1.
Yogyakarta Principles
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The issue is further articulated by the struggles of indigenous peoples, gender and religious identity communities worldwide. The principles are named after Yogyakarta, the city where the conference was held and these principles have not been adopted by States in a treaty, and are thus not by themselves a legally binding part of international human rights law. However the Principles are intended to serve as an aid to the human rights treaties. In alignment with the movement towards establishing basic human rights for all people, the Principles were developed in response to patterns of abuse reported from around the world. These are estimated to affect millions of people who are, or have been, the website promoting the Principles notes that concerns have been voiced about a trend of peoples human rights being violated because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. The Principles aim to provide a consistent understanding about application of human rights law in relation to sexual orientation. From 6 to 9 November 2006, a seminar of legal experts on human rights took place at Yogyakarta. The seminar clarified the nature, scope and implementation of human rights obligations under existing human rights treaties and law, in relation to sexual orientation. The Irish human rights expert Michael OFlaherty was rapporteur responsible for drafting, vitit Muntarbhorn and Sonia Onufer Corrêa were the co-chairpersons. They maintain that people are recognised as being born free and equal in dignity and rights. The Principles are based on the recognition of the right to non-discrimination, for example, it also addressed the situation in Kyrgyzstan and recommended that, ‘lesbianism be reconceptualised as a sexual orientation and that penalties for its practice be abolished’. The finalised Yogyakarta Principles was launched as a charter for gay rights on 26 March 2007 at the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva. Michael O’Flaherty, spoke at the International Lesbian and Gay Association Conference in Lithuania on 27 October 2007, the Yogyakarta Principles were presented at a United Nations event in New York City on 7 November 2007, co-sponsored by Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Human rights and LGBT-rights groups took up the principles, and discussion has featured in the gay press, as well as academic papers, in the ensuing discussion, the majority of General Assembly Third Committee members recommended against adopting the principles. She expressed alarm at the reinterpretation of existing human rights instruments, principles, such a right did not exist under any internationally agreed human rights instrument or law and his attempts to create one far exceeded his mandate and that of the Human Rights Council. In particular, he referred to the Yogyarkarta Principles and also to the International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education, implementation of various provisions and recommendations of the latter document would result in criminal prosecution for such criminal offences as corrupting youth. Meanwhile, the Council of Europe states in Human Rights and Gender Identity that Principle 3 of the Yogyakarta Principles is of particular relevance, such enforced divorces may have a negative impact on the children of the marriage. A US-based Christian think tank, the Catholic Family and Human Rights Institute, claimed that the Principles could devalue the concept of the family, the Principles themselves are a lengthy document addressing legal matters
Yogyakarta Principles
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LGBT history
2.
Compton's Cafeteria riot
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The Comptons Cafeteria Riot occurred in August 1966 in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco. This incident was one of the first recorded transgender riots in United States history, Comptons Cafeteria was one of a chain of cafeterias, owned by Gene Compton, in San Francisco from the 1940s to the 1970s. In addition, the cafeteria was open all hours until the riots occurred, most of the fights occurred from 2-3 am so they were forced to close at midnight. Because cross-dressing was illegal at the time, police could use the presence of people in a bar as a pretext for making a raid. A lesbian group of people was also formed called the Street Orphans. In the 1960s the Compton’s Cafeteria staff began to call the police to crack down on transgender individuals, in response to police arrests, the transgender community launched a picket of Compton’s Cafeteria. Although the picket was unsuccessful, it was one of the first demonstrations against police violence directed towards people in San Francisco. On the first night of the riot, the management of Comptons called the police when some transgender customers became raucous, in the 50s and 60s police officers were known to mistreat transgender people. When one of these known officers attempted to arrest one of the trans women, at that point the riot began, dishes and furniture were thrown, and the restaurants plate-glass windows were smashed. Police called for reinforcements as the fighting spilled into the street, where a car had all its windows broken out. The exact date of the riot is unknown because 1960 police records no longer exist, the demonstration ended with the newly installed plate-glass windows being smashed again. The riot marked a point in the local LGBT movement. According to the online encyclopedia glbtq, serving as an overseer to the NTCU was Sergeant Elliott Blackstone, designated in 1962 as the first San Francisco Police Department liaison to what was then called the homophile community. According to Susan Stryker, Compton’s Cafeteria riot was “the first known incident of collective militant queer resistance to police harassment in U. S. history, transgender people finally stood up to the abuse and discrimination by police officers. The riot did not solve the problems that people in the Tenderloin faced daily. Police brutality towards them decreased over time, and they had less fear of being heckled by the department for dressing how they chose during the daytime. On June 24,2016, at the conclusion of the San Francisco Trans March, in August 2016, a number of events were held to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the riot, including a gathering in Boeddeker Park in the Tenderloin
Compton's Cafeteria riot
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Gene Compton's Cafeteria Riot 40th Anniversary Historical Marker at corner of Taylor and Turk in San Francisco
Compton's Cafeteria riot
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LGBT history
3.
Venus Xtravaganza
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Venus Xtravaganza was an American transgender performer. She came to attention after being featured in Jennie Livingstons 1990 documentary film Paris Is Burning, her life as a trans woman. Xtravaganza was featured on the original 1990 theatrical release poster for the film, born to an Italian American and Puerto Rican family, she took the name Venus in her early teens. As is the tradition of the gay culture, she adopted the name Xtravaganza upon becoming a member of the House of Xtravaganza in 1983. On sex work, she theorized, If youre a woman living in the suburbs. So in the run, it all ends up the same way. At the time the documentary was filmed, she was an aspiring model and she was saving money for sex reassignment surgery. According to her house mother Angie Xtravaganza, Venus was found strangled under a bed at The Duchess Hotel in 1988 and her body was discovered by a stranger four days after her death. Her killer has never been found, list of unlawfully killed transgender people Venus Xtravaganza at the Internet Movie Database Venus Xtravaganza at Find a Grave
Venus Xtravaganza
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A still of Xtravaganza taken from Paris is Burning
4.
Sonia Rescalvo Zafra
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The Parc de la Ciutadella is a park on the northeastern edge of Ciutat Vella, Barcelona, Catalonia. For decades following its creation in the century, this park was the citys only green space. The 70-acre grounds include the city zoo, the Parliament of Catalonia, a lake, museums. In 1714, during the War of the Spanish Succession, Barcelona was laid siege for 13 months by the army of Philip V of Spain, a substantial part of the district it was constructed in was destroyed to obtain the necessary space, leaving its inhabitants homeless. The fortress was characterized by having five corners, which gave the citadel defensive power and it included enough buildings to house 8,000 people. Three decades later a quarter was rebuilt around the fortress named Barceloneta, in 1841 the citys authorities decided to destroy the fortress, which was hated by Barcelonas citizens. Yet two years later, in 1843, under the regime of Maria Cristina, the citadel was restored, the chapel, the Governors palace, and the arsenal remain, with the rest of the site being turned into the contemporary park by the architect Josep Fontsére in 1872. This marked the conclusion of the old provincial and unprogressive Barcelona, from that point until 1892, half of the parks layout was enhanced again in order to obtain sufficient space for the zoo. The parks bandstand, Glorieta de la Transsexual Sònia, is dedicated to a transsexual, Sonia Rescalvo Zafra, the Cascada is located at the northern corner of the park opposite to the lake. It was erected by Josep Fontsére and to an extent by Antoni Gaudí. Fontsére aimed to make it bear resemblance to the Trevi Fountain of Rome. Two enormous pincers of gigantic crabs serve as stairs to access a small podium located in the centre of the monument, in front of it a sculpture of Venus standing on an open clam was placed. The whole cascade is divided in two levels, the zoo of Barcelona is located in the park of the ciutadella due to the availability of a few buildings which were left empty after the Universal Exposition of 1888. It was inaugurated in 1892, during the day of the Mercé, the first animals were donated by Lluís Martí i Codolar to the municipality of Barcelona, which gratefully approved of their accommodation in the zoo. Nowadays, with one of the most substantial collections of animals in Europe, the zoo affirms that their aim is to conserve, investigate, from 1966 to 2003 the zoo was home to the famous albino gorilla Snowflake, who attracted many international tourists and locals. More than 50,000 children visit the zoo on an annual basis, the Museum of Natural Science, sited in the park, comprises a museum of zoology and a museum of geology. The museum of zoology was constructed for the Exposición Universal de Barcelona by the architect Lluís Doménech i Montaner to serve as an exhibition, most of the building is constructed of red brick. The most popular displays are the skeleton of a whale and exhibits dedicated for smaller children
Sonia Rescalvo Zafra
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The park's fountain
Sonia Rescalvo Zafra
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Map of the military compound of Ciutadella
Sonia Rescalvo Zafra
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Quadriga de l'Aurora on the top of the Font de la cascada
Sonia Rescalvo Zafra
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The zoo's main entrance
5.
Skinhead
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The movement reached a peak during an 1980s revival but has endured in multiple contexts worldwide since. The rise to prominence of skinheads came in two waves, with the first taking place in the late 1960s and the second in the early 1980s. Skinheads were instead drawn towards more working class cultures, incorporating elements of mod fashion and black music and fashion. The second wave were often ex-punks, both first and second generation skins were influenced by the heavy, repetitive rhythms of dub, as well as ska, rocksteady, reggae, and African-American soul music. 1980s skins were closely aligned with anarchists and anarcho-punks, first wave punk, Oi. and street punk, ska,2 Tone ska, ska punk, dub, contemporary skinhead fashions range from clean-cut 1960s mod-influenced styles to less-strict punk- and hardcore-influenced styles. During the early 1980s, political affiliations grew in significance and split the subculture, distancing the far right and far left strands, according to Shane Meadows, Its unfortunate that the racist elements have become such a by-word for skinhead culture. The media has played its part in this, but by the same token its clear the fascist element has always been vocal in skinhead culture. The sad bit is that the enlightened, anti-fascist aspects have not better promoted themselves. From the 1990s, the style has been adopted by disaffected, Neo-Nazi youths in the former East Germany, Italy, Spain, Finland, central European countries, and Russia. However, many skinheads have remained influenced by dissident left-wing and center-left type politics that have been in the movement since the beginning, particularly in the U. K. in the late 1950s the post-war economic boom led to an increase in disposable income among many young people. Some of those youths spent that income on new fashions popularised by American soul groups, British R&B bands, certain film actors and these youths became known as mods, a youth subculture noted for its consumerism and devotion to fashion, music and scooters. When possible, these working class mods spent their money on suits and other outfits to wear at dancehalls. Hardcore mods became commonly known as skinheads by about 1968 and their short hair may have come about for practical reasons, since long hair could be a liability in industrial jobs and streetfights. Skinheads may also have cut their hair short in defiance of the middle class hippie culture. In addition to retaining many mod influences, early skinheads were very interested in Jamaican rude boy styles and culture, especially the music, ska, rocksteady, Skinhead culture became so popular by 1969 that even the rock band Slade temporarily adopted the look as a marketing strategy. The subculture gained wider notice because of a series of violent and sexually explicit novels by Richard Allen, due to largescale British migration to Perth, Western Australia, many British youths in that city joined skinhead/sharpies gangs in the late 1960s and developed their own Australian style. By the early 1970s, the skinhead subculture started to fade from popular culture, and some of the original skins dropped into new categories, such as the suedeheads, smoothies, and bootboys. Some fashion trends returned to the mod roots, with brogues, loafers, suits, in the late 1970s, the skinhead subculture was revived to a notable extent after the introduction of punk rock
Skinhead
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Hoxton Tom McCourt, a revival skinhead pictured in 1977
Skinhead
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Skinhead style: Dr. Martens boots with Levi's jeans
Skinhead
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Canadian black metal band Blasphemy, which uses the term "black metal skinheads."
Skinhead
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Unidentified white power skinhead. His badge says "Skinheads - Weiss und stolz " ("Skinheads - White and proud").
6.
Neonazi
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Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II social or political movements seeking to revive the far-right tenets of Nazism. The term neo-Nazism can also refer to the ideology of these movements, Neo-Nazism borrows elements from Nazi doctrine, including ultranationalism, racism, ableism, xenophobia, homophobia, antiziganism, antisemitism, and initiating the Fourth Reich. Holocaust denial is a feature, as is incorporation of Nazi symbols. Neo-Nazi activity is a phenomenon, with organized representation in many countries. In some European and Latin American countries, laws have been enacted that prohibit the expression of pro-Nazi, racist, Many Nazi-related symbols are banned in European countries in an effort to curtail neo-Nazism. The major postwar far-right party was the Austrian National Democratic Party, until it was banned in 1988 for violating Austrias anti-Nazi legislation, the Freedom Party of Austria served as a shelter for ex-Nazis almost from its inception. In 1980, scandals undermined Austrias two main parties, and the economy stagnated, jörg Haider became leader of the FPÖ and offered partial justification for Nazism, calling its employment policy effective. Professor Ali Mazrui, however, identified the FPÖ as neo-Nazi in a BBC world lecture, Haider, who in 2005 left the Freedom Party and formed the Alliance for Austrias Future, was killed in a traffic accident in October,2008. Barbara Rosenkranz, the Freedom Partys candidate for the Austrian presidential election,2010, is controversial for having made allegedly pro-Nazi statements, Rosenkranz is married to Horst Rosenkranz, a key member of a banned neo-Nazi party, who is known for publishing far-right books. Rosenkranz says she cannot detect anything dishonourable in her husbands activities, the volume Rechtsextremismus in Österreich seit 1945, issued by DÖW in 1979, listed nearly 50 active far right organizations in Austria. Their influence waned gradually, partly due to programs in secondary schools and universities which emphasized Austrian identity. Votes for the RFS, the Freedom Partys academic student organization, in the 1995 elections for the student representative body Österreichische Hochschülerschaft, the RFS got 4% of the vote. The FPÖ won 22% of the votes at the General Election in the same year, in 1993 Küssel was repeatedly convicted on charges of NS-Wiederbetätigung under the Austrian anti-Nazi law and sentenced to ten years in prison. The VAPO de facto disbanded in the course of the imprisonment of its leading figures, due to procedural errors Küssels sentence was revoked by the OGH and his trial was reheld in 1994 at the end of which he was sentenced to eleven years in prison. A Belgian neo-Nazi organization, Bloed, Bodem, Eer en Trouw, was created in 2004 after splitting from the international network. The group rose to prominence in September 2006, after 17 members were arrested under the December 2003 anti-terrorist laws and laws against racism, antisemitism. According to Justice Minister Laurette Onkelinx and Interior Minister Patrick Dewael, a police operation, which mobilized 150 agents, searched five military barracks as well as 18 private addresses in Flanders. They found weapons, munitions, explosives and a homemade bomb large enough to make a car explode, the leading suspect, B. T. was organizing the trafficking of weapons and was developing international links, in particular with the Dutch far-right movement De Nationale Alliantie
Neonazi
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Neo-Nazi march in Leipzig, Germany on October 17, 2009
Neonazi
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Anti-Nazi logo in Belgium
Neonazi
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Anti-Nazi demonstration in Dresden, Germany, February 13, 2012
7.
Brandon Teena
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Brandon Teena was an American trans man who was raped and murdered in Humboldt, Nebraska. His life and death were the subject of the Academy Award-winning 1999 film Boys Dont Cry, both films also illustrated that legal and medical discrimination contributed to Teenas violent death. Teenas murder, along with that of Matthew Shepard, led to increased lobbying for hate crime laws in the United States, Brandon was born Teena Renae Brandon in Lincoln, Nebraska, the younger of two children of Patrick and JoAnn Brandon. His father died in a car accident eight months before he was born, JoAnn named him, her second child, after their German shepherd dog, Tina Marie. Teena and his older sister Tammy lived with their grandmother in Lincoln. The family resided in the Pine Acre Mobile Home Park in northeast Lincoln, as young children, Teena and Tammy were sexually abused by their uncle for several years, and Teena sought counseling for this in 1991. JoAnn remarried once from 1975 to 1980, with the marriage failing due to her husbands alcoholism, Teenas family described him as being a tomboy since early childhood, Teena began identifying as male during adolescence and dated a female student during this period. His mother rejected his male identity and continued referring to him as her daughter, on several occasions, Teena claimed to be intersex though this assertion was later disproved. Teena and his sister attended St. Marys Elementary School and Pius X High School in Lincoln, during his second year, Teena rejected Christianity after he protested to a priest at Pius X regarding Christian views on abstinence and homosexuality. He also began rebelling at school by violating the school policy to dress in a more masculine fashion. During the first semester of his year, a U. S. Army recruiter visited the high school. Teena enlisted in the United States Army shortly after his eighteenth birthday, however, he failed the written entrance exam by listing his sex as male. In December 1990, Teena went to Holiday Skate Park with his friends, the 18-year-old Teena went on a date with a 13-year-old girl. He also met the girls 14-year-old friend, Heather, and began dressing as a male. In the months nearing his high school graduation, Teena became unusually outgoing and was remembered by classmates as a class clown, Teena also began skipping school and receiving failing grades, and was expelled from Pius X High School in June 1991, three days before high school graduation. In the summer of 1991, Teena began his first major relationship, shortly after, Teena was first employed as a gas station attendant in an attempt to purchase a trailer home for himself and his girlfriend. His mother, however, did not approve of the relationship, in January 1992, Teena underwent a psychiatric evaluation, which concluded that Teena was suffering from a severe sexual identity crisis. He was later taken to the Lancaster County Crisis Center to ensure that he was not suicidal and he was released from the center three days later and began attending therapy sessions, sometimes accompanied by his mother or sister
Brandon Teena
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Brandon Teena
8.
Falls City, Nebraska
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Falls City is a city and county seat of Richardson County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 4,325 at the 2010 census, down from 4,671 in 2000, Falls City was founded in the summer of 1857 by James Lane, John Burbank, J. E. Burbank, and Isaac L. Hamby. The town is located on the side of the Big Nemaha River. The river in 1857 had banks and bed of rock and stone, the town was located near where the river flowed over a four-foot rock ledge called the Falls of Nemaha, for which the town was named. Over time the river has changed to the extent that the no longer exist. The town was a stop on the Underground Railroad for escaping slaves during the struggles resulting from the Kansas-Nebraska Act, early in the citys history, it won a prolonged process to become the county seat of Richardson County. The county originally selected Salem, Nebraska to be the county seat, but due to Salems lack of a building site. Finally in an election in 1860, Falls City was declared the permanent site of the county seat. Falls City grew in the late 19th century due the arrival of the Atchison & Nebraska Railroad in 1871, the population of the city peaked at 6,200 citizens in 1950. In the summer of 1966, Braniff Airlines Flight 250 crashed near Falls City due to bad weather, the BAC One-Eleven aircraft was on the Kansas City to Omaha leg of a multi-stop flight from New Orleans to Minneapolis on Saturday night, August 6. Brandon had reported the rape to the police, but the Richardson County sheriff had failed to take steps to him, in particular. Learning that the rape had been reported, the two tracked Brandon to a farmhouse near Humboldt, where they killed him and two others, brandons mother subsequently sued the sheriff and the county for negligence, wrongful death, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. The episode was dramatized in a 1999 film titled Boys Dont Cry, actor Hilary Swank received an Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Brandon. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.06 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 4,325 people,1,931 households, the population density was 1,418.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 2,190 housing units at a density of 718.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 1% White,0. 3% African American,3. 2% Native American,0. 5% Asian,0. 5% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 5% of the population. 36. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.84
Falls City, Nebraska
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Stone Street, looking north from 15th Street
Falls City, Nebraska
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Location within Richardson County and Nebraska
Falls City, Nebraska
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Falls City High School
Falls City, Nebraska
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Aerial view of Falls City
9.
Neck
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The neck is the part of the body, on many vertebrates, that separates the head from the torso or trunk. It contains blood vessels and nerves that supply structures in the head to the body. These in humans include part of the esophagus, the larynx, trachea, and thyroid gland, major blood vessels including the arteries and jugular veins. In anatomy, the neck is called by its Latin names, cervix or collum, although when used alone, in context, the word cervix more often refers to the uterine cervix. Thus the adjective cervical may refer either to the neck or to the uterine cervix, the neck contains vessels that links structures in the head to the body. In humans these structures include part of the esophagus, larynx, trachea, thyroid and parathyroid glands, lymph nodes, major blood vessels present include the carotid arteries and the jugular veins. Cervical lymph nodes surround the blood vessels, the thyroid gland and parathyroid gland are endocrine glands involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism and growth, and blood calcium levels. The shape of the neck in humans is formed from the part of the vertebral column at the back. Around these sit soft tissues, including muscles, and between and around these sit the other structures mentioned above, muscles of the neck attach to the base of the skull, the hyoid bone, the clavicles and the sternum. The large platysma, sternocleidomastoid muscles contribute to the shape at the front, a number of other muscles attach to and stem from the hyoid bone, facilitating speech and playing a role in swallowing. Sensation to the front areas of the neck comes from the roots of nerves C2-4, the cervical region of the human spine is made up of seven cervical vertebrae referred to as C-1 to C-7, with cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body. The spinal cord sits within the part of the vertebral column. The spinal column carries nerves that carry sensory and motor information from the brain down to the rest of the body, from top to bottom the cervical spine is gently curved in convex-forward fashion. In addition to coming from and within the human spine. In the middle line below the chin can be felt the body of the bone, just below which is the prominence of the thyroid cartilage called Adams apple. Still lower the cricoid cartilage is easily felt, while between this and the notch the trachea and isthmus of the thyroid gland may be made out. At the side the outline of the muscle is the most striking mark. The upper part of the former contains the submaxillary gland also known as the submandibular glands, the line of the common and the external carotid arteries may be marked by joining the sterno-clavicular articulation to the angle of the jaw
Neck
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Human neck
Neck
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Neck of a goose
Neck
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Giraffes are well known for having a long neck
10.
Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center
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Saint Vincent Catholic Medical Centers was a healthcare system, anchored by its flagship hospital, St. Vincents Hospital Manhattan, locally referred to as St. Vincents. St. Vincents was founded in 1849 and was a teaching hospital in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan. It closed on April 30,2010 under circumstances that triggered an investigation by the District Attorney of Manhattan, demolition began at the end of 2012 and was completed in early 2013. Other hospital buildings are being converted into condos and a new luxury building, Greenwich Lane. For more than 150 years, St and it treated victims of the cholera epidemic of 1849 and of the Hudson River landing of US Airways Flight 1549. It was the provider for New York and New Jersey members of the U. S. Department of Defense Health Plan. Over time it expanded to become a medical and research center. It maintained its connection to the Roman Catholic tradition, and was sponsored by the Bishop of Brooklyn, St. Vincents was the third oldest hospital in New York City after The New York Hospital and Bellevue Hospital. St. Vincent de Paul is the saint of charities, hospital workers, hospitals. Drawing on its Catholic heritage, SVCMCs emphasis was on patient-focused healthcare, with a mission to provide care for the poor. Excellence, Excellence is our way of demonstrating that we can always be more, forty years after the congregations founding, four Sisters were dispatched to New York City to set up a charity hospital to meet the demands of the poor and disadvantaged. It began as a hospital in a small brick house on West 13th Street. St. Vincents served the poor as one of the few charity hospitals in New York City, the hospital opened on November 1,1849, during a cholera epidemic. After outgrowing those quarters in 1856, the moved to a former orphanage at the then undeveloped corner of 11th Street. In 1870, the hospital introduced its first horse-drawn ambulance, in October 1892, it launched its School of Nursing. The school received its certification from the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York in 1905, the Sisters admitted patients regardless of religion or ability to pay. The doctors from Bellevue also worked there, St. Vincent’s also operated a soup kitchen. According to an 1892 New York Times article, St. Vincents was distinguished from other hospitals in the city by its feeding of a number of tramps
Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center
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"Respect, Integrity, Compassion, Excellence"
Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center
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Main Entrance of St. Vincent's Hospital (1900), Greenwich Village, New York City
11.
Sylvia Rivera
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Sylvia Rae Rivera was an American gay liberation and transgender activist and drag queen. She was a member of both the Gay Liberation Front and the Gay Activists Alliance. With her close friend Marsha P. Johnson, Rivera co-founded the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries, Rivera was born and raised in New York City and lived most of her life in or near the city. She was born as Ray Rivera and was of Puerto Rican and Venezuelan descent and she was abandoned by her birth father José Rivera early in life and became an orphan after her mother committed suicide when Rivera was three years old. Rivera was then raised by her Venezuelan grandmother, who disapproved of Riveras effeminate behavior, as a result, Rivera began living on the streets at the age of eleven and worked as a prostitute. She was taken in by the community of drag queens. Riveras activism began during the Civil Rights Movement and continued through the movement during the Vietnam war. Johnson who denied Rivera was present at the riots, Rivera also became involved in Puerto Rican and African American youth activism, particularly with the Young Lords and Black Panthers. At different times in her life, Rivera battled substance abuse and lived on the streets, at a 1973 Gay liberation rally in New York City, Rivera, representing STAR, gave a brief speech from the main stage. In it she called out the males who were preying on vulnerable members of the community. Rivera espoused what could be seen as a gender perspective, saying that LGBT prisoners seeking help. In early July 1992, shortly after the 1992 New York City Pride March, police promptly ruled Johnsons death a suicide, despite the presence of a head wound on the body. In May 1995, Rivera tried to commit suicide by walking into the Hudson River and that year she also appeared in the Arthur Dong documentary episode Out Rage 69, part of the PBS series The Question of Equality, and gave an extensive interview to Gay journalist Randy Wicker. In the interview she discusses her suicide attempts, Johnsons life and death and she traveled to Italy for the Millennium March in 2000 where she was acclaimed as the Mother of all gay people. STAR fought for the New York City Transgender Rights Bill and for a trans-inclusive New York State Sexual Orientation Non Discrimination Act, also STAR sponsored street pressures for justice for Amanda Milan, a transgender woman who was murdered in 2000. Rivera also attacked the Human Rights Campaign and the Empire State Pride Agenda as organizations which were standing in the way of transgender rights. On her death bed she met with Matt Foreman and Joe Grabarz of the Empire State Pride Agenda in order to negotiate transgender inclusion in ESPAs political structure, as it turned out, it wasnt possible to pass the bill anyway until 1986. In 1995, Rivera was still hurt, When things started getting more mainstream, it was like, but, she added, Hell hath no fury like a drag queen scorned
Sylvia Rivera
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Rivera, in the "gay camp" at the Christopher Street Piers c. 2000
Sylvia Rivera
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Street Sign in New York City's Greenwich Village, named in Rivera's honor.
