1.
Gloucestershire
–
Gloucestershire is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the fertile valley of the River Severn. The county town is the city of Gloucester, and other towns include Cheltenham, Cirencester, Stroud. Gloucestershire is a historic county mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 10th century, though the areas of Winchcombe, Gloucestershire originally included Bristol, then a small town. The local rural community moved to the city, and Bristols population growth accelerated during the industrial revolution. Bristol became a county in its own right, separate from Gloucestershire and it later became part of the administrative County of Avon from 1974 to 1996. Upon the abolition of Avon in 1996, the north of Bristol became a unitary authority area of South Gloucestershire and is now part of the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire. The official former postal county abbreviation was Glos, rather than the frequently used but erroneous Gloucs. or Glouc. In July 2007, Gloucestershire suffered the worst flooding in recorded British history, the RAF conducted the largest peace time domestic operation in its history to rescue over 120 residents from flood affected areas. The damage was estimated at over £2 billion, the county recovered rapidly from the disaster, investing in attracting tourists to visit the many sites and diverse range of shops in the area. This is a chart of trend of gross value added of Gloucestershire at current basic prices published by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling. Gloucestershire has mainly comprehensive schools with seven schools, two are in Stroud, one in Cheltenham and four in Gloucester. There are 42 state secondary schools, not including sixth form colleges, all but about two schools in each district have a sixth form, but the Forest of Dean only has two schools with sixth forms. All schools in South Gloucestershire have sixth forms, each has campuses at multiple locations throughout the county. Most of the old market towns have parish churches, at Deerhurst near Tewkesbury, and Bishops Cleeve near Cheltenham, there are churches of special interest on account of the pre-Norman work they retain. These are, however, adjudged to be of English workmanship, other notable buildings include Calcot Barn in Calcot, a relic of Kingswood Abbey. Thornbury Castle is a Tudor country house, the pretensions of which evoked the jealousy of Cardinal Wolsey against its builder, Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham, near Cheltenham is the 15th-century mansion of Southam de la Bere, of timber and stone. Memorials of the de la Bere family appear in the church at Cleeve, the mansion contains a tiled floor from Hailes Abbey
Gloucestershire
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A campus of the
University of Gloucestershire
Gloucestershire
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Flag
Gloucestershire
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Parish Church of St. Mary, Fairford
Gloucestershire
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Zoo
2.
Eton College
–
Eton College /iːtən/ is an English independent boarding school for boys in Eton, Berkshire, near Windsor. It educates more than 1,300 pupils, aged 13 to 18 years and it was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI as The Kings College of Our Lady of Eton besides Wyndsor, making it the 18th oldest Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference school. Eton is one of the seven public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. Eton has educated 19 British prime ministers and generations of the aristocracy and has referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The school is headed by a Provost and Fellows, who appoint the Head Master and it contains 25 boys houses, each headed by a housemaster, selected from the more senior members of the teaching staff, which numbers some 155. Almost all of the pupils go on to universities, about a third of them to Oxford or Cambridge. The Head Master is a member of the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference, Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron was the 19th British prime minister to have attended the school, about 20% of pupils at Eton receive financial support, through a range of bursaries and scholarships. In early 2014, this figure had risen to 263 pupils receiving the equivalent of around 60% of school fee assistance, Eton has been described as the most famous public school in the world, and been referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The Good Schools Guide called the school the number one public school, adding that The teaching. The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group, Eton today is a larger school than it has been for much of its history. In 1678, there were 207 boys, in the late 18th century, there were about 300, while today, the total has risen to over 1,300. Eton College was founded by King Henry VI as a charity school to free education to 70 poor boys who would then go on to Kings College, Cambridge. Henry took Winchester College as his model, visiting on many occasions, borrowing its Statutes and removing its Headmaster, when Henry VI founded the school, he granted it a large number of endowments, including much valuable land. He persuaded the then Pope, Eugene IV, to grant him a privilege unparalleled anywhere in England, the school also came into possession of one of Englands Apocalypse manuscripts. Legend has it that Edwards mistress, Jane Shore, intervened on the schools behalf and she was able to save a good part of the school, although the royal bequest and the number of staff were much reduced. Construction of the chapel, originally intended to be slightly over twice as long, only the Quire of the intended building was completed. Etons first Headmaster, William Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College, Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College, as the school suffered reduced income while still under construction, the completion and further development of the school has since depended to some extent on wealthy benefactors
Eton College
–
16-17th century
coat of arms produced from the masonry of Eton College building.
Eton College
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Eton College
Eton College
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Eton College, Provost's Garden
Eton College
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Statue of the founder
Henry VI in School Yard
3.
Chairman
–
The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
Chairman
–
Chairman of a Swedish and American society of relatives of over 5000 members, in
Stockholm in 2015 with the society's banner flying
4.
Master of the Horse
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The Master of the Horse was a position of varying importance in several European nations. The Magister Equitum served as the Dictators main lieutenant, the nomination of the Magister Equitum was left to the choice of the Dictator, unless a senatus consultum specified, as was sometimes the case, the name of the person who was to be appointed. The Magister Equitum was granted a form of imperium, but at the level as a praetor. In the Dictators absence, the Magister Equitum became his representative and it was usually but not always necessary for the man nominated as Magister Equitum to have already held the office of Praetor. Accordingly, the Magister Equitum had the insignia of a praetor, the toga praetexta, the most famous Master of the Horse is Mark Antony, who served during Julius Caesars first dictatorship. After the constitutional reforms of Augustus, the office of Dictator fell into disuse, the title magister equitum was revived in the late Empire, when Constantine I established it as one of the supreme military ranks, alongside the Magister Peditum. Eventually, the two offices would be amalgamated into that of the Magister Militum, the title Constable, from the Latin comes stabuli or count of the stables, has a similar history. The Master of the Horse in the United Kingdom was once an important official of the sovereigns household, the master of the horse is the third dignitary of the court, and was always a member of the ministry, a peer and a privy councillor. All matters connected with the horses and formerly also the hounds of the sovereign, as well as the stables and coachhouses, the stud, mews and previously the kennels, are within his jurisdiction. The practical management of the Royal Stables and stud devolves on the chief or Crown Equerry, the Clerk Marshal had the supervision of the accounts of the department before they are submitted to the Board of Green Cloth, and was in waiting on the Sovereign on state occasions only. They were always officers of the army, and each of them was on duty for about the time as the lords. They are youths aged from twelve to sixteen, selected by the sovereign in person, at the Coronation they assisted the groom of the stole in carrying the royal train. The current Master of the Horse is Samuel Vestey, 3rd Baron Vestey, today the Master of the Horse has a primarily ceremonial office, and rarely appears except on state occasions, and especially when the Sovereign is mounted. The Crown Equerry has daily oversight of the Royal Mews, which provides transport for the Sovereign. Train travel is arranged by the Royal Travel Office, which also co-ordinates air transport, the Pages of Honour, who appear only on ceremonial occasions, and the Equerries, were nominally under the authority of the Master of the Horse. The former are now controlled by the Keeper of the Privy Purse, the latter are effectively independent, and are functionally closer to the Private Secretarys Office. There are now three equerries to the Sovereign, and a number of extra equerries - usually retired officers with some connection to the Royal Household. The extra equerries are rarely if ever required for duty, for some years the senior Equerry has also held the position of Deputy Master of the Household
Master of the Horse
–
Lord Vestey, Master of the Horse (UK), riding to the
Queen's Birthday Parade, 2009
Master of the Horse
–
Dress uniform of the Master of the Horse.
5.
Conservative Party (UK)
–
The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
Conservative Party (UK)
–
Sir Robert Peel, twice
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and founder of the Conservative Party, as well as the 'most considered' first Prime Minister of the UK.
Conservative Party (UK)
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Conservative Party
Conservative Party (UK)
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Sir Winston Churchill, twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Conservative Party (UK)
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1929 poster attacking the
Labour Party
6.
Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)
–
See Captain for other versions of this army and marines rank. Captain is an officer rank of the British Army and Royal Marines. The rank is equivalent to a lieutenant in the Royal Navy, the rank of captain in the Royal Navy is considerably more senior and the two ranks should not be confused. In the 21st-century British Army, captains are appointed to be second-in-command of a company or equivalent sized unit of up to 120 soldiers. A rank of second captain existed in the Ordnance at the time of the Battle of Waterloo, from 1 April 1918 to 31 July 1919, the Royal Air Force maintained the junior officer rank of captain. RAF captains had a rank based on the two bands of a naval lieutenant with the addition of an eagle and crown above the bands. It was superseded by the rank of lieutenant on the following day. Badges of rank for captains were introduced on 30 January 1855 and were worn on shoulder epaulets, after the Crimean War a new rank system was introduced which contained the first complete rank insignia in British Army history. A captains rank insignia was worn on the collar and displayed a crown, the rank insignia were returned to the shoulder boards in 1880 for all officers in full dress, when the system of crowns and stars was reorganised. From this time, until 1902, a captain had just two stars, the 1902 change gave captains three stars, which continues to be used. In addition to the badges, officers ranks were also reflected in the amount. Based on equivalent naval ranks, captains had two rings of braid, in the case of Scottish regiments, the rings were around the top of the gauntlet-style cuff and the badges on the cuff itself. During World War I, some took to wearing similar jackets to the men, with the rank badges on the shoulder. This practice was frowned on outside the trenches but was given official sanction in 1917 as an alternative, being made permanent in 1920 when the cuff badges were abolished
Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)
–
World War I captain's rank insignia (general pattern)
7.
Scots Guards
–
The Scots Guards, part of the Guards Division, is one of the Foot Guards regiments of the British Army. Their origins lie in the bodyguard of King Charles I of England and Scotland. Its lineage can be traced as far back as 1642, although it was placed on the English Establishment in 1686. In April 1809 the 1st Battalion made their way to the Iberian Peninsula where they were to part in the Peninsular War in Portugal. In late July 1809 the regiment took part in the Battle of Talavera, the 2nd Battalions flank companies took part in the disastrous Walcheren Campaign in the Low Countries. The 1st Battalion, part of the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division, was part of the British Expeditionary Force which arrived in France in 1914. The Battalion took part in the Battle of Mons in August 1914, the First Battle of the Marne in September 1914 and the Battle of the Aisne also in September 1914. The 1st and 2nd Battalions then took part in the First Battle of Ypres in November 1914, the Battle of Aubers Ridge in May 1915 and the Battle of Loos in September 1915. In July 1916 the Scots Guards took part in the first Battle of the Somme and in July 1917, in March 1918 they fought at the second Battle of the Somme and in Autumn the regiment took part in the final battles of the war on the Western Front. In April 1940, the 1st Battalion, as part of the 24th Guards Brigade, took part in its first campaign of the war, during the expedition to Norway. In North Africa, as part of the 22nd Guards Brigade, in North Africa, in March 1943, the 2nd Battalion took part in the defensive Battle of Medenine, after the Germans had counter-attacked the Allies. In September 1943, the 2nd Battalion, as part of the 201st Guards Brigade of the 56th Division, in December 1943, the 1st Battalion, as part of 24th Guards Brigade, arrived in the Italian Theatre. At the Battle of Monte Cassino in early 1944, the 2nd Battalion suffered heavy casualties in tough fighting, the 1st Battalion, as part of its brigade, joined the 6th South African Armoured Division in May 1944. The regiment took part in many engagements throughout 1944, including those against the Gothic Line. The 2nd Battalion was once involved in war when it deployed to Malaya during the Malayan Emergency. Then in late 1951, the 1st Battalion was deployed to Cyprus and in February 1952, both the 1st and 2nd Battalion deployed to Northern Ireland during the Troubles in the early 1970s. During the Falklands War in 1982 the main force of the Scots Guards began its advance on the side of Mount Tumbledown. In 2004 the 1st Battalion deployed to Iraq on a 6-month posting as part of 4th Armoured Brigade, the 4th Brigade relieved 1st Mechanised Brigade, and joined the Multi-National Division, which was under UK command
Scots Guards
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Regimental badge of the Scots Guards
Scots Guards
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Recruits practicing drill on
Catterick parade square
Scots Guards
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Scots Guards drummer, piper, bugler and bandsman, circa 1891
Scots Guards
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Warrior Infantry Fighting Vehicles of the Scots Guards patrolling in
Helmand Province,
Afghanistan, in 2008
8.
