Naturalism (philosophy)
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In philosophy, naturalism is the position that only natural laws and forces operate in the universe. According to naturalism, the causes of all phenomena are to be found within the universe and not tr
Double rainbow at Yosemite National Park
Ancient Roman mosaic showing Anaximander, a contributor to naturalism in ancient Greek philosophy
Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
Flammarion engraving
Materialism
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In philosophy and metaphysics, materialism is a form of monism holding that matter is the fundamental substance of nature, so that all things, including mind and consciousness, arise from material int
Naturalism (philosophy)
…Ontological" refers to ontology, the philosophical study of what exists. Philosophers often treat naturalism as equivalent to physicalism or materialism, but there are important distinctions between the philosophies. For example, philosopher Paul Kurtz argued that nature is best accounted for by reference…
Leucippus (4th century BC), father of atomism and teacher of Democritus. Painting by Luca Giordano, c. 1653.
Atomists proposed that the universe consists of atoms moving in space. Of the Nature of Things by Lucretius, 1682.