12.
State funeral
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A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony, observing the strict rules of protocol, held to honour people of national significance. State funerals usually include much pomp and ceremony as well as religious overtones, generally, state funerals are held in order to involve the general public in a national day of mourning after the family of the deceased gives consent. A state funeral will often generate mass publicity from both national and global media outlets and she had the title of Spiritual Leader of the Nation of Argentina, a title granted by the Congress of Argentina. Nearly three million people covered the funeral of Evita in the streets of Buenos Aires, eva Perón, Spiritual Leader of the Nation, died. Eva Perón was granted a funeral and a full Roman Catholic requiem mass. On 9 August, Saturday, the body was transferred to the Congress Building for an additional day to be publicly viewed. On Sunday,10 August, after a final Sunday mass, passing her coffin through the streets was showered with carnations, orchids, chrysanthemums, wallflowers and roses thrown from the balconies nearby. Juan Perón died at age 78 on July 1,1974, the Vice President, saying the country was announced with great sorrow I must convey to the people of Argentina the death of this true apostle of peace and nonviolence. On November 17,1974 the remains of Evita, while the body was in Congress, filed past the coffin 135,000 people, out of more than a million Argentines lost their bid farewell to their leader. Two thousand foreign journalists reported the details of the funeral, raul Alfonsín died at age 82 on 31 March 2009, due to lung cancer and then his health would be aggravated, in his last days, broncoaspirativa pneumonia. The next day they were taken to a gun carriage escorted by the Mounted Grenadiers Regiment at Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires. Although there was some effort made to him, it did not do so His wife. He was also expected to run for president in 2011, a state funeral was held on November 3,2010 in Bridgetown for former Barbados Prime Minister David Thompson. State funerals were held for the president-elect of Brazil, Tancredo Neves, the former vice-president of Brazil, José Alencar, was also buried with a head of states honor, after his passing due to cancer. In 2006, the House of Commons voted unanimously, on an introduced by the NDP. However, John Babcock, after becoming the last surviving veteran, in August 2011, in a rare circumstance, Prime Minister Stephen Harper offered a state funeral for his political adversary and Leader of the Opposition, Jack Layton. Layton died of cancer three months after his New Democratic Party became the opposition, for the first time in his partys history. In 2014, former finance minister Jim Flaherty received a state funeral after his death, crispin Sorhaindo, former President of Dominica, was given a state funeral on January 18,2010 in Roseau
State funeral
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The coffin of John Curtin, the 14th Prime Minister of Australia, lying in state inside King's Hall, Old Parliament House, Canberra on July 6, 1945
State funeral
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Almost three million people attended Eva Perón 's funeral in the streets of Buenos Aires.
State funeral
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State funeral of Néstor Kirchner at Casa Rosada.
State funeral
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State funeral of José Alencar, former Vice President of Brazil, at the Palácio do Planalto, Brasília.
13.
Hillsboro, Oregon
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Hillsboro is the fifth-largest city in the State of Oregon and is the county seat of Washington County. At the 2010 Census, the population was 91,611. For thousands of years before the arrival of European-American settlers, the Atfalati tribe of the Kalapuya lived in the Tualatin Valley near the site of Hillsboro. The climate, moderated by the Pacific Ocean, helped make the region suitable for fishing, hunting, food gathering, settlers founded a community here in 1842, later named after David Hill, an Oregon politician. Transportation by riverboat on the Tualatin River was part of Hillsboros settler economy, a railroad reached the area in the early 1870s and an interurban electric railway about four decades later. These railways, as well as highways, aided the growth of the city to about 2,000 people by 1910 and about 5,000 by 1950. Hillsboro has a government consisting of a city manager and a city council headed by a mayor. In addition to industry, sectors important to Hillsboros economy are health care, retail sales. The city operates more than twenty parks and the mixed-use Hillsboro Stadium, modes of transportation include private vehicles, public buses and light rail, and aircraft using the Hillsboro Airport. The city is home to Pacific Universitys Health Professions Campus, notable residents include two Oregon governors. The first people of the Tualatin Valley were the Atfalati or Tualaty tribe of the Kalapuya, the valley consisted of open grassland maintained through annual burning by the Atfalati, with scattered groves of trees along the streams. The Kalapuya moved from place to place in good weather to fish and hunt and to gather nuts, seeds, roots, important foods included camas and wapato, and the Atfalati traded for salmon from Chinookan tribes near Willamette Falls on the Willamette River. During the winter, they lived in longhouses in settled villages, some near what became Hillsboro and their population was greatly reduced after contact in the late 18th century with Europeans, who carried smallpox, syphilis, and malaria. Of the original population of 1,000 to 2,000 Atfalati reported in 1780, in 1855, the U. S. government sent the survivors to the Grande Ronde reservation further west. The European-American community was founded by David Hill, Isaiah Kelsey, and Richard Williams, the locality went by two other names—East Tualatin Plains and Columbia—before it was named Hillsborough in February 1850 in honor of Hill, when he sold part of his land claim to the county. On February 5,1850, commissioners chosen by the legislature selected the community to be the seat of the county government. Hill was to be paid $200 for his land after plots had been sold for the site, but he died before this occurred. The towns name was simplified to Hillsboro
Hillsboro, Oregon
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From top: City Hall, Chief Kno-Tah, Main Street Bridge, fountain at The Streets of Tanasbourne, Downtown with Mount Hood and Tuality Hospital in the background, and Intel 's Ronler Acres Campus
Hillsboro, Oregon
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Shute Park sculpture
Hillsboro, Oregon
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Hillsboro's Civic Center and City Hall
Hillsboro, Oregon
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Ronler Acres Intel campus
14.
Hate crime
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A hate crime is a prejudice-motivated crime, which occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership in a certain social group. Examples of such groups can include and are almost exclusively limited to, sex, ethnicity, disability, language, nationality, physical appearance, religion, non-criminal actions that are motivated by these reasons are often called bias incidents. Hate crime generally refers to acts which are seen to have been motivated by bias against one or more of the types above. Incidents may involve physical assault, damage to property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse or insults, a hate crime law is a law intended to deter bias-motivated violence. Hate speech laws exist in many countries, the term hate crime came into common usage in the United States during the 1980s, but the term is often used retrospectively in order to describe events which occurred prior to that era. From the Roman persecution of Christians to the Nazi slaughter of Jews, during the past two centuries, typical examples of hate crimes in the U. S. The verb to lynch is attributed to the actions of Charles Lynch, originally the term referred to extrajudicial organized but unauthorized punishment of criminals. It later evolved to describe execution outside of ordinary justice and it is highly associated with white suppression of African Americans in the South, and periods of weak or nonexistent police authority, as in certain frontier areas of the Old West. The murders of Channon Christian and Christopher Newsom and the Wichita Massacre were not classified as crimes by U. S. investigative officials or the media. In the early 21st century, conservative commentators David Horowitz, Michelle Malkin and this is believed to be based on the history of African slavery in this country. One of the largest waves of hate crimes took place during the Civil Rights Movement, during the 1950s and 1960s, both violence and threats were common against African Americans, and hundreds of lives were taken due to such acts. Members of this social class faced violence from groups such as the Ku Klux Klan as well as violence from individuals who were committed to segregation. African Americans have been the target of hate crimes since the Civil War, other frequently reported bias motivations were bias against a religion, against a particular sexual orientation, and against an ethnicity/national origin. At times, these bias motivations overlap, as violence can be both anti-gay and anti-black, for example, analysts have compared groups in terms of the per capita rate of hate crimes committed against them, to allow for differing populations. Overall, the number of hate crimes committed since the first hate crime bill was passed in 1997 is 86,582. Among the groups mentioned in the Hate Crimes Statistics Act. During the Civil Rights Movement, some of the most notorious hate crimes included the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King Jr, such acts began to take place more frequently after the racial integration of many schools and public facilities. High-profile murders targeting victims based on their sexual orientation have prompted the passage of hate crimes legislation, notably the cases of Sean W. Kennedy, kennedys murder was mentioned by Senator Gordon Smith in a speech on the floor of the US Senate while he advocated such legislation
Hate crime
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Postcard of the Duluth lynchings of African-American men on June 15, 1920
Hate crime
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A photograph of the famous fresco Bathing of the Christ, after being vandalized by a Kosovo Albanian mob during the 2004 unrest in Kosovo
Hate crime
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Shepard (center), Louvon Harris (left), Betty Bryd Boatner (right) with President Barack Obama in 2009 to promote the Hate Crimes Prevention Act
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LGBT history
15.
Portugal
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Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north
Portugal
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Citânia de Briteiros, in the Minho Province, is the best preserved Iron Age and Castro culture site in Portugal.
Portugal
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Flag
Portugal
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The Roman Temple of Évora, in the Alentejo, is a symbol of Lusitania, Roman rule in Portugal.
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Monument in Porto to Vimara Peres, first ruler of the County of Portugal
16.
Greeley, Colorado
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The City of Greeley is the Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Weld County, Colorado, United States. Greeley is in northern Colorado and is situated 49 miles north-northeast of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. According to a July 2015 estimate by the U. S. Census Bureau, the population of the city is 100,883, Greeley is a major city of the Front Range Urban Corridor. The town was named after Horace Greeley, editor of the New-York Tribune and it was founded as the Union Colony in 1869, an experimental utopian society, but the name was later changed in honor of Horace Greeley. Governor Benjamin Harrison Eaton declared Greeley an official city on April 6,1886, Greeley was built on farming and agriculture but kept up with most modern technologies as they grew. Telephones were in town by 1883 with electric lights downtown by 1886, automobiles were on the roads alongside horse drawn buggies by 1910. KFKA became one of the first radio stations to broadcast in the USA in 1922, Greeley housed two POW camps in 1943, during World War II. One was for German POWs and the other was for Italian POWs, a vote to allow the sale of alcohol passed by a mere 477 votes in 1969, thus ending Temperance in the city. The Greeley Philharmonic Orchestra was started in 1911, in 1958, Greeley became the first city to have a Department of Culture. Greeley is still growing and changing today, its population has more than doubled since 1970, Greeley is located in the area previously occupied by the Overland Trail station of Latham. The Latham station was built in 1862 and named in honor of Milton S. Latham, the stagecoach station was at the confluence of the South Platte River and the Cache la Poudre River. It is believed that here occurred the birth of the first white child born in Colorado, fort Latham was the headquarters of the government troops during the Indian conflicts of 1860-64 and the county seat. Greeley began as the Union Colony, which was founded in 1869 as a utopian community based on temperance, religion, agriculture, education. Meeker, a reporter from New York City. The name Union Colony was later changed to Greeley in honor of Horace Greeley, who was Meekers editor at the New York Tribune, Greeley is located at 40°24′54″N 104°43′26″W. Elevation above sea level is 4,658 feet, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 30.0 square miles, of which 29.9 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles is water. Greeley is bordered on the south by the towns of Evans and Garden City, the Greeley/Evans area is bounded on the south by the South Platte River, and the Cache la Poudre River flows through north Greeley. Highways 85 and 34 is often cited as the location of Greeley, Greeley contains the western terminus of State Highway 257 and borders State Highway 392 on the north
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The Weld County Courthouse in Greeley
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City Hall.
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The Union Colony Civic Center, a performing arts facility in Greeley.
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Guggenheim Hall, University of Northern Colorado.
17.
Sonia Burgess
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David Burgess was a leading British immigration lawyer. Burgess obtained a number of decisions from British courts and the European Court of Human Rights on behalf of immigrant clients. Burgess was married to Youdon Lhamo, and they had three children in their twenty years of marriage. Burgess, who was transgender, then began to transition from male to female, adopting the name Sonia Burgess, in October 2010, Burgess was killed after being pushed under a train
Sonia Burgess
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Burgess in July 2010
18.
Forrest City, Arkansas
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Forrest City is a city in St. Francis County, Arkansas, United States, and the county seat. It was named for General Nathan Bedford Forrest, who used the location as a campsite for a construction crew completing a railroad between Memphis and Little Rock, shortly after the Civil War. The population was 15,371 at the 2010 census, an increase from 14,774 in 2000, the city refers to itself as the Jewel of the Delta. On October 13,1827, St. Francis County, located in the east central part of Arkansas, was organized by the Arkansas Territorial Legislature in Little Rock. Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest became interested in the area around Crowleys Ridge during the Civil War, in 1866 General Forrest and C. C. McCreanor contracted to finish the Memphis & Little Rock Railroad from Madison located on the St. Francis River to DeValls Bluff on the west bank of the White River, the route traversed the challenging Crowleys Ridge and LAnguille River bottoms. The first trains came through in 1868, General Forrest later built a commissary on Front Street. Izard began the task of designing the town at the same time, most residents were calling the area Forrests Town, later to be known as Forrest City, incorporated May 11,1870. The county seat was located in the now defunct town of Franklin until 1840 when it was moved to Madison. In 1855 it was moved to Mount Vernon where the house burned in 1856 destroying county records prompting a move back to Madison. The county seat was moved to a structure in Forrest City in 1874. In 1940, Forrest City was a stop for the Choctaw Rocket, evidence that giant mastodons roamed the slope was revealed in 1949 when workmen excavating for sewer improvements found bones of the massive beasts within the city limits. Forrest City High School held its first integrated prom in 1988, after school integration was ordered in the mid-1960s, Forrest City eliminated school-sponsored dances and social activities. For 23 years, social clubs and individual families had organized a racially segregated prom, Forrest City is located at 35°0′36″N 90°47′19″W. Technically Forrest City is in northeast Arkansas using standard navigational methods, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.3 square miles, of which 16.2 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles is water. Forrest City is located on Crowleys Ridge, a phenomenon that rises above the flat Mississippi Delta terrain that surrounds it. This north-south running highland is some three miles wide and 300 feet above sea level, several species of trees not indigenous to Arkansas are found here, including beech, butternut, sugar maple, and cucumber trees. As of the census of 2000, there were 14,774 people,4,581 households, the population density was 908.7 people per square mile
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Forrest City, Arkansas
19.
Atlixco
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Atlixco (Nahuatl pronunciation, is a city and a municipality in the Mexican state of Puebla. It is an industrial and commercial center but economically it is much better known for its production of ornamental plants. The city was founded early in the period, originally under the jurisdiction of Huejotzingo. The municipality has a number of cultural events, the most important of which is the El Huey Atlixcayotl. This event brings anywhere from 800 to 1,500 participants from all over the state of Puebla to create music, dance and other cultural and artistic performances. The city of Atlixco is in the west of the state of Puebla at an elevation of 1,881 meters above sea level, the main economic activities of the city are agriculture and basic commerce. It lies at the foot of the Cerro de San Miguel mountain, according to local lore, a demon was entrapped in the well there, after causing problems in the community. There are also points that provide panoramic views of the city. The city centers on a square which is Moorish in style, surrounded by restaurants and other places selling local specialties. Another important area of the city is Colonia Cabrera, noted for its abundance greenhouse production of flowers, the most important churches in the city date from the 18th century, noted for their intricate “folk Baroque” facades created from stucco by indigenous craftsmen. The La Merced Temple is all that remains of a Mercedarian monastery, most of the church, including a decorative side door is from the 17th century, but the façade is from the 18th century. The main portal is decorated with paired columns, spiraling vines in high relief, the doorway itself is a lobed Moorish arch. The center of this decoration is a niche with an image of the Virgin of Mercy, the interior was redone in the 19th century, but maintains a large colonial era portrait of Our Lady of Mercy by José Joaquín Magón as well as an 18th-century inlaid wood pulpit. This church has a collection of paintings from the colonial period and this collection is under the care of the Adopt a Work of Art campaign working to restore many of the canvases to their original state. The Third Order Chapel is at the foot of the hill where the former Franciscan monastery is located, the west facade has a classic altarpiece design in folk Baroque with cherubs and angels throughout. It contains pairs Solomonic columns with vines and fruits with two tiers of niches with saints and apostles. Above the arched doorway is a cornucopia and above this is a window covered by a shell arch. On either side of the window there are columns and geometric patterns as well as Moorish medallions
Atlixco
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San Agustin Church
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Atlixco Valley with Popocatepetl in the background
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Large flower "carpet" laid for Day of the Dead
20.
Riviera Beach, Florida
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Riviera Beach is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States, which was incorporated September 29,1922. Due to the location of its eastern boundary lies, it is also the easternmost municipality in the South Florida metropolitan area, the population was 29,884 at the 2000 census. As of 2004, the population was estimated by the U. S. Census Bureau to be 32,522, Riviera Beach is predominantly an African American city and it is on the List of U. S. cities with African American majority populations. It is home to the Port of Palm Beach and a United States Coast Guard station, Riviera Beach is home to Blue Heron Bridge, one of the countrys top rated beach dive sites. Riviera Beach made news in 2015 when it renamed the stretch of Old Dixie Highway that runs inside the city limits as President Barack Obama Highway, Riviera Beach was originally called Riviera, and under the latter name was platted in 1913. It was named after the French Riviera, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.8 square miles, of which 8.3 square miles is land and 1.5 square miles is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 29,884 people,11,387 households, the population density was 3,585.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 14,220 housing units at a density of 1,706.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 25. 75% White 67. 81% African American,0. 14% Native American,0. 99% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,1. 10% from other races, and 2. 14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 51% of the population,22. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.04 and the family size was 4.62. In the city, the population was out with 37. 5% under the age of 18,10. 0% from 18 to 24,27. 1% from 25 to 44,20. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 107.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $28,715, and the median income for a family was $26,756. Males had an income of $27,232 versus $22,410 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,159, about 29. 6% of families and 32. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35. 1% of those under age 18 and 21. 4% of those age 65 or over. As of 2000, those who solely spoke English at home accounted for 90. 30% of all residents, while speakers of Spanish were 4. 71%, French Creole 2. 42%, and French speakers 0. 95%. Anthony Carter - Michigan and NFL superstar, Pro Bowl wide receiver, was born, devin Hester - NFL Pro Bowl and record-holding kick returner for Chicago Bears and Atlanta Falcons, was born and attended school in Riviera Beach
Riviera Beach, Florida
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Location of Riviera Beach in Palm Beach County, Florida
21.
Oakland, California
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Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
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Oakland skyline, with the old eastern span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in background
Oakland, California
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1857 Map of Oakland
Oakland, California
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One day's output of 1917 Chevrolet automobiles at their major West Coast plant, now the location of Eastmont Town Center
Oakland, California
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In 1924, the Tribune Tower was completed; in 1976, it was restored and declared an Oakland landmark.
22.
Miami, Florida
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Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region
Miami, Florida
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From top, left to right: Skyline of Downtown, Freedom Tower, Villa Vizcaya, Miami Tower, Virginia Key Beach, Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, AmericanAirlines Arena, PortMiami, the Moon over Miami
Miami, Florida
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The Freedom Tower of 1925 is Miami's historical landmark.
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Approximately 400 men voted for Miami's incorporation in 1896 in the building to the left.
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The mouth of the Miami River at Brickell Key
23.
Harlem, New York
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Harlem is a large neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Since the 1920s, Harlem has been known as a major African-American residential, cultural, originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlems history has been defined by a series of economic boom-and-bust cycles, African-American residents began to arrive by a lot in 1905, with numbers fed by the Great Migration. In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem were the focus of the Harlem Renaissance, however, with job losses in the time of the Great Depression and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased significantly. Harlems African-American population peaked in the 1950s, in the second half of the 20th century, Harlem became a major hub of African-American businesses. In 2008, the United States Census found that for the first time since the 1930s, less than half of residents were black, since New York Citys revival in the late 20th century, long-time residents of Harlem have been experiencing the effects of gentrification and new wealth. Harlem is located in Upper Manhattan, often referred to as Uptown by locals. Central Harlem is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east, Central Park on the south, Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue on the west, and the Harlem River on the north. A chain of three large linear parks—Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Park and Jackie Robinson Park—are situated on steeply rising banks, on the east, Fifth Avenue and Marcus Garvey Park, also known as Mount Morris Park, separate this area from East Harlem. The bulk of the falls under Manhattan Community Board No.10. In the late 2000s, South Harlem, emerged from area redevelopment, the West Harlem neighborhoods of Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights comprise part of Manhattan Community Board No.9. The two neighborhoods area is bounded by Cathedral Parkway on the South, 155th Street on the North, nicholas/Bradhurst/Edgecome Avenues on the East, and Riverside Park/the Hudson River on the west. Morningside Heights is located in the southern most section of West Harlem, Manhattanville begins at roughly 123rd Street and extends northward to 135th Street. The northern most section of West Harlem is Hamilton Heights, the New York City Police Department patrols six precincts located within Harlem. The New York City Fire Department operates 9 firehouses in Harlem, as many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands. Between 1637 and 1639, a few settlements were established, during the American Revolution, the British burned Harlem to the ground. It took a time to rebuild, as Harlem grew more slowly than the rest of Manhattan during the late 18th century. After the American Civil War, Harlem experienced an economic boom starting in 1868, the neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers, but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian
Harlem, New York
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Stately Harlem apartment buildings adjacent to Morningside Park
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Rowhouse built for the African-American population of Harlem in the 1930s
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A condemned building in Harlem after the 1970s
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The Apollo Theater on 125th Street, in November 2006.
24.
New Brunswick, New Jersey
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The City of New Brunswick is a city in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. It is the county seat of Middlesex County, and the home of Rutgers University, the city is located on the Northeast Corridor rail line,27 miles southwest of Manhattan, on the southern bank of the Raritan River. The corporate headquarters and production facilities of several global companies are situated in the city, including Johnson & Johnson. New Brunswick is noted for its ethnic diversity, at one time, one quarter of the Hungarian population of New Jersey resided in the city and in the 1930s one out of three city residents was Hungarian. The Hungarian community continues to exist, alongside growing Asian and Hispanic communities that have developed around French Street near Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital and it was first inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. The first European settlement at the site of New Brunswick was made in 1681, the settlement here was called Prigmores Swamp, then known as Inians Ferry. In 1714, the settlement was given the name New Brunswick, after the city of Braunschweig, in state of Lower Saxony, in Germany. Braunschweig was an influential and powerful city in the Hanseatic League, later in the Holy Roman Empire, and was an administrative seat for the Duchy of Hanover. Shortly after the first settlement of New Brunswick in colonial New Jersey, George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, alternatively, the city gets its name from King George II of Great Britain, the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. New Brunswick was incorporated as a town in 1736 and chartered as a city in 1784 and it was incorporated into a town in 1798 as part of the Township Act of 1798. It was occupied by the British in the winter of 1776–1777 during the Revolutionary War. The Declaration of Independence received one of its first public readings, by Col. John Neilson, in New Brunswick on July 9,1776, in the days following its promulgation by the Continental Congress. The Trustees of Queens College, founded in 1766, voted to locate the college in New Brunswick, selecting the city over Hackensack, in Bergen County. Classes began in 1771 with one instructor, one sophomore, Matthew Leydt, classes were held through the American Revolution in various taverns and boarding houses, and at a building known as College Hall on George Street, until Old Queens was erected in 1808. It remains the oldest building on the Rutgers University campus, the Queens College Grammar School was established also in 1766, and shared facilities with the College until 1830, when it located in a building across College Avenue from Old Queens. The New Brunswick Theological Seminary, founded in 1784 in New York, moved to New Brunswick in 1810, New Brunswick was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on September 1,1784. The existence of an African American community dates back to the late 18th century, the citys Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church, located at 39 Morris Street, was originally established in 1825 at 25 Division Street, making it one of the oldest in New Jersey. New Brunswick began attracting a Hungarian immigrant population around the turn of the 20th century, hungarians were primarily attracted to the city by employment at Johnson & Johnson factories located in the city
New Brunswick, New Jersey
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New Brunswick, New Jersey
New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Early nineteenth century drawing of Old Queen's
New Brunswick, New Jersey
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New Brunswick and the Raritan River, 1903
New Brunswick, New Jersey
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The Committee of Hungarian Churches and Organizations of New Brunswick commemorating the anniversary of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956
25.
Bangalore
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Bangalore /bæŋɡəˈlɔːr/, officially known as Bengaluru, is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of about 8.42 million and a population of about 8.52 million, making it the third most populous city. It is located in southern India on the Deccan Plateau and its elevation is over 900 m above sea level, the highest of Indias major cities. In 1638, the Marāthās conquered and ruled Bangalore for almost 50 years, after which the Mughals captured and it was captured by the British after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, who returned administrative control of the city to the Maharaja of Mysore. The old city developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore and was capital of the Princely State of Mysore. In 1809, the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore, outside the old city, and a grew up around it. Following Indias independence in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore State, the two urban settlements of Bangalore – city and cantonment – which had developed as independent entities merged into a single urban centre in 1949. The existing Kannada name, Bengalūru, was declared the name of the city in 2006. Bangalore is sometimes referred to as the Silicon Valley of India because of its role as the leading information technology exporter. Indian technological organisations ISRO, Infosys, Wipro and HAL are headquartered in the city, a demographically diverse city, Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India. Numerous state-owned aerospace and defence organisations, such as Bharat Electronics, Hindustan Aeronautics, the city also houses the Kannada film industry. The name Bangalore represents a version of the Kannada language name. It is the name of a village near kodegehalli and was copied by Kempegowda to the city of Bangalore, Bangalore was built on a venue earlier called as Shivanasamudram in the 16th century. The earliest reference to the name Bengalūru was found in a ninth-century Western Ganga Dynasty stone inscription on a vīra gallu, in this inscription found in Begur, Bengalūrū is referred to as a place in which a battle was fought in 890 CE. It states that the place was part of the Ganga Kingdom until 1004 and was known as Bengaval-uru, an apocryphal story recounts that the 12th century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across an old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place benda-kaal-uru, which evolved into Bengalūru. On 11 December 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced that it had accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengalūru, on 27 September 2006, the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change
Bangalore
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Clockwise from top: UB City, Infosys, Glass house at Lal Bagh, Vidhana Soudha, Shiva statue, Bagmane Tech Park ii
Bangalore
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The Begur Nageshwara Temple was built in Bangalore around c. 860, during the reign of the Western Ganga Dynasty.