Lieutenant
–
A lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer in many nations armed forces, fire service or police. The meaning of lieutenant differs in different military formations, but is often subdivided into senior and junior ranks, in navies it is often equivalent to the army rank of captain, it may also indicate a particular post rather than a rank. The rank is used in fire services, emergency medical services, security services. Lieutenant may also appear as part of a used in various other organisations with a codified command structure. It often designates someone who is second-in-command, and as such, for example, a lieutenant master is likely to be second-in-command to the master in an organisation using both ranks. Political uses include lieutenant governor in various governments, and Quebec lieutenant in Canadian politics, in the United Kingdom, a lord lieutenant is the sovereigns representative in a county or lieutenancy area, while a deputy lieutenant is one of the lord lieutenants deputies. However, their efforts failed, and the French word is used, along with its many variations. The early history of the pronunciation is unclear, Middle English spellings suggest that the /luː-/ and /lɛf-/ pronunciations may have existed even then. The rare Old French variant spelling luef for Modern French lieu supports the suggestion that a final of the Old French word was in certain environments perceived as an, in Royal Naval tradition—and other English-speaking navies outside the United States—a reduced pronunciation /ləˈtɛnənt/ is used. This is not recognised as current by recent editions of the OED, conventionally, armies and other services or branches which use army-style rank titles have two grades of lieutenant, but a few also use a third, more junior, rank. Where more junior officers were employed as deputies to the lieutenant, they went by names, including second lieutenant, sub-lieutenant, ensign. The senior grade of lieutenant is known as first lieutenant in the United States, and as lieutenant in the United Kingdom, in countries which do not speak English, the rank title usually translates as lieutenant, but may also translate as first lieutenant or senior lieutenant. The Israel Defense Forces rank segen literally translates as deputy, which is equivalent to a lieutenant, there is great variation in the insignia used worldwide. In most English-speaking and Arabic-speaking countries, as well as a number of European and South American nations, an example of an exception is the United States, whose armed forces distinguish their lieutenant ranks with one silver bar for first lieutenant and one gold bar for second lieutenant. Second lieutenant is usually the most junior grade of commissioned officer, in non-English-speaking countries, the equivalent rank title may translate as second lieutenant, lieutenant, sub-lieutenant or junior lieutenant. Non-English terms include alferes, alférez, fänrik, ensign, Leutnant, letnan, poručík, a few non-English-speaking militaries maintain a lower rank, frequently translated as third lieutenant OF1c. The rank title may translate as second lieutenant, junior lieutenant, sub-lieutenant or ensign. Warsaw Pact countries standardised their ranking systems on the Soviet system, some of the former Soviet and Warsaw Pact nations have now discarded the third rank while many retain it like Bulgaria
Lieutenant
–
Australia
9.
From Little Things Big Things Grow
–
From Little Things Big Things Grow is a protest song recorded by Australian artists Paul Kelly & The Messengers on their 1991 album Comedy, and by Kev Carmody on his 1993 album Bloodlines. It was released as a CD single by Carmody and Kelly in 1993, the song was co-written by Kelly and Carmody, and is based on the story of the Gurindji strike and Vincent Lingiari as part of the Indigenous Australian struggle for land rights and reconciliation. Kelly and Carmody performed the song together on 5 November 2014 at the memorial service for former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. On 2008-05-04, a version by The GetUp Mob, part of the GetUp. Advocacy group, peaked at #4 on the Australian Recording Industry Association singles charts and this version included samples from speeches by Prime Ministers Paul Keating in 1992, and Kevin Rudd in 2008, it featured vocals by both Carmody and Kelly, as well as other Australian artists. The song was co-written by Paul Kelly and Kev Carmody, and is based on the story of The Gurindji Strike and it describes how the Gurindji peoples claim sparked the Indigenous land rights movement. The protest led to the Commonwealth Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976, the Act gave Indigenous people freehold title to traditional lands in the Northern Territory and the power of veto over mining and development on those lands. In 1975,3,236 km² of land was handed back to the Gurindji people, Carmody described writing the song, Paul Kelly and I had gone away on a camping trip in about 91 or something and we just kind of pulled it out around the campfire. Paul had a chord progression and I thought it would be good to tell a little story over it. So, by about 2 oclock in the morning, we had a six-minute song and it was recorded by Paul Kelly and the Messengers for their 1991 album Comedy released by Mushroom Records. Kelly included the song on his albums, Live, May 1992 and Songs from the South. Carmody recorded it on his 1993 album Bloodlines supplying vocals, guitar and didgeridoo, Kelly supplied vocals, guitar and harmonica and this Carmody and Kelly version was released as a single in 1993 but did not chart. Also in 1993, an SBS television documentary, Bloodbrothers, examined Carmody, Kelly attributes the songs major influences to protest songs of the civil rights movement and traditional folk songs. The melody is borrowed from The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll by Bob Dylan, from Little Things Big Things Grow has its roots in songs like Woody Guthrie’s Deportees and The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll by Bob Dylan. And those songs grew out of the soil of other older songs, the song was performed on 7 July 2007 on the Australian leg of Live Earth by Paul Kelly, Kev Carmody, John Butler, and Missy Higgins. The song could have considered the events anthem. Rolling Stone cited the performance as a highlight, stating the crowd sung along – all eleven verses. The GetUp Mob, organised by advocacy group GetUp, released a version of the song on 21 April 2008
From Little Things Big Things Grow
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Cover of Getup Mob's version of the song
10.
Ted Egan
–
Edward Joseph Ted Egan AO is an Australian folk musician and a former public servant who served as Administrator of the Northern Territory from 2003 to 2007. Egan was born in Coburg, Melbourne, moving to the Northern Territory in 1949 at the age of 16 in search of work, later he was a teacher at bush schools. He was a member of the first National Reconciliation Council, Egan was the sole teacher at the Newcastle Waters Station in 1965 and was stranded at the property for six weeks when the creek flooded. During this time no supplies were able to be delivered so Egan had to hunt for animals and he later returned to the station in 2012 for the book launch of Middle of Everywhere about life in the area. Egan began recording in 1969 with Drinkers of the Northern Territory and has released 28 albums, mostly themed around outback life, history and he has been a consistent performer and tourer with his choice of instrument being an empty beer carton played by tapping with his hands and fingers. He has been a writer and performer of contemporary folk songs. Many of these, such as Gurindji Blues, recognise Indigenous Australian heritage and he introduced Rolf Harris to the song Two Little Boys. O. U. Egan was appointed Administrator of the Northern Territory by Governor-General Michael Jeffery effective 31 October 2003 and he was sworn in on 18 November. On 14 September 2005, he was awarded an extension to his term of office by Jim Lloyd. This was further extended for another year to serve until 30 October 2007, Egan has presented and narrated 13 episodes of This Land Australia, a series devoted to iconic Australian people and places. He also wrote and performed the theme song of the same name. He has been a co-host of the lifestyle show The Great Outdoors, Egan is listed among the Australias National Living Treasures by the National Trust of Australia. Egan was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2014 Tamworth Country Music Festival awards ceremony, Ted was the receiver of the National Folk Festivals Lifetime Achievement Award on 02/04/2015 at NFFs Opening Ceremony in Canberra. Egan performed four songs at the event, including one about pioneering women in Australia, egans official website Television interview with Egan Official Administrators site VIDEO, Egan on the crisis in Indigenous Australia on ABC Fora
Ted Egan
–
Ted Egan at
Woodford Folk Festival 2010–11
11.
Prior
–
Prior, derived from the Latin for earlier, first, is an ecclesiastical title for a superior, usually lower in rank than an abbot or abbess. Its earlier generic usage referred to any monastic superior, in the Rule of Saint Benedict, the term appears several times, referring to any superior, whether an abbot, provost, dean, etc. In other old monastic rules the term is used in the generic sense. With the Cluniac Reforms, the prior received a specific meaning, it supplanted the provost or dean. As a result, it is not in use for the congregation as a whole, among them, the equivalent term of prior general is the one used. This applies, e. g. for the Camaldolese and the Carthusians, the term is also used by various mendicant orders, e. g. the Carmelites and the Dominicans. This applies both to the friars and the nuns of these orders and he has no ordinary jurisdiction by virtue of his office, since he performs the duties of his office entirely according to the will and under the direction of the abbot. His jurisdiction is, therefore, a one and extends just as far as the abbot desires. He is appointed by the abbot, generally after a consultation in chapter with the monks of the monastery. In many monasteries, especially larger ones, the prior is assisted by a sub-prior. In former times there were in larger monasteries, besides the prior and he had no authority to correct or punish the brethren, but was to report to the claustral prior whatever he found amiss or contrary to the rules. In the high days of Cluny, the abbot was assisted by a coadjutor styled Grand-Prior, the Conventual prior is the independent superior of a monastery that is not an abbey. In some orders, like the Benedictines, a remains a priory until it is considered stable enough. In other Orders, like the Camaldolese and Carthusians, conventual priors are the norm and this title, in its feminine form prioress, is used for monasteries of nuns in the Dominican and Carmelite orders. An Obedientiary Prior heads a monastery created as a satellite of an abbey, a Prior Provincial is the regional superior of certain Orders, such as the Order of Friars Preachers Dominicans or the Carmelite friars. In this last case, the head of the whole Order is called the prior general, among communities of friars, the second superior is called the sub-prior and his office is similar to that of the claustral prior in the Benedictine Order. Catholic religious order Priory This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles
Prior
–
Saint Peter
12.
Monarch
–
A monarch is the sovereign head of state in a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, alternatively, an individual may become monarch by conquest, acclamation or a combination of means. A monarch usually reigns for life or until abdication, if a young child is crowned the monarch, a regent is often appointed to govern until the monarch reaches the requisite adult age to rule. A monarch can reign in multiple monarchies simultaneously, for example, the monarchy of Canada and the monarchy of the United Kingdom are separate states, but they share the same monarch through personal union. Monarchs, as such, bear a variety of titles — king or queen, prince or princess, emperor or empress, archduke, duke or grand duke, Prince is sometimes used as a generic term to refer to any monarch regardless of title, especially in older texts. A king can also be a husband and a queen can be a kings wife. If both people in a reign, neither person is generally considered to be a consort. Monarchy is political or sociocultural in nature, and is associated with hereditary rule. Most monarchs, both historically and in the present day, have been born and brought up within a royal family, different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, agnatic seniority, Salic law, etc. In an elective monarchy, the monarch is elected but otherwise serves as any other monarch, historical examples of elective monarchy include the Holy Roman Emperors and the free election of kings of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In recent centuries, many states have abolished the monarchy and become republics, advocacy of government by a republic is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchy is called monarchism. A principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the continuity of national leadership. In cases where the monarch serves mostly as a ceremonial figure real leadership does not depend on the monarch, a form of government may in fact be hereditary without being considered monarchy, such as a family dictatorship. Monarchies take a variety of forms, such as the two co-princes of Andorra, positions held simultaneously by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgel and the elected President of France. Similarly, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia is considered a monarch despite only holding the position for five years at a time, hereditary succession within one patrilineal family has been most common, with preference for children over siblings, sons over daughters. Other European realms practice one form or another of primogeniture, whereunder a lord was succeeded by his eldest son or, if he had none, by his brother, the system of tanistry was semi-elective and gave weight also to ability and merit. The Salic law, practiced in France and in the Italian territories of the House of Savoy, in most fiefs, in the event of the demise of all legitimate male members of the patrilineage, a female of the family could succeed. Spain today continues this model of succession law, in the form of cognatic primogeniture, in more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of proximity and primogeniture battled, and outcomes were often idiosyncratic
Monarch
–
The nine European Monarchs who attended the
funeral of
King Edward VII of Britain, photographed at
Windsor Castle on 20 May 1910. Standing, from left to right:
King Haakon VII of Norway,
Tsar Ferdinand of Bulgaria,
King Manuel II of Portugal,
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany,
King George I of Greece and
King Albert I of Belgium. Seated, from left to right:
King Alfonso XIII of Spain,
King George V of Britain and
King Frederick VIII of Denmark.
Monarch
–
Royal, noble and
chivalric ranks
Monarch
Monarch
–
Ramesses II, the third
Pharaoh of the
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
13.
Royal Victorian Order
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The Royal Victorian Order is a dynastic order of knighthood established in 1896 by Queen Victoria. It recognises distinguished personal service to the monarch of the Commonwealth realms, members of the monarchs family, the present monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, is the Sovereign of the order, its motto is Victoria, and its official day is 20 June. The orders chapel is the Savoy Chapel in London, the organisation was founded a year preceding Victorias Diamond Jubilee, so as to give the Queen time to complete a list of first inductees. The orders official day was made 20 June of each year, in 1902, King Edward VII created the Royal Victorian Chain as a personal decoration for royal personages and a few eminent British subjects and it was the highest class of the Royal Victorian Order. It is today distinct from the order, though it is issued by the chancery of the Royal Victorian Order. The order was open to foreigners from its inception, the Prefect of Alpes-Maritimes, Queen Elizabeth II then appointed her daughter, Anne, Princess Royal, to the position in 2007. Foreigners may be admitted as members, there are no limits to the number of any grade. Retiring Deans of the Royal Peculiars of St, prior to 1984, the grades of Lieutenant and Member were classified as Members and Members, respectively, but both with the post-nominals MVO. On 31 December of that year, Queen Elizabeth II declared that those in the grade of Member would henceforth be Lieutenants with the post-nominals LVO. Upon admission into the Royal Victorian Order, members are given various insignia of the organisation, each grade being represented by different emblems and robes. For Knights and Dames Grand Cross, Commanders, and Lieutenants, the orders ribbon is blue with red-white-red stripe edging, the only difference being that for foreigners appointed into the society, their ribbon bearing an additional central white stripe. For Knights Grand Cross, the ribbon is 82.5 millimetres wide, for Dames Grand Cross 57.1 millimetres, for Knights and Dames Commander 44.4 millimetres, and for all other members 31.7 millimetres. Though after the death of a Knight or Dame Grand Cross their insignia may be retained by their family, the collar must be returned. Knights and Dames Grand Cross also wear a mantle of blue satin edged with red satin and lined with white satin. Since 1938, the chapel of the Royal Victorian Order has been the Queens Chapel of the Savoy, in central London, upon the occupants death, the plate is retained, leaving the stalls festooned with a record of the orders Knights and Dames Grand Cross since 1938. There is insufficient space in the chapel for the display of knights and dames banners, founded by Michael Jackson, the group has, since 2008, gathered biennially. The practice of notifying the Prime Minister of Canada of nominees ended in 1982, in Canada, the order has come to be colloquially dubbed as the Royal Visit Order, as the majority of appointments are made by the sovereign during her tours of the country. Persons have been removed from the order at the monarchs command, anthony Blunt, a former surveyor of the Queens Pictures, was in 1979 stripped of his knighthood, after it was revealed that he had been a spy
Royal Victorian Order
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Royal Victorian Order
Royal Victorian Order
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Queen Victoria pictured at age 81, four years after she founded the Royal Victorian Order
Royal Victorian Order
Royal Victorian Order
14.
