As of April 2013, HitFix was ranked 17th among all entertainment news websites by Alexa, HitFix has been cited as a source by such publications as Time, Los Angeles Times, The Huffington Post, E. Online, and The Daily Herald. In April 2016, it became a brand of Woven Digital, HitFix was founded by ex-Reed Business Information Development executive, Jen Sargent, and former L. A. Times and MSN. com film editor, Gregory Ellwood, HitFix received its first funding from Golden Seeds, the fourth largest angel investment group in the United States, in 2009. Since then, HitFix has twice benefited from investment from the Tech Coast Angels, the first such investment came in February 2009 in the amount of $850,000. In June 2010, the Angels added to their commitment investing an additional $1,600,000, in addition to Golden Seeds and Tech Coast Angels, HitFix investors include HBS Angels, Liquid Capital, and Gordon Crawford. In addition to being one of its co-founders, Ellwood reports on movies, formerly known as “Moriarty”, McWeeny previously wrote for Aint It Cool News. In addition to being a screenwriter and movie critic, McWeeny now covers the industry for HitFix. McWeeny announced his move to HitFix in 2008 in a review of The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, on September 20,2016, McWeeny announced via Twitter that he would no longer be working for Hitfix. After 14 years at the New Jersey Star-Ledger, Sepinwall—also known for his blog, last spring, NBC executives went so far as to credit Sepinwall by name for his role in earning a renewal for Chuck. Slate Magazine credited Sepinwall with having changed the nature of television criticism
HitFix
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HitFix, Inc.
66.
Phononet GmbH
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The GfK Entertainment Charts are the official music charts in Germany and are gathered and published by GfK Entertainment GmbH on behalf of Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Following a lawsuit in March 2014 by Media Control AG, Media Control® GfK International had to change its name, dissemination of the charts is conducted by various media outlets, some of which include VIVA music channel, and the Swiss charts website. Other entities that present the charts are MusicLoad and MIX1, furthermore, GfK Entertainment also runs a dedicated website providing chart-related news and access to most of the charts. Charts have been published in Germany since 1959, in a magazine called Der Musikmarkt, since 1959, the growing desire to have a well-developed music program has made Bundesverband Musikindustrie work together with charts providers to improve the way the charts are determined. For this purpose, different research institutes were tested, out of which Media Control, hence, the first official charts were made available in the magazine Der Musikmarkt in September 1977. Initially, there used to be 50 positions only, which later in January 1980, was extended to 75 slots, since 1989, however, GfK Entertainment has adapted the international standards providing 100 positions, now called Offizielle Top 100 Charts. In 2001, the Top-100 singles charts was modified to reflect the sales of the singles, Media Control developed Music Video charts in 2001, which later, in 2004, was renamed as DVD charts. While music-videos have their own charts, in 2001, GfK Entertainment made it possible for the music-video singles to have the ability to enter the Top-100 singles chart. Similarly, in 2002, it was available for music-video albums to chart on the Top-100 album chart. If not, then, the DVD album could qualify for the DVD chart only, in the same vein, if an audio CD contains at least 50% of video recording, then, it could qualify to chart on the DVD chart. In 2003, Media Control joined forces with GfK, thus the name officially being changed to Media Control GfK International GmbH. In 2004, Germany became one of the first music markets wherein sales charts were reflected by online digital downloads, digital-only releases came into existence on 13 July 2007, for online downloads only, which also altered the way the sales figures were conducted up to that point. Consequently, chart positions would no longer be affected by the number of music downloads as before. Thus, the albums would not necessarily be the ones ending up in the number-one position on the charts. In March 2014, GfK announced that the official chart providers name in Germany will change from Media Control GfK International GmbH to GfK Entertainment, there are currently 3,000 outlets that report their sales on weekly bases in Germany. The weekly sales data is transmitted to GfK Entertainment via communication network channel and this is the list of categories, for each of which charts are provided by GfK Entertainment
Phononet GmbH
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GfK Entertainment GmbH
67.
The Endless Summer Tour
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The Endless Summer Tour was the third headlining concert tour by American recording artist Lana Del Rey in support of her third studio album, Ultraviolence. The tour began on May 7,2015 in The Woodlands, Texas and concluded on June 16,2015 in West Palm Beach, most of the tour dates were sold out instantly. Lana Del Rey performed songs from Born to Die, Paradise, and Ultraviolence, in addition to previously unreleased songs. At the end of 2015, the tour placed at number 156 on Pollstars 2015 Year-End Top 200 North American Tours list, prior to the release of Ultraviolence, Del Rey performed a series of concerts across North America in April and May 2014. Included in this slew of concerts were two performances at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, the first in which Del Rey premiered West Coast, the lead single off of Ultraviolence. After recovering from her illness, Del Rey went on to finish her concert tour by performing two shows at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles, California in October 2014. After the completion of the tour, there was much speculation as to if there would be a proper concert tour in support of the singers latest studio album. When speaking of the possibility of a duet between her and Del Rey, she exclaimed that I have a voice and it might sound cool if it’s the right song. On December 1,2014, the tour was announced with seventeen shows scheduled across North America in the summer of the following year. Along with the announcement came news that Love would be co-headlining the first eight shows with Del Rey to promote her upcoming solo release. Presale tickets for the tour shortly after the tours announcement on December 3,2014. Four months later, on April 1,2015, Del Rey announced that singer and producer Grimes would be joining her on the remaining dates of the tour after Love departs from the tour. This set list is representative of the show on May 7,2015 in The Woodlands and it does not represent all dates throughout the tour. A ^ The show on May 24,2015 in George, B ^ The show on June 7,2015 in New York City, New York was a part of the 2015 Governors Ball Music Festival
The Endless Summer Tour
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The Endless Summer Tour
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