Bangalore
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Someshwara Temple dates from the Chola era
26.
Edmonton, Alberta
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Edmonton /ˈɛdməntən/ is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Capital Region, the city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016, making it Albertas second-largest city, also in 2016, Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426, making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada. Edmonton is North Americas northernmost city with a population over one million. A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian, Edmontons historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities and a series of annexations ending in 1982. Known as the Gateway to the North, the city is a point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta. Edmonton is a cultural, governmental and educational centre and it hosts a year-round slate of festivals, reflected in the nickname Canadas Festival City. It is home to North Americas largest mall, West Edmonton Mall, in 1754, Anthony Henday, an explorer for the Hudsons Bay Company, may have been the first European to enter the Edmonton area. By 1795, Fort Edmonton was established on the north bank as a major trading post for the Hudsons Bay Company. The new forts name was suggested by John Peter Pruden after Edmonton, London, the home town of both the HBC deputy governor Sir James Winter Lake, and Pruden. In 1876, Treaty 6, which includes what is now Edmonton, was signed between the Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Queen Victoria as Queen of Canada, as part of the Numbered Treaties of Canada. The agreement includes the Plains and Woods Cree, Assiniboine, and other governments of First Nations at Fort Carlton, Fort Pitt. The area covered by the treaty represents most of the area of the current provinces of Saskatchewan. The arrival of the CPR and the C&E Railway helped bring settlers and entrepreneurs from eastern Canada, Europe, U. S. the Edmonton areas fertile soil and cheap land attracted settlers, further establishing Edmonton as a major regional commercial and agricultural centre. Some people participating in the Klondike Gold Rush passed through South Edmonton/Strathcona in 1897, in November 1905, the Canadian Northern Railway arrived in Edmonton, accelerating growth. During the early 1900s, Edmontons rapid growth led to speculation in real estate, in 1912, Edmonton amalgamated with the City of Strathcona, south of the North Saskatchewan River, as a result, the city extended south of the North Saskatchewan River for the first time. Just prior to World War I, the boom ended, many impoverished families moved to subsistence farms outside the city, while others fled to greener pastures in other provinces. Recruitment to the Canadian army during the war contributed to the drop in population
Edmonton, Alberta
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From top left: Downtown Edmonton, Fort Edmonton Park, Legislature Building, Law Courts, Rexall Place, High Level Bridge, Muttart Conservatory
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Jasper Avenue in Edmonton, ca.1907
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Panorama of Edmonton's downtown skyline.
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Streambed in Hawrelak Park
27.
Anaheim, California
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Anaheim is a city in Orange County, California, part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 336,265, making it the most populous city in Orange County, Anaheim remained largely a rural community until Disneyland opened in the city in 1955. This led to the construction of hotels and motels around the area. The city also developed into a center, producing electronics, aircraft parts. Anaheims city limits extend from Cypress in the west to the Riverside County line in the east and encompass a diverse collection of neighborhoods, Anaheim Hills is a master-planned community located in the citys eastern stretches that is home to many of the citys affluent. Downtown Anaheim has three historic districts, the largest of which is the Anaheim Colony. The Anaheim Resort, a district, includes Disneyland, Disney California Adventure. The Platinum Triangle, a redevelopment district surrounding Angel Stadium, is planned to be populated with mixed-use streets. Finally, Anaheim Canyon is a district north of California State Route 91. Anaheims name is a blend of Ana, after the nearby Santa Ana River, and heim, the city of Anaheim was founded in 1857 by 50 German-Americans who were residents of San Francisco and whose families had originated in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Franconia in Bavaria. For $750 a share, the formed the Anaheim Vineyard Company. Their new community was named Annaheim, meaning home by the Santa Anna River in German, the name later was altered to Anaheim. To the Spanish-speaking neighbors, the settlement was known as Campo Alemán, although grape and wine-making was their primary objective, the majority of the 50 settlers were mechanics, carpenters and craftsmen with no experience in wine-making. The community set aside 40 acres for a center and a school was the first building erected there. The first home was built in 1857, the Anaheim Gazette newspaper was established in 1870, for 25 years, the area was the largest wine producer in California. However, in 1884, a disease infected the grape vines, other crops – walnuts, lemons and oranges – soon filled the void. Fruits and vegetables had become viable cash crops when the Los Angeles – Orange County region was connected to the railroad network in 1887. The famous Polish actress Helena Modjeska settled in Anaheim with her husband and various friends, among them Henryk Sienkiewicz, Julian Sypniewski, while living in Anaheim, Helena Modjeska became good friends with Clementine Langenberger, the second wife of August Langenberger
Anaheim, California
Anaheim, California
Anaheim, California
Anaheim, California
28.
Walnut Hills, Cincinnati
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Walnut Hills is a neighborhood in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. One of the city’s oldest hilltop neighborhoods, it is a diverse area on the near east side of Cincinnati. Eden Park is the gateway to Walnut Hills when driving north from downtown, the neighborhood is redeveloping, restoring many of its buildings and introducing new businesses to the area. The neighborhood was named from the farm of a settler, Reverend James Kemper. For generations, the Kemper family lived in the Kemper Log House, Walnut Hills was annexed to the City of Cincinnati in September,1869. After the turn of the century, new migrants from Cincinnati’s downtown basin moved to the area, like South Avondale, Walnut Hills was home to many Jewish and Italian families. An area on the side of McMillan St. was known as “Little Italy. ”After construction of the Union Terminal. When modern suburbs were created after World War II, many of communitys middle class residents moved out of Walnut Hills. Similarly, middle class African Americans moved from the area after less affluent residents moved to the area, almost 80% of Walnut Hills was populated by African Americans by 1970. In addition to Walnut Hill’s Victorian homes, it has many architectural treasures, the Harriet Beecher Stowe House was where Harriet Beecher Stowe and her family lived, as well as the site where she researched Uncle Toms Cabin. The Walnut Hills Library, Cincinnatis first Carnegie Library, and the Walnut Hills United Presbyterian Churchs remaining tower at Taft, the first Walnut Hills High School, was located on 2700 Ashland Avenue. Walnut Hills buildings are of architecture in a range of styles. Several historic districts in Walnut Hills have been listed on the National Register, gilbert-Sinton Historic District Gilbert Row Madison and Woodburn Historic District Peebles Corner Historic District East Walnut Hills
Walnut Hills, Cincinnati
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Walnut Hills is a neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio.
29.
Jennifer Laude
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The case has spawned protests in the Philippines by transgender rights and other activists. Laude, a woman, met Pemberton, a United States Marine of New Bedford, Massachusetts. According to police and witnesses, they went to Celzone Lodge. Thirty minutes after checking in, Pemberton left the motel, leaving the door to the room ajar, staff found Laudes naked body, partially covered from the waist down, with her head leaning on the rim of the toilet bowl. Two used condoms recovered from the bathroom were subjected to DNA testing to determine if the semen it contained matched that of Pemberton, the results later turned out to be negative. The DNA within the condoms also did not match Laudes DNA, the cause of death was reported as asphyxiation by drowning. Pemberton was in the Philippines as part of military exercises. His ship was docked at Subic Bay Freeport, former home of the Subic Bay Naval Base, the prosecutor decided to pursue murder charges because of the presence of treachery, cruelty, and abuse of superior strength. Pemberton appealed the decision to the Secretary of Justice but that appeal was denied. On February 23,2015, Pemberton was brought to court in Olongapo, the pre-trial hearings began February 27,2015. The murder trial began on March 16, under the Visiting Forces Agreement, the local courts have one year to complete any legal proceedings. Pemberton was represented by Rowena Flores, the trial was heard by Judge Roline Ginez-Jabalde. Reporters were banned from the courtroom and relied upon second-hand reports from Laude family lawyers for their news articles, the Daily Mail in March reported that Laudes relatives said that they had been offered 21 million Philippine pesos if they agreed to lower the charge from murder to homicide. The Daily Mail further quoted the family saying that Julita Cabillan, Laudes mother, rejected the offer and said, No amount of money could pay for the years I spent raising my child. One of Pembertons lawyers, Benjamin Tolosa, said that the Marines legal team offered no money, saying It has been insinuated the demand came from us and thats absolutely false. One of the attorneys for Laudes family, Harry Roque, told the press that he has been barred by Prosecutor de los Santos from the trial, the prosecution rested on June 30,2015. Pemberton admitted in court to fighting with, but not killing and he told the court he acted in self-defense after he discovered that a man, not a woman, was performing a sexual act on him. On December 1,2015, the Olongapo Regional Trial Court found Pemberton guilty of homicide with two mitigating circumstances in the death of Laude and sentenced him to 6 to 12 years in jail, homicide is a lesser charge than murder
Jennifer Laude
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Facebook photo of Jennifer Laude
30.
Olongapo
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Olongapo, officially the City of Olongapo and often referred to as Olongapo City, is a highly urbanized city in the Philippines. Located in the province of Zambales but governed independently from the province, along with the town/municipality of Subic, it comprises Metro Olongapo, one of the twelve metropolitan areas in the Philippines. According to popular legend, there once was a group of warring tribes who lived in the area in, a wise old man, seeing the perils of disunity, exerted great effort toward uniting the warring tribes. There were, however, some who opposed his idea. After a long search, the old body was found. It is said that the tribesmen launched search parties to locate the head of the man, to the Sambal. These efforts proved to be futile, and the search was called off. A young boy, however, vowed to himself that he would not stop searching until he found the elders head and he searched for weeks, but found nothing. Then, one day, he chanced upon what appeared to be the old mans head, the boy ran back to his people crying, Olo nin apo. Olo nin apo. running hysterically from house to house and village to village, the phrase stuck, and that, according to legend, is how the area got its name, Olongapo. To this day, the old mans head acts as a symbol of the unity in what is now a modern city. Britain ruled the Philippines from 1762 to 1764, the British invasion of the Philippines was the first challenge to Spains control of the archipelago after 191 years of rule. The Royal Navy and British Army joined with the East India Company in Madras to capture Spains Asian colony, in conjunction with the attack against Spains key possession in the Americas, Havana, both settlements were successfully seized. The capital was looted, a galleon was seized, and the British commanders imposed a ransom of four million dollars upon the Spaniards, the enormous sums in prize money and valuables seized mainly benefited the commanders. In 1868, a Spanish military expedition was dispatched to study the possibility of relocating the Cavite Naval Station in Subic Bay due to its unhealthy condition, Spanish King Alfonso XII through a Royal Decree made Subic Bay as Spain’s stronghold in the Far East in 1884. Vice Admiral Juan Bautista de Antiquiera made Olongapo a settlement for the Spanish Navy, on March 8,1885, the Spanish Naval commission authorized construction of the Arsenal in Olongapo. The Spanish planned to make their station, and the village of Olongapo an island. The Spanish Navy Yard occupied the area east of the Spanish Gate
Olongapo
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Ulo ng Apo monument located in Bajac-Bajac rotunda
Olongapo
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Aerial view of the Olongapo Naval Station in 1928
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Olongapo and the bridge leading to NS Subic Bay, 1981.
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Ash from Mount Pinatubo covers Naval Station Subic Bay.
31.
Lucena, Philippines
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According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 266,248 people making the most populous area in the province. For statistical and geographical purposes, Lucena City is grouped with Quezon, in the 1570s, Capitan Juan de Salcedo first explored what was the province of Tayabas. The Franciscan priests Juan de Plasencia and Diego de Oropesa between 1580 and 1583 founded its town, also named Tayabas, Tayabas was organized by the Spaniards through the Franciscan missionaries and Lucena was just one of its barrios. The Spaniards of the 16th century called the area Buenavista because of its beauty, several years later. A century later, Muslim pirates began terrorizing the entire Philippine coastline, hence, the place became known as Cotta, the Spanish form of the Tagalog kuta. Finally on November 5,1879, the Orden Superior Civil officially adopted the name Lucena in honor of a Spanish friar by the name of Father Mariano Granja in Andalucia, Granja was responsible for the development of the barrio that became a Parish in 1881. Lucena became an independent municipality on June 1,1882, during the 1896 Philippine Revolution, the people of Lucena showed their brand of patriotism. José Zaballero led the local revolutionists who were under the barrage of Spanish muskets, later, Miguel Arguilles with Jose Barcelona as President formed a revolutionary government in Lucena. After Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence on June 12,1898 in Kawit, Cavite, Gen. Miguel Malvar, as Commanding General for Southern Luzon. Don Crisanto Marquez became Lucenas first elected Municipal president during the first Philippine Republic, Lucenas fertile soil became soaked with the blood of many Filipinos and Americans at the outbreak of the Filipino-American War in 1899. The foreigners established a government in the country, and on March 12,1901. During the Second World War, the Japanese Imperial Force occupied Lucena on December 27,1941,19 days after they set foot on Philippine soil. But the underground movement was so tenacious in Lucena that by January 25,1945. The rest of Quezon Province had to wait for the American Liberation forces, on June 17,1961, by virtue of Republic Act No. 3271, Lucena was made into a Chartered City through the efforts of then Congressman Manuel S. Enverga and it was officially inaugurated on August 19,1962, during the 84th anniversary of Manuel Luis Quezon. On July 1,1991, Lucena became a Highly Urbanized City, in May 2014, the Lucena City Public Market was razed by fire while festivities were being held for the culmination of Pasayahan sa Lucena a few blocks away. The whole block of the market building was burned down. Through the cooperation of firefighters from Sariaya, Tayabas, Pagbilao, in October of 2016, a new state of the art Public Market building was opened to the public
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Perez Park with the Quezon Provincial Capitol in the background
Lucena, Philippines
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Iyam River in Cotta
Lucena, Philippines
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Downtown M.L. Tagarao Street in Poblacion (Bayan)
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Quezon Convention Center
32.
Louisville, Kentucky
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Louisville is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 30th-most populous city in the United States. It is one of two cities in Kentucky designated as first-class, the other being the states second-largest city of Lexington, Louisville is the historical seat and, since 2003, the nominal seat of Jefferson County. Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark and is named after King Louis XVI of France, making Louisville one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachian Mountains. Sited beside the Falls of the Ohio, the major obstruction to river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico, the settlement first grew as a portage site. It was the city of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Its main airport is also the site of United Parcel Services worldwide air hub, since 2003, Louisvilles borders have been the same as those of Jefferson County because of a city-county merger. The official name of this consolidated city-county government is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government, the citys total consolidated population as of the 2014 census estimate was 760,026. However, the total of 612,780 excludes other incorporated places and semiautonomous towns within the county and is the population listed in most sources. As of 2014, the MSA had a population of 1,269,702, the history of Louisville spans hundreds of years, and has been influenced by the areas geography and location. The rapids at the Falls of the Ohio created a barrier to river travel, the first European settlement in the vicinity of modern-day Louisville was on Corn Island in 1778 by Col. George Rogers Clark, credited as the founder of Louisville. Several landmarks in the community are named after him, two years later, in 1780, the Virginia General Assembly approved the town charter of Louisville. The city was named in honor of King Louis XVI of France, early residents lived in forts to protect themselves from Indian raids, but moved out by the late 1780s. In 1803, explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark organized their expedition across America in the town of Clarksville, Indiana at the present-day Falls of the Ohio opposite Louisville, Kentucky. The citys early growth was influenced by the fact river boats had to be unloaded and moved downriver before reaching the falls. By 1828, the population had swelled to 7,000, the city grew rapidly in its formative years. Louisville was a shipping port and slaves worked in a variety of associated trades. The city was often a point of escape for slaves to the north, during the Civil War, Louisville was a major stronghold of Union forces, which kept Kentucky firmly in the Union. It was the center of planning, supplies, recruiting, and transportation for numerous campaigns, by the end of the war, Louisville had not been attacked, although skirmishes and battles, including the battles of Perryville and Corydon, took place nearby
Louisville, Kentucky
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From top: Louisville downtown skyline at night, Cathedral of the Assumption, Thunder Over Louisville fireworks during the Kentucky Derby Festival, Kentucky Derby, Louisville Slugger Museum & Factory, Fourth Street Live!, The Kentucky Center for the Performing Arts
Louisville, Kentucky
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Louisville's founder, George Rogers Clark
Louisville, Kentucky
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View of Main Street Louisville in 1846
Louisville, Kentucky
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Memorial to the 1890 tornado, on Main Street in downtown Louisville
33.
The Advocate
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The Advocate is an American LGBT-interest magazine, printed bi-monthly and available by subscription. The Advocate brand also includes a website, both magazine and website have an editorial focus on news, politics, opinion, and arts and entertainment of interest to lesbians, gay men, bisexuals and transgender people. The Advocate was first published as a newsletter by the activist group Personal Rights in Defense. The newsletter was inspired by a raid on a Los Angeles gay bar, the Black Cat Tavern, on January 1,1967. Richard Mitch and Bill Rau joined PRIDE and, along with Aristide Laurent and artist Sam Winston, the first issue bore a cover date of September 1967, and was sold for 25 cents in gay bars in Los Angeles. By early 1968, PRIDE was struggling to stay viable and Mitch, in 1969 the newspaper was renamed The Advocate and distributed nationally. By 1974, Mitch and Rau were printing 40,000 copies for each issue, the newspaper attracted the attention of David B. Goodstein, an investment banker from San Francisco who bought the publication in 1974, goodstein also worked toward reducing sex-oriented advertisements in favor of more mainstream sponsors. Goodstein and Dr. Rob Eichberg created The Advocate Experience, loosely based on the then-popular EST, it was a two-weekend, all-day series of extensive self-realization workshops to bring self-acceptance, awareness and tolerance within the LGBT community. Goodstein and Eichberg facilitated the workshops for much of their duration, Goodsteins later editorials remained strongly opposed state intervention during the early years of the AIDS epidemic. Soon after Goodsteins death in 1985, the magazine was transformed from a newspaper format in two sections to a standard magazine format, beginning with the October 1,1985 issue. Breakthroughs in straight celebrity covers came under the flamboyant command of editor in chief, Richard Rouilard in the 1980s, after his death from AIDS, this editorial trend continued successfully with editor in chief Jeff Yarbrough. It was during this time that the magazine stopped carrying sexually explicit advertisements, the Advocate changed hands through a series of mergers and acquisitions, first unsuccessfully with PlanetOut in 2006, and later with Here Media. Starting in 2010, Here Media consolidated the distribution for The Advocate, the Advocate print version continues to be published and is available enclosed with Out as a combination package via subscription. In 2010 there were reports of freelance writers not being paid for their work. As of May 2013, The Advocate is no longer produced in-house at Here Media, Grand Editorial is a contractor based in Brooklyn, New York, that also produces Out. The Advocate is now published bi-monthly with 6 issues per year, the Advocate provided a venue for several noteworthy LGBT cartoonists in the 1970s and 1980s. Early in its history the publication ran single-panel gag cartoons by Joe Johnson featuring effeminate Miss Thing and beefy Big Dick, after these were discontinued, Its a Gay Life by Donelan debuted in 1977 and ran for 15 years
The Advocate
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The Advocate No. 994, October 9, 2007; Hillary Clinton is on the cover
The Advocate
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Masthead from The Advocate, volume 1, issue 1
The Advocate
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LGBT history
34.
Norfolk, Virginia
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Norfolk is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 242,803, in 2015, Norfolk is located at the core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, named for the large natural harbor of the same name located at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. It is one of nine cities and seven counties that constitute the Hampton Roads metro area, officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, the city is bordered to the west by the Elizabeth River and to the north by the Chesapeake Bay. It also shares borders with the independent cities of Chesapeake to its south. Norfolk is one of the oldest cities in Hampton Roads, and is considered to be the historic, urban, financial, the city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point. The largest Navy base in the world, Naval Station Norfolk, is located in Norfolk along with one of NATOs two Strategic Command headquarters. As the city is bordered by multiple bodies of water, Norfolk has many miles of riverfront and bayfront property, including beaches on the Chesapeake Bay. It is linked to its neighbors by a network of Interstate highways, bridges, tunnels. In 1619, the Governor of the Virginia Colony, Sir George Yeardley incorporated four jurisdictions, termed citties and these formed the basis for colonial representative government in the newly minted House of Burgesses. What would become Norfolk was put under the Elizabeth Cittie incorporation, in 1634 King Charles I reorganized the colony into a system of shires. The former Elizabeth Cittie became Elizabeth City Shire, after persuading 105 people to settle in the colony, Adam Thoroughgood was granted a large land holding, through the head rights system, along the Lynnhaven River in 1636. When the South Hampton Roads portion of the shire was separated, one year later, it was split into two counties, Upper Norfolk and Lower Norfolk, chiefly on Thoroughgoods recommendation. This area of Virginia became known as the place of entrepreneurs, the House of Burgesses established the Towne of Lower Norfolk County in 1680. In 1691, a final county subdivision took place when Lower Norfolk County split to form Norfolk County, in 1730, a tobacco inspection site was located here. By 1775, Norfolk developed into what contemporary observers argued was the most prosperous city in Virginia and it was an important port for exporting goods to the British Isles and beyond. In part because of its merchants numerous trading ties with other parts of the British Empire, after fleeing the colonial capital of Williamsburg, Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of Virginia, tried to reestablish control of the colony from Norfolk. Dunmore secured small victories at Norfolk but was forced into exile by the American rebels and his departure brought an end to more than 168 years of British colonial rule in Virginia. On New Years Day,1776, Lord Dunmores fleet of three ships shelled the city of Norfolk for more than eight hours, the damage from the shells and fires started by the British and spread by the patriots destroyed over 800 buildings, almost two-thirds of the city
Norfolk, Virginia
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Clockwise from top: Downtown Norfolk skyline as viewed from across the Elizabeth River, USS Wisconsin battleship museum, Ocean View Pier, The Tide light rail, ships at Naval Station Norfolk, historic homes in Ghent
Norfolk, Virginia
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Where one of Lord Dunmore's shells landed during the American Revolutionary War
Norfolk, Virginia
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Joseph Jenkins Roberts, born and raised in Norfolk, became the first President of Liberia.
Norfolk, Virginia
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Newport News, Hampton, Isle of Wight County, Suffolk, Chesapeake, Portsmouth and Norfolk, Virginia from space, July 1996. Norfolk is located in the upper right quadrant, and east is at the top.
35.
Tyler, Texas
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Tyler is a city in and the county seat of Smith County, Texas, United States. This city had a population of 96,900 in 2010, tylers 2014 estimated population is 107,405. It is 100 miles east-southeast of Dallas, Tyler has the nickname Rose Capital of the World. It gained this name due to the quantity of roses processed through the area. Tyler is also home to the Caldwell Zoo and Broadway Square Mall, Tyler is located at 32°20′03″N 95°18′00″W at 544 feet above sea level. Tyler is surrounded by smaller cities, including Whitehouse, Lindale, New Chapel Hill, Bullard, Edom, Brownsboro. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 54.4 square miles. Tyler experiences weather typical of East Texas, which is unpredictable, all of East Texas has the humid subtropical climate typical of the American South. The record high for Tyler is 115 °F, which occurred in 2011, the record low for Tyler is −3 °F, which occurred on January 18,1930. As of the 2010 census,96,900 people resided in the city of Tyler, the population density was 1,782.0 people per square mile. The 41,742 housing units averaged a density of 716.7 per mi2. The racial makeup of the city was,60. 5% White,24. 8% Black,0. 5% Native American,1. 9% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,10. 3% from other races, and 2. 0% from two or more races. About 21. 2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, the median income for the city was $42,752 and the poverty rate was 19. 5%. In place for nearly 70 years, the Health District became an entity in 1994. With a stated vision To be the Healthiest Community in Texas, the Health District has a broad range of services and responsibilities dedicated to their mission, To Protect, Promote, and Provide for the Health of Our Community. Tyler is represented in the Texas Senate by Republican Kevin Eltife, District 1, the Texas Twelfth Court of Appeals is located in Tyler. The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the Region I Parole Division Office, senators from Texas are Republicans John Cornyn and Ted Cruz, Tyler is part of Texas US Congressional 1st District, which is currently represented by Republican Louie Gohmert. The United States Postal Service operates several post offices in Tyler, including Tyler, Azalea, Southeast Crossing, several Tyler schools offer international baccalaureate and advanced placement programs
Tyler, Texas
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Clockwise: Tyler skyline with Plaza Tower at right and People's National Bank office building in center, Cotton Belt Depot, Caldwell Zoo, Chamblee Rose Garden, Smith County Courthouse, Goodman Home.
Tyler, Texas
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Location in Smith County and the state of Texas
Tyler, Texas
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Seal
Tyler, Texas
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Tyler skyline
36.
New Orleans, Louisiana
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
New Orleans, Louisiana
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From top left: A typical New Orleans mansion off St. Charles Avenue, a streetcar passing by Loyola University and Tulane University, the skyline of the Central Business District, Jackson Square, and a view of Royal Street in the French Quarter
New Orleans, Louisiana
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The Battle of New Orleans (1815)
New Orleans, Louisiana
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Mississippi River steamboats at New Orleans, 1853.
New Orleans, Louisiana
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The starving people of New Orleans under Union occupation during the Civil War, 1862
37.