Circlet
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A circlet is a piece of headgear that is similar to a diadem or a chaplet. The word circlet is also used to refer to the base of a crown or a coronet with or without a cap, diadem and circlet are often used interchangeably, and open crowns with no arches, have also been referred to as circlets. In Greek this is known as stephanos and in Latin as corona aperta, stephanos is associated with laurel wreaths and the crown of thorns said to have been placed on the head of Jesus
Circlet
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Richard II of England wearing a circlet.
15.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
Queen Victoria
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Victoria wearing her
small diamond crown Photograph by
Alexander Bassano, 1882
Queen Victoria
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Victoria, aged four Painting by
Stephen Poyntz Denning, 1823
Queen Victoria
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Victoria with her spaniel Dash, 1833 Painting by
George Hayter
Queen Victoria
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Self-portrait, 1835
16.
Ralph Grey, Baron Grey of Naunton
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Ralph Francis Alnwick Grey, Baron Grey of Naunton, GCMG GCVO OBE GCStJ PC was the last Governor of Northern Ireland. He was created a Life Peer as Baron Grey of Naunton, of Naunton in the County of Gloucestershire, ralph Grey was born in Wellington, New Zealand, on 15 April 1910 the only son of Francis Arthur Grey and Mary Wilks Spencer. He attended Wellington College before going up to University College, Auckland where he graduating as LLB and he then pursued postgraduate studies at Pembroke College, Cambridge and thereafter was called to the Bar. He began his career as a clerk before practising as a barrister. He was appointed a Solicitor of the Supreme Court of New Zealand in 1932 and he joined the Colonial Administrative Service in 1936, as a probationer. The following year he was an administrative service cadet at Lagos in Nigeria, in 1944 he married Esme Mae, daughter of Albert Victor Kerry Burcher, of Remuera, Auckland. After World War II, he was promoted Assistant Financial Secretary in 1949, two years later, he was an Administrative Officer First Class, quickly moving up to Deputy Secretary. He was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1951 and he was Secretary to the Governor-General and General Council of Ministers in 1954, and Chief Secretary of the Federation the following year. Two years later he was raised up as Deputy Governor-General until just before independence in 1959, as befitted a Governor he was appointed Knight Grand Cross in 1964. When he was moved to the Bahamas in the identical post for two years, then he transferred to the Turks and Caicos Islands until 1968. That year he became Governor of Northern Ireland during the period of civil rights marches, the IRA announced a bombing campaign against British rule which reached new intensity of outrage in 1971-72. In the depths of a recession, democratic accountability was suspended, Northern Ireland was subjected to Direct Rule from Westminster. During the same period he was President of the Scouts Council, from 1970 he was also an Honorary Bencher of the Inns of Court for Northern Ireland. Lord Grey of Naunton received an Honorary Doctorate of Law in 1971 from The Queens University of Belfast and this privilege was also accorded to him by Lisburn three years later, accompanied by an introduction to the Standard Settings of Pipe Music of the Royal Irish Rangers in 1975. Lord Grey of Naunton was the last Governor of Northern Ireland until 1973, when the post was abolished in 1973, he was promoted Knight Grand Cross. At the same time he was Knight Commander of Ards, then Bailiff of Egle from 1975, the family lived in Gloucestershire among the rolling Cotswold hills at Overbrook in the village of Naunton, which provided the territorial designation of his peerage title. He was a Council member of Cheltenham Ladies College, where his daughter, as well as regional commitments to Lloyds Bank he served on its board in Bristol during 1970s. Lord Grey served as Chairman of the Central Council of the Royal Overseas League and he was Chancellor of the New University of Ulster from 1980, and then from 1984 to 1993, he was Chancellor of the University of Ulster
Ralph Grey, Baron Grey of Naunton
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Governor of Northern Ireland 's
banner
17.
Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 22nd Earl of Shrewsbury
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Charles Henry John Benedict Crofton Chetwynd Chetwynd-Talbot, 22nd Earl of Shrewsbury, DL is an English nobleman. Charles is the son of John Chetwynd-Talbot, 21st Earl of Shrewsbury and he was educated at Harrow School. Lord Shrewsbury is one of the 92 hereditary peers elected to sit in the House of Lords and he is also a liveryman of several London livery companies, namely the companies of weavers, gunmakers, and blacksmiths. Lord Shrewsbury is a former Director and Deputy Chairman of Britannia Building Society, and he is a member of the Army & Navy Club and Pratts Club. Lord Shrewsbury has divested himself of a number of Manorial Titles from Estates owned by his family in the distant past and he promotes British industry and commerce both in the United States and at home. He promotes the shooting sports and the U. K, on 5 January 1973, the Earl of Shrewsbury married Deborah Jane Hutchinson, daughter of Noel Staughton Hutchinson and Jennifer Hutchinson of Ellerton, Shropshire. They have three children, Lady Victoria Chetwynd-Talbot, married Daniel Goodall in 2005, has one child, Charlie Goodall James Chetwynd-Talbot, Viscount Ingestre. Married Polly Blackie of Debden, Essex in 2006, has four children, flora Chetwynd-Talbot Hon. George Chetwynd-Talbot Hon. Edward Chetwynd-Talbot. Married Rosie Myers of Scamblesby, Lincolnshire in 2010, jemima Grey Chetwynd-Talbot Lord Shrewsbury and his family live near Ashbourne in Derbyshire – but the house is a few yards into Staffordshire. Lady Shrewsbury was High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 2000
Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 22nd Earl of Shrewsbury
18.
Great Officer of State
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Separate Great Officers exist for England and Scotland, and formerly for Ireland. Many of the Great Officers became largely ceremonial because historically they were so influential that their powers had to be resumed by the Crown or dissipated, government in all the medieval monarchies generally comprised the kings companions, later becoming the Royal Household from which the officers of state arose. This was due to many of the officers having become hereditary, the Great Officers of England are, Initially after the Norman Conquest, England adopted the officer from the Normandy Ducal court with a steward, chamberlain and constable. Initially having household and governmental duties, some of these officers later split into two counterparts in Great Officer of the State and the royal household, while other officers were superseded by new officers or absorbed by existing officers. This was due to many of the officers becoming hereditary due to feudalistic practices, the marshal of England assumed the place of the constable of England in the royal palace in the command of the royal armies. The Chief Justiciar was once ranked above the Lord High Chancellor in power, influence, while most of them early on became hereditary, currently some offices are appointed, while others inherit their positions. The office of Lord Great Chamberlain is also hereditary, originally being held by the Earls of Oxford, later, however, the Chamberlainship came to be inherited by multiple heirs, each holding a fraction of the office. One of the holders, chosen by rotation, exercises the office as a Deputy, the final inheritable office is that of Earl Marshal, held by the Dukes of Norfolk. During the many periods in which the Dukes were attainted, another individual was appointed to the post, furthermore, prior to 1824, the Earl Marshal had to appoint a Protestant Deputy if he was a Roman Catholic. Some offices are put into commission, that is, multiple commissioners are appointed to exercise the office. The office of Lord High Admiral was for years also in commission. HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was granted the title on his 90th birthday, the remaining officers became governmental officers, Lord Chancellor, Lord President and Lord Privy Seal — are appointed by the Crown on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Great Officers had and have varying duties, the Lord High Steward was originally a holder of significant political power, but gradually became a ceremonial office, as have the Lord Great Chamberlain, Lord High Constable, and the Earl Marshal. The Lord High Treasurer, Lord High Constable, and Lord High Admiral were originally responsible for monetary, military, the Lord President of the Council is responsible for presiding over the meetings of the Privy Council. The office of Lord Privy Seal is a sinecure, though he is technically the Keeper of the Privy Seal, the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal was generally a temporary position to handle the great seal until the appointment of a new high chancellor or for a non-noble appointment. Eventually, the keeper was granted the status as the high chancellor. By the late 1700s, the keeper was supplanted by return of the high chancellor office. The term officer of state is used loosely of any great office under the Crown
Great Officer of State
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England
19.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
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Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
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Flag
England
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Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
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Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
20.
Lord High Steward
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The position of Lord High Steward is the first of the Great Officers of State in England, nominally ranking above the Lord Chancellor. The office has remained vacant since 1421, and is now an ad hoc office that is primarily ceremonial and is filled only for a coronation. At coronations of the British monarch, the Lord High Steward bears St Edwards Crown, the Lord High Steward also presides during the trials of peers in the House of Lords. In general, but not invariably, the Lord Chancellor was appointed to act as Lord High Steward in the latter situation, the trial of peers by their peers in the House of Lords was abolished in 1948, although impeachment trials have not been abolished. There was a Court of the Lord High Steward which served this purpose when Parliament was not in session, although initially the position was largely an honorary one, over time it grew in importance until its holder became one of the most powerful men of the kingdom. From the late 12th century, the office was considered to be bound with the Earldom of Leicester, when the House of Lancaster ascended the throne in 1399, Henry IV made his second son, Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence, Lord High Steward. He held the post until his death in 1421, the equivalent offices in Scotland and Ireland respectively are the Great Steward of Scotland and the Lord High Steward of Ireland. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Lord High Steward
Lord High Steward
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England
21.
Lord High Treasurer
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The post of Lord High Treasurer or Lord Treasurer was an English government position and has been a British government position since the Acts of Union of 1707. A holder of the post would be the third-highest-ranked Great Officer of State, below the Lord High Steward, the Lord High Treasurer functions as the head of Her Majestys Treasury. Since the 17th century the office has often held, not by a single person. Such persons are known as Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, the office has been in commission continuously since the resignation of Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury in 1714. The office continued in commission and the commissioners of the old office of Lord High Treasurer of Great Britain continued as the commissioners of the new combined office. Other members of the government, usually whips in the House of Commons, are appointed to serve as the junior Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, the Treasury was originally a section of the Royal Household with custody of the Kings money. In 1216, a Treasurer was appointed to control of the Treasury in Winchester. The Treasurer was also an officer of the Exchequer, and supervised the royal accounts, by Tudor times, the Lord High Treasurer had achieved a place among the Great Officers of State, behind the Lord Chancellor and above the Master of the Horse. Under the Treason Act 1351 it was treason to kill him, during the sixteenth century, the Lord High Treasurer was often considered the most important official of the government, and became a de facto Prime Minister. Exemplifying the power of the Lord High Treasurer is William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, during his tenure, he dominated the administration under Elizabeth I. Since then a system has evolved which has hardly varied, next rank the Junior Lords of the Treasury who, though theoretically members of the Treasury Board, in practice serve as Government Whips under the Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Lord High Treasurer, List of Lord High Treasurers List of Lords Commissioners of the Treasury
Lord High Treasurer
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The Lord High Treasurer bears a white staff as his symbol of office.
22.
Lord Privy Seal
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The Lord Privy Seal is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord President of the Council and above the Lord Great Chamberlain. The office is one of the sinecure offices of state. Originally, its holder was responsible for the personal seal. Today, the holder of the office is given a seat in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. Since the premiership of Clement Attlee, the position of Lord Privy Seal has frequently been combined with that of Leader of the House of Lords or Leader of the House of Commons. The office of Lord Privy Seal, unlike those of Leader of the Lords or Commons, is eligible for a ministerial salary under the Ministerial and other Salaries Act 1975. The office does not confer membership of the House of Lords, leading to Ernest Bevins remark on holding office that he was neither a Lord, nor a Privy. During the reign of Edward I, prior to 1307, the Privy Seal was kept by the Controller of the Wardrobe, the Lord Privy Seal was the president of the Court of Requests during its existence
Lord Privy Seal
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Incumbent
Tina Stowell, Baroness Stowell of Beeston since 15 July 2014
Lord Privy Seal
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Arms of
Her Majesty's Government
Lord Privy Seal
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Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
Lord Privy Seal
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Arthur Balfour
23.