Montgomery, Illinois
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Montgomery is a village in Kane and Kendall counties, Illinois. The population was 5,471 at the 2000 census, while the 2010 census lists Montgomerys population at 18,438 and this is a 237 percent increase from 2000, making Montgomery the 9th fastest growing municipality in Illinois during this period. Montgomery is located at 41°43′08″N 88°23′32″W, according to the 2010 census, Montgomery has a total area of 9.512 square miles, of which 9.34 square miles is land and 0.172 square miles is water. Montgomery is served by five different school districts, West Aurora, East Aurora, Oswego, Yorkville, the first European settler arriving in the area was Jacob Carpenter, who came to the Chicago area from Logan County, Ohio in November 1832. He made immediate preparations to settle there, and in the fall of 1836, after his family moved from New York state and it was located in the southern part of what is now Montgomery, near the west bank of the Fox River. Daniel Gray is considered the founder of Montgomery, and bought land grants from the federal government, and had ownership of large tracts of land. Daniel Gray founded many companies in Montgomery, including a tavern, store, warehouse, foundry, combine and fabrication shop, Gray was making preparations for more business operations, including the establishment of a stationary engine factory, when he died in October 1855. Upon his death, he owned the majority of the lots in the village. His heirs continued to sell lots and the village continued to grow. On February 17,1858, the village of Montgomery was incorporated, ralph Gray, son of Daniel Gray, was elected as the first Village President. The population of Montgomery remained fairly consistent at about 300 people during the rest of the 1800s, for much of the twentieth century, the village grew slowly and steadily. Lyon Metal was founded in Montgomery in 1904, and participated in the war effort of World War II, the Aurora Caterpillar manufacturing plant located along the southern border of Montgomery has been producing wheel-loaders since 1959. Western Electric had its Montgomery Works plant along River street, which became Lucent Technologies and was closed in 1995, in 1962, this factory employed 1,500 people and made telephone parts. In the beginning of the twenty-first century, Montgomery experienced rapid growth, the 2010 Census documented a population of 18,438 for Montgomery representing a 237% increase over the last ten years making Montgomery one of the fastest growing communities in Illinois. In 2003, the Montgomery Economic Development Corporation was founded as a not-for-profit to bring more businesses, currently, Caterpillar Machines and Rush-Copley Medical Center are two organizations whove received incentives in exchange for bringing jobs to Montgomery. In 2009, police in Montgomery were accused of racial profiling, in 2014, one of the men involved in the 2009 incident was arrested for resisting arrest, but was found not guilty. As of the 2010 Census, there were 18,438 people residing in the village, the population density was 1,938.8 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 75. 32% White,8. 35% African American,0. 37% Native American,3. 19% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,9. 37% from other races, and 3. 37% from two or more races
Montgomery, Illinois
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Village Hall
Montgomery, Illinois
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South entrance to Montgomery Park
Montgomery, Illinois
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A view of the Fox River from Montgomery Park
Montgomery, Illinois
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Montgomery Park playground
38.
Fulham
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Fulham is part of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, in southwest London. It is an Inner London district located 3.7 miles south-west of Charing Cross and it was formerly a parish in the County of Middlesex. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London, Fulham Palace, now a museum, served between 1900 and 1976 as the official residence of the Bishops of London. Fulham has a history of industry and enterprise dating back to the 15th-century, in the shape of its Mill at Millshot and this was followed by pottery, tapestry-weaving, paper-making and brewing in the 17th and 18th-centuries all in the area of present-day Fulham High Street. The next two centuries saw involvement with production, transportation, the automotive industry, including early aviation and food production. It is to be decommissioned by 2019, in contrast to its modest post-World War II reputation, Fulham is now considered among the prime London areas by estate agents. Two football clubs, the eponymous Fulham F. C. and Premier League rivals, There are two exclusive sporting clubs, The Hurlingham Club known for Polo and the Queens tennis club known for its annual pre-Wimbledon Tennis tournament. In the 1800s Lillie Bridge Grounds, hosted the first meetings of the Amateur Athletic Association of England, the second FA Cup Final, the Lillie Bridge area was also the former home-ground of the Middlesex County Cricket Club, before it moved to Marylebone. The manor of Fulham is said to have given to Bishop Erkenwald about the year 691 for himself. In effect, Fulham Palace, for nine centuries the residence of the Bishops of London, is the manor of Fulham. In 879 Danish invaders, sailed up the Thames and wintered at Fulham, raphael Holinshed relates that the Bishop of London was lodging in his manor place in 1141 when Geoffrey de Mandeville, riding out from the Tower of London, took him prisoner. During the Commonwealth the manor was temporarily out of the bishops hands, in recent years there has been a great revival of interest in Fulhams earliest history, due almost entirely to the efforts of the Fulham Archaeological Rescue Group. Excavations have also revealed Roman settlements during the third and fourth centuries AD, There is no record of the original erection of a Parish church in Fulham, but the first written record of a church dates from 1154 as a result of a tithe dispute. The first known parish priest of All Saints Church, Fulham was appointed in 1242, interestingly, there is a comparably old church on the opposite bank of the Thames, St Marys Church, Putney, on the other side of the river crossing. In 1642 the Earl of Essex threw a bridge of boats across the river in order to march his army in pursuit of Charles I and this is thought to have been near the subsequent wooden Fulham Bridge, built in 1729 and replaced in 1886 with Putney Bridge. In 1792 it was occupied by Charles Alexander, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and his wife and his non-political wife was Maria Fitzherbert who lived in East End House in Parsons Green. They are reputed to have had several children, during the 18th century Fulham had a reputation for debauchery, becoming a playground for the wealthy of London, where there was much gambling and prostitution and breweries. Until 1834, the village of Hammersmith had been incorporated in the parish of Fulham
Fulham
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Fulham Palace, the former residence of the Bishop of London
Fulham
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Putney Bridge with Fulham on the left
Fulham
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The Johnny Haynes stand at Craven Cottage, home of Fulham F.C.
Fulham
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Stamford Bridge, home of Chelsea F.C.
39.
George County, Mississippi
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George County is a county located in the U. S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, the population was 22,578, the county is named for James Z. George, US Senator from Mississippi. George County is included in the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, MS Metropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 484 square miles, of which 479 square miles is land and 4.9 square miles is water. The population density was 40 people per square mile, there were 7,513 housing units at an average density of 16 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 89. 38% White,8. 82% African American,0. 24% Native American,0. 16% Asian,0. 84% from other races,1. 60% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.17. In the county, the population was out with 29. 20% under the age of 18,9. 40% from 18 to 24,28. 60% from 25 to 44,21. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 100.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.60 males, the median income for a household in the county was $34,730, and the median income for a family was $39,386. Males had an income of $33,575 versus $20,542 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,337, about 13. 00% of families and 16. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20. 80% of those under age 18 and 20. 20% of those age 65 or over. The county has gone solidly Republican in the last five Presidential elections, in past Presidential elections third party candidates sometimes did well here. In 1968 George Wallace won the county with over 90% of the vote, in 1988 the county gave David Duke 4. 21%, which was the highest percentage he received. In that election it gave more support to Lenora Fulani than she received in most of the nation. In 2012, President Obama only received 14% of the vote, the county is located in Mississippis 4th congressional district, which has a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+16 and is represented by Republican Steven Palazzo. Lucedale Dry counties National Register of Historic Places listings in George County, Mississippi George County Courthouse Pictures George County Sheriffs Office
George County, Mississippi
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George County courthouse in Lucedale
40.
Tampa, Florida
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Tampa is a major city in, and the county seat of, Hillsborough County, Florida. It is located on the west coast of Florida on Tampa Bay, near the Gulf of Mexico, the city had a population of 346,037 in 2011. The current location of Tampa was once inhabited by peoples of the Safety Harbor culture. The area was explored by Spanish explorers in the 16th century, resulting in violent conflicts and the introduction of European diseases, which wiped out the original native cultures. In 1824, the United States Army established a frontier outpost called Fort Brooke at the mouth of the Hillsborough River, near the site of todays Tampa Convention Center. The first civilian residents were pioneers who settled near the fort for protection from the nearby Seminole population, today, Tampa is part of the metropolitan area most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area. For U. S. Census purposes, Tampa is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, the Greater Tampa Bay area has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and Sarasota metro areas. The Tampa Bay Partnership and U. S. Census data showed an annual growth of 2.47 percent. A2012 estimate shows the Tampa Bay area population to have 4,310,524 people, Tampa was ranked as the 5th best outdoor city by Forbes in 2008. Tampa also ranks as the fifth most popular American city, based on where people want to live, a 2004 survey by the NYU newspaper Washington Square News ranked Tampa as a top city for twenty-somethings. Tampa is ranked as a Gamma+ world city by Loughborough University, ranked alongside other world cities such as Phoenix, Charlotte, Rotterdam, and Santo Domingo. The word Tampa may mean sticks of fire in the language of the Calusa and this might be a reference to the many lightning strikes that the area receives during the summer months. Other historians claim the name means the place to gather sticks, toponymist George R. Stewart writes that the name was the result of a miscommunication between the Spanish and the Indians, the Indian word being itimpi, meaning simply near it. The name first appears in the Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda and he calls it Tanpa and describes it as an important Calusa town. While Tanpa may be the basis for the modern name Tampa, archaeologist Jerald Milanich places the Calusa village of Tanpa at the mouth of Charlotte Harbor, the original Bay of Tanpa. A later Spanish expedition did not notice Charlotte Harbor while sailing north along the west coast of Florida, the name was accidentally transferred north. Map makers were using the term Bay or Bahia Tampa as early as 1695, people from Tampa are known as Tampans or Tampanians. Latin Americans from Tampa are known as tampeños, or tampeñas for females and these terms of Spanish origin emerged after 1900 for the immigrant communities in West Tampa and Ybor City
Tampa, Florida
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Hernando de Soto
Tampa, Florida
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Images from top, left to right: Skyline of Downtown Tampa, Amalie Arena, Ybor City, Henry B. Plant Museum, Raymond James Stadium, Busch Gardens Tampa Bay
Tampa, Florida
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Fort Brooke circa 1840.
Tampa, Florida
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A surviving Ft. Brooke cannon on the University of Tampa campus.
41.
Hillsborough County, Florida
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Hillsborough County is a county in the U. S. state of Florida. In the 2010 census, the population was 1,229,226 and its county seat and largest city is Tampa. Hillsborough County is part of the Tampa–St, Hillsborough County was created on January 25,1834, from Alachua and Monroe counties, during the U. S. territorial period. The new county was named for Wills Hill, the Earl of Hillsborough, the countys 1834 area was much larger and included eight other present-day counties, Charlotte County, DeSoto, Hardee, Manatee, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, and Sarasota. The last significant change in Hillsborough Countys borders was the separation of its section to create Pinellas County. On New Years Day in 1914, the St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line initiated the first scheduled airline service in the world. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,266 square miles. There is approximately 158.27 miles of shoreline on Tampa Bay, the countys unincorporated area is approximately 888 square miles, more than 84 percent of the total land area. Municipalities account for 163 square miles, the modern boundaries of the county place it midway along the west coast of Florida. A narrow portion of Hillsborough County to the south, consisting almost exclusively of water and this has the effect of keeping Hillsborough County from being technically landlocked. The central portion of the Sunshine Skyway Bridge is in Hillsborough County, so is Egmont Key, at the entrance to Tampa Bay, this narrow strip of land separates Pinellas County from Manatee County. The northernmost tip of an island just west of Port Manatee also lies in Hillsborough County. Hillsborough is home to Alafia River State Park and Hillsborough River state parks, and to the C. W. Bill Young Regional Reservoir and Lithia Springs, the largest natural spring in Florida. 27. 12% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 96% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.11. The age distribution was as follows,23. 9% were under the age of 18,10. 5% from 18 to 24,28. 3% from 25 to 44,25. 4% from 45 to 64, the median age was 36.1 years. For every 100 females there were 95.1 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males. The median income for a household in the county was $49,536, males had a median income of $43,125 versus $35,184 for females. The per capita income for the county was $27,062, about 10. 7% of families and 14. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 9% of those under age 18 and 9. 6% of those aged 65 or over
Hillsborough County, Florida
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The Hillsborough County courthouse, in May 2010.
Hillsborough County, Florida
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Logo
Hillsborough County, Florida
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On the Alafia River near Lithia Springs Park
Hillsborough County, Florida
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An alligator in the Alafia River State Park
42.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
Detroit
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From top to bottom, left to right: Downtown Detroit skyline and the Detroit River, Fox Theatre, Dorothy H. Turkel House in Palmer Woods, Belle Isle Conservatory, The Spirit of Detroit, Fisher Building, Eastern Market, Old Main at Wayne State University, Ambassador Bridge, and the Detroit Institute of Arts
Detroit
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Ste. Anne de Détroit, founded in 1701 by French colonists, is the second-oldest continuously operating Catholic parish in the United States. The present church was completed in 1887.
Detroit
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A 4 p.m. change of work shift at the Ford Motor Company assembly plant in Highland Park, Michigan, 1910s
Detroit
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Looking south down Woodward Avenue, with the Detroit skyline in the distance, July 1942
43.
Santa Fe, Argentina
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Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz is the capital city of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It is situated in north-eastern Argentina, near the junction of the Paraná and it lies 15 kilometers from the Hernandarias Subfluvial Tunnel that connects it to the city of Paraná. The city is connected by canal with the port of Colastiné on the Paraná River. Santa Fe has about 500.000 inhabitants as per the 2010 census, the metropolitan area has a population of 653.073, making it the eighth largest in Argentina. The third largest city in Argentina is Rosario, also located in Santa Fe Province, Rosario has a population of 1.24 million and it is the largest city in Argentina not to be a provincial capital. Santa Fe was founded by Captain Juan de Garay in the site of Cayastá in 1573. The site is today a park containing the grave of Hernandarias. The settlement was moved to the present site in 1653 due to the constant flooding of the Cayastá River, Santa Fe is the commercial and transportation center for a rich agricultural area that produces grain, vegetable oils, and meats. The city is the site of the National Technological University – Santa Fe Regional Faculty, Catholic University of Santa Fe, a suspension bridge was completed in 1924, though severe flooding partially destroyed it in 1983. Santa Fes location is not immune to flooding, however. On April 29,2003, the Salado, which empties into the Paraná near Santa Fe, rose almost 2 m in a few hours following heavy rainfall, and caused a catastrophic flood. No fewer than 100,000 people had to be evacuated and that year, the suspension bridge was reopened, and in 2008, the citys historic grain silos were converted into the Los Silos Hotel and Casino, and San Martín Street was converted to pedestrian use. The citys historical role in the Argentine Constitution led national lawmakers to choose it as the site of Constitutional Conventions in 1949,1957, the city has a climate considered as Humid subtropical or Cfa by Köppen classification. Winters are generally mild, though temperatures can fall below 0 °C on cold nights during the winter. Summers are generally hot and humid, during the most extreme heat waves, temperatures have exceeded 45 °C. Temperatures have exceeded 35 °C in every season), rainfall can be expected throughout the year though summer is usually the wettest season. Thunderstorms can be intense with frequent lightning, powerful downdraughts and intense precipitation, the lowest record temperature was −8.2 °C on July 11,1988 while the highest recorded temperature was 45.6 °C on January 25,1986. Santa Fe has a lot of important commercial centres, busy life, interesting options in sports and tourism, numerous artistic and musical events
Santa Fe, Argentina
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(From top to bottom; from left to right) Panoramic view of the city; Municipal Theatre; Plaza Las Tres Culturas; Puente Colgante at night and the National University of the Littoral.
Santa Fe, Argentina
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Santa Fe rail station (1905), today the long distance bus station
Santa Fe, Argentina
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Municipal Theater
Santa Fe, Argentina
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Pedestrian San Martín Street
44.
Chennai
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Chennai /ˈtʃɛnnaɪ/, formerly known as Madras /məˈdrɑːs/ or /-ˈdræs/) is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is one of the biggest cultural, economic, according to the 2011 Indian census, it is the sixth-largest city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India. The city together with the adjoining regions constitute the Chennai Metropolitan Area, Chennai is among the most visited Indian cities by foreign tourists. It was ranked 43rd most visited city in the world for year 2015, the Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India. Chennai attracts 45 percent of tourists visiting India, and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists. As such, it is termed Indias health capital, as a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Chennai confronts substantial pollution and other logistical and socio-economic problems. Chennai has the third-largest expatriate population in India at 35,000 in 2009,82,790 in 2011, tourism guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015. Chennai is ranked as a city in the Global Cities Index and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey. In 2015 Chennai was named the hottest city by the BBC, National Geographic ranked Chennais food as second best in the world, it was the only Indian city to feature in the list. Chennai was also named the ninth-best cosmopolitan city in the world by Lonely Planet, the Chennai Metropolitan Area is one of the largest city economies of India. Chennai is nicknamed The Detroit of India, with more than one-third of Indias automobile industry being based in the city, in January 2015, it was ranked third in terms of per capita GDP. Chennai has been selected as one of the 100 Indian cities to be developed as a city under PM Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. The name Madras originated even before the British presence was established in India, the name Madras is said to have originated from a Portuguese phrase mae de Deus which means mother of god, due to Portuguese influence on the port city. According to some sources, Madras was derived from Madraspattinam, a north of Fort St George. However, it is whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans. The British military mapmakers believed Madras was originally Mundir-raj or Mundiraj, Madras might have also been derived from the word Madhuras meaning juice of honey or sugarcane in Sanskrit. The nativity of name Chennai, being of Telugu origin is clearly proved by the historians. The first official use of the name Chennai is said to be in a deed, dated 8 August 1639
Chennai
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Clockwise from top right: Chennai Central, Marina Beach, Madras High Court, TIDEL Park, Ripon Building, San Thome Basilica, Kapaleeshwarar Temple, Classical dance Bharata Natyam and Valluvar Kottam.
Chennai
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Clive House at Fort St. George, Madras said to be the first English settlement in India during 1609
Chennai
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Surrender of the City of Madras in 1746 to de La Bourdonnais, by Jacques François Joseph Swebach
45.
Rouen
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Rouen is a city on the River Seine in the north of France. It is the capital of the region of Normandy, formerly one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe, Rouen was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy during the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Norman dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. The population of the area at the 2007 census was 532,559. People from Rouen are known as Rouennais, Rouen and its metropolitan area of 70 suburban communes form the Agglomeration community of Rouen-Elbeuf-Austreberthe, with 494,382 inhabitants at the 2010 census. Rouen was founded by the Gaulish tribe of Veliocasses, who controlled an area in the lower Seine valley. The Gauls named the settlement Ratumacos and the Romans called it Rotomagus, Roman Rotomagus was the second city of Gallia Lugdunensis, after Lugdunum. In the 5th century, it became the seat of a bishopric, in the 10th century Rouen became the capital of the Duchy of Normandy and the residence of the dukes, until William the Conqueror established his castle at Caen. During the early 12th century the population reached 30,000. In 1150, Rouen received its charter, which permitted self-government. During the 12th century, Rouen was probably the site of a Jewish yeshiva, at that time, about 6,000 Jews lived in the town, comprising about 20% of the total population. The well-preserved remains of a medieval Jewish building, that could be a yeshiva, were discovered in the 1970s under the Rouen Law Courts. In 1200, a destroyed part of Rouens Romanesque cathedral, leaving just St Romains tower, the side porches of its front. New work on the present Gothic cathedral of Rouen began, in the nave, transept, choir, on 24 June 1204, Philip Augustus entered Rouen and annexed Normandy to the French Kingdom. The fall of Rouen meant the end of Normandys sovereign status and he demolished the Norman castle and replaced it with his own, the Château Bouvreuil, built on the site of the Gallo-Roman amphitheatre. A textile industry developed based on wool imported from England, competing with the northern County of Flanders, the city found its market niche in the Champagne fairs. Rouen also depended on the traffic of the Seine for its prosperity. Wine and wheat were exported to England, with tin and wool received in return, in the late 13th century urban strife threatened the city, in 1291, the mayor was assassinated and noble residences in the city were pillaged
Rouen
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Top: View of Downtown Rouen and Seine River from Bois Bagneres Hill. Middle left: Twilightview of Archives department of Seine Maritime building. Center: Night view of Gros-Horloge. Middle right: Pont Gustave-Flaubert (Gustave-Flaubert Bridge). Bottom: Night view of Rouen Notre-Dame Cathedral and Seine River.
Rouen
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City Hall and Church of St. Ouen, Rouen
Rouen
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Primitive 14th century timber framing, rue du Petit Mouton
Rouen
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For the royal entry of Henry II in Rouen, 1 October 1550.
46.
Cuernavaca
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Cuernavaca is the capital and largest city of the state of Morelos in Mexico. It was established by the Olmec, the culture of Mesoamerica. The city is located south of Mexico City, from which it may be reached after a drive of approximately 1½ hours using the D-95 Freeway, the city was nicknamed the City of Eternal Spring by Alexander von Humboldt in the nineteenth century. It has long been an escape for Mexico City and foreign visitors because of this warm, stable climate. Aztec emperors had summer residences there, and today many people as well as Mexico City residents maintain homes there. Cuernavaca is also host to a foreign resident population, including large numbers of students who come to study the Spanish language. The name Cuernavaca is derived from the Nahuatl phrase Cuauhnāhuac and means surrounded by or close to trees, the name eventually was Hispanicized to Cuernavaca. The coat-of-arms of the municipality is based on the pre-Columbian pictograph emblem of the city depicts a tree trunk with three branches, with foliage, and four roots colored red. There is a cut in the trunk in the form of a mouth, from which emerges a speech scroll, probably representing the language Nahuatl and by extension the locative suffix -nāhuac, Cuernavaca was nicknamed city of eternal spring by Alexander von Humboldt in the nineteenth century. The city is located in a region, but its temperature is kept fairly constant in the 70s. It is located on the slope of the Sierra de Chichinautzin mountains. In the morning, warm air flows up the mountains from the valley below and in the late afternoon, a ubiquitous flowering plant in the city is the bougainvillea. This pleasant climate has attracted royalty and nobles since Aztec times, most of the Aztec emperors called Cuernavaca their summer residence. Foreign princes, archdukes, and other nobles have been attracted to this place because of its flowers, sun, fruits, fresh-water springs, Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico set up a country residence in the city. Philanthropist Barbara Hutton, who held several royal titles through marriage, had a home in the city, the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, lived in exile in the city following the Iranian Revolution. Although a native of the U. S. Cuernavaca always has been a place for people from Mexico City to escape the city. In the twentieth century, the climate and flora began to attract foreigners as well. Population increase in urban area began in 1940, but the metro area was not created, nor recognized
Cuernavaca
Cuernavaca
Cuernavaca
Cuernavaca
47.
Irapuato
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Irapuato is a Mexican town located at the foot of the Arandas Hill, in the south central region of the state of Guanajuato. It lies between the Silao River and the Guanajuato River, a tributary of the Lerma River, at 1,724 m above sea level and it is located at 20°40′N 101°21′W. The city is the second-largest in the state, with a population of 342,561 according to the 2005 census, the municipality has an area of 845.16 km² and includes numerous smaller outlying communities. The citys main industry is agriculture and it is famous for its strawberries, the fruits and flowers of Irapuatos luxurious gardens are well known throughout Mexico. In the pre-Hispanic era, the site was inhabited by the Chichimecas, later on, the Purépechas conquered the region and initiated the establishment of a permanent settlement. They constructed buildings in the Purépecha architectural style, produced pottery and they called the settlement Xiriquitzio, which the Spanish conquerors pronounced Jiricuato, which meant the place with houses. The initial growth period, however, was short lived, the downfall of the Purépecha Empire led to the abandonment of the settlement, at which point it was once again inhabited by the Chichimecas. In the 16th century, vasts amounts of ore were discovered at the present day site of the capital city of Guanajuato. This discovery led to a migration of Spanish settlers to the area. Irapuato is a 2 or 3 hour flight from cities including Los Angeles, Houston, Dallas, Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadalajara and Puerto Vallarta, among others. Located just 25 minutes from the city of Irapuato the Del Bajío International Airport is an airport located in Silao, Guanajuato, close to Irapuato, Guanajuato. It handles national and international air traffic of the area includes the city of León, the city of Irapuato. Guanajuato International Airport is an important connecting point for flights from Mexico City to the United States. Every night there is a light, music and water show, the fountain is lit up in a rainbow of colors, and the jets provide a choreographed show accompanied by music. Irapuato Zoo, The Irapuato Zoo, which is located on the outskirts of the city, is home to 103 mammals,271 birds, and various species of fish. The zoo was established in 1992 by engineer Emilio Tome Elias and architect Vicente Cázares Rodriguez, with the support of the state governor. Plaza Cibeles Mall, This is the newest and largest mall in the city of Irapuato, the mall contains many stores such as the Liverpool chain, and a Cinépolis movie theatre. The mall was named after the famous Plaza de Cibeles, a square in Madrid, Spain
Irapuato
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Seal
Irapuato
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Location of Irapuato in Mexico
Irapuato
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Historic centre
Irapuato
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Cathedral and zocalo, circa 1907. Photo courtesy SMU
48.
Bakersfield, California
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Bakersfield is a city in California, United States, and the county seat of Kern County. It covers about 142 square miles near the end of the San Joaquin Valley. Bakersfields population is approximately 365,000, making it the ninth-most populous city in California, the Bakersfield–Delano Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Kern County, had a 2010 census population of 839,631, making it the 62nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. The more built-up urban area that includes Bakersfield and areas immediately around the city, such as East Bakersfield, the city is a significant hub for both agriculture and oil production. Kern County is the most productive oil producing county, and the fourth most productive county in the United States. Industries include natural gas and other energy extraction, aerospace, mining, petroleum refining, manufacturing, distribution, food processing, the city is also the birthplace of the country music genre known as the Bakersfield sound. Archaeological evidence indicates the presence of Native American settlements dating back thousands of years, the Yokuts lived in lodges along the branches of the Kern River Delta and hunted antelope, tule elk, deer, bear, fish, and game birds. In 1776, Spanish missionary Father Francisco Garcés became the first European to explore the area, following the discovery of gold in California in 1848, settlers flooded into the San Joaquin Valley. In 1851, gold was discovered along the Kern River in the southern Sierra Nevada, the Bakersfield area, once a tule-reed-covered marshland, was first known as Kern Island to the handful of pioneers who built log cabins there in 1860. The area was subject to flooding from the Kern River, which occupied what is now the downtown area. In 1862, disastrous floods swept away the original settlement founded in 1860 by the German-born Christian Bohna, among those attracted to the area by the California gold rush was Thomas Baker, a lawyer and former colonel in the militia of Ohio, his home state. Baker moved to the banks of the Kern River in 1863, at what became known as Bakers Field, by 1870, with a population of 600, what is now known as Bakersfield was becoming the principal town in Kern County. In 1873, Bakersfield was officially incorporated as a city, alexander Mills was hired as the city marshal, a man one historian would describe as. An old man by the time he became Marshal of Bakersfield, but he was a Kentuckian, a handy man with a gun, and not lacking in initiative and resource when the mood moved him. Businessmen and others began to resent Mills, who was cantankerous, wanting to fire him but fearing reprisals, they came up with a scheme to disincorporate, effectively leaving him without an employer. According to local historian Gilbert Gia, the city was also failing to collect the taxes it needed for services, in 1876, the city voted to disincorporate. For the next 22 years, a citizens council managed the community, by 1880, the town had a population of 801, and by 1890, it had a population of 2,626. Migration from Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Southern California brought new residents, the city reincorporated on January 11,1898
Bakersfield, California
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Bakersfield skyline at night with the Rabobank Arena in the foreground.
Bakersfield, California
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The Bakersfield Sign, in April 2009.
Bakersfield, California
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The First Baptist Church building, which survived the 1952 earthquake and is now a commercial use structure, is one of several buildings in Bakersfield listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Bakersfield, California
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Truxtun Tower, also referred to as the Bank of America Building, is the tallest in downtown and the second tallest building in Bakersfield.
49.
Mesa, Arizona
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Mesa is a city in Maricopa County, in the U. S. state of Arizona, and is a suburb located about 20 miles east of Phoenix. Mesa is the city of the East Valley section of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. It is bordered by Tempe on the west, the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north, Chandler and Gilbert on the south, as of the 2010 Census Mesa became Arizonas center of population. Mesa is the third-largest city in Arizona, after Phoenix and Tucson, the city is home to 439,041 people as of 2010 according to the Census Bureau. Mesa is home to higher education facilities including the Polytechnic campus of Arizona State University. The history of Mesa dates back at least 2,000 years to the arrival of the Hohokam people, the Hohokam, whose name means All Used Up or The Departed Ones, built the original canal system. The canals were the largest and most sophisticated in the prehistoric New World, some were up to 90 feet wide and ten feet deep at their head gates, extending for as far as 16 miles across the desert. By A. D.1100 water could be delivered to an area over 110,000 acres, by A. D.1450, the Hohokam had constructed hundreds of miles of canals many of which are still in use today. After the disappearance of the Hohokam and before the arrival of the early settlers little is known, by the late 19th century near present-day Mesa, U. S. Army troops subdued the Apache opening the way for settlement. Mormon pioneer Daniel Webster Jones led an expedition to found a Mormon settlement in Arizona, leaving St. George, Utah in March 1877, Jones and others arrived at Lehi, an area within the northern edge of present-day Mesa. Jones had been asked by Mormon officials to direct a party of people in establishing a settlement in Arizona. This settlement was known as Jonesville and Fort Utah and did not receive the name of Lehi until 1883. At the same time, another group dubbed the First Mesa Company arrived from Utah and their leaders were named Francis Martin Pomeroy, Charles Crismon, George Warren Sirrine and Charles I. Rather than accepting an invitation to settle at Jones Lehi settlement and they dug irrigation canals, some of which were over the original Hohokam canals, and by April 1878, water was flowing through them. The Second Mesa Company arrived in 1879 and settled to the west of where the First Mesa Company settled in 1880, on July 17,1878, Mesa City was registered as a 1-square-mile townsite. The first school was built in 1879, in 1883, Mesa City was incorporated with a population of 300 people. Dr. A. J. Chandler, who would go on to found the city of Chandler. In 1917, the city of Mesa purchased the utility company, the revenues from the company provided enough for capital expenditures until the 1960s
Mesa, Arizona
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Mesa Bank and Mesa Arts Center building in downtown Mesa
Mesa, Arizona
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LDS Mesa Arizona Temple with Christmas lights
Mesa, Arizona
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Mesa Grande Ruins
Mesa, Arizona
50.
San Antonio, Texas
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San Antonio, officially the City of San Antonio, is the seventh-most populated city in the United States and the second-most populous city in the state of Texas, with a population of 1,409,019. It was the fastest growing of the top 10 largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010, the city straddles South Texas and Central Texas and is on the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion known as the Texas Triangle. San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County, recent annexations have extended the citys boundaries into Medina County and, though for only a very tiny area near the city of Garden Ridge, into Comal County. Due to its placement, the city has characteristics of other urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas. San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio–New Braunfels Metropolitan Statistical Area, growth along the Interstate 35 and Interstate 10 corridors to the north, west and east make it likely that the metropolitan area will continue to expand. San Antonio was named for Saint Anthony of Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, the city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions, including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, which were designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2015. Other notable attractions include the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, the Alamo Bowl, the city is home to the five-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs and hosts the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest such events in the country. The U. S. Kelly Air Force Base operated out of San Antonio until 2001, the remaining portions of the base were developed as Port San Antonio, an industrial/business park and aerospace complex. San Antonio is home to six Fortune 500 companies and the South Texas Medical Center, at the time of European encounter, Payaya Indians lived near the San Antonio River Valley in the San Pedro Springs area, calling the vicinity Yanaguana, meaning refreshing waters. In 1691, a group of Spanish Catholic explorers and missionaries came upon the river and Payaya settlement on June 13 and they named the place and river San Antonio in his honor. It was years before any Spanish settlement took place, father Antonio de Olivares visited the site in 1709, and he was determined to found a mission and civilian settlement there. He directed Martin de Alarcón, the governor of Coahuila and Texas, differences between Alarcón and Olivares resulted in delays, and construction did not start until 1718. The families who clustered around the presidio and mission formed the beginnings of Villa de Béjar, on May 1, the governor transferred ownership of the Mission San Antonio de Valero to Fray Antonio de Olivares. On May 5,1718 he commissioned the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar on the west side of the San Antonio River, one-fourth league from the mission. On February 14,1719, the Marquis of San Miguel de Aguayo proposed to the king of Spain that 400 families be transported from the Canary Islands, Galicia, or Havana to populate the province of Texas. By June 1730,25 families had reached Cuba, and 10 families had sent to Veracruz before orders from Spain came to stop the re-settlement. Under the leadership of Juan Leal Goraz, the group marched overland from Veracruz to the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, due to marriages along the way, the party now included 15 families, a total of 56 persons. They joined the community established in 1718
San Antonio, Texas
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From top to bottom and Left to Right: 1. San Antonio downtown from the Tower of The Americas at night. 2. The Riverwalk 3. The McNay Museum of Art 4. The Tower Life Building 5. Bexar County courthouse 6. San Antonio Public Library 7. The Tower of the Americas at night 8. The Alamo
San Antonio, Texas
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Seal
San Antonio, Texas
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Lithograph of San Antonio in 1886
San Antonio, Texas
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Memorial to the Alamo defenders
51.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Baton Rouge is the capital of the U. S. state of Louisiana and its second-largest city. It forms the seat of East Baton Rouge Parish and is located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River. As the Capital City, Baton Rouge is the hub for Louisiana. The metropolitan area surrounding the city, known as Greater Baton Rouge, is also the second-largest in Louisiana, the urban area has around 594,309 inhabitants. Baton Rouge is an industrial, petrochemical, medical, research, motion picture. The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the tenth largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped, the Baton Rouge area owes its historical importance to its strategic site upon the Istrouma Bluff, the first natural bluff upriver from the Mississippi River Delta. This allowed development of a business quarter safe from seasonal flooding, in addition, the city built a levee system stretching from the bluff southward to protect the riverfront and low-lying agricultural areas. The city is a rich center, with settlement by immigrants from numerous European nations. It was ruled by seven different governments, French, British, and Spanish in the era, West Floridian, United States territory and state, Confederate. Human habitation in the Baton Rouge area has been dated to 12000 –6500 BC based on evidence found along the Mississippi, Comite, earthwork mounds were built by hunter-gatherer societies in the Middle Archaic period, from roughly the 4th millennium BC. Eastern Muskogean began to diversify internally in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, at the time, the region appeared to be occupied by a collection of moderately-sized native chiefdoms interspersed with autonomous villages and tribal groups. French explorer Sieur dIberville led a party up the Mississippi River in 1699. The explorers saw a red pole marking the boundary between the Houma and Bayogoula tribal hunting grounds, see also Red Sticks for the ceremonial use of red sticks among the Muscogee. The location of the red pole was presumably at Scotts Bluff and it was reportedly a 30-foot-high painted pole adorned with fish bones. The settlement of Baton Rouge by Europeans began in 1721 when a military post was established by French colonists. Since European settlement, Baton Rouge has been governed by France, Britain, Spain, Louisiana, the Republic of West Florida, the Confederate States, and the United States. In 1755, when French-speaking settlers of Acadia in Canadas Maritime provinces were driven into exile by British forces, popularly known as Cajuns, the descendants of the Acadians maintained a separate culture. During the first half of the 19th century, the city grew steadily as the result of steamboat trade, Baton Rouge was incorporated in 1817
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Baton Rouge waterfront
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Capitol Building
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville named Baton Rouge and lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas in the early French colonial era.
52.
Upper Marlboro, Maryland
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Upper Marlboro, officially the Town of Upper Marlboro, is the seat of Prince Georges County, Maryland in the United States. The population within the limits was 631 at the 2010 U. S. Census. Upper Marlboro was established in 1706 as Marlborough Town, after John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, in 1744, the town was renamed to Upper Marlborough. In the late 19th century, the name changed from Upper Marlborough to Upper Marlboro. The name change is linked to a clerk who felt that the last three letters, ugh, did not properly fit on the rubber stamps being used at the time. By 1893, postal guides were referring to the town as Upper Marlboro, the area of Upper Marlboro was first settled around 1695. It was named after John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, the land, which was to become the town, was part of several estates known as Grove Landing, Meadows, and Darnalls Chance, owned by the Brooke, Beall, and Darnall families, respectively. The house itself was built c.1742 by a merchant named James Wardrop, after he bought some of the land from Eleanor Darnall Carroll, today, Darnalls Chance houses the Darnalls Chance House Museum, an historic house museum which opened to the public in 1988. In 1706, Marlborough Town was established as a town by the Act for the Advancement of Trade and Erecting Ports. It was declared that the town would be constructed, at the landing on the Western Branch. County surveyor Thomas Truman Greenfield conducted a survey of 100 acres of the three estates from which the town would be formed, Streets, alleys, a meetinghouse, lots for small businesses, and 100 lots to be used for homes were laid out. Earliest plans showed the town being laid out in a pattern with an L shape. Residents of the area were not happy with Greenfields initial layout, in 1744, the new survey was approved and the town was given a new name, Upper Marlborough. Upper was added to distinguish the town from the community of Marlboro in Calvert County, early in its life, when the western branch of the Patuxent River was still navigable, the town served as a port town for tobacco ships. The town blossomed into an agricultural, social, and political hot spot, farms, many of which raised tobacco, dominated the surrounding areas. In 1721, a courthouse was constructed in the town, the county seat was then moved from Charles Town, on the banks of the Patuxent, to Upper Marlborough. The courthouse was built with money from a 12-pound tobacco tax imposed on county inhabitants, one of the first laws passed at the courthouse was the Public School Act, which established a public school system. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, many prominent merchants, lawyers, horse racing came to the town around the mid-18th century and attracted many people from the surrounding areas
Upper Marlboro, Maryland
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The Upper Marlboro courthouse under renovation in 2008.
Upper Marlboro, Maryland
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The main entrance to the Prince George's County courthouse in December 2008.
53.
Bowie State University
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Bowie State University is a public university located on 355½ acres in unincorporated Prince Georges County, Maryland, United States, north of the suburban city of Bowie. Bowie State is part of the University System of Maryland, Bowie State is Marylands oldest historically black university and one of the ten oldest in the country. Bowie State is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund, Bowie State University is the oldest HBCU in Maryland. It was founded in 1865 by the Baltimore Association for the Moral and Educational Improvement of Colored People as a teaching school, the school first used space at the African Baptist Church at Calvert Street and Sarasota Street, in Baltimore, Maryland. In 1867, a facility was purchased nearby at Sarasota Street and Courtland Street. After being reorganized in 1883 as the Baltimore Normal School, it educated African Americans to be teachers for African American students until 1908. At that time, the became a state institution of teaching under the Maryland State Department of Education and was redesignated as a Normal School No.3. Shortly thereafter, in 1910, the school moved from its insufficient Baltimore building to the Jericho Farm, about 60 students lived in the old farmhouse. The school was renamed in 1914 as the Maryland Normal and Industrial School at Bowie, in recognition, the school was renamed in 1935 as Maryland Teachers College at Bowie. The college also offered increasing courses in the liberal arts, in 1963, Bowie State College was officially named a liberal arts school – with additional majors in English, history, and social science – although emphasis remained on teacher education. A Masters degree in education was added in 1969, the school was renamed Bowie State University in 1988, as a member of the University System of Maryland. In the subsequent decades, Bowie continued to reorganize and expand, especially in professional, in 1992, Bowie State became the first HBCU to expand overseas, with graduate programs for military personnel stationed abroad. By 2017, the school offered 20+ undergraduate majors and 30+ advanced degrees or certificate programs, in partnership with the University of Maryland University College, Bowie State University became the first historically black university to include overseas studies. It was also the first university in the nation to offer a degree in pedology. Programs include a rare doctoral degree in leadership, a program for education administrators. In 1995, NASA and the National Science Foundation awarded $27 million as one of six schools in the nation declared Model Institutions for Excellence in science, engineering. This led to a strengthening of the growing computer science program, in 1999. Since then new technology related programs including visual communication and digital arts, music technology
Bowie State University
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Martin Luther King, Jr. Communications Art Center
54.
Burlington, Vermont
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Burlington is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Vermont and the seat of Chittenden County. It is located 45 miles south of the Canada–United States border and 94 miles south of Montreal and its population was 42,452 according to a 2015 U. S. census estimate. Burlington is the least populous city in the U. S. to be the most populous within a state, a regional college town, the municipality is home to the University of Vermont and Champlain College, a small private college. Vermonts largest hospital, the UVM Medical Center, is located within the city limits, in 2015, Burlington became the first city in the U. S. to run completely on renewable energy. Two theories have been put forward regarding the origin of Burlingtons name, the first is that it was named after Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, and the second is that the name honors the politically prominent and wealthy Burling family of New York. While no Burling family members are listed as grantees of the town, one of the New Hampshire grants, the land that was developed as Burlington was awarded by New Hampshire colonial governor Benning Wentworth on June 7,1763 to Samuel Willis and 63 others. In the summer of 1775, settlers began clearing land and built two or three log huts, but the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War delayed permanent settlement until after its conclusion, in 1783, Stephen Lawrence arrived with his family. The town was organized in 1785, the War of 1812 was unpopular in Vermont and New England, which had numerous trading ties with Canada. Neither Vermont nor other New England states provided militia units or financial support, Vermont voters supported the Federalist Party, which opposed the war. At one point during the war, the U. S. had 5,000 troops stationed in Burlington, outnumbering residents, about 500 soldiers died of disease, which was always a problem due to poor sanitation in army camps. Some soldiers were quartered in the building at the University of Vermont. In a skirmish on August 2,1813, British forces from Canada shelled Burlington and this is described as either a bold stroke by the British with an ineffectual response from the Americans, or a weak sally by the British, which was rightfully ignored by the Americans. The cannonade lasted about 10 minutes and caused no casualties, the American troops involved were commanded by Naval Lieutenant Thomas Macdonough, later hero of the Battle of Lake Champlain. Wharves allowed steamboats to connect freight and passengers with the Rutland & Burlington Railroad, Burlington became a bustling lumbering and manufacturing center and was incorporated as a city in 1865. Its Victorian era prosperity left behind fine architecture, including buildings by Ammi B. Young, H. H. Richardson, and McKim, Mead & White, in 1870, the waterfront was extended by construction of the Pine Street Barge Canal. This became polluted over the years and was a focus for cleanup in 2009 under the U. S. Environmental Protection Agencys Superfund program, in 1978, the ice cream enterprise Ben & Jerrys was founded in Burlington in a renovated gas station. It became a brand, with retail outlets in numerous cities
Burlington, Vermont
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From top to bottom, going left to right: Downtown Burlington at dusk, ECHO Lake Aquarium and Science Center, Church Street Marketplace, Ethan Allen Homestead Museum and Historic Site, Old Mill buliding on the University of Vermont campus, Battery Park, and Gutterson Fieldhouse.
Burlington, Vermont
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Location in Chittenden County and the state of Vermont.
Burlington, Vermont
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Church Street in 1907
Burlington, Vermont
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The Van Ness House hotel, built in 1870, burned down in 1951
55.
Biloxi, Mississippi
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Biloxi, officially the City of Biloxi, is a city in Harrison County, Mississippi. The 2010 United States Census recorded the population as 44,054, along with the adjoining city of Gulfport, Biloxi is a county seat of Harrison County. The city is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi metropolitan area and the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, pre-Katrina, Biloxi was the third largest city in Mississippi behind Jackson and Gulfport. Post-Katrina, the population of Biloxi decreased, and it became the fifth largest city in the state, being surpassed by Hattiesburg, the beachfront of Biloxi lies directly on the Mississippi Sound, with barrier islands scattered off the coast and into the Gulf of Mexico. Keesler Air Force Base lies within the city and is home to the 81st Training Wing, the name of Biloxi in French was Bilocci, on maps dated circa year 1710/1725 the name was sometimes translated into English as Fort Bilocci. In 1720, the capital of French Louisiana was moved to Biloxi from Mobile. French Louisiana was known in French as La Louisiane in colonial times, at that same time, Louisiana west of the Mississippi, including New Orleans, was ceded to Spain as part of the Treaty of Fontainebleau. British rule persisted from 1763 to 1779, followed by Spanish rule from 1779 to 1810, despite this, the character of Biloxi remained mostly French. In 1811, Biloxi came under United States of America control as part of the Mississippi Territory, Mississippi, and Biloxi with it, were then admitted to the union in 1817. It became a resort, with the advantages of close proximity to New Orleans. Summer homes were built by farmers and commercial figures. Hotels and rental cottages came into existence to serve those who could not afford their own homes, one of Biloxis most known features has been the Biloxi Lighthouse, which was built in Baltimore and then shipped south and completed in May 1848. In the early stages of the Civil War, Ship Island was captured by Union forces, no major battles were fought in the area, and Biloxi did not suffer direct damage from the war. Some local Union sentiment could be discerned following the wars conclusion, in the postbellum period, Biloxi again emerged as a vacation spot. Its popularity as a destination increased with railroad access, in 1881, the first cannery was built in the town, leading to others soon joining the location. Biloxi grew again, and as different ethnic groups came to work in the seafood factories, during World War II, the United States Army Air Forces built Keesler Field, now Keesler Air Force Base, which became a major basic training site and site for aircraft maintenance. The Biloxi economy boomed as a result, again bringing more diverse groups to the area, by 1958, the first Jewish synagogue had been built in the town. Biloxis casino history dates back to a period in the 1940s, open gambling ended during the 1950s
Biloxi, Mississippi
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The Biloxi Lighthouse and the Biloxi Visitors Center in November 2011. The lighthouse is the city's signature landmark.
Biloxi, Mississippi
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Looking West down Howard Avenue at Lameuse Street, 1906
Biloxi, Mississippi
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Child laborers picking shrimp in Biloxi, 1911. Photo by Lewis Hine.
Biloxi, Mississippi
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Beauvoir, the post-war home of Confederate States President Jefferson Davis.
56.
El Paso, Texas
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El Paso is the seat of El Paso County, Texas, United States. The city is situated in the far corner of the U. S. state of Texas. El Paso stands on the Rio Grande river across the Mexico–United States border from Ciudad Juárez, the region of over 2.7 million people constitutes the largest bilingual and binational work force in the Western Hemisphere. The city hosts the annual Sun Bowl college football post-season game, El Paso has a strong federal and military presence. William Beaumont Army Medical Center, Biggs Army Airfield, and Fort Bliss call the city home, Fort Bliss is one of the largest military complexes of the United States Army and the largest training area in the United States. Also headquartered in El Paso are the DEA domestic field division 7, El Paso Intelligence Center, Joint Task Force North, Border Patrol El Paso Sector, and U. S. In 2010, El Paso received an All-America City Award, El Paso has been ranked the safest large city in the U. S. for four consecutive years and has ranked in the top three since 1997. As of July 1,2015, the estimate for the city from the U. S. Census was 681,124. Its U. S. metropolitan area covers all of El Paso and Hudspeth counties in Texas, the El Paso MSA forms part of the larger El Paso–Las Cruces CSA, with a population of 1,053,267. The El Paso region has had human settlement for thousands of years, the evidence suggests 10,000 to 12,000 years of human habitation. The earliest known cultures in the region were maize farmers, when the Spanish arrived, the Manso, Suma, and Jumano tribes populated the area. These were subsequently incorporated into the Mestizo culture, along with immigrants from central Mexico, captives from Comanchería, the Mescalero Apache were also present. El Paso del Norte was founded on the bank of the Río Bravo del Norte. El Paso remained the largest settlement in New Mexico until its cession to the U. S. in 1848, the Texas Revolution was generally not felt in the region, as the American population was small, not being more than 10% of the population. However, the region was claimed by Texas as part of the treaty signed with Mexico, during this interregnum, 1836–1848, Americans nonetheless continued to settle the region. The present Texas–New Mexico boundary placing El Paso on the Texas side was drawn in the Compromise of 1850, El Paso County was established in March 1850, with San Elizario as the first county seat. The United States Senate fixed a boundary between Texas and New Mexico at the 32nd parallel, thus largely ignoring history and topography, a military post called The Post opposite El Paso was established in 1854. Further west, a settlement on Coons Rancho called Franklin became the nucleus of the future El Paso, a year later, pioneer Anson Mills completed his plan of the town, calling it El Paso
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From upper left: downtown El Paso skyline, star on the Franklin Mountains, The Cathedral of Saint Patrick, Wyler Aerial Tramway, North Franklin Peak, downtown El Paso at night
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Ysleta Mission constructed in 1680 by the Spanish
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Map of the city in 1886
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El Paso circa 1880
57.
North Carolina
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North Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U. S. states. The state is divided into 100 counties, the most populous municipality is Charlotte, which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City. The state has a range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet at Mount Mitchell. The climate of the plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a highland climate. North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west, Virginia on the north, the United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region. So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic, the most famous of these is the Queen Annes Revenge, which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718. The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the states most populous region, containing the six largest cities in the state by population. It consists of rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet in the west, the western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, the Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet, the highest point east of the Mississippi River. North Carolina has 17 major river basins, the five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico, while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins,11 originate within the state of North Carolina, but only four are contained entirely within the states border – the Cape Fear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlico basin. Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state, the climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream, especially in the coastal plain. These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast, the coastal plain averages around 1 inch of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all. North Carolina experiences severe weather in summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain
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North Carolina topographic map
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Flag
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The Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from the Blue Ridge Parkway.
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Deer in the Eno River as it flows through the Piedmont region of North Carolina
58.
Birmingham, Alabama
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Birmingham is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Jefferson County. The citys population was 212,237 in the 2010 United States Census, the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of about 1,128,047 according to the 2010 Census, which is approximately one quarter of Alabamas population. Birmingham was founded in 1871, during the post-Civil War Reconstruction period and it was named for Birmingham, England, one of the UKs major industrial cities. The Alabama city annexed smaller neighbors and developed as an industrial and railroad center, based on mining, the new iron and steel industry. Most of the settlers who founded Birmingham were of English ancestry. From its founding through the end of the 1960s, Birmingham was an industrial center of the southern United States. Its growth from 1881 through 1920 earned its nicknames as The Magic City and its major industries were iron and steel production, plus a major component of the railroading industry. Rails and railroad cars were manufactured in Birmingham. The two primary hubs of railroading in the Deep South have been nearby Atlanta and Birmingham, since the 1860s, the economy has diversified since industrial restructuring in the latter half of the 20th century. Banking, telecommunications, transportation, electrical transmission, medical care, college education. Except for coal mining, the industry has declined in the Birmingham area, Birmingham ranks as one of the most important business centers in the Southeastern United States and as one of the largest banking centers in the nation. In higher education, Birmingham has been the location of the University of Alabama School of Medicine, since that time it has also gained the University of Alabama at Birmingham, one of three main campuses of the University of Alabama System. It is also home to three institutions, Samford University, Birmingham-Southern College, and Miles College. In total, the Birmingham area has major colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, physical therapy, pharmacy, law, engineering, the city has three of the states five law schools, Cumberland School of Law, Birmingham School of Law, and Miles Law School. Birmingham is also the headquarters of the Southwestern Athletic Conference, and Southeastern Conference, Birmingham was founded on June 1,1871, by the Elyton Land Company, whose investors included cotton planters, bankers and railroad entrepreneurs. It sold lots near the crossing of the Alabama & Chattanooga and South & North Alabama railroads. The first business at that crossroads was the trading post and country store operated by Marre, the site of the railroad crossing was notable for its proximity to nearby deposits of iron ore, coal, and limestone – the three main raw materials used in making steel. Birmingham is the only place worldwide where significant amounts of all three minerals can be found in close proximity, from the start the new city was planned as a center of industry
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From top left: Downtown from Red Mountain; Torii in the Birmingham Botanical Gardens; Alabama Theatre; Birmingham Museum of Art; City Hall; Downtown Financial Center.
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Child labor at Avondale Mills in Birmingham, 1910, photo by Lewis Hine
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Panorama of Birmingham, Alabama in 1916
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16th Street Baptist Church, now a National Historic Landmark
59.
Cachoeirinha
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Other uses, Cachoeirinha, Tocantins Cachoeirinha is a city situated in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Cachoeirinha is an alternative for the people who want to be near Porto Alegre, the city is situated at a strategic point in Rio Grande do Sul state. The city shares borders with Porto Alegre, Canoas, Esteio, Sapucaia do Sul, Gravataí, the city holiday is on May 15, the date on which the city declared its emancipation. The Executive of the Municipality of Cachoeirinha is represented by the mayor and his office of Secretary, legislative Power is represented by the City Council, composed of 11 councilors elected to office for four years. The House vote enacts laws for the administration and the Executive, one of Cachoeirinhas gaucho municipalities had higher population growth in the 1970s. The city has 117,203 inhabitants and 43.7 square kilometers of land area, Traditions of the gaucho are celebrated by the Cachoeirinha Center Traditions. Rancho da Saudade holds popular events, the Creole round, held annually in the city, received the recognition of the Government of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, and is included in the official calendar. Rodeos held in Cachoeirinha attract people from cities of Brazil. The city has 15 public schools and 8 private at the elementary level, Cachoeirinha Mayors Office CESUCA Cachoeirinhas University Trancal - Cachoeirinhas Intercity bus system Shopping do Vale
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Flag
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Geographical divisions of Rio Grande do Sul state. Cachoeirinha is highlighted in red.