Earl Marshal
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Earl Marshal is a hereditary royal officeholder and chivalric title under the sovereign of the United Kingdom used in England. He is the eighth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Constable, the Earl Marshal has among his responsibilities the organisation of major ceremonial state occasions like the monarchs coronation in Westminster Abbey and state funerals. He is also an officer of arms and oversees the College of Arms. The current Earl Marshal is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, there was formerly an Earl Marshall of Ireland and Earl Marischal of Scotland. The office of royal marshal existed in much of Europe, involving managing horses, in England, the office became hereditary under John FitzGilbert the Marshal after The Anarchy, and rose in prominence under his second son, William Marshal, later Earl of Pembroke. He served under several kings, acted as regent, and organised funerals, after passing through his daughters husband to the Earls of Norfolk, the post evolved into Earl Marshal and the title remained unchanged, even after the earldom of Norfolk became a dukedom. In the Middle Ages, the Earl Marshal and the Lord High Constable were the officers of the horses and stables. When chivalry declined in importance, the constables post declined and the Earl Marshal became the head of the College of Arms, in 1672, the office of Marshal of England and the title of Earl Marshal of England were made hereditary in the Howard family. The Earl Marshal is considered the eighth of the Great Officers of State, with the Lord High Constable above him, nowadays, the Earl Marshals role has mainly to do with the organisation of major state ceremonies such as coronations and state funerals. Annually, the Earl Marshal helps organise the State Opening of Parliament, the Earl Marshal also remains to have charge over the College of Arms and no coat of arms may be granted without his warrant. As a symbol of his office, he carries a baton of gold with black finish at either end, in the general order of precedence, the Earl Marshal is currently the highest hereditary position in the United Kingdom outside the Royal Family. Although other state and ecclesiastical officers rank above in precedence, they are not hereditary, the holding of the Earl Marshalship secures the Duke of Norfolks traditional position as the first peer of the land, above all other dukes. Among the men who have held the title of Earl Marshal of Ireland are William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, 1652–1661 James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk 1661–1662 in commission 1662–1672. Deputy Earls Marshal have been named at various times, discharging the responsibilities of the office during the minority or infirmity of the Earl Marshal, prior to an Act of Parliament in 1824, Protestant deputies were required when the Earl Marshal was a Roman Catholic. Lord Lyon King of Arms Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Earl Marshal, the Court Register and Statesmans Remembrancer Round, J. H. The Commune of London, and other Studies
Earl Marshal
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Incumbent
Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk,
DL since 24 June 2002
Earl Marshal
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Arms of
Her Majesty's Government
Earl Marshal
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Depiction by
Matthew Paris (d.1259) of the arms of
William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1194–1219): Party per pale or and vert, overall a lion rampant gules
Earl Marshal
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Arms of "Bigod Modern": Party per pale or and vert, overall a lion rampant gules, adopted by
Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk (1269–1306), after 1269 following his inheritance of the office of Marshal of England from the Marshal family
24.
Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland
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The Great Seal of Scotland allows the monarch to authorise official documents without having to sign each document individually. Wax is melted in a mould or matrix and impressed into a wax figure that is attached by cord or ribbon to documents that the monarch wishes to make official. The earliest seal impression, in the Treasury of Durham Cathedral, is believed to be the Great Seal of Duncan II, the Chancellor had the custody of the Kings Seal. Hence, the Scotland Act 1998 refers to the current seal as the appointed by the Treaty of Union to be kept. Nevertheless, the seal is still referred to as the Great Seal of Scotland. Section 12 of the Treason Act 1708, still in force today, the design of the Great Seal is a responsibility of the Lord Lyon King of Arms. The reverse of the shows the monarch on horseback, but is not changed from reign to reign—the current version is that engraved in 1911 for the accession of King George V. The obverse is inscribed ELIZABETH II D G BRITT REGNORVMQVE SVORVM CETER REGINA CONSORTIONIS POPULORUM PRINCEPS F D, the Great Seal is administered by the Keeper of the Great Seal, one of the Great Officers of State. From 1885 this office was held by the Secretary for Scotland and it transferred in 1999 to the First Minister of Scotland, whose place in the order of precedence in Scotland is determined by his or her office as Keeper of the Great Seal. In practice the Seal is in the custody of the Keeper of the Registers of Scotland, 1635–1638, John Spottiswoode, Archbishop of St. https, //archive. org/stream/registrummagnisi07scot#page/n5/mode/2up Director of Chancery
Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland
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Scotland
25.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
Elizabeth II
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The Queen in March 2015
Elizabeth II
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Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929
Elizabeth II
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Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by
Philip de László, 1933
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth in
Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
26.
Charles, Prince of Wales
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Charles, Prince of Wales is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay, he is the heir apparent in British history. He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover, Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. After earning a bachelor of degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons, Prince William later to become Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, in 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year, in 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles. Charles has sought to raise awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment. As an environmentalist, he has received awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and he has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings. Subsequently, Charles created Poundbury, a new town based on his theories. He has authored a number of books, including A Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and he was baptised in the palaces Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. When Prince Charles was aged three his mothers accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him her heir apparent. As the monarchs eldest son, he took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince. Charles attended his mothers coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother, as was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, Charles then attended two of his fathers former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland. He reportedly despised the school, which he described as Colditz in kilts. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy and he left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C, respectively. Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from school into university
Charles, Prince of Wales
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The Prince of Wales in
Jersey, July 2012
Charles, Prince of Wales
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Signature
Charles, Prince of Wales
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Telegram announcing the birth of Prince Charles to the
Governor-General of New Zealand
Charles, Prince of Wales
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Queen Elizabeth II formally invests the Prince of Wales with
his coronet, 1969
27.
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
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Prince Andrew, Duke of York, KG, GCVO, CD, ADC, is the second son and third child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of his birth, he was second in the line of succession to succeed his mother, as of 2017 he is sixth in line. He holds the rank of commander and the rank of vice admiral in the Royal Navy, in which he served as an active duty helicopter pilot and instructor. He saw active service during the Falklands War, flying on multiple missions including anti-surface warfare, Exocet missile decoy, in 1986, Prince Andrew married Sarah Ferguson, the couples marriage, subsequent separation and eventual divorce in 1996 attracted a high level of media coverage. As well as carrying out official engagements, he served as Britains Special Representative for International Trade. Prince Andrew was born in the Belgian Suite of Buckingham Palace on 19 February 1960 and he was baptised in the Palaces Music Room on 8 April 1960 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher. He is the namesake of his grandfather, Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark. Prince Andrew was the first child born to a monarch since the birth in 1857 of Queen Victorias youngest child. As with his siblings, Andrew was looked after by a governess. He was sent to Heatherdown School near Ascot in Berkshire, in September 1973, he entered Gordonstoun, in northern Scotland, which his father and elder brother had attended before him. While there, he spent six months—from January to June 1977—participating in a programme to Lakefield College School in Canada. He left Gordonstoun in July two years later with A-Levels in English, history, economics, and political science and he did not go to university but instead entered the Britannia Royal Naval College at Dartmouth. The Royal Household announced in November 1978 that Prince Andrew would join the Royal Navy the following year, on 1 September of the same year, Prince Andrew was appointed as a midshipman, and entered Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. During 1980 he also took the Royal Marines All Arms Commando Course, after being awarded his wings, he moved onto more advanced training on the Sea King helicopter, and conducted operational flying training until 1982. He joined carrier-based squadron,820 Naval Air Squadron, serving aboard the aircraft carrier, the Falkland Islands, which are a British overseas territory claimed by Argentina, were invaded by Argentina on 2 April 1982, an event that instigated the Falklands War. Invincible was one of the two aircraft carriers available at the time, and, as such, was to play a major role in the Royal Navy task force assembled to sail south to retake the islands. The Queen, though, insisted that her son be allowed to remain with his ship and he witnessed the Argentinian attack on the SS Atlantic Conveyor. At the cessation of the war, Invincible returned to Portsmouth, the Argentine military government reportedly planned, but did not attempt, to assassinate the prince on Mustique in July 1982
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
–
The Duke of York, 2014
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
–
Gordonstoun
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
–
The Duke of York with the US
Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta commemorating 100th anniversary of Naval Aviation at the
National Building Museum in 2011.
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
–
The Duke and
Duchess of York on their wedding day.
28.
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
–
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, KG, KT, PC, ADC is the elder son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales. He is second in line to succeed his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, William was educated at four schools in the United Kingdom and obtained a degree from the University of St Andrews. He spent parts of a gap year in Chile, Belize, in December 2006, he completed 44 weeks of training as an officer cadet and was commissioned in the Blues and Royals regiment. In April 2008, he qualified as a pilot by completing training at Royal Air Force College Cranwell. He then underwent helicopter flying training in order to become a pilot with the RAF Search. His service with the British Armed Forces ended in September 2013, William married Catherine Middleton, on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey. Hours before the wedding, he was created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, the couples first child, Prince George, was born on 22 July 2013, and their second, Princess Charlotte, was born on 2 May 2015. William, the first child of the Prince and Princess of Wales, was born at St Marys Hospital and his names, William Arthur Philip Louis, were announced by Buckingham Palace a week later on 28 June. He was baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 4 August by the Archbishop of Canterbury and he was the first child born to a Prince and Princess of Wales since Prince John in 1905. William was affectionately called Wombat by his parents or Wills, Williams first public appearance was on 1 March 1991, during an official visit of his parents to Cardiff, Wales. After arriving by aeroplane, William was taken to Llandaff Cathedral where he signed the visitors book, on 3 June 1991, William was admitted to Royal Berkshire Hospital after being accidentally hit on the side of the forehead by a fellow student wielding a golf club. He did not lose consciousness, but suffered a fracture of the skull and was operated on at Great Ormond Street Hospital. In a 2009 interview, he dubbed this scar a Harry Potter scar and he was reported to have said, I call it that because it glows sometimes and some people notice it—other times they dont notice it at all. His mother wanted him and his younger brother Harry to have wider experiences than are usual for royal children and she took them to Walt Disney World and McDonalds as well as AIDS clinics and shelters for the homeless. She bought them typical teenage items, such as video games, Diana, who was by then divorced from the Prince of Wales, died in a car accident in the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, along with his brother who was 12, the Prince of Wales waited until his sons woke the following morning to tell them about their mothers death. At his mothers funeral, William accompanied his father, brother, paternal grandfather, William began to accompany his parents on official visits at an early age. William was educated at independent schools, starting at Jane Mynors nursery school, following this, he attended Ludgrove School near Wokingham, Berkshire, and was privately tutored during summers by Rory Stewart
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
–
The Duke of Cambridge in
Japan in 2015
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
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Chapel of
Eton College
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
–
St Salvator's Quad,
University of St. Andrews
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
–
William in his flight lieutenant's uniform in 2010.
29.
Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
–
Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, KG, GCVO, SSI, GCStJ is the youngest grandchild of King George V and Queen Mary. He trained and practiced as an architect until the death of his brother placed him in direct line to inherit his fathers dukedom of Gloucester. He is currently 24th in the line of succession to the British throne, and he is also the senior male line descendant of three British monarchs, Victoria, Edward VII and George V. Prince Richard was born on 26 August 1944 and his father was Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, the third son of King George V and Queen Mary. His mother was Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, a daughter of the 7th Duke of Buccleuch and he was baptised at the Royal Chapel of All Saints in Windsor Great Park on 20 October 1944 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Cosmo Gordon Lang. When Richard was four months old, he accompanied his parents to Australia, the family returned to Barnwell Manor in 1947, where Richard was largely raised. At the time of his birth, he was fifth in the line of succession to the throne and second in line to his fathers dukedom, behind his brother, William died in 1972 when the plane he was piloting crashed at Halfpenny Green near Wolverhampton. Richard then became apparent to his fathers dukedom and inherited it two years later upon the death of the first duke. Prince Richards early education took place at home, later, he attended Wellesley House School at Broadstairs and Eton College. In 1963, he matriculated at Magdalene College, Cambridge where he studied Architecture, graduating with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in June 1966, he proceeded as MA in 1971. Later in 1966, straight after university, Prince Richard joined the Offices Development Group in the Ministry of Public Building and he returned to Cambridge in 1967, completing both parts of the Diploma in Architecture degree in June 1969. Upon passing his exams, he became a partner in Hunt Thompson Associates in London. Richard became first in line to his fathers dukedom and had to take on additional family obligations and he resigned his partnership and began representing his cousin, Queen Elizabeth II on royal duties. On 10 June 1974, Prince Richard succeeded to his fathers titles as Duke of Gloucester, Earl of Ulster, the Duke remains particularly interested in architecture and conservation. He was elected as a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1972. He is President of the Society of Architect Artists and he serves as a Commissioner of the Historic Building and Monuments Commission for England. The Duke has been Patron of construction charity Construction Youth Trust for many years and has a set of charitable interests. He is Royal Patron of the UK branch of the charity Habitat for Humanity, Royal Patron of the St. Georges Society of New York, and President of The London Society
Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
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The Duke of Gloucester in 2008
Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
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The Duke in 1989, by
Allan Warren
Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
–
The Duke of Gloucester at
Christ Church Cathedral in 2006, robed as Grand Prior of the
Order of Saint John.