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Seal
60.
Porto Alegre
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Porto Alegre is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The city is the southernmost capital city of a Brazilian state, the vast majority of the population is of European descent. The city lies on the bank of the Guaíba River, where five rivers converge to form the Lagoa dos Patos. This five-river junction has become an important alluvial port as well as an industrial and commercial center of Brazil. In recent years, Porto Alegre hosted the World Social Forum, the city became famous for being the first city that implemented participatory budgeting. The 9th Assembly of the World Council of Churches was held in Porto Alegre in 2006, since 2000, Porto Alegre also hosts one of the worlds largest free software events, called FISL. The city was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, land demarcation took a long time and the Azoreans settled permanently at Porto de Viamão, which was the first name by which Porto Alegre went by. In 1824, immigrants from all over the world started arriving, especially German, Italian, Spanish, Polish, Jewish, and Lebanese. This mosaic of diversity in appearance, ethnic origin, religions and languages is what makes Porto Alegre, nowadays with nearly 1.5 million inhabitants, the city is an example of diversity and plurality. There were many wars, but it was the century that marked its people. The Farrapos War started with the confrontation in Porto Alegre, near the Azenha bridge on 20 September 1835 and its development continued over time and the city kept abreast with cultural, political and social events that were taking place within Brazil. Porto Alegre is the birthplace of writers, intellectuals, artists, politicians. The city became known worldwide in 1963 through hosting the World University Games, in 1985, the people of Porto Alegre joined the movement for free elections and one of the largest demonstrations took place in the city. The city is on a resulting from the junction of five rivers. Although its origins date from the century, when immigrants from the Azores settled in the area. Porto Alegre is one of the wealthiest cities in Latin America and it has welcomed immigrants from all over the world, the largest numbers coming from Portugal, Germany, Italy, Spain and Poland. There are also significant Arab and Jewish contingents among its population, the Afro-Brazilian population of the state is concentrated in the city. Before this, Porto Alegre was the port of Viamão on the shore of Guaíba Lake and its previous name was Porto dos Casais, and it was initially settled by Azorians
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From upper left: Porto Alegre Public Market; Plant of Gasômetro; view of the city; Monument to the Azores before the building of the Administrative Center of the Rio Grande do Sul; panoramic view of the city from Guaíba River; Iberê Camargo Foundation; and the Monument to the Expeditionary at the Farroupilha Park.
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Porto Alegre in 1852.
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Otávio Rocha Square in 1930.
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1935 Porto Alegre World Fair.
61.
Valinhos
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Valinhos is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is the birthplace of Adoniran Barbosa, Valinhos is famous for its purple fig, the theme of its annual Fig Fest. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, the population is 120,258 in an area of 148.54 square kilometres. Its name means little valleys in Portuguese, the city was founded on 2 December 1732 by Alexandre Simoes Vieira. A throughway between São Paulo and Valinhos passing through Jundiai had been opened, as known nowadays, Campinas region, was in the past a neighbourhood belonging to the city of Jundiai. The town of Valinhos was created with the goal of starting coffee, fig, later on, a railway was created to transport the products to the Santos’ seaport. Since the fig has been the symbol of the city, they usually have the traditional Fig Fest which more than 75,000 people attend each year, the city is mainly composed by closed neighbourhoods, formed mostly by houses and without any tall buildings. There is also branch of the school Colégio Visconde de Porto Seguro, mostly two thirds of the area is a rural community scattered around 89 km2, however, the urban area is growing as soon as the neighbourhoods are built. Around the city are the most important highways of the state of São Paulo and they connect all parts of the state and are considered the best highways in the country. There are small centres of commerce as all cities have, such as banks, hotels, motels, streets. Industry Since 2005, many industries have been built by entrepreneurs from São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro mostly. There are many resources in the region too. 2009,107,481 citizens Population Urban 95% Rural 5% Area Urban 65.9 km2 Rural 88, there are two new hospitals in the town that looks after partly two thirds of the population, where its not paid. However, there is one, which is private that attends the other third
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Location in São Paulo state
62.
Goiandira
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Goiandira is a municipality in the southeastern portion of the Brazilian state of Goiás. The population was 4,925 in a area of 560.7 km². Goiandira is in the statistical micro-region of Catalão and it is located 288 km. from the state capital, Goiânia and is connected by BR-153 / Aparecida de Goiânia / GO-217 / Caldas Novas / GO-139 / Corumbaíba / GO-210 / Nova Aurora. It has boundaries with the municipalities of Catalão, Cumari, Nova Aurora, the climate is tropical, with an average annual temperature of 25 °C. The rainy season is from October to May and the dry season extends from May to September, annual rainfall is approximately 1,400 mm. European settlement began in 1800 when Tomás Garcia, from Minas Gerais and he sold half of the land to Jerônimo de Teixeira. At the beginning of the century the railroad arrived and a town grew around the station. Campo Limpo became a district of Catalão in 1913, later separating to become a municipality in 1931 and changing the name to Goiandira, there were approximately 44,800 head of cattle in the region in 2006 and 31,000 head of poultry. There were no agricultural products more than 1,000 hectares planted in 2006. The main ones were rice, bananas, sugarcane, beans, manioc, corn, industrial establishments,12 Retail establishments,51 Dairies, Laticínios Terra Branca Ind. Banking institutions, Banco do Brasil S. A, agricultural data 2006 Farms,31 Total area,36,954 ha. Area of permanent crops,52 ha, area of perennial crops,2,003 ha. Area of natural pasture,24,996 ha, area of woodland and forests,8,282 ha
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Goiandira is 288 kilometers from Goiânia
63.
Sergipe
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Sergipe is the smallest state of the Brazilian Federation, located on the northeastern Atlantic coast of the country. It borders on two states, Bahia to the south and west and Alagoas to the north. Aracaju is the capital and the largest city in the state, as with most of the states in northeastern Brazil, inland Sergipe is almost entirely savanna, and its coastline is characterized by mangroves, swamps and sandy beaches. A small strip of tropical rainforest runs down the coast, the São Francisco River forms its northern boundary, and the drainage of the northern part of the state is northward and eastward to that river. The southern half of the state slopes eastward and is drained directly into the Atlantic through a number of rivers, the largest of which are the Irapiranga, the Real. These streams are navigable for short distances, but are obstructed by sandbars at their mouths, because of these, there are no good ports on the coast. The surface of the state resembles, in part, that of Bahia, with a zone of forested lands near the coast and beyond this zone lies a higher zone of rough open country. There is a belt along the coast, and the western frontier is slightly mountainous. The land in between is very fertile, especially in the region where the rainfall is abundant. Further inland, the year is divided into wet and dry seasons with occasional prolonged droughts and these are pastoral areas, and the lower fertile lands are cultivated. The capital of the state is Aracaju, on the course or estuary of the Cotinguiba River. The sandbar at the entrance to this river is dangerous. The city is found on a plain, and there are sand dunes within the city limits. The main public buildings include a plain church with unfinished twin towers, the government palace, the legislative halls. The other principal towns are Estância - pop,26,452, located in a highly productive sugar-growing district north of the capital, Capela - pop. 90,345, São Cristóvão, formerly Sergipe del-Rey - pop,75,353, which was also the old colonial capital near the mouth of the Irapiranga, and Maruim - pop. See also List of municipalities in Sergipe, Brazil, São Cristóvão was the site of the first Portuguese settlement, in 1591, at Sergipe DEl-Rey, which is today Sergipe, and later became the states capital for a while. As with other states in the northeast, Sergipe was invaded numerous times by the Dutch, from 1641 to 1645, the territory belonged to Dutch-controlled Brazil
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Aerial tramway in Aracaju.
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Skyline of Aracaju.
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Downtown Aracaju.
64.
Canton, Mississippi
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Canton is a city in Madison County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 13,189 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Madison County, and situated in the northern part of the metropolitan area surrounding the state capital, Jackson. Much of Canton is on the National Register of Historic Places, the courthouse square is a historic shopping district and host to the Canton Flea Market. The picturesque Georgian courthouse is particularly notable and often appears in exhibits of the South. The east side of town is a part of the historic district with many homes. Although not a battle site during the Civil War, Canton was important as a rail. Many wounded soldiers were treated in or transported through the city, the city is home to a large auto manufacturing facility owned by Nissan. Canton is located at 32°36′43″N 90°1′54″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 18.7 square miles, of which 18.6 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 13,189 people and 4,494 households in the city with a household size of 2.99. The population density was 621.1 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 19. 5% White,74. 7% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 6% Asian,0. 1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and 0. 8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 5% of the population, in the city, the population was spread out with 27. 5% under the age of 18 and 10. 8% who were 65 years of age or older. 50. 8% of the population were female, the median income for a household in the city was $33,350. The per capita income for the city was $15,192, about 31. 4% of the population were below the poverty line. As of the census of 2000, there were 12,911 people,4,093 households, the population density was 694.1 people per square mile. There were 4,333 housing units at a density of 232.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 18. 64% White,80. 30% African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 20% Asian,0. 14% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 43% of the population. 23. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.55
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Madison County Courthouse in Canton
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Courthouse Square
65.
Toledo, Ohio
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Toledo is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio, United States. Toledo is in northwest Ohio, at the end of Lake Erie bordering the state of Michigan. The city was founded by United States citizens in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River and it was re-founded in 1837, after conclusion of the Toledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio. After construction of the Miami and Erie Canal, Toledo grew quickly and it has since become a city with an art community, auto assembly businesses, education, healthcare, and local sports teams. The citys glass industry has earned it the nickname, The Glass City, the population of Toledo as of the 2010 Census was 287,208, making it the 71st-largest city in the United States. It is the fourth most populous city in the U. S. state of Ohio after Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati. The Toledo metropolitan area had a 2010 population of 651,429, and was the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio, behind Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Dayton, and Akron. Varying cultures of indigenous peoples lived along the rivers and lakefront of what is now northwestern Ohio for thousands of years, when the city of Toledo was preparing to pave its streets, it surveyed two prehistoric semicircular earthworks, presumably for stockades. One was at the intersection of Clayton and Oliver streets on the bank of Swan Creek. Such earthworks were typical of mound-building peoples and this region was part of a larger area controlled by the historic tribes of the Wyandot and the people of the Council of Three Fires. The first European to visit the area was Étienne Brûlé, a French-Canadian guide and explorer, the French established trading posts in the area by 1680 to take advantage of the lucrative fur trade. The Odawa moved from Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula at the invitation of the French and they settled an area extending into northwest Ohio. By the early 18th century, the Odawa occupied areas along most of the Maumee River to its mouth and they served as middlemen between the French and tribes further to the west and north. The Wyandot occupied central Ohio, and the Shawnee and Lenape occupied the southern areas, the area was not settled by European-Americans until 1795 and after. They were finally defeated in 1794 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and this loose affiliation of tribes included the Wyandot and Council of Three Fires. By a treaty in 1795, they ceded large areas of territory in Ohio to the United States, according to Charles E. Slocum, the American military built Fort Industry at the mouth of the Maumee about 1805, but as a temporary stockade. No official reports support the 19th-century tradition of its history there. The United States continued to work to extinguish land claims of Native Americans, in the Treaty of Detroit, the above four tribes ceded a large land area to the United States of what became southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio, to the mouth of the Maumee River
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Images, from top left to right: Downtown Toledo, University Hall, Toledo Museum of Art, Lucas County Courthouse, Tony Packo's Cafe, Anthony Wayne Bridge, Fifth Third Field
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A 1955 Interstate planning map of Toledo
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Toledo c. 1905
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Downtown Toledo's skyline from across the Maumee River
66.
Monroe, Louisiana
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Monroe is the eighth-largest city in the U. S. state of Louisiana. It is the seat of Ouachita Parish. In the official 2010 census, Monroe had a population of 48,815, the municipal population declined by 8.1 percent over the past decade, it was 53,107 in the 2000 census. After a recheck in 2012, the Census Bureau changed the 2010 population from 48,815 to 49,147, mayor Jamie Mayo, however, maintains that the Monroe population is more than 50,000 and indicated that he will pursue a continued challenge to the count. Monroe is the city of the Monroe Metropolitan Statistical Area. The two-parish area had a population of 170,053 in 2000. The larger Monroe-Bastrop Combined Statistical Area is composed of both the Monroe Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Bastrop Micropolitan Statistical Area, the CSA had a population of 201,074 in 2000. Monroe and the city of West Monroe, located just across the Ouachita River, are often referred to as the Twin Cities of northeast Louisiana. The settlement formerly known as Fort Miro adopted the name Monroe, during the first half of the 19th century, in recognition of the steam-powered paddle-wheeler James Monroe. The arrival of the ship had an effect on the settlers, it was the single event, in the minds of local residents. The ship is depicted in a mural at the branch of the Monroe Library on North 18th Street. Therefore, credit is given to James Monroe of Virginia. During the American Civil War, Monroe and Opelousas, the seat of St. Landry Parish in south Louisiana, had Confederate training camps and they were established after the fall of New Orleans to the Union in 1862. Conscripts were soon sent to both camps, in 1862, Monroe and Delhi in Richland Parish became overcrowded with unwelcome refugees from rural areas to the east. They had fled the forces of Union General U. S. Grant and he was preparing for the siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi, not completed until July 4,1863. Winters reported strong Union sympathy in both Delhi and Monroe, as the refugees moved farther west toward Minden in Webster Parish, many of the residents, themselves very poor, refused to sell them food or shelter and treated them with contempt. Union boats came up the Ouachita River to Monroe to trade coffee, liquor, dry goods, Confederate officers were accused by a citizen of encouraging the trade and of fraternizing with the enemy, eating their oysters, and drinking their liquor. As the war continued, deserters and stragglers about Monroe became so plentiful that the Union Army sent a detachment from Alexandria to apprehend them
Monroe, Louisiana
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Francis Tower
Monroe, Louisiana
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Seal
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Monroe Convention Hall across from City Hall; designed by Hugh G. Parker, Jr., of Bastrop, Louisiana
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St. Matthews Catholic Church in downtown Monroe
67.
Fortaleza
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Fortaleza is the state capital of Ceará, located in Northeastern Brazil. It belongs to the Metropolitan mesoregion of Fortaleza and microregion of Fortaleza, the motto of Fortaleza, present in its coat of arms is the Latin word Fortitudine, which in Portuguese means strength, value, courage. Fortaleza in 2013 was the twelfth richest city in the country in GDP and second in the Northeast and it also has the third richest metropolitan area in the North and Northeast regions. It is an important industrial and commercial center of Brazil, the nations largest municipal purchasing power. According to the Ministry of Tourism, the city reached the marks of second most desired destination of Brazil, the BR-116, the most important highway of the country, starts in Fortaleza. The municipality is part of the Common Market of Mercosur Cities, residents of the city are known as Fortalezenses. Fortaleza is one of the three leading cities in the Northeast region together with Recife and Salvador, the city was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Additionally, Fortaleza was one of the host cities of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, Fortalezas history began on February 2,1500, when Spaniard Vicente Pinzón landed in Mucuripes cove and named the new land Santa Maria de la Consolación. Because of the Treaty of Tordesillas, the discovery was never officially sanctioned, colonisation began in 1603, when the Portuguese Pero Coelho de Souza constructed the Fort of São Tiago and founded the settlement of Nova Lisboa. After a victory over the French in 1612, Martins Soares Moreno expanded the Fort of São Tiago, in 1630 the Dutch invaded the Brazilian Northeast and in 1637 they took the Fort of São Sebastião and ruled over Ceará. In battles with the Portuguese and natives in 1644 the fort was destroyed, under captain Matthias Beck the Dutch West Indies Company built a new fortress by the banks of river Pajeú. Fort Schoonenborch officially opened on August 19,1649, Fortaleza was officially founded as a village 1726, becoming the capital of Ceará state in 1799. During the 19th century, Fortaleza was consolidated as a centre in Ceará. In 1824, the city was targeted by the revolutionaries of Confederation of the Equator, between the years 1846 and 1877, the city went through a period of enrichment, economic and infrastructural improvement. In 1922, Fortaleza reached its first hundred thousand inhabitants with the annexation of the cities of Messejana and Parangaba, in 1954, the first university in the city was created, the Universidade Federal do Ceará. In 1983 DIF I started to integrate the territory of the new city of Maracanaú, in the 1980s, Fortaleza exceeded Recife in population terms, becoming the second most populous city in Northeastern Brazil, with 2,571,896 inhabitants. Fortaleza has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate, with high temperatures. However, these conditions are relieved by pleasant winds blowing from the ocean
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Fortaleza
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Plan of Fort Schoonenborch in 1649.
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Fortaleza in 1910.
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Passeio Público in 1919.
68.
Bash Back!
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Bash Back. was a network of radical, anarchist queer projects within the United States. Formed in Chicago in 2007 to facilitate a convergence of radical trans and gay activists from around the country, sought to critique the ideology of the mainstream LGBT movement, which the group saw as assimilation into the dominant institutions of a heteronormative society. Bash Back. was noticeably influenced by the anarchist movement and radical groups, such as ACT UP and Gay Shame. Since 2007, other chapters had formed and had carried out various direct actions across the US. In July 2011, after a ruling involving the 2008 incident at Mount Hope Church in Lansing, Michigan, Andy Field, former Bash Back president for the Lansing chapter stated, according to their website, anyone could form a Bash Back. Chapter as long as they adhered to the points of unity. State recognition in the form of oppressive institutions such as marriage and militarism are not steps toward liberation, a rejection of capitalism, imperialism, and all forms of state power. Actively oppose oppression both in and out of the movement, no oppressive behavior is to be tolerated. Respect a diversity of tactics in the struggle for liberation, also, do not solely condemn an action on the grounds that the state deems it to be illegal. Convergence was held in April 2008, the goal of the convergence was to form ideas for the then-upcoming protests at the DNC and the RNC, and discuss the formation of new Bash Back. Chapters in other regions of the country, as a result, groups in Milwaukee, Memphis, Denver, Lansing, and upstate New York sprung up as new chapters. Together, members of the newly formed Bash Back, groups took to the streets of Chicagos Boystown neighborhood in protest of assimilationist politics, trans-exclusion in the gay community, and recent police assaults on trans and queer people. The unpermitted march was dispersed when a crowd surrounded the Chicago Polices Addison/Halsted headquarters, reading aloud statistics of trans. Milwaukee planned a confrontation of the hate group, a group of more than twenty confronted members of the NSM, carrying a banner proclaiming These Faggots Kill Fascists. The action prompted Pridefest organizers to criticize Bash Back, Milwaukee in turn denounced the organizers as betraying the queer community, stating They would rather see well protected neo-nazis than a well-defended queer and trans community. Nobody will protect us if not ourselves, Chicago carried out a number of actions during their citys Pride Weekend in 2008. The first was participation in the annual Chicago Dyke March in Chicagos Pilsen neighborhood, Bash Back. s contingent in the march focused on resistance to gentrification in the Pilsen community, with a large lead banner stating Bash Back Against Gentrification. In addition, members of Bash Back. also took part in Chicagos larger Chicago Pride Parade, Memphis wheatpasted fliers along Cooper Street the night before the march condemning Nikes sweatshop practices and mainstream gay culture
Bash Back!
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Bash Back! Milwaukee Displaying Banner at Milwaukee Pridefest
69.
Bay Area Reporter
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Today, the paper is distributed throughout the Bay Area and beyond. The Bay Area Reporter has evolved from its years of uneven editorial. Its annual Pride issue in June is the largest and most-read edition of the year and it also features its readers choice awards on its anniversary in the first week of April with a special BESTIES, The LGBT Best of the Bay edition. The award-winning newspaper is known for its editorial commentary, investigative reporting, extensive sports journalism. Co-founder Bentley sold his half-interest in the Bay Area Reporter to Ross in 1975, Ross, who remained the papers publisher, died in 2003. The name of the parent company, Benro Enterprises Inc. was derived from a combination of Bentley. The current publisher is Michael Yamashita, and the current editor-in-chief is Cynthia Laird, longtime Arts editor is Roberto Friedman. Assistant editors as of 2008 include Bajko, Jim Provenzano, friday retired from the newspaper in 2005. The Bay Area Reporter is a member of the National Gay Newspaper Guild. On March 30,2006, the published an special edition to celebrate its 35th anniversary. The following week saw the Bay Area Reporter completely redesigned, a new company, BAR Media, Inc. was created, with Michael Yamashita, the newspapers longtime general manager, becoming publisher with a 31 percent ownership. Brown became the new vice president and chief financial officer. Yamashita is the first Asian-American publisher of an LGBT newspaper in the United States, at 225 Bush Street in the citys downtown Financial District. In July 2014, the Bay Area Reporters staff relocated to their current location at 44 Gough Street, Suite 204, San Francisco, CA94103. San Francisco Bay Times San Francisco Sentinel LGBT culture in San Francisco The Bay Area Reporter official website GLBT Historical Society, obituaries GLBT History online searchable database The GLBT History Museum
Bay Area Reporter
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Bay Area Reporter
70.
CNN
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The Cable News Network is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. It was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel, upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City and its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming. CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U. S. to distinguish the American channel from its sister network. As of August 2010, CNN is available in over 100 million U. S. households, broadcast coverage of the U. S. channel extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms, as well as carriage on cable and satellite providers throughout Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories, as of February 2015, CNN is available to about 96,289,000 cable, satellite, and telco television households in the United States. The Cable News Network was launched at 5,00 p. m. Eastern Time on June 1,1980, after an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channels first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channels first 200 employees, including the networks first news anchor. Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite providers, several websites. The company has 36 bureaus, more than 900 affiliated local stations, the channels success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for conglomerate Time Warners eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. A companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1,1982, on January 28,1986, CNN carried the only live television coverage of the launch and subsequent break-up of Space Shuttle Challenger, which killed all seven crew members on board. On October 14,1987, Jessica McClure, an 18-month-old toddler, fell down a well in Midland, CNN quickly reported on the story, and the event helped make its name. This was before correspondents reported live from the capital while American bombs were falling. Before Saddam Hussein held a press conference with a few of the hundreds of Americans he was holding hostage. Before the nation watched, riveted but powerless, as Los Angeles was looted and burned, before O. J. Simpson took a slow ride in a white Bronco, and before everyone close to his case had an agent and a book contract. This was uncharted territory just a time ago. The moment when bombing began was announced on CNN by Bernard Shaw on January 16,1991, as follows, lets describe to our viewers what were seeing. The skies over Baghdad have been illuminated, were seeing bright flashes going off all over the sky
CNN
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Replica of the newsroom at CNN Center.
CNN
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CNN
CNN
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Operation Desert Storm as captured live on a CNN night vision camera with reporters narrating.
CNN
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The stage for the second 2008 CNN-YouTube presidential debate.
71.
Logo (TV channel)
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Logo TV is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Viacom Media Networks. The channel is aimed primarily at LGBT viewers but, since 2012, has shifted its focus towards general cultural, as of February 2015, approximately 51,337,000 American households receive Logo. The channel launched June 30,2005 as the first advertiser-supported commercial television channel in the United States geared towards the LGBT community and it was founded by former MTV executive Matt Farber. Its first president, Brian Graden, was named by Out Magazine as the 15th most powerful gay person in America in 2007, Logo replaced VH1 MegaHits when it was launched. The channels website says, We chose the name Logo TV because a logo is an identity and nothings more important than having your own, unique identity, and making it work for you. Your logo is your symbol, its what you put forward with pride, its who you are, Logo struck carriage deals prior to its launch date with DirecTV, Charter Communications, Adelphia Communications Corporation, Cablevision, Time Warner Cable, and RCN Corporation. The broadcaster reached a deal with Comcast after the launch date, Logo has partnered with CBS News to provide news briefs and has developed a relationship with LPI Media, publisher of The Advocate, Out and Out Traveler magazines. MTV Networks and Time Warner Cable announced an agreement December 11,2006, Logo became available on Dish Network in May 2009 as part of an add-on package. Day-to-day operations were handled by Lisa Sherman, who was vice president. According to its website, Were kind of big on fierce stuff, fiercely original programming to us means that in a perfect world everyone would be this interesting. Some content originated from other Viacom properties including Comedy Central, MTV, in April 2011, Logo acquired the rights to air the British comedy series Absolutely Fabulous and co-produced the shows three revival specials during 2011 and 2012 with the BBC and BBC America. Logo announced February 21,2012, that it would shift its programming strategy and this has prompted outrage from the channels LGBT viewership, who responded by comparing the channels new programming focus to that of the NBCUniversal-owned Bravo. As of 2017, Finding Prince Charming and the upcoming docuseries Fire Island are Logos only remaining original programs, Logo publishes a collection of websites, all of which it describes as being a part of LOGOonline, the umbrella name for these sites. In mid-2009, Logo moved its flagship site to the LOGOtv. com domain name, theBackLot. com - A site featuring news and commentary on bisexual and gay men in media and entertainment. Downelink. com — A social networking site primarily targeted to LGBT people, newNowNext. com — A blog on pop culture news and trends. 365gay. com — A site featuring news relevant to the LGBT community, happiestGayCouple. com — A site for fans of the series Rick & Steve. VisibleVote08. com — A site offering Logos coverage of the 2008 U. S, in September 2006, Logo launched a video on demand service featuring select programming content, it is available on cable providers Comcast, Cox Communications, Time Warner Cable and on Verizon FiOS. Logo programming has been available on the Roost service since the time of its official launch, Logo offered several audio and video podcasts through the podcast section of the iTunes Store
Logo (TV channel)
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Logo TV
72.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
The Guardian
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The Guardian front page on 6 June 2014
The Guardian
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The Guardian senior news writer Esther Addley interviewing Ecuadorian Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño for this article relating to Julian Assange (August 2014)
The Guardian
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The Guardian's HQ in London
The Guardian
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The Guardian' s Newsroom visitor centre and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name The Manchester Guardian
73.