30.
Prince Michael of Kent
–
Prince Michael of Kent, GCVO CD is a paternal first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, being a grandson of King George V and Queen Mary. Prince Michael occasionally represents the Queen at some functions in Commonwealth realms outside the United Kingdom, otherwise, he manages his own consultancy business and undertakes various commercial work around the world. He has also presented some television documentaries on the families of Europe. He is named after Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, the brother of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Since his mother was a cousin of Prince Philip, he is also a cousin to Prince Charles. Prince Michael was born on 4 July 1942, at Coppins, Iver, at the time of his birth Prince Michael was seventh in the line of succession to his uncle, King George VI. His mother was Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark, Duchess of Kent, roosevelt, the Hereditary Princess of Greece, the wife of Paul of Greece, his first cousin-once-removed, the Duke of Gloucester, the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven, and Lady Patricia Ramsay. Because of the war, newspaper reports did not identify the location of the christening, at the age of five, Prince Michael was a page boy at the wedding of his cousins, Princess Elizabeth and Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten. Educated at Sunningdale School and Eton College, Prince Michael entered the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, in January 1961, from where he was commissioned into the 11th Hussars, in 1963. He saw service in Germany, Hong Kong, and Cyprus, subsequent tours of duty, during a military career that spanned twenty years, included a number of appointments on the Defence Intelligence Staff. He retired from the Army with the rank of Major in 1981, in 1994, Prince Michael was made Honorary Commodore of the Royal Naval Reserve, and in 2002 he was made Honorary Air Commodore of RAF Benson. From 2009 to 2012 he was Regimental Colonel of the Honourable Artillery Company and has been, since 31 January 2012 and he is also Colonel-in-Chief of the Essex and Kent Scottish Regiment in Canada. He has performed duties in the Commonwealth realms other than the United Kingdom and has represented the Queen abroad. The Prince was given a grace and favour apartment at Kensington Palace upon his marriage in 1978, Prince Michael supports a large number of charities and organisations. Prince Michael manages his own business, and undertakes business throughout the world. He is also an interpreter of Russian. Prince Michael is an active Freemason and he is the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Mark Master Masons, and Provincial Grand Master of the Provincial Grand Lodge of Middlesex. At the time of the marriage, Marie Christine von Reibnitz was not only a Roman Catholic, under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701, Prince Michael forfeited his place in the line of succession to the throne through his marriage to a Roman Catholic
Prince Michael of Kent
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Prince Michael of Kent in 2012
Prince Michael of Kent
–
Eton College
Prince Michael of Kent
–
Prince Michael of Kent in 1990, by
Allan Warren
Prince Michael of Kent
–
Prince Michael, photographed by
Allan Warren.
31.
Archbishop of Canterbury
–
The current archbishop is Justin Welby. His enthronement took place at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013, Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury, the Apostle to the English, sent from Rome in the year 597. From the time of Augustine in the 6th until the 16th century, during the English Reformation the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. In the Middle Ages there was variation in the methods of nomination of the Archbishop of Canterbury. At various times the choice was made by the canons of Canterbury Cathedral, today the archbishop fills four main roles, He is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury, which covers the eastern parts of the County of Kent. Founded in 597, it is the oldest see in the English church and he is the metropolitan archbishop of the Province of Canterbury, which covers the southern two-thirds of England. He is the primate and chief religious figure of the Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury plays a part in national ceremonies such as coronations, due to his high public profile. As spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion, the archbishop, although without legal authority outside England, is recognised by convention as primus inter pares of all Anglican primates worldwide, since 1867 he has convened more or less decennial meetings of worldwide Anglican bishops, the Lambeth Conferences. In the last two of these functions he has an important ecumenical and interfaith role, speaking on behalf of Anglicans in England, the archbishops main residence is Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth. He also has lodgings in the Old Palace, Canterbury, located beside Canterbury Cathedral, as holder of one of the five great sees, the Archbishop of Canterbury is ex officio one of the Lords Spiritual of the House of Lords. He is one of the men in England and the highest ranking non-royal in the United Kingdoms order of precedence. Since Henry VIII broke with Rome, the Archbishops of Canterbury have been selected by the English monarch, today the choice is made in the name of the monarch by the prime minister, from a shortlist of two selected by an ad-hoc committee called the Crown Nominations Commission. Since the 20th century, the appointment of Archbishops of Canterbury conventionally alternates between more moderate Anglo-Catholics and Evangelicals, the current archbishop, Justin Welby, the 105th Archbishop of Canterbury, was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 4 February 2013. As archbishop he signs himself as + Justin Cantuar and his predecessor, Rowan Williams, 104th Archbishop of Canterbury, was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 27 February 2003. Immediately prior to his appointment to Canterbury, Williams was the Bishop of Monmouth, on 18 March 2012, Williams announced he would be stepping down as Archbishop of Canterbury at the end of 2012 to become Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge. In addition to his office, the archbishop also holds a number of positions, for example, he is Joint President of the Council of Christians. Some positions he formally holds ex officio and others virtually so, geoffrey Fisher, 99th Archbishop of Canterbury, was the first since 1397 to visit Rome, where he held private talks with Pope John XXIII in 1960
Archbishop of Canterbury
–
The Archbishop of Canterbury's official London residence is Lambeth Palace, photographed looking east across the
River Thames.
Archbishop of Canterbury
–
Arms of the
Archbishop of Canterbury: Azure, an
archiepiscopal cross in pale or surmounted by a
pall proper charged with four
crosses patée fitchée sable
32.
Leader of the House of Commons
–
The Leader of the House of Commons is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom who is responsible for arranging government business in the House of Commons. This office does not attract a ministerial salary, and as such it is held jointly with another ministerial position. The Leader is assisted in the Office of the Leader of the House of Commons by the Deputy Leader of the House of Commons, at times the nominal leadership was held by the Prime Minister but the day-to-day work was done by a Deputy. At other times a Deputy was appointed merely to enhance an individual politicians standing within the government, however, since 2010 the Deputy Leader of the House of Commons has been a ministerial role at the level of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State. The House of Commons devotes approximately three-quarters of its time to Government business, such as introduced by the government. The Leader of the House, with the chief whips, is responsible for organising Government business. The Leader of the House additionally announces the next weeks debate schedule in the Business Statement every Thursday, when there is either no Deputy Prime Minister or First Secretary of State, the Leader of the House may stand in for an absent Prime Minister at Prime Ministers Questions
Leader of the House of Commons
–
Incumbent
Chris Grayling since 9 May 2015
Leader of the House of Commons
–
Robert Walpole
Leader of the House of Commons
–
Samuel Sandys
Leader of the House of Commons
–
Henry Pelham
33.
John Bercow
–
John Simon Bercow is a British politician who has been the Speaker of the House of Commons since June 2009. Prior to his election to Speaker, he was a member of the Conservative Party and he served as a councillor from 1986 to 1990 and unsuccessfully contested parliamentary seats in the 1987 and 1992 general elections. In the 1997 general election, Bercow was elected the MP for Buckingham and he held posts in the shadow cabinets of Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard. In November 2002, he resigned from the cabinet over disputes concerning the Adoption and Children Act. In September 2004, Bercow was sacked after disagreements with Howard, following the resignation of Speaker Michael Martin, Bercow announced his intention to stand for the Speakership election on 22 June 2009 and was successful. He remained Speaker and was re-elected in his constituency at the election on 7 May 2015. He was re-elected as Speaker, unopposed, when the House sat at the start of the new parliament on 18 May 2015, in 2014 Bercow was appointed Chancellor of the University of Bedfordshire. Bercow was born to an English Jewish family in Edgware, London and his paternal grandparents were Jews from Romania who arrived in England a century ago. The son of a driver, Bercow attended Frith Manor Primary School in Woodside Park, and Finchley Manorhill. In his youth, Bercow had been ranked Britains No.1 junior tennis player, Bercow graduated with a first-class honours degree in government from the University of Essex in 1985. Professor Anthony King said When he was a student here, he was very right-wing, pretty stroppy, as a young activist, Bercow was a member of the right-wing Conservative Monday Club, becoming secretary of its immigration and repatriation committee. However, at the age of 20 he left the club, in 1981, Bercow had stood as a candidate for the national executive of the Monday Club and called for a programme of assisted repatriation of immigrants. He has since then called his participation in the club utter madness, after graduating from the University of Essex, Bercow was elected as the last national chairman of the Federation of Conservative Students, 1986–87. After a spell in merchant banking, Bercow joined the lobbying firm Rowland Sallingbury Casey in 1988, with fellow Conservative Julian Lewis, Bercow ran an advanced speaking and campaigning course for over 10 years, which trained over 600 Conservatives in campaigning and communication techniques. He has also lectured in the United States to students of the Leadership Institute, in 1986, Bercow was elected as a Conservative councillor in the London Borough of Lambeth, and served for four years. In 1987, he was appointed the youngest deputy leader in the United Kingdom. In 1995, Bercow was appointed as an adviser to the Chief Secretary to the Treasury. After Aitkens resignation to fight an action, Bercow served as a special adviser to the Secretary of State for National Heritage
John Bercow
–
The Right Honourable John Bercow
MP
John Bercow
–
Bercow, speaking at the
Institute for Government, 2011
34.
David Neuberger, Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury
–
David Edmond Neuberger, Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury, PC is an English judge. He is currently President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, Neuberger was appointed to the Supreme Court in 2012. He also serves as a Non-Permanent Judge of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal, Neuberger was born on 10 January 1948, the son of Albert Neuberger, Professor of Chemical Pathology at St Marys Hospital, University of London, and his wife, Lilian. His uncle was the noted rabbi Herman N. Neuberger and he was educated at Westminster School, and studied chemistry at Christ Church, Oxford. Upon graduation, he worked at the merchant bank, N M Rothschild & Sons, Neuberger was called to the Bar at Lincolns Inn in 1974, where he became a Bencher in 1993. He became a Queens Counsel in 1987 and he was a Recorder from 1990 to 1 October 1996, when he was appointed a High Court Judge in the Chancery Division and received the customary knighthood. Since 2005 he has been co-chair of ITAC and his rise to the Court of Appeal and then to the House of Lords is one of the quickest in recent times. Although Lord Devlin was, at 55, even younger on his own appointment to the House of Lords in 1960 and this appointment took effect on 1 October 2009. Between 2006 and 2007, he led an investigation for the Bar Council into widening access to the Bar and he also served on the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions, led by former Health Secretary Alan Milburn, which reported in July 2009. Other Panel members included Trevor Phillips, head of the Commission for Equalities and Human Rights, Michael Grade, Chairman of ITV, and Martin Rees, Astronomer Royal. In May 2010, Neuberger gave a controversial, ex tempore dissenting judgment that the trade union Unite had not complied with ballot rules under trade union legislation. In July 2010 Neuberger ruled that protesters in Parliament Square who had camped out in Democracy Village should be evicted after the protesters lost an appeal. In May 2011, while commenting on super injunctions, he said that social media sites like Twitter were totally out of control and society should consider ways to bring such websites under control. In July 2012, it was announced that Neuberger would succeed Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers as President of the Supreme Court, in February 2017, it was announced that Neuberger is stepping down in the Summer from his role in the Supreme Court and retiring. In 1976, Neuberger married Angela Holdsworth, the TV producer and writer and they have three children, Jessica, Nicholas and Max, who are all solicitors. Neubergers sister-in-law, through his brother Anthony, is Baroness Neuberger, DBE, Neuberger was Chairman of the Schizophrenia Trust from 2003 to 2013, when it merged with and was subsumed by Mental Health Research UK, he is now a Trustee of MHRUK. He was a Governor of the University of the Arts London between 2000 and 2010 and he was President of the British Records Association from 2009 to 2012. Lord Neubergers entry on Court of Appeal webpage
David Neuberger, Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury
–
The Right Honourable The Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury
PC
David Neuberger, Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury
–
Justices
35.
Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
–
The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales is the head of the judiciary and President of the Courts of England and Wales. The Lord Chief Justice is also the nominal President of the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal and Head of Criminal Justice, but can appoint another judge to these positions under the 2005 Act. The Lord Chief Justices equivalent in Scotland is the Lord President of the Court of Session, there is also a Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, successor to the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland of the pre-Partition era. The current Lord Chief Justice is Lord Thomas of Cwmgiedd, who took over the role on 1 October 2013, although the Court of the Kings Bench had existed since 1234, the title of chief justice was not used until 1268. In the intermediary period, one of the justices would be considered the senior judge, the suffix and Wales, now found in statutes and elsewhere, was unilaterally appended by Lord Bingham of Cornhill between 1996 and 2000. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 made the Lord Chief Justice the President of the Courts of England and Wales, vesting the office with many of the powers formerly held by the Lord Chancellor. While the Lord Chief Justice retains the role of President of the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal, the first Lord Chief Justice to act as head of the judiciary under the provisions of the CRA was Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers. The CRA also provides that the Lord Chief Justice is chosen by a specially appointed committee convened by the Judicial Appointments Commission
Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
–
The Judiciary of England and Wales
36.
David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley
–
He also acts as Lord Great Chamberlain of the United Kingdom, as a ½ part holder of that office. Lord Cholmondeley is a descendant of Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister of Great Britain and he is the son of Hugh Cholmondeley, 6th Marquess of Cholmondeley, and his wife, the former Lavinia Margaret Leslie. He is also a descendent of both the Rothschild family and the Sassoon family through his grandmother, Sybil Sassoon. He has three sisters, the Ladies Rose, Margot, and Caroline. Like numerous members of his family, Cholmondeley was educated at Eton College and he later took classes at the Sorbonne. As David Rocksavage, he appeared in a small part in Eric Rohmers 1987 film,4 aventures de Reinette et Mirabelle. His professional name is derived from his title of Earl of Rocksavage and his chosen career was put on hold when he succeeded to the marquessate in 1990. In 1995, he directed the adaptation of Truman Capotes novel Other Voices. In 2007, he directed The Wreck, starring Jean Simmons, the film was shot in Norfolk. It was later renamed Shadows in the Sun and was released in 2009, Cholmondeley became Marquess of Cholmondeley on 13 March 1990, upon the death of his father. Cholmondeley does not sit in the House of Lords for debates as he is currently on leave of absence, the family seats are Houghton Hall in Norfolk, and Cholmondeley Castle, which is surrounded by a 7, 500-acre estate near Malpas, Cheshire. According to the Sunday Times Rich List in 2008, Cholmondeley has a net worth of approximately £60m. Houghton Hall, ancestral home of the Marquesses of Cholmondeley since the establishment of the title in 1815, has now opened some of its rooms to the public, in 1974, Cholmondeley was a Page of Honour to the Queen at the age of 14. He relinquished this role upon reaching the age limit of retirement in 1976, one moiety of the ancient office of Lord Great Chamberlain is a Cholmondeley inheritance. The second, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh holders of the marquessate have all held this office, Cholmondeley began acting as the hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain to Her Majesty in 1990. In the Queens Birthday Honours List for 2007, Lord Cholmondeley was made a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order for his 17 years of service as Lord Great Chamberlain. Lord Cholmondeley married Rose Hanbury, a 25-year-old fashion model turned researcher, on 24 June 2009 and she is a daughter of Tim Hanbury, a website designer, and his fashion designer wife, Emma. Her paternal grandmother is Lady Rose Lambert, daughter of the 10th Earl of Cavan, the announcement that Lady Cholmondeley was expecting twins was revealed by Richard Kay of the Daily Mail and Mandrake of The Daily Telegraph
David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley
–
Photograph of Lord Cholmondeley at the Palace of Westminster in 1992
David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley
–
Houghton Hall, Norfolk
37.
David Mundell
–
David Gordon Mundell WS PC MP is a Scottish solicitor, Conservative politician and UK Government Minister, serving as Secretary of State for Scotland since 2015. Mundell is the first Conservative to hold the position since Michael Forsyth in 1997, Mundell represents the Scottish constituency of Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale since 2005 and currently is the sole Scottish Conservative member of parliament in the House of Commons. He was appointed Secretary of State for Scotland following the 2015 general election, Mundell is also the first openly gay cabinet minister from the Conservative Party. Born in Dumfries, Mundell grew up in Newton Wamphray and Lockerbie and he attended Lockerbie Academy before reading Law at the University of Edinburgh, also gaining a Diploma in Legal Practice. After further studies, he graduated from Strathclyde Business School as MBA, having become a Young Conservative aged 14, he switched to the Social Democratic Party while at university in 1981. In 2002, he stated, the first Thatcher Government did get a bit bogged down, and the fact that you had a completely new opportunity to wipe the slate clean, with no baggage, was a very attractive thing. He practised as a solicitor before joining BT as Group Legal Advisor for Scotland in 1991 and he became BT Scotlands Head of National Affairs, remaining with BT until being elected as an MSP. Mundell served as a Social Democratic Party Councillor for Annandale and Eskdale from 1984–86 and then for Dumfries and Galloway until 1987, Mundell is a member of the Society of Writers to Her Majestys Signet and of the Law Society of Scotland. Mundell was elected to the Scottish Parliament in 1999 and 2003 as a list MSP for the South of Scotland, in the 2005 general election, Mundell was elected as MP for the Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale constituency. Following his election to Westminster, Mundell resigned from the Scottish Parliament in June 2005 and his seat was taken by Derek Brownlee, who was next on the Conservatives South of Scotland candidate list. As the sole Conservative Scottish parliamentary representative, David Cameron appointed him Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland in December 2005, footballs governing bodies in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland oppose a Great Britain team, fearing it would stop them competing as individual nations in future tournaments. Mundell represented the Scottish Conservative Party at the three Scottish Leaders Debates broadcast on ITV1, Sky News and BBC1 during the 2010 general election campaign, prior to the 2010 general election, Mundell served as the Conservative Shadow Scottish Secretary. Following that election, the Conservative Party formed a government with the Liberal Democrats. On 9 June 2010 Mundell was appointed a Privy Counsellor, Mundell was returned to parliament at the 2015 general election with a much reduced majority of 798, although the Conservative Partys share of the vote increased by 1. 8%. He is to be a member of the cabinet committee working on strategies for Brexit. Following the Conservative Partys success at the 2015 general election, Mundell succeeded Alistair Carmichael as Secretary of State for Scotland in HM Government and he remains the only Conservative MP to represent a Scottish constituency in the parliament elected in 2015. Mundell, who had denied that welfare reform changes were behind the increased demand for food banks, was accused of hypocrisy by opponents who said the opening was nothing to celebrate. Mundell said he was willing to work with all local organisations who wanted to eradicate poverty, on 13 January 2016, Mundell publicly came out as gay on his personal website
David Mundell
–
The Right Honourable David Mundell
WS MP
38.
Richard Clarke (bishop)
–
Richard Lionel Clarke is an Irish Anglican bishop and author. Since 2012, he has been the Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, as such, he is the senior hierarch of the Church of Ireland. Clarke was born on 25 June 1949 in Dublin, Ireland and he was educated at Wesley College, a fee-paying independent school in Dublin. He attended Trinity College, Dublin and Kings College London where he studied history, Clarke travelled thence to Bandon, County Cork, where he served as rector until 1993 when he was appointed Dean of Cork. Clarke was elected and consecrated to the bishopric of Meath and Kildare in 1996, in 2012, he was elected, in succession to Alan Harper, to be the Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland. His translation to Armagh took effect on 15 December 2012, on which date he also was enthroned at St Patricks Cathedral and he has two children and one grandchild, as of 2014. His wife, Linda, died in 2009, Clarke is the author of And Is It True. The Unharmonious Blacksmith and A Whisper of God
Richard Clarke (bishop)
–
The Most Reverend Richard Clarke
M.A.,
B.D.,
Ph.D.
39.
Eamon Martin
–
Eamon Martin is an Irish Roman Catholic prelate, the incumbent Archbishop of Armagh and the Primate of All Ireland. He was ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of Derry and he moved into teaching and earned two more degrees, from 1999 to 2008, he was President of St Columbs College, Derry. He was appointed Coadjutor Archbishop of Armagh in January 2013, consecrated a bishop in April 2013, Martin was born in Derry in 1961, the youngest of 17 children. After his primary education in St Patricks, Pennyburn, Derry. His priestly training took place in St. Patricks College, Maynooth where he graduated with a BD in Theology, on 28 June 1987, Martin was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Derry by Edward Daly, the then Bishop of Derry. After his ordination he served as a curate at the cathedral of the Diocese of Derry from 1987 until 1989 and he then served as a teacher at St Columbs College in Derry from 1990 to 1998. He then continued his studies at Queens University, Belfast from 1989–1990, Martin went on to study at St Edmunds College, Cambridge from 1998–1999 where he obtained a MPhil in school development. From 1999 until 2008 he was President of St Columbs College, after this he served two years as appointed Secretary-General of the Irish Episcopal Conference before being recalled to his native diocese in 2010 to serve as Vicar General. When Bishop Séamus Hegarty resigned in November 2011, Archbishop Eamon Martin was elected as diocesan administrator, in 2011 he was appointed Chaplain of His Holiness. On 18 January 2013, Martin was appointed as the Coadjutor Archbishop of Armagh, Martin said he was shocked when told of the appointment. I am very conscious of the great trust that the Holy Father has placed in me, Bishop Emeritus of Derry Edward Daly said that Martin was seen as a clean pair of hands after the churchs abuse scandals. He does not carry any baggage from the past with him, on 21 April 2013, Martin was consecrated to the episcopate by Seán Brady. On 8 September 2014, with the retirement of Seán Brady, he succeeded him as Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, as such, in 2013, Martin addressed the abuse scandals that have been exposed over the last two decades. One of the greatest challenges facing our Church is to acknowledge, live with, Martin is also a director of the National Board for Safeguarding Children in the Catholic Church – the body set up in the wake of widespread clerical abuse scandals in Ireland. On his appointment, he one of the greatest challenges facing the church was to live with. He told a conference in Armagh that the church can never take it for granted that the safeguarding systems we have in place are robust and failsafe. Martin has said the Catholic Church felt a sense of bereavement following the result of the same-sex marriage referendum, the Vatican secretary of state, Cardinal Pietro Parolin, called the result of the Irish same-sex marriage equality referendum a defeat for humanity. Martin told RTÉ Radio Ones Sean O’Rourke show the cardinals comments expressed our deeply held conviction about the meaning of marriage, one of the difficulties of the debate was that we had two parallel discussions going on
Eamon Martin
–
Styles of Eamon Martin
40.
Diarmuid Martin
–
Diarmuid Martin is the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland. Martin was ordained a priest in 1969 and represented the Holy See at major United Nations International Conferences before becoming the Archbishop of Dublin in 2004, Martin has dealt with Catholic sex abuse cases in his tenure as Archbishop. Diarmuid Martin was raised and educated in Dublin, at the Oblate school in Inchicore and he went to University College Dublin, where he studied philosophy, and then went to the Dublin Dioceses seminary at Clonliffe, where he studied theology. He entered Clonliffe seven days before the opening of the Second Vatican Council on 11 October 1962 and he was ordained a priest on 25 May 1969 by Archbishop John Charles McQuaid. Martin is also an alumnus of the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas Angelicum where he pursued further studies, the Archbishops brother, Seamus Martin, is the retired International Editor of The Irish Times newspaper. In 1976, Martin entered the service of the Holy See and he later worked on the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, was appointed its Under Secretary in 1986 and Secretary in 1994. On 6 January 1999 he was consecrated titular Bishop of Glendalough by Pope John Paul II, in this capacity he represented the Holy See at various UN conferences, including the International Conference on Population and Development. He led the delegations of the Holy See to the Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organisation, also, he was involved in discussions between the World Council of Churches and the Catholic Church as well as the World Faiths Development Dialogue. He represented the views of the Holy See to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, Martin was appointed Co-Adjutor to Cardinal Desmond Connell on 3 May 2003 and was installed on 30 August. On 26 April 2004, following the acceptance of Cardinal Connells resignation by Pope John Paul II, in 2005 Martin said that being gay should not prevent a man becoming a Catholic priest. He said, You dont write off a candidate for the priesthood simply because he is a gay man. He discussed the admission of homosexuals to the priesthood in the context of the abuse of minors by priests. Then you need to take steps to ensure this never happen again. He noted that you cannot identify homosexuality with paedophilia and that paedophilia is not the result of homosexuality, in 2007, Martin announced that a Catholic Church representative will visit every household in the Dublin Archdiocese next year. He predicted his evangelisation programme would promote greater co-operation between lay people and priests in the Churchs mission and ministry, in response to comments by Cardinal Seán Brady on the Civil Partnership Bill, Martin said, We havent expressed an opinion as an Episcopal Conference. I dont think anyone in the conference is against what Cardinal Brady said and he also said that while the Catholic Church favoured marriage, it is not against other forms of intimacy. Martin told the Irish Independent in 2004 that I recognise that there are different kinds of caring relationships. The State may feel in justice that the rights of people in these relationships need to be protected and he emphasised he was not thinking mainly of homosexual relationships, but rather of caring, dependent relationships in general
Diarmuid Martin
–
Martin at the
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in 2013
Diarmuid Martin
–
Archbishop Martin meeting Polish President
Lech Kaczyński.
41.
Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic)
–
The Archbishop of Dublin is the title of the senior cleric who presides over the Archdiocese of Dublin. The Church of Ireland has a role, heading the United Dioceses of Dublin. In both cases, the Archbishop is also Primate of Ireland, the Archbishop has his seat at Saint Marys Pro-Cathedral, though formally Dublins cathedral is still Christchurch Cathedral, Dublin. Several of these functioned as churches and the most powerful of all was Glendalough. In the early church in Ireland, the church had a monastic basis, there were bishops but not organised dioceses in the modern sense, and the offices of abbot and bishop were often comprised in one person. Sitric also provided for the building of Christ Church Cathedral in 1038 with the lands of Baldoyle, Raheny, the Bishop of Dublin answered to the Archbishop of Canterbury and did not attend councils of the Irish Church. The Diocese of Dublin continued to acknowledge the jurisdiction of Canterbury until 1096, the Synod of Rathbreasail was convened in 1111 by Gillebert, Bishop of Limerick, on papal authority. It fixed the number of dioceses in Ireland at twenty-four, Dublin was not included, the city being described as lying in the Diocese of Glendalough. It was incorporated into the system of Irish dioceses from 1152, from 1121, the fifth and last Bishop of Dublin was one Gréne, consecrated at Lambeth by Ralph, Archbishop of Canterbury. The part of North County Dublin known as Fingall was taken from Glendalough Diocese, the new Archdiocese had 40 parishes, in deanaries based on the old senior monasteries. All dependence upon English churches such as Canterbury was also ended, gregory, the existing Bishop of Dublin, was elevated as the first Archbishop, with the Bishops of Kildare, Ossory, Leighlin, Ferns, and Glendalough reporting to him. The second Archbishop was Lorcán Ua Tuathail, previously Abbot of Glendalough, Saint Laurences successor was a Norman, and from then onward to the time of the Reformation, Dublins Archbishops were all either Norman or English. High offices in the Church were never free of political influence, Archbishop Henry of Londons name appears in the text of the Magna Carta along with the names of English Bishops as witnesses. In 1185, the Pope had granted a petition to combine the Dioceses of Dublin and Glendalough, the union took effect in 1216, with the approval of Innocent III, and the dioceses have remained merged ever since. The statutes mention the Chapters of both St. Patricks and Christ Church Cathedrals, which are granted the power to confer degrees, and the aim appears to have been to provide lectures at the former. The then Dean of St. Patricks, William de Rodyard, was elected first Chancellor of the University, in 1364, a Divinity Lecture was endowed, and in 1496, the Diocesan Synod granted stipends for the lecturers of the university. It has been said that the University never properly got started, certainly it languished, Archbishop Alen was murdered during the revolt of Silken Thomas in 1534. After the excommunication of Henry VIII in 1538 no Roman Catholic archbishop was nominated by Rome until Hugh Curwen in 1555, see the article Primate of Ireland for a discussion of the relative status of the Archbishops of Dublin and Armagh as Primates
Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic)
–
Archbishop of Dublin
Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic)
–
St Mary's Pro-Cathedral, Dublin, the episcopal seat of the Roman Catholic archbishops.
42.
Order of the Bath
–
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the medieval ceremony for appointing a knight. The knights so created were known as Knights of the Bath, George I erected the Knights of the Bath into a regular Military Order. Prior to 1815, the order had only a class, Knight Companion. Recipients of the Order are now usually senior officers or senior civil servants. Commonwealth citizens who are not subjects of the Queen and foreign nationals may be made Honorary Members, in the Middle Ages, knighthood was often conferred with elaborate ceremonies. These usually involved the taking a bath during which he was instructed in the duties of knighthood by more senior knights. He was then put to bed to dry, clothed in a special robe, he was led with music to the chapel where he spent the night in a vigil. At dawn he made confession and attended Mass, then retired to his bed to sleep until it was fully daylight, in the early medieval period the difference seems to have been that the full ceremonies were used for men from more prominent families. Knights Bachelor continued to be created with the form of ceremony. The last occasion on which Knights of the Bath were created was the coronation of Charles II in 1661. From at least 1625, and possibly from the reign of James I, Knights of the Bath were using the motto Tria iuncta in uno, and wearing as a badge three crowns within a plain gold oval. These were both adopted by the Order of the Bath, a similar design of badge is still worn by members of the Civil Division. Their symbolism however is not entirely clear, the three joined in one may be a reference to the kingdoms of England, Scotland and either France or Ireland, which were held by English and, later, British monarchs. This would correspond to the three crowns in the badge, another explanation of the motto is that it refers to the Holy Trinity. The prime mover in the establishment of the Order of the Bath was John Anstis, Garter King of Arms, the Court remained the centre of the political world. The King was limited in that he had to choose Ministers who could command a majority in Parliament, the leader of an administration still had to command the Kings personal confidence and approval. A strong following in Parliament depended on being able to supply places, pensions, the attraction of the new Order for Walpole was that it would provide a source of such favours to strengthen his political position
Order of the Bath
–
Most Honourable Order of the Bath
Order of the Bath
–
A painting by
Edmund Leighton depicting a fictional scene of a knight receiving the
accolade
Order of the Bath
–
Mildmay Fane, 2nd Earl of Westmorland, KB, with sash.
Order of the Bath
–
Sir Robert Walpole, the first
Prime Minister, who used the Order of the Bath as a source of political patronage
43.
Distinguished Service Order
–
Instituted on 6 September 1886 by Queen Victoria in a Royal Warrant published in the The London Gazette on 9 November, the first DSOs awarded were dated 25 November 1886. It is typically awarded to officers ranked major or higher, during the First World War,8,981 DSOs were awarded, each award being announced in The London Gazette. The order was established for rewarding individual instances of meritorious or distinguished service in war, after 1 January 1917, commanders in the field were instructed to recommend this award only for those serving under fire. Prior to 1943, the order could be only to someone mentioned in despatches. The order is given to officers in command, above the rank of captain. A number of junior officers were awarded the DSO. In 1942, the award of the DSO was extended to officers of the Merchant Navy who had performed acts of gallantry while under enemy attack. Since 1993, its award has been restricted solely to distinguished service and it has, however, despite some very fierce campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan, remained an officers-only award and it has yet to be awarded to a non-commissioned rank. Recipients of the order are known as Companions of the Distinguished Service Order. They are entitled to use the post-nominal letters DSO, one or more gold medal bars ornamented by the Crown may be issued to DSO holders performing further acts of such leadership which would have merited award of the DSO. The bars are worn as clasps on the ribbon of the original award. The medal signifying its award is a cross, enamelled white. In the centre, within a wreath of laurel, enamelled green, is the crown in gold upon a red enamelled background. On the reverse is the royal cypher in gold upon a red enamelled ground, within a wreath of laurel, a ring at the top of the medal attaches to a ring at the bottom of a gold suspension bar, ornamented with laurel. At the top of the ribbon is a gold bar ornamented with laurel. The red ribbon is 1.125 in wide with blue edges. The medals are issued unnamed but some recipients have had their names engraved on the reverse of the suspension bar, the bar for an additional award is plain gold with an Imperial Crown in the centre. The back of the bar is engraved with the year of the award, a rosette is worn on the ribbon in undress uniform to signify the award of a bar
Distinguished Service Order
–
Distinguished Service Order
Distinguished Service Order
–
Major Marie-Edmond Paul Garneau, of the
Royal 22e Régiment, with the Distinguished Service Order he received for "gallant and distinguished services in the combined
attack on Dieppe " after his investiture at
Buckingham Palace in October 1942.
44.
Order of the Companions of Honour
–
The Order of the Companions of Honour is an order of the Commonwealth realms. Founded on the date as the Order of the British Empire. The order consists of the Sovereign plus no more than 65 members, additionally, foreigners from outside the realms may be added as honorary members. Membership confers no title or precedence, but those inducted into the order are entitled to use the post-nominal letters CH. Appointments can be made on the advice of Commonwealth realm prime ministers, for Canadians, the advice to the Sovereign can come from a variety of officials. The quota numbers were altered in 1970 to 47 for the United Kingdom,7 for Australia,2 for New Zealand, the quota was adjusted again in 1975 by adding 2 places to the New Zealand quota and reducing the 9 for the other countries to 7. While able to nominate candidates to the Order, New Zealand, as of 2016 those countries have nominated only politicians who have served as Prime Minister or Deputy Prime Minister. Men wear the badge on a ribbon and women on a bow at the left shoulder. Sovereign Queen Elizabeth II List of Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour List of honorary British Knights List of people who have declined a British honour
Order of the Companions of Honour
–
Order of the Companions of Honour
Order of the Companions of Honour
–
Lord Tweedsmuir, as
Governor General of Canada, wearing the Companion of Honour badge around his neck as part of his ceremonial
Windsor uniform
45.
Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)
–
The orders approximately 25,000 members, known as confrères, are mostly of the Protestant faith, though those of other Christian denominations or other religions are accepted into the order. Except via appointment to government or ecclesiastical offices in some realms, membership is by invitation only. It is a constituent member of the Alliance of the Orders of St John of Jerusalem and its headquarters are in London and it is a registered charity under English law. This was to be achieved by issuing bonds in London to form an army of demobilized British soldiers using readily available. The council was reorganised and the Marquis de Sainte-Croix du Molay became its head, scotsman Donald Currie was in 1827 given the authority to raise £240,000. Anyone who subscribed to the project and all commissioned officers of the army were offered the opportunity of being appointed knights of the order. Few donations were attracted, though, and the Greek War of Independence was won without the help of the knights of the Council of the French Langues and it was headquartered at what Mortara called the Auberge of St. John, St Johns Gate, Clerkenwell. The creation of the langue has been regarded either as a revival of the Knights Hospitaller or the establishment of a new order, on 29 January 1831, in the presence of Philip de Castellane and the Agent-General of the French Langues, Peat was elected Prior ad interim. Sir Robert Peat died in April 1837 and Sir Henry Dymoke was appointed grand prior and re-established contact with the knights in France and Germany, into which the group had by that time expanded. This new entity grew its membership over the three decades and, in 1861, the Duke of Manchester agreed to become its grand prior. Additionally, an associated national hospitaller organisation was formed with a corps of ambulances, Sir Edmund Lechmere purchased St Johns Gate as the orders headquarters two years later, the property was initially leased from Lechmere before the order acquired the freehold in 1887. The name given when first constituted in 1888 as the present order of chivalry by Queen Victorias royal charter was Grand Priory of the Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem in England. Its most recent royal charter was granted in 1955, with a charter issued in 1974. In 1999, the order received special status from the United Nations Economic. The Grand Prior may also appoint a secretary of the order, since the orders royal charter of 1888, the Grand Prior has been appointed by the Sovereign Head and has always been a member of the royal family. All Priors, should not already be in the grade or higher, are made a Knight or Dame of Justice upon their assignment. Knights and Dames receive the accolade from the grand prior when they are touched on the shoulder with a sword and are given their robes, bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross additionally have the right to be granted heraldic supporters for life. In 2013, the Priory of Kenya and in 2014 the Priory of Singapore were formed, each is governed by a prior and a priory chapter
Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)
–
Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem
Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)
–
Priory of St John at Clerkenwell, London in 1661, by
Wenceslaus Hollar
Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)
–
St John's Gate, 1880
Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)
–
King
George V, Sovereign Head of the order (1910–36)
46.
Order of St Patrick
–
The Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick is a dormant British order of chivalry associated with Ireland. The Order was created in 1783 by George III at the request of the then Lord-Lieutenant, the regular creation of knights of Saint Patrick lasted until 1922, when most of Ireland became independent as the Irish Free State. While the Order technically still exists, no knight of St Patrick has been created since 1936, the Queen, however, remains the Sovereign of the Order, and one officer, the Ulster King of Arms, also survives. St Patrick is patron of the order, its motto is Quis separabit, an allusion to the Vulgate translation of Romans 8,35, Who shall separate us from the love of Christ. Most British orders of chivalry cover the entire kingdom, but the three most exalted ones each pertain to one constituent country only, the Order of St Patrick, which pertains to Ireland, is the most junior of these three in precedence and age. Its equivalent in England, The Most Noble Order of the Garter, is the oldest order of chivalry in the United Kingdom, the Scottish equivalent is The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, dating in its modern form to 1687. The order was founded in 1783, a year after the grant of autonomy to Ireland. The Order of the Bath, founded in 1725, was instituted for similar reasons, the statutes of the Order restricted membership to men who were both knights and gentlemen, the latter being defined as having three generations of noblesse on both their fathers and mothers side. In practice, however, only Irish Peers were ever appointed to the Order, the cross of St Patrick was chosen as one of the symbols of the Order. A flag of this design was incorporated into the Union Flag. Its association with St. Patrick or with Ireland prior to the foundation of the Order is unclear, one of the first knights was The 2nd Duke of Leinster, whose arms carry the same cross. The last non-royal member appointed to the order was James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn in 1922, when the Irish Free State left the United Kingdom that same year, the Irish Executive Council under W. T. Cosgrave chose to make no further appointments to the Order. The British government continued to entertain hopes for the revival as a pan-Irish institution. Therefore, while there was no legal or constitutional bar to the British government continuing to make appointments from among British subjects resident in Northern Ireland, since then, only three people have been appointed to the Order, all members of the British Royal Family. The then-Prince of Wales was appointed in 1927 and his brothers, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, in 1934 and Prince Albert, Duke of York. It is likely that these appointments were considered possible because the Irish Free State continued to recognise the British monarch as its head of state. In 1937, however, the Irish Free State adopted a new constitution, the ambiguity was resolved 12 years later when the Irish Free State formally declared itself a republic and left the British Commonwealth. The basis for such appointments thus ceased and no further ones have been made, the Duke of Gloucester at his death in 1974 was the last surviving member of the Order
Order of St Patrick
–
Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick
Order of St Patrick
Order of St Patrick
–
The installation dinner for the founding of the order took place on 17 March 1783 in the Great Hall of Dublin Castle.