Discourse
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Discourse denotes written and spoken communications, In semantics and discourse analysis, Discourse is a conceptual generalization of conversation within each modality and context of communication. The totality of codified language used in a field of intellectual enquiry and of social practice, such as legal discourse, medical discourse, religious discourse. In the work of Michel Foucault, and that of the social theoreticians he inspired, discourse describes an entity of sequences, of signs, therefore, a discourse is composed of semiotic sequences between and among objects, subjects, and statements. The term discursive formation conceptually describes the regular communications that produce such discourses, as a philosopher, Michel Foucault applied the discursive formation in the analyses of large bodies of knowledge, such as political economy and natural history. In the first sense-usage, the discourse is studied in corpus linguistics. In the second sense and in the sense, the analysis of a discourse examines and determines the connections among language and structure. Discourse affects the persons perspective, it is impossible to avoid discourse, for example, two notably distinct discourses can be used about various guerrilla movements describing them either as freedom fighters or terrorists. In other words, the chosen discourse provides the vocabulary, expressions, discourses are embedded in different rhetorical genres and metagenres that constrain and enable them. Discourse is closely linked to different theories of power and state and this conception of discourse is largely derived from the work of French philosopher Michel Foucault. Modernist theorists were preoccupied with obtaining the truth and reality and sought to develop theories which contained certainty and predictability, modernist theorists therefore viewed discourse as being relative to talking or way of talking and understood discourse to be functional. Discourse and language transformations are ascribed to progress or the need to develop new or more words to describe new discoveries, understandings. In modern times, language and discourse are dissociated from power and ideology, in other words, it is the structure itself that determines the significance, meaning and function of the individual elements of a system. Structuralism has made an important contribution to our understanding of language, saussures theory of language highlights the decisive role of meaning and signification in structuring human life more generally. Following the perceived limitations of the era, emerged postmodern theory. Postmodern theorists rejected modernist claims that there was one approach that explained all aspects of society. Rather, postmodernist theorists were interested in examining the variety of experience of individuals and groups and emphasized differences over similarities, in contrast to modern theory, postmodern theory is more fluid and allows for individual differences as it rejected the notion of social laws. Postmodern theorists shifted away from truth seeking and instead sought answers for how truths are produced and sustained, postmodernists contended that truth and knowledge is plural, contextual, and historically produced through discourses. Postmodern researchers therefore embarked on analyzing discourses such as texts, language, French social theorist Michel Foucault developed a notion of discourse in his early work, especially the Archaeology of knowledge
Discourse
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Sociology
74.
Gay friendly
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The Spartacus International Gay Guide publishes the Gay Travel Index, a ranking of gay-friendly countries. Points are added to countries for anti-discrimination legislation, equal marriage, partnership and adoption laws, meanwhile, points are subtracted for anti-LGBT laws, HIV travel restrictions, religious influence, and prosecution, murders and death sentences to LGBT. In 2013, the Spartacus Gay Travel Index features a majority of Western European countries in the top 11, plus Canada, New Zealand, the bottom 5 countries are Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Russia, Jordan and Jamaica. Spartacus also publishes a Gay Travel Index USA, listing the 50 states plus the District of Columbia with the criteria as the countries ranking. In 2013, the top 5 regions are from the Northeast, whereas the top 10 also includes California, Illinois, the bottom 10 states are mainly from the Southeast, except for a few Mountain states. Many businesses now identify as gay-friendly, allowing for a more diversified employee, the Human Rights Campaign works to achieve equality for gays, lesbians and other and publishes a list of companies in relation to issues concerning LGBT people. Companies that are noted for gay-friendly work environments include Dell Inc. companies such as R Family Vacations, Manspray, Volkswagen, Ginch Gonch and Egotour and numerous others offer niche products and services for gay customers. Anti-gay LGBT marketing Pinkwashing Pink capitalism Human Rights Campaign, lobby group for LGBT rights
Gay friendly
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LGBT history
75.
Gay rodeo
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The International Gay Rodeo Association, founded in 1985, is the sanctioning body for gay rodeos held throughout the United States and Canada. They are the largest group coordinating rodeo events specifically welcoming lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender as well as heterosexual participants, IGRA is composed of many regional gay rodeo associations, and sanctions a season of rodeo events which culminates in an annual World Gay Rodeo Finals. IGRA events are intended to allow all competitors, regardless of sexual and gender identity, the organization helps spread appreciation for Western culture and the sport of rodeo, while serving as a fundraising vehicle benefiting many charitable organizations. Competitors compete for money and the title of All Around Cowboy. The winners of each event receive trophy buckles designed by the hosting association, at seasons end the contestants with the highest points in each event receive invitations to the World Gay Rodeo Finals presented by IGRA. The event was renamed in 2009 from the previous International Gay Rodeo Finals moniker it held from its onset in Hayward, the original intent of these rodeos was fundraising, and while highly competitive and structured rodeos still serve the primary purpose of being fundraisers. The money raised at the rodeo is donated to the charities of each association. In total IGRA and all the associated associations have donated to furthering the individual causes of all charities that are benefactors of rodeo funds. In 2010, the IGRA archives dating from 1975 were deposited in the collection of the Autry National Center in Griffith Park, Los Angeles. The documentary film Queens & Cowboys follows the story of out cowboy, Wade Earp, Earp discusses how he does not compete in rodeos outside of IGRA because, There’s still a lot of homophobia. As progressive as we think the world’s gotten, there’s so much we have to conquer, the first gay rodeo was held as a charity fundraising event at the Washoe County Fairgrounds in Reno, Nevada on October 2,1976. The organizer, Phil Ragsdale, a member of the Imperial Court System, was the Court Emperor of Reno, in time, he came to be regarded as the Father of Gay Rodeo. Ragsdale came up with the idea of a holding a rodeo to raise money for the local Thanksgiving Day food drive for senior citizens. Over 125 people took part in the first rodeo, and the winners were crowned King of the Cowboys, Queen of the Cowgirls, the National Reno Gay Rodeo title was officially created in 1977, when he founded the Comstock Gay Rodeo Association. Following the Imperial courts lead Ragsdale added the Mr. Ms. and these titles still exist today but have been recognized as Mr. Ms. Miss. and MsTer International Gay Rodeo Association since the IGRA replaced the old National Reno format. By 1984, the ninth and final National Reno Gay Rodeo brought out over 10,000 people to the rodeo grounds, the demise of the National Reno Rodeos is credited by the IRS as a dispute between the Gay Rodeo and the Washoe County Fairgrounds and the Sands Hotel. The rodeo books were also alleged to have been seized by the IRS, history has recorded 14 gay rodeos prior to the formation of the International Gay Rodeo Association. The IGRA became truly international in 1993 when the Alberta Rockies Gay Rodeo Association from Canada joined, in September 1985 with 10 years of rodeo history behind it, groups of men gathered in Denver, Colorado to formulate the history of Gay Rodeo
Gay rodeo
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Grand Entry at the Rocky Mountain Regional Rodeo, put on by the Colorado Gay Rodeo Association in 2005
Gay rodeo
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Bull rider at the 2007 Atlantic Stampede, put on by the Atlantic States Gay Rodeo Association
76.
Eunuch
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The term eunuch generally refers to a man who has been castrated, typically early enough in his life for this change to have major hormonal consequences. In some ancient texts, eunuch may also refer to a man who is not castrated but who is impotent, celibate, or otherwise not inclined to marry, in Latin, the words eunuchus, spado, and castratus were used to denote eunuchs. Castration was typically carried out on the soon-to-be eunuch without his consent in order that he perform a specific social function. The earliest records for intentional castration to produce eunuchs are from the Sumerian city of Lagash in the 21st century BC. Eunuchs would usually be servants or slaves who had been castrated in order to make them reliable servants of a court where physical access to the ruler could wield great influence. Similar instances are reflected in the origins and etymology of many high offices. Because their condition usually lowered their status, they could also be easily replaced or killed without repercussion. In cultures that had both harems and eunuchs, eunuchs were sometimes used as servants or seraglio guards. Eunuch comes from the Greek word eunoukhos, first attested in a fragment of Hipponax, the acerbic poet describes a certain lover of fine food having consumed his estate dining lavishly and at leisure every day on tuna and garlic-honey cheese paté like a Lampsacene eunoukhos. For instance, Lucian suggests two methods to determine whether someone is a eunuch, physical inspection of the body, or scrutiny of his ability to perform sexually with females, the earliest surviving etymology of the word is from late antiquity. The 12th century Etymologicum Magnum essentially repeats the entry from Orion, in the late 12th century, Eustathius of Thessalonica offered an original derivation of the word from eunis + okheuein, deprived of mating. The early 17th century scholar and theologian Gerardus Vossius therefore explains that the originally designated an office. He says the word came to be applied to castrated men in general because such men were the usual holders of that office. Still, Vossius notes the alternate etymologies offered by Eustathius and others, modern etymologists have followed Orions first option. As an alpha-declension noun, eunē features the stem-vowel -a-, all words that are formed by adding onto eunē have an a-sound or long e-sound in the combined syllable, as in eunater or eunēter, eunaios or eunēthen. By analogy, a compound between eunē and ekhein would be expected to come out as eunēkhos, or in English eunech, on the other hand, the etymology offered by Eustathius would work only if eunis contributes an e-sound or o-sound to the compound. Unfortunately, there are no known compounds of eunis to use for comparison, consequently, the rules of Greek vowel contraction at any rate favor the derivation from eunoos and ekhein. And in fact, other words that have the same ending -oukhos feature a stem-vowel o in the first word of the compound, be that as it may, virtually all modern reference works cite the derivation from eunē and ekhein
Eunuch
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The Kızlar Ağası, head of the black eunuchs of the Ottoman Imperial Harem. The title literally means "Chief of the Girls".
Eunuch
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A group of eunuchs. Mural from the tomb of the prince Zhanghuai, 706 AD.
Eunuch
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A Qing dynasty eunuch, China, before 1911
Eunuch
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Chief Eunuch of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II at the Imperial Palace, 1912.
77.
Tomboy
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Tomboy, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, has been connected with connotations of rudeness and impropriety throughout its use. The OED dates the first use of the tomboy to 1592, but an earlier use is recorded in Ralph Roister Doister, which is believed to date from 1553. Joseph Lee, an advocate, believed the tomboy phase crucial to physical development between the ages of eight and thirteen in 1915. Tomboyism remained popular through World War I and World War II in society, literature, Gender scholar Judith Halberstam states that while the defying of gender roles is often tolerated in young girls, adolescent girls who display masculine traits are often repressed or punished. An increase in the popularity of sporting events and other activities that were traditionally male-dominated has broadened tolerance. Throughout history, there has been a correlation between tomboyishness and lesbianism. For instance, Hollywood films would stereotype the adult tomboy as a predatory butch dyke, lynne Yamaguchi and Karen Barber, editors of Tomboys. Tales of Dyke Derring-Do, argue that tomboyhood is much more than a phase for many lesbians, linked their self-identification as tomboys and lesbians to both labels positioning them outside cultural and gender boundaries. Pychoanalyst Dianne Elises essay reported that more lesbians noted being a tomboy than straight women, however, while some tomboys later reveal a lesbian identity in their adolescent or adult years, behavior typical of boys but displayed by girls is not a true indicator of ones sexual orientation. There have been few studies of the causality of womens behavior and interests, Tomboys have also been noted to demonstrate a stronger interest in science and technology. Effeminacy Geek girl Gender variance Girly girl Sissy Tomboys and sissies, feisty Girls and Spirited Women A film by Julie Akeret and Christian McEwen
Tomboy
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The Tomboy by John George Brown, 1873.
78.
Banjee
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The term is mostly associated with New York City and may be Nuyorican in origin. Attitude, clothing, ethnicity, masculinity, physique and youth are all elements of what has been called banjee realness and that was the identity I was given back in the summer of 1991, when I, half out/half in approached the colored museum of the Christopher Street piers. I was new to the life, so I had no reference for people were talking about. Whatever the terms of identification, all I knew was there was one thing that brought both the banjees and the queens to the pier, we were men who loved men. An anxious 19 year old, I wore my banjee realness designation like a badge of honor, a queen schooled me on how my masculinity was something that carried great weight, not only in the gay world, but the straight world as well. The 1990 documentary film Paris Is Burning featured banjee realness as one of the categories in which contestants competed for trophies, according to The Village Voice banjee boy categories have been a part of vogue balls since at least the early 1980s. The word banjee never entered mainstream pop culture, but it had currency as gay slang throughout the 1990s, in 1998, a report in the medical journal AIDS Patient Care and STDs regarding safer sex practices among young Black and Latino men was entitled Banjee Boys Are Down. The 1999 play Banjee, written by playwright A. B, the term banjee has also been used by several producers of gay pornography in presenting the type of young man described herein. For example, in 1995 a company called Pleasure Productions produced a DVD called Banjee Black Boys, 1999-2003 a company called Banjee Boy, Inc. produced films with taglines such as Wanna see some of the sexiest, thugged out gangstas that NY has to offer. There are other examples from adult films, as well as several websites that still use the term. While seeming to have peaked in popularity during the 1990s, the term banjee is still in use, in 2008 the band Hercules & Love Affair has performed wearing matching shirts with the word printed on them. New York clothing label Hood By Air uses the Banjee term as a point of reference for their S/S09 collection, homo thug is a more recent and more popular term which is nearly-synonymous with banjee. However, homo thug does imply that the man in question is primarily homosexual, in contrast, a banjee might be homosexual but might also be bisexual or only have opportunistic homosexual sex with men when women are unavailable. The latter situation is a theme in many of the films mentioned above. Gayngsta, a derived from gay and gangsta, is another recent coinage. It has mostly used in relation to the underground LGBT hip hop scene as shown in the documentary Pick Up the Mic. While easily discernible in writing, pronunciation is barely discernible from gangsta, Banjee girl is heard so rarely that it is difficult to define. In discussing a show in Paris, one reviewer wrote in 2005
Banjee
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LGBT history
79.
Ex-gay movement
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A large body of research and global scientific consensus indicates that being gay, lesbian, or bisexual is compatible with normal mental health and social adjustment. Various ex-gay organizations have working definitions of change, when the term ex-gay was introduced to professional literature in 1980, E. Mansell Pattison defined it as describing a person who had experienced a basic change in sexual orientation. Some ex-gays advocate entering in a marriage as part of the process. Some in mixed-orientation marriages acknowledge that their sexual attractions remain primarily homosexual, one of the APAs sources for the report found that, ex-gay groups recast homosexuality as an ordinary sin, and thus salvation was still achievable. The APA report warns however that, some groups may reinforce prejudice, the first contemporary ex-gay ministry, Love in Action, was formed in 1973. Three years later, with other organizations, it formed Exodus International, the largest ex-gay organization. Chambers apologized for what he identified as regrettable techniques, and the message of a cure. Shortly after, Chambers and his wife started Speak. Love, an organisation for promoting conversations on sexual orientation for all. In September 2014, Speak. Love. was merged into Chambers personal website, Exodus Global Alliance, however, no longer affiliated with Exodus International, has continued operations. Some groups follow a technique, such as Homosexuals Anonymous. Other ex-gay organizations include Parents and Friends of Ex-Gays and Gays, joe Dallas is the program director of Genesis Counseling. He has written six books on human sexuality, donnie McClurkin wrote about his experience with homosexuality in his book, Eternal Victim, Eternal Victor. He describes himself as going through a process by which he saved and sanctified. McClurkin has been criticized for stating homosexuality is a curse and he speaks openly about sexual issues since becoming the biological father of a child with a woman to whom he was not married. He uses these experiences in his concerts and speaking engagements, in 2004, he sang at the Republican National Convention. The appearance generated criticism for the event organizers and McClurkin for his statements on homosexuality, jeffrey Satinover is an American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and physicist. He is a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of NARTH, charles Socarides was an American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, physician, educator, and author. He helped found NARTH in 1992, günter Baum founded an ex-gay ministry in Germany
Ex-gay movement
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OneByOne booth at a Love Won Out conference
80.
Ex-ex-gay
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The American Psychiatric Association describes conversion therapy as ineffective at changing sexual orientation, and as harmful to the LGBT persons well-being. Three publicly ex-ex-gay people are Günter Baum, Peterson Toscano and Christine Bakke, in April 2007, Toscano and Bakke founded Beyond Ex-Gay, an on-line resource for ex-ex gays. In June 2007, together with Soulforce and the LGBT Resource Center at University of California, in 1979, Exodus Internationals co-founder Michael Bussee and his partner Gary Cooper quit the group and held a life commitment ceremony together. On June 27,2007, Bussee, along with fellow former Exodus leaders Jeremy Marks and Darlene Bogle, Exodus disbanded as an organization on June 20,2013. Günter Baum founded a ministry in Germany. Later he formed Zwischenraum, which helps gay Christians to accept their sexuality, Michael Bussee and Gary Cooper, co-founders of Exodus International, left the organization and in 1979, held a life commitment ceremony. Bussee went on to become a critic of Exodus and the ex-gay movement. In June 2007, Bussee issued an apology for his part in the ex-gay movement, ben Gresham is an Australian man who went through three years of ex-gay therapy starting at sixteen years of age. He does media appearances, including ABC TVs The Hack Half Hour, SX News and Triple J regarding what he sees as the dangers of ex-gay programs, along with this, Gresham is a part of Freedom 2 b, which offers support to LGBT people from church backgrounds. Noe Gutierrez appeared in Warren Throckmortons ex-gay video I Do Exist in 2004 and this garnered some notice, as Gutierrez had previously appeared in a video for gay youth known as Its Elementary. Gutierrez later left the movement and wrote about his experience. John Smid is the director of the Memphis, Tennessee ex-gay ministry Love In Action. In 2011, years after having left his Love In Action post, he stated that he was homosexual, Peterson Toscano is an actor who was involved in the ex-gay movement for 17 years. He performs a related one-man satire titled Doin Time in the Homo No Mo Halfway House, and with Christine Bakke runs Beyond Ex-Gay, a support website for people coming out of ex-gay experiences. Anthony Venn-Brown is a former Australian evangelist in the Assemblies of God, Venn-Brown co-founded Freedom 2b which offers support to LGBT people from church backgrounds and who have been displaced from the ex-gay movement. In 2007 he co-ordinated the release of a statement from five Australian ex-gay leaders who publicly apologized for their past actions, anthony Venn-Brown has been a leader in monitoring ex-gay activities in Australia, New Zealand and Asia and countering the ex-gay myth. J. G. Ford, Reparative Therapy -- A Pseudoscience Ex-Gay Watch
Ex-ex-gay
–
LGBT history
81.
Hermaphrodite
–
In biology, a hermaphrodite is an organism that has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female sexes. Many taxonomic groups of animals do not have separate sexes, in these groups, hermaphroditism is a normal condition, enabling a form of sexual reproduction in which either partner can act as the female or male. For example, the majority of tunicates, pulmonate snails, opisthobranch snails. Hermaphroditism is also found in fish species and to a lesser degree in other vertebrates. Historically, the term hermaphrodite has also used to describe ambiguous genitalia and gonadal mosaicism in individuals of gonochoristic species. A rough estimate of the number of animal species is 65,000. Since the estimated number of animal species is 8.6 million. Arthropods are the phylum with the largest number of species, most hermaphroditic species exhibit some degree of self-fertilization. The distribution of self-fertilization rates among animals is similar to that of plants, suggesting that similar processes are operating to direct the evolution of selfing in animals and plants. The term derives from the Latin, hermaphroditus, from Ancient Greek, ἑρμαφρόδιτος hermaphroditos, which derives from Hermaphroditus, the word hermaphrodite entered the English lexicon as early as the late fourteenth century. Sequential hermaphrodites occur in species in which the individual is born as one sex and this contrasts simultaneous hermaphrodites, in which an individual may possess fully functional male and female gonads. Sequential hermaphroditism is common in fish and some jellyfish, many gastropods, while some sequential hermaphrodites can change sex multiple times, most can only change sex once. Generally one anemone contains a harem, consisting of a female, a smaller reproductive male. If the female is removed, the male will change sex. It has been shown that fishing pressure can change when the switch from male to female occurs, the populations are generally changing sex at a smaller size, due to natural selection. Protogyny, Where the organism is born as a female, and then changes sex to a male. Example, wrasses also have an uncommon life history strategy, which is termed diandry. In these species, two male morphs exists, an initial phase male and a terminal phase male, initial phase males do not look like males and spawn in groups with other females. Terminal phase males are territorial and have a distinctively bright coloration, individuals are born as males or females, but if they are born males, they are not born as terminal phase males
Hermaphrodite
–
Shells of Crepidula fornicata (common slipper shell).
Hermaphrodite
–
Clownfish are initially male; the largest fish in a group becomes a female.
Hermaphrodite
–
Most species of parrotfish start life as females and later change into males.
82.
History of homosexuality
–
In a 1976 study, Gwen Broude and Sarah Greene compared attitudes towards and frequency of homosexuality in the ethnographic studies available in the Standard cross-cultural sample. Of 70 communities, homosexuality was reported to be absent or rare in frequency in 41 and it was frequent in ancient Greece. However, in later cultures influenced by Abrahamic religions, the law, a common thread of constructionist argument is that no one in antiquity or the Middle Ages experienced homosexuality as an exclusive, permanent, or defining mode of sexuality. John Boswell has countered this argument by citing ancient Greek writings by Plato, while each Indigenous culture has their own names for these individuals, a modern, pan-Indian term that has been adopted by consensus is Two-Spirit. Homosexual and transgender individuals were also common among other pre-conquest civilizations in Latin America, such as the Aztecs, Mayans, Quechuas, Moches, Zapotecs, in East Asia, same-sex love has been referred to since the earliest recorded history. Homosexuality in China, known as the pleasures of the bitten peach and these euphemistic terms were used to describe behaviors, not identities. The relationships were marked by differences in age and social position, homosexuality in Japan, variously known as shudo or nanshoku, has been documented for over one thousand years and had some connections to the Buddhist monastic life and the samurai tradition. This same-sex love culture gave rise to traditions of painting. Similarly, in Thailand, kathoey, or ladyboys, have been a feature of Thai society for many centuries, while Kathoey may encompass simple effeminacy or transvestism, it most commonly is treated in Thai culture as a third gender. They are generally accepted by society, and Thailand has never had legal prohibitions against homosexuality or homosexual behavior, the earliest Western documents concerning same-sex relationships are derived from ancient Greece. In regard of male homosexuality such documents depict a world in which relationships with women, same-sex relationships were a social institution variously constructed over time and from one city to another. Plato praised its benefits in his writings but in his late works proposed its prohibition. Little is known of female homosexuality in antiquity, sappho, born on the island of Lesbos, was included by later Greeks in the canonical list of nine lyric poets. The adjectives deriving from her name and place of birth came to be applied to female homosexuality beginning in the 19th century, sapphos poetry centers on passion and love for various personages and both genders. The narrators of many of her poems speak of infatuations and love for various females, there is no evidence that she ran an academy for girls. In Ancient Rome the young male body remained a focus of sexual attention. All the emperors with the exception of Claudius took male lovers, justinian, towards the end of his reign, expanded the proscription to the active partner as well, warning that such conduct can lead to the destruction of cities through the wrath of God. Notwithstanding these regulations, taxes on brothels of boys available for homosexual sex continued to be collected until the end of the reign of Anastasius I in 618
History of homosexuality
–
Dance to the Berdache Sac and Fox Nation ceremonial dance to celebrate the two-spirit person. George Catlin (1796–1872); Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
History of homosexuality
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Balboa setting his war dogs upon Indian practitioners of sodomy in 1513; New York Public Library
History of homosexuality
–
Roman man penetrating a youth, possibly a slave, middle of the 1st century AD. Found in Bittir (?), near Jerusalem
History of homosexuality
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Youth females are depicted as surrounding Sappho in this painting of Lafond "Sappho sings for Homer", 1824
83.
Adelphopoiesis
–
Similar blood brotherhood rituals were practiced by other cultures, including American Indians, ancient Chinese as well as Germanic and Scandinavian peoples. Such ceremonies can be found in the history of the Catholic Church until the 14th century and this was a replacement for blood-brotherhood which was forbidden by the church at the time. Others such as Brent Shaw have maintained also that these unions were more akin to blood-brotherhood and had no sexual connotation, rites for adelphopoiesis are contained in Byzantine manuscripts dating from the ninth to the 15th century. A similar translation of the term is brother-making, while many scholars criticized Boswells findings, some agreed with him, including liberal American Episcopalian scholars Robin Scroggs and William L. Countryman. These were not, however, contiguous with the earlier Eastern tradition, historian Robin Darling Young and Brent Shaw, have also criticized Boswells methodology and conclusions. Archimandrite Ephrem Lash criticized Boswells book in the February 1995 issue of Sourozh, according to Ephrem, Boswell mistranslates, misinterprets, and tendentiously organizes texts, and his knowledge of Orthodox liturgiology is, in effect, non-existent. In other words, monks are forbidden to do the following,1, to act as godfathers at baptisms,2. To act as supporters of bridal couples,3 and these are, of course, the natural consequences of a monks having given up all ties of earthly relationships. Turning back to Boswells thesis, Ephrem writes, What does Boswell make of this, here is his paraphrase of the text given above, monks must also not select boys at baptism and make such unions with them. There is absolutely nothing in the text to suggest that the three prohibitions are linked in the way Boswell implies, nor that the children are boys – the Greek has the neuter, paidia. In his review of the book, Miodrag Kojadinović says, The book is a scientific treatise abundant with references, but it starts from a premise that to me seems insufficiently proven. It chooses to see, based on relatively meagre evidence, a very idiosyncratic relationship sanctioned among certain groups as a precursor to California bunnies white weddings. It goes so far to refer to the emperor Basil as a hunk and it neglects the fact that adelphopoiesis/pobratimstvo can be achieved through simple invocation, My-Brother-Through-God. in case of peril. A foe suddenly turns an ally
Adelphopoiesis
–
The Christian martyrs Saint Sergius and Saint Bacchus, noted for their friendship in Christ, were cited in church adelphopoiesis ceremonies.
84.
Homosexuality in ancient Rome
–
Homosexuality in ancient Rome often differs markedly from the contemporary West. Latin lacks words that would precisely translate homosexual and heterosexual, the primary dichotomy of ancient Roman sexuality was active/dominant/masculine and passive/submissive/feminine. Roman society was patriarchal, and the male citizen possessed political liberty. Virtue was seen as an active quality through which a man defined himself, the conquest mentality and cult of virility shaped same-sex relations. Roman men were free to enjoy sex with other males without a loss of masculinity or social status. Same-sex relations among women are less documented, male writers took little interest in how women experienced sexuality in general. During the Republic and early Principate, little is recorded of sexual relations among women, during the Republic, a Roman citizens political liberty was defined in part by the right to preserve his body from physical compulsion, including both corporal punishment and sexual abuse. Roman society was patriarchal, and masculinity was premised on a capacity for governing oneself, virtus, valor as that which made a man most fully a man, was among the active virtues. Sexual conquest was a metaphor for imperialism in Roman discourse. Roman ideals of masculinity were thus premised on taking a role that was also, as Craig A. Williams has noted. Allowing himself to be penetrated threatened his liberty as a citizen as well as his sexual integrity. It was expected and socially acceptable for a freeborn Roman man to want sex with female and male partners, as long as he took the penetrative role. The morality of the depended on the social standing of the partner. Both women and young men were considered objects of desire, but outside marriage a man was supposed to act on his desires only with slaves, prostitutes. Gender did not determine whether a partner was acceptable, as long as a mans enjoyment did not encroach on another mans integrity. Homoerotic themes are introduced to Latin literature during a period of increasing Greek influence on Roman culture in the 2nd century BC, Greek cultural attitudes differed from those of the Romans primarily in idealizing eros between freeborn male citizens of equal status, though usually with a difference of age. An attachment to a male outside the family, seen as an influence among the Greeks. The sexual license and decadence under the empire was seen as a contributing factor, the consul Quintus Lutatius Catulus was among a circle of poets who made short, light Hellenistic poems fashionable
Homosexuality in ancient Rome
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Male couple on an oil lamp
Homosexuality in ancient Rome
–
Heroic portrayal of Nisus and Euryalus (1827) by Jean-Baptiste Roman: Vergil described their love as pius in keeping with Roman morality
Homosexuality in ancient Rome
–
Threesome from the Suburban Baths in Pompeii, depicting a sexual scenario as described also by Catullus, Carmen 56
Homosexuality in ancient Rome
–
Gallo-Roman bronze examples of the fascinum, a phallic amulet or charm
85.
Uranian
–
Ulrichs developed his terminology before the first public use of the term homosexual, which appeared in 1869 in a pamphlet published anonymously by Karl-Maria Kertbeny. The word Uranian was derived by Ulrichs from the Greek goddess Aphrodite Urania, therefore, it stands for homosexual gender, while Aphrodite Dionea represents the heterosexual gender. Oscar Wilde wrote to Robert Ross in a letter, To have altered my life would have been to have admitted that Uranian love is ignoble. I hold it to be noble - more noble than other forms, the term also gained currency among a group that studied Classics and dabbled in pederastic poetry from the 1870s to the 1930s. The writings of this group are now known by the phrase Uranian poetry, the art of Henry Scott Tuke and Wilhelm von Gloeden is also sometimes referred to as Uranian. The word itself alludes to Platos Symposium, a discussion on Eros, in this dialog, Pausanias distinguishes between two types of love, symbolised by two different accounts of the birth of Aphrodite, the goddess of love. In one, she was born of Uranus, a birth in which the female has no part and this Uranian Aphrodite is associated with a noble love for male youths, and is the source of Ulrichss term urning. After Dione, Ulrichs gave the name dioning to men who are attracted to women. However, unlike Platos account of love, Ulrichs understood male urnings to be essentially feminine. John Addington Symonds, who was one of the first to take up the term Uranian in the English language, was a student of Benjamin Jowett and was familiar with the Symposium. However, it has argued that this etymology, at least for the English-speaking countries, is unrelated to Ulrichss coinage. In his volume Secreted Desires, The Major Uranians, Michael M. Kaylor writes and he developed a more complex threefold axis for understanding sexual and gender variance, sexual orientation, preferred sexual behavior, and gender characteristics. The three axes were usually, but not necessarily, linked — Ulrichs himself, for example, was a Weibling who preferred the active sexual role, note that in these terms, -in is an ordinary German suffix usually meaning female. Urningin, A person assigned female at birth with a male psyche, urning, A person assigned male at birth with a female psyche, whose main sexual attraction is to men
Uranian
–
From John Addington Symonds ' 1891 book A Problem in Modern Ethics.
Uranian
–
LGBT history
86.
Stonewall riots
–
They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States. Gay Americans in the 1950s and 1960s faced a legal system. Early homophile groups in the U. S. sought to prove that gay people could be assimilated into society and these influences, along with the liberal environment of Greenwich Village, served as catalysts for the Stonewall riots. Very few establishments welcomed openly gay people in the 1950s and 1960s and those that did were often bars, although bar owners and managers were rarely gay. At the time, the Stonewall Inn was owned by the Mafia, Police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s, but officers quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn. They attracted a crowd that was incited to riot, tensions between New York City police and gay residents of Greenwich Village erupted into more protests the next evening, and again several nights later. After the Stonewall riots, gays and lesbians in New York City faced gender, race, class, within six months, two gay activist organizations were formed in New York, concentrating on confrontational tactics, and three newspapers were established to promote rights for gays and lesbians. Within a few years, gay organizations were founded across the U. S. On June 28,1970, the first gay pride marches took place in New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, similar marches were organized in other cities. Today, Gay Pride events are held throughout the world toward the end of June to mark the Stonewall riots. The Stonewall National Monument was established at the site in 2016, anarchists, communists, and other people deemed un-American and subversive were considered security risks. Homosexuals were included in this list by the U. S. State Department on the theory that they were susceptible to blackmail, in 1950, a Senate investigation chaired by Clyde R. Between 1947 and 1950,1,700 federal job applications were denied,4,380 people were discharged from the military, and 420 were fired from their government jobs for being suspected homosexuals. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and police departments kept lists of homosexuals, their favored establishments, and friends. Post Office kept track of addresses where material pertaining to homosexuality was mailed, State and local governments followed suit, bars catering to homosexuals were shut down, and their customers were arrested and exposed in newspapers. Cities performed sweeps to rid neighborhoods, parks, bars, and they outlawed the wearing of opposite gender clothes, and universities expelled instructors suspected of being homosexual. Thousands of gay men and women were publicly humiliated, physically harassed, fired, jailed, many lived double lives, keeping their private lives secret from their professional ones. In 1952, the American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality in the Diagnostic, a large-scale study of homosexuality in 1962 was used to justify inclusion of the disorder as a supposed pathological hidden fear of the opposite sex caused by traumatic parent–child relationships
Stonewall riots
–
The Stonewall Inn, taken September 1969. The sign in the window reads: "We homosexuals plead with our people to please help maintain peaceful and quiet conduct on the streets of the Village— Mattachine."
Stonewall riots
–
Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village
Stonewall riots
–
This photograph appeared in the front page of The New York Daily News on Sunday, June 29, 1969, showing the "street kids" who were the first to fight with the police.
Stonewall riots
–
Christopher Park, where many of the demonstrators met after the first night of rioting to talk about what had happened, now features a sculpture of four white figures by George Segal that commemorates the milestone.
87.
White Night riots
–
The events took place on the night of May 21,1979 in San Francisco. Earlier that day, White had been convicted of voluntary manslaughter and that White was not convicted of first-degree murder had so outraged the citys gay community that it set off the most violent reaction by gay Americans since the 1969 Stonewall Riots in New York City. The gay community of San Francisco had a conflict with the San Francisco Police Department. Whites status as a police officer intensified the communitys anger at the SFPD. Initial demonstrations took place as a march through the Castro district of San Francisco. After the crowd arrived at the San Francisco City Hall, violence began, the events caused hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of property damage to City Hall and the surrounding area, as well as injuries to police officers and rioters. Several hours after the riot had broken up, police made a retaliatory raid on a gay bar in San Franciscos Castro District. Many patrons were beaten by police in riot gear, two dozen arrests were made during the course of the raid, and several people later sued the SFPD. In the following days, gay leaders refused to apologize for the events of that night and this led to increased political power in the gay community, which culminated in the election of Mayor Dianne Feinstein to a full term, the following November. In response to a promise, Feinstein appointed a pro-gay Chief of Police. The American settlers who moved west toward California in the 18th and 19th centuries were largely male prospectors and miners, events such as the California Gold Rush created a broadly male society in that region. Romantic friendships were common, and often tolerated, as San Francisco was settled the ratio of men to women remained disproportionately high, resulting in the growth of a culture that was more open-minded towards homosexuality. The citys notorious brothel district – named the Barbary Coast – earned the city a reputation as a lawless, the end of Prohibition prompted the opening of several gay bars along North Beach. The most notable of these were the Black Cat where female impersonation shows became the draw. During World War II, San Francisco became a major point for servicemen stationed in the Pacific Theater. The U. S. military, which was concerned about homosexuality, had a policy of dismissing servicemen caught in known gay establishments with blue discharges. As many of these men faced ostracism from their communities and families, the number of men that remained was a significant factor in the creation of a homosexual community in San Francisco. In 1951, the California Supreme Court affirmed in Stoumen v. Reilly the right of homosexuals to assemble peacefully, to assist homosexuals with legal problems, in 1951 labor activist Harry Hay started the Mattachine Society, from his living room in Los Angeles
White Night riots
–
Rioters outside San Francisco City Hall, May 21, 1979, reacting to the voluntary manslaughter verdict for Dan White
White Night riots
–
Rioters causing property damage at the Civic Center Plaza. Burning police cruisers are seen in the background. Image credit: Daniel Nicoletta.
White Night riots
–
San Francisco's Castro district became an early stronghold for the emerging gay community.
White Night riots
–
Protesters at the "Day of Decision" rally marched up Market Street in downtown San Francisco following the California Supreme Court ruling.
88.
Homophile
–
The word homophile or homophilia is a dated term for homosexuality. In the present day it is LGBTQIA, still it was all considered under the umbrella term Homophilia, the term homophile is favoured by some because it emphasizes love rather than sex. The Church of England has used the term homophile in certain contexts since at least 1991 – e. g. homophile orientation, in almost all languages where the words homophile and homosexual were both in use, homosexual won out as the modern conventional neutral term. One exception is Norwegian, where the opposite happened, and homofil is the modern conventional neutral term for homosexual in Norwegian, homofili was first used in Norwegian in a 1951 brochure from the Norwegian branch of the Danish League of 1948. Norway is one of the few countries where this trend is still widespread, after the gains made by the homosexual rights movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the vibrant homosexual subcultures of the 20s and 30s became silent as war engulfed Europe. Germany, the home of such movements and activists, went from being the best place in Europe to be gay, lesbian or transgender, to the worst. The Swiss journal Der Kreis was the only publication in Europe to publish during the Nazi era. After the war, organizations began to re-form, such as the Dutch COC in 1946, Other, new organizations arose, including Forbundet af 1948, founded by Axel Axgil in Denmark, with Helmer Fogedgaard publishing an associated magazine called Vennen from January 1949 until 1953. The word soon spread among members of the emerging post-war movement who were happy to emphasize the romantic side of their relationships over genital sexuality. A Swedish branch of Forbundet af 1948 was formed in 1949, the Swedish organization became independent under the name Riksförbundet för sexuellt likaberättigande in 1950, led by Allan Hellman. The same year in the United States, the Mattachine Society was formed, and other such as ONE, Inc. By 1954, the sales of ONEs magazine peaked at 16,000. Homophile organizations elsewhere include Arcadie in France and the British Homosexual Law Reform Society and these groups are generally considered to have been politically cautious, in comparison to the LGBT movements that both preceded and followed them. However, while few were prepared to come out, they did risk severe persecution, the ICSE brought together, among other groups, the Forbundet of 1948, the Riksförbundet för Sexuellt Likaberättigande, Arcadie, Der Kreis, and, later, ONE. However, the ICSE failed to last beyond the early 1960s due to attendance at meetings, lack of active leaders. By the mid-1960s, gays, lesbians and transpeople in the United States were forming more visible communities, from the mid-1960s, they engaged in picketing and sit-ins, identifying themselves in public space for the first time. Formed in 1964, the San Franciscan Society for Individual Rights had a new openness, SIR was focused on building community, and sponsored drag shows, dinners, bridge clubs, bowling leagues, softball games, field trips, art classes and meditation groups. In 1966, SIR opened the nations first gay and lesbian community center, the worlds first gay bookstore had opened in New York the year before
Homophile
–
The October 1957 edition of The Ladder, mailed to hundreds of women in the San Francisco area, urged women to take off their masks. The motif of masks and unmasking was prevalent in the homophile era, prefiguring the political strategy of coming out and giving the Mattachine Society its name.
Homophile
–
Stonewall Inn, Greenwich Village is now a National Historical Landmark
89.
Religion and homosexuality
–
Present day doctrines of the worlds major religions vary vastly generally and by denomination on attitudes toward these sexual orientations. Religious fundamentalism has been found to correlate positively with anti-homosexual bias, many argue that it is homosexual actions which are sinful, rather than the state of being homosexual itself. To this end, some discourage labeling individuals according to sexual orientation, several organizations exist that assert that conversion therapy can help diminish same-sex attraction. Historically, some cultures and religions accommodated, institutionalized, or revered, same-sex love and sexuality, such mythologies, for example, Hinduism does not view homosexuality as a religious sin. In 2009, the Hindu Council UK released the statement Hinduism does not condemn homosexuality, the Sikh holy scriptures The Guru Granth Sahib, teaches tolerance, equality and acceptance of all people, regardless of race, religion, gender, or sexuality. Sikh wedding ceremonies are non-gender specific, and so same-sex marriage is possible within Sikhism, regardless of their position on homosexuality, many people of faith look to both sacred texts and tradition for guidance on this issue. However, the authority of various traditions or scriptural passages and the correctness of translations and interpretations are continually disputed, the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, have traditionally forbidden sodomy, believing and teaching that such behavior is sinful. The Torah is the source for Jewish views on homosexuality. It states that, shall not lie with another man as with a woman, orthodox Judaism views homosexual acts as sinful. Conservative Judaism has engaged in a study of homosexuality since the 1990s with various rabbis presenting a wide array of responsa for communal consideration. Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism in North America and Liberal Judaism in the United Kingdom view homosexuality to be acceptable on the basis as heterosexuality. Christian denominations hold a variety of views on the issue of homosexual activity, most Christian denominations welcome people attracted to the same sex, but teach that homosexual acts are sinful. Pentecostal churches such as the Assemblies of God, as well as Restorationist churches, like Jehovahs Witnesses and Mormons, Liberal Christians are supportive of homosexuals. Some Christian denominations do not view monogamous same sex relationships as bad or evil, the United Church of Christ and the Alliance of Baptists also condone gay marriage, and some parts of the Anglican and Lutheran churches allow for the blessing of gay unions. The Episcopal Churchs recent actions vis-a-vis homosexuality have brought about increased ethical debate and tension within the Church of England, in the United States and many other nations, the religious people are becoming more affirming of same-sex relationships. Even those in denominations with official stances are liberalizing, though not as quickly as those in more affirming religious groups, passages from the Mosaic Covenant and its broader Old Testament context have been interpreted to mean that anyone engaging in homosexual practices should be punished with death. AIDS has also portrayed by some fundamentalist sects such as Fred Phelps. As such, it is argued that sexual desires and actions that contradict Gods design are deemed sinful and are condemned by God, protestant conservatives also see homosexual relationships as an impediment to heterosexual relationships
Religion and homosexuality
–
Conservative Christian protesters at a 2006 San Francisco Pride event
Religion and homosexuality
–
Religious protest of homosexuality in San Francisco
Religion and homosexuality
–
Youth seeking his father's advice on choosing a lover From the Haft Awrang of Jami, in the story A Father Advises his Son About Love; See Homosexuality and Islam; The Smithsonian, Washington, DC.
Religion and homosexuality
–
LGBT history
90.
Discrimination
–
This includes treatment of an individual or group, based on their actual or perceived membership in a certain group or social category, in a way that is worse than the way people are usually treated. Discriminatory traditions, policies, ideas, practices, and laws exist in countries and institutions in every part of the world. In some places, controversial attempts such as quotas have been used to benefit those believed to be current or past victims of discrimination—but have sometimes been called reverse discrimination, the term discriminate appeared in the early 17th century in the English language. It is from the Latin discriminat- distinguished between, from the verb discriminare, from discrimen distinction, from the verb discernere, Discrimination derives from Latin, where the verb discrimire means to separate, to distinguish, to make a distinction. Moral philosophers have defined discrimination as disadvantageous treatment or consideration, an individual need not be actually harmed in order to be discriminated against. They just need to be treated worse than others for some arbitrary reason, in addition to this discrimination develops into a source of oppression. It is similar to the action of recognizing someone as different so much that they are treated inhumanly, social competition is driven by the need for self-esteem and is aimed at achieving a positive social status for the in-group relative to comparable out-groups. Consensual discrimination is driven by the need for accuracy and reflects stable, the United Nations stance on discrimination includes the statement, Discriminatory behaviors take many forms, but they all involve some form of exclusion or rejection. International bodies United Nations Human Rights Council work towards helping ending discrimination around the world, important UN documents addressing discrimination include, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is a United Nations convention, the Convention commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination. The convention was adopted and opened for signature by the United Nations General Assembly on 21 December 1965, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women is an international treaty adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General Assembly. Described as a bill of rights for women, it came into force on 3 September 1981. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a human rights instrument treaty of the United Nations. Parties to the Convention are required to promote, protect, and ensure the full enjoyment of human rights by persons with disabilities, the text was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 13 December 2006, and opened for signature on 30 March 2007. Following ratification by the 20th party, it came into force on 3 May 2008, ageism or age discrimination is discrimination and stereotyping based on the grounds of someones age. It is a set of beliefs, norms, and values used to justify discrimination or subordination based on a persons age. Ageism is most often directed towards old people, or adolescents, Age discrimination in hiring has been shown to exist in the United States. In Europe, Stijn Baert, Jennifer Norga, Yannick Thuy and Marieke Van Hecke, researchers at Ghent University, interestingly, they found that age discrimination is heterogeneous by the activity older candidates undertook during their additional post-educational years
Discrimination
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Ethiopian Jews protest in Israel over non-employment of Ethiopian academics.
Discrimination
–
Nationalists on Corsica sometimes spray-paint or shoot traffic signs in French.
Discrimination
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Anti-Arab sign in Pattaya Beach, Thailand
Discrimination
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German warning in Germany-occupied Poland 1939 - " No entrance for Poles!"
91.
Biphobia
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Biphobia is aversion toward bisexuality and toward bisexual people as a social group or as individuals. It can take the form of denial that bisexuality is a sexual orientation. People of any orientation can experience or perpetuate biphobia. Biphobia is a portmanteau word patterned on the term homophobia and it derives from the English neo-classical prefix bi- from bisexual and the root -phobia found in homophobia. Along with transphobia and homophobia, it is one of a family of terms used to describe intolerance, the adjectival form biphobic describes things or qualities related to biphobia, and the less-common noun biphobe is a label for people thought to harbor biphobia. Biphobia need not be a phobia as defined in clinical psychology and its meaning and use typically parallel those of xenophobia. Biphobia can deny that bisexuality is real, asserting that people who identify as bisexual are not genuinely bisexual, one form of this denial is based on the heterosexist view that heterosexuality is the only true or natural sexual orientation. Thus anything that deviates from that is either a psychological pathology or an example of anti-social behavior. In these instances, homophobia and biphobia are largely the same, another form of denial stems from binary views of sexuality, that people are assumed monosexual, i. e. exclusively homosexual or heterosexual. In that model, bisexuals are presumed to be either closeted lesbian/gay people wishing to appear heterosexual, maxims such as people are either gay, straight, or lying embody this dichotomous view of sexual orientation. Some people accept the existence of bisexuality but define it narrowly. Thus the many individuals with unequal attractions are instead categorized as either homosexual or heterosexual. Others acknowledge the existence of bisexuality in women, but deny that men can be bisexual, some denial asserts that bisexual behavior or identity is merely a social trend – as exemplified by bisexual chic or gender bending – and not an intrinsic personality trait. Same-gender sexual activity is dismissed as merely a substitute for sex with members of the opposite sex, situational homosexuality in sex-segregated environments is presented as an example of this behavior. This leaves some that identify as bisexual to be perceived as not enough of either or not real, many stereotypes about people who identify as bisexual stem from denial or bisexual erasure. Because their orientation is not recognized as valid, they are stereotyped as confused, indecisive, insecure, experimenting and this presumed behavior is further generalized as dishonesty, secrecy, and deception. Bisexuals can be characterized as being slutty, easy, indiscriminate, furthermore, they are strongly associated with polyamory, swinging, and polygamy, the last being an established heterosexual tradition sanctioned by some religions and legal in several countries. This is despite the fact that people are as capable of monogamy or serial monogamy as homosexuals or heterosexuals
Biphobia
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LGBT history
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Corrective rape
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Corrective rape is a hate crime in which one or more people are raped because of their perceived sexual orientation or gender identity. The common intended consequence of the rape, as seen by the perpetrator, is to turn the person heterosexual or to enforce conformity with gender stereotypes. The term corrective rape was coined in South Africa after well-known cases of rapes of lesbians such as Eudy Simelane. Although some countries have laws protecting LGBT people, corrective rape is often overlooked, Corrective rape is the use of rape against people who do not conform to perceived social norms regarding human sexuality or gender roles. The goal is to punish perceived abnormal behavior and reinforce societal norms, the crime was first identified in South Africa, where it is sometimes supervised by members of the womans family or local community. The United Nations UNAIDS2015 Terminology Guidelines suggests that use of the corrective rape should no longer be used. The guidelines propose that the term homophobic rape should be used instead, Corrective rape is a hate crime. However, due to homophobia and heteronormativity, hate crimes based on sexuality are often not recognized by authorities, some people believe corrective rape can fix people who do not conform to gender norms or who are not heterosexual. ActionAid reports that survivors remember being told that they were being taught a lesson, some perpetrators of the hate crime are impelled by a sense of misogyny and chauvinism. Some sources argue that cases of corrective rape are caused by drawing moral conclusions from the nature–nurture debate. Because of this, some of people believe sexual orientation can be changed, or in this case. Intersectionality is intersecting social identities and related systems of oppression, domination, in South Africa, black lesbians face homophobia, sexism, racism, and classism. Research in 2008 by Triangle, a gay group, revealed that black lesbians were twice as afraid of sexual assault compared to white lesbians. In addition, black women who identify as lesbians are seen as un-African by their peers, taking into account race and sexuality together is essential when examining corrective rape, as both subjects cross into each other and influence each other heavily. Sexuality and gender especially, define the social and political rank of victims, many are ostracized, and other abusive measures are taken in order to cure individuals of their sexuality. Corrective rape and other accompanying acts of violence can result in physical and psychological trauma, mutilation, unwanted pregnancy, Corrective rape is a major contributor to HIV infection in South African lesbians. In South Africa approximately 10% of lesbians are HIV positive, with corrective rape being the most likely cause, HIV in South Africa is pandemic, and due to homophobia there is a lack of education about sexually transmitted diseases among lesbians. Homophobic laws and discrimination in South Africa contribute to the quality of health care for minorities
Corrective rape
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Soweto Pride 2012 participants remember two lesbians who were raped and murdered in 2007.
Corrective rape
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Soweto Pride 2012 participants protest against violence against lesbians with a "Dying for Justice" banner and T-shirts which read "Solidarity with women who speak out".
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Gay bashing
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A bashing may be a specific incident, and one could also use the verb to bash. A verbal gay bashing might use sexual slurs, expletives, intimidation and it also might take place in a political forum and include one or more common anti-gay slogans. Similar terms such as bullying, queer bullying, and queer bashing may also be formed. Gay bashing has occurred worldwide for many decades and continues today, as historian David K. Johnson explains, The Lavender Scare helped fan the flames of the Red Scare. In popular discourse, communists and homosexuals were often conflated, both groups were perceived as hidden subcultures with their own meeting places, literature, cultural codes, and bonds of loyalty. Both groups were thought to recruit to their ranks the psychologically weak or disturbed, and both groups were considered immoral and godless. Many people believed that the two groups were working together to undermine the government, using rumors collected by Drew Pearson, one Nevada publisher wrote in 1952 that both McCarthy and his chief counsel, Roy Cohn, were homosexuals. Bradlee said, There was a lot of time spent investigating these allegations, No reputable McCarthy biographer has accepted it as probable. Egale Canada conducted a survey of more than 3700 high school students in Canada between December 2007 and June 2009, 58% or about 1400 of the 2400 heterosexual students participating in EGALEs survey found homophobic comments upsetting. Further, EGALE found that students not directly affected by homophobia, biphobia or transphobia were less aware of it, EGALE, along with previous research has found teachers and school administration may be complicit in queer bullying through their silence and/or inaction. Graffiti found on school grounds and property, and its relative permanence, is another form of queer bullying, some researchers suggest including youth questioning their sexuality in any research on queer bullying because they may be as susceptible to its effects as queer students. Building on the notion of masculinity defining itself by what it is not and these intertwining issues were examined in 2007, when American sociologist CJ Pascoe described what she calls the fag discourse at an American high school in her book, Dude, Youre a Fag. Gay and lesbian youth are more likely to report bullying, in one study, boys who were bullied with taunts of being gay suffered more bullying and more negative effects compared with boys who were bullied with other categories of taunting. Queer bullying may make some victims feel sad and unsafe in the world, Bullying will affect a students experience of school. Some victims might feel paralyzed and withdraw socially as a coping mechanism, other victims of queer bullying may begin to live the effects of learned helplessness. Queer or questioning students may try to pass as heterosexual in order to avoid queer bullying, passing isolates the student from other queer or questioning students, potential allies, and support. Adults who try to pass also may feel the effects emotionally and psychologically, queer and questioning youth who experience bullying have a higher incidence of substance abuse and STI and HIV infection, which may carry through to adulthood. Teens face harassment, threats, and violence, a 1998 study in the US by Mental Health America found that students heard anti-gay slurs such as homo, faggot and sissy about 26 times a day on average, or once every 14 minutes
Gay bashing
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LGBT history
Gay bashing
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Law that prohibits discrimination against students based on sexual orientation and gender identity
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