Order of St Patrick
–
The Irish Crown Jewels
47.
Royal Guelphic Order
–
The Royal Guelphic Order, sometimes also referred to as the Hanoverian Guelphic Order, is a Hanoverian order of chivalry instituted on 28 April 1815 by the Prince Regent. Named for the House of Guelph, of whom of the Hanoverians were a branch, after the defeat and forced dissolution of the Kingdom of Hanover by the Kingdom of Prussia, the order continued as a house order to be awarded by the Royal House of Hanover. Today, its current chancellor is the Hanoverian head of the house, Ernst August, the honour is named after the House of Guelph to which the Hanoverian kings belonged, and its insignia were based on the white horse of that kingdoms arms. The Order includes two Divisions, Civil and Military and it originally had three classes, but with several reorganizations since 1841, as house order today it has four classes and an additional Cross of Merit. The initial GCG was also used, and held to be more correct
Royal Guelphic Order
–
Royal Guelphic Order
Royal Guelphic Order
–
Star and badge of a Commander 1st Class.
48.
Order of the Crown of India
–
The Imperial Order of the Crown of India is an order in the British honours system. The Order was established by Queen Victoria in 1878, when she became Empress of India, the Order is open only to women, no new appointments have been made after the Partition of India in 1947. The members of the Order, titled Companions, could use the post-nominals CI, furthermore, they were entitled to wear the badge of the Order, which included Queen Victorias Imperial Cypher, VRI. The letters were set in diamonds, pearls and turquoises and were surrounded by a border of pearls surmounted by a figure the Imperial Crown. The badge was attached to a light blue bow, edged in white. Queen Elizabeth II and her sister Princess Margaret were appointed to the Order by their father King George VI in June 1947, Queen Elizabeth II is the last surviving former member of the Order. Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester was the last ordinary member at the time of her death in 2004
Order of the Crown of India
–
Order of the Crown of India
Order of the Crown of India
–
Elizabeth II, in her uniform as Colonel-in-Chief of the Scots Guards, wears the badge of the order as a medal (first on left). (Trooping the Colour, 1986)
Order of the Crown of India
–
Rani Lakshmi Bayi of Travancore wearing the badge and ribbon of the order
Order of the Crown of India
–
Orders exclusively for women:
49.
Order of the Star of India
–
The article is about the order of chivalry known as Star of India. For other items of the name, please see disambiguation at Star of India. The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India is an order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria in 1861, with the death of the last surviving knight, the Maharaja of Alwar, the order became dormant in 2009. The motto of the order is Heavens light our guide, the Star of India, the emblem of the order, also appeared on the flag of the Viceroy of India and other flags used to represent British India. The last appointments to the orders relating to the British Empire in India were made in the 1948 New Year Honours, the orders have never been formally abolished, and Elizabeth II succeeded her father George VI as Sovereign of the Orders when she ascended the throne in 1952. She remains Sovereign of the Order to this day, however, there are no living members of the order. The last Grand Master of the Order, Admiral of the Fleet The Earl Mountbatten of Burma, was assassinated by the Provisional IRA on 27 August 1979. The last surviving Knight Grand Commander, HH Maharaja Sree Padmanabhadasa Sir Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma GCSI, GCIE, Maharajah of Travancore, the last surviving Knight Commander, HH Maharaja Sir Tej Singh Prabhakar Bahadur KCSI, Maharaja of Alwar, died on 15 February 2009 in New Delhi. The last surviving Companion of the Order, Vice-Admiral Sir Ronald Brockman CSI, the British Sovereign was, and still is, Sovereign of the Order. The next-most senior member was the Grand Master, the position was held, ex officio, when the order was established in 1861, there was only one class of Knights Companions, who bore the postnominals KSI. In 1866, however, it was expanded to three classes, members of the first class were known as Knights Grand Commanders, rather than Knights Grand Cross, so as not to offend the non-Christian Indians appointed to the Order. All those surviving members who had already been made Knights Companions of the Order were retroactively Known as Knights Grand Commanders. Former viceroys and other officials, as well as those who served in the Department of the Secretary of State for India for at least thirty years were eligible for appointment. Rulers of Indian Princely States were also eligible for appointment, like some rulers of princely states, some rulers of particular prestige, for example the Maharajas of the Rana dynasty or the Sultans of Oman, were usually appointed Knights Grand Commanders. Women, save the princely rulers, were ineligible for appointment to the order and they were, unlike the habit of many other orders, admitted as Knights, rather than as Dames or Ladies. The first woman to be admitted to the order was HH Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal, the orders statutes were specially amended to permit the admission of Queen Mary as a Knight Grand Commander in 1911. Members of the Order wore elaborate costumes on important ceremonial occasions, The mantle, on the left side was a representation of the star. The collar, also only by Knights Grand Commanders, was made of gold
Order of the Star of India
–
Most Exalted Order of the Star of India सर्वोन्नत ऑर्डर ऑफ स्टार ऑफ इंडिया
Order of the Star of India
–
"Sardar-i-Bawaqar" Sardar Mangal Singh, CSI of Amritsar
Order of the Star of India
–
Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala, a Knight Grand Commander of this order.
Order of the Star of India
–
Sayajirao Gaekwad III, Maharaja of Baroda, wearing the sash and star of a GCSI, as well as the star of a GCIE. 1919
50.
Order of the Indian Empire
–
The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire is an order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria in 1878. With the death of the last surviving knight, the Maharaja of Dhrangadhra, the motto of the Order is Imperatricis auspiciis, a reference to Queen Victoria, the first Empress of India. The Order is the junior British order of chivalry associated with the British Indian Empire, the British founded the Order in 1878 to reward British and native officials who served in India. The Order originally had one class, but expanded to comprise two classes in 1887. The Orders have never formally abolished, and as of 2012 Queen Elizabeth II remains the Sovereign of the Orders. Today, there are no living members of the order, the last Grand Master of the Order was Rear Admiral The 1st Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, the last Viceroy of India. Lord Mountbatten was killed in an IRA bombing in County Sligo on 27 August 1979, the last surviving GCIE, H. H. Maharaja Sri Sir Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, the Maharaja of Travancore, died on 19 July 1991 in Trivandrum. The last surviving KCIE, H. H. Maharaja Sri Sir the Maharaja of Dhrangadhra, the last surviving CIE, Ian Dixon Scott, died on 3 March 2002. The fictional characters Purun Dass and Harry Paget Flashman each held a KCIE, the British Sovereign serves as the Sovereign of the Order. The Grand Master held the next-most senior rank, the position was held, ex officio, members of the first class were known as Knights Grand Commanders rather than Knights Grand Cross so as not to offend the non-Christian Indians appointed to the Order. At the time of foundation in 1878 the order had one class. In 1886, the Order was divided into the two classes of Knights Commander and Companions, the following year the class of Knight Grand Commander was added, the composition of the other two classes remained the same. By Letters Patent of 2 Aug 1886, the number of Knights Commander was increased to 82, membership was expanded by Letters Patent of 10 June 1897, which permitted up to 32 Knights Grand Commander. A special statute of 21 October 1902 permitted up to 92 Knights Commander, on 21 December 1911, in connection with the Delhi Durbar, the limits were increased to 40 Knights Grand Commander,120 Knights Commander, and 40 nominations of companions in any successive year. British officials and soldiers were eligible for appointment, as were rulers of Indian Princely States, generally, the rulers of the more important states were appointed Knights Grand Commanders of the Order of the Star of India, rather than of the Order of the Indian Empire. Women, save the princely rulers, were ineligible for appointment to the Order, female princely rulers were, oddly, admitted as Knights rather than as Dames or Ladies. As well, other Asian and Middle Eastern rulers were also appointed, members of the Order wore elaborate costumes on important ceremonial occasions, The mantle, worn only by Knights Grand Commanders, comprised dark blue satin lined with white silk. On the left side was a representation of the star, the collar, also worn only by Knights Grand Commanders, was made of gold
Order of the Indian Empire
–
Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala, a Knight Grand Commander of the order.
Order of the Indian Empire
–
Photo of
Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya 's badge
Order of the Indian Empire
–
H.H. Maharaja Thakore Shri Sir Bhagwatsinhji Sagramji Sahib Bahadur,
Maharaja of
Gondal, GCSI, GCIE (then only a GCIE), a 1911 photograph, during his visit to London, for the coronation of King George V. He is wearing the mantle, collar and star of a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire.
Order of the Indian Empire
–
H.H. Maharaja Sri Sir Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma III, Maharaja of the Kingdom of Travancore, GCSI, GCIE, wearing the sash, star and badge of a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE)
51.
Order of Burma
–
The Order of Burma was founded by Royal Warrant on 10 May 1940 conferred in a single class. Recipients were entitled to the post-nominal letters OB, only 33 individuals were ever made members of the order. The government of post-independence Burma created the Pyidaungsu Sithu Thingaha to replace the Order of Burma on 2 September 1948
Order of Burma
–
Order of Burma
52.
Knight Bachelor
–
The appointment of Knight Bachelor is a part of the British honours system. It is the most basic and lowest rank of a man who has been knighted by the monarch, Knights Bachelor are the most ancient sort of British knight, but Knights Bachelor rank below knights of the various orders. There is no counterpart to Knight Bachelor. The lowest knightly honour that can be conferred upon a woman is Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire – which, also, foreigners are not created Knights Bachelor, instead they are generally made honorary KBEs. It is generally awarded for service, amongst its recipients are all male judges of Her Majestys High Court of Justice in England. Sir Patrick Stewart, and Sir Tom Jones are Officers of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, like other knights, Knights Bachelor are styled Sir. Since they are not knights of any order of chivalry, there is no post-nominal associated with the award. This style is adopted by Knights Bachelor who are also peers, baronets or knights of the various statutory orders, such as Sir William Boulton, Bt, Kt, or The Lord Olivier. Until 1926 Knights Bachelor had no insignia which they could wear, the Knights Bachelor badge may be worn on all such occasions upon the left side of the coat or outer garment of those upon whom the degree of Knight Bachelor has been conferred. In 1974, Queen Elizabeth II issued a warrant authorising the wearing on appropriate occasions of a neck badge, slightly smaller in size. In 1988 a new certificate of authentication, a knights only personal documentation, was designed by the College of Arms. The Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor was founded for the maintenance and consolidation of the Dignity of Knights Bachelor in 1908, the Society keeps records of all Knights Bachelor, in their interest
Knight Bachelor
–
Knight Bachelor
53.
Aide-de-camp
–
An aide-de-camp is a personal assistant or secretary to a person of high rank, usually a senior military, police or government officer, a member of a royal family, or a head of state. This is not to be confused with an adjutant, who is the administrator of a military unit. The first aide-de-camp is typically the foremost personal aide, in some countries, the aide-de-camp is considered to be a title of honour, and participates at ceremonial functions. The badge of office for an aide-de-camp is usually the aiguillette, whether it is worn on the left or the right shoulder is dictated by protocol. A controversy was raised in 2006, when president Néstor Kirchner decided to promote his army aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Colonel Graham to colonel, upon taking office, former president Cristina Kirchner decided to have, for the first time, female officers as her aides-de-camp. In each of the forces, the chief of staff and other senior officers have their own adjutants, normally of the rank of major or lieutenant colonel. An aiguillette is worn on the shoulder by aides-de-camp and adjutants as a symbol of their position. In Belgium the title of Honorary Aide-de-camp to the King can be granted by the court for services rendered. Notable people include Major General Baron Édouard Empain, Count Charles John dOultremont, generals being field marshals, have four, lieutenant generals two, major generals one”. In British colonies and modern-day British overseas territories, the aide-de-camp is appointed to serve the governor, in 1973, the Governor of Bermuda, Sir Richard Sharples, and his aide-de-camp, Captain Hugh Sayers, were murdered on the grounds of Government House. On the last day of British rule in Hong Kong on 30 June 1997 and he then gave the Vice Regal Salute before proceeding, with the Pattens, to leave Government House for the last time. Prince Charles is a personal aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II, Honorary aides-de-camp to the Governor-General or state governors are entitled to the post-nominal ADC during their appointment. Officers of and above the ranks of admiral, major general. Within the navy, an aide-de-camp is called a flag lieutenant, aides-de-camp in Canada are appointed to the Queen and some members of the royal family, the governor general, lieutenant governors, and to certain other appointments. All aides-de-camp also wear the cypher or badge of the principal to whom they are appointed, aides-de-camp to the governor general wear the governor generals badge and aides-de-camp to a lieutenant governor wear the lieutenant governors badge. They are appointed officers of the Canadian Forces. In certain instances, civilians may be appointed, non-uniformed civilians do not wear the aiguillette, but do wear their lieutenant governors badge as a symbol of their appointment. Aides-de-camp to royal and vice-regal personages wear the aiguillette on the right shoulder, aides-de-camp to all others wear their aiguillette on the left shoulder
Aide-de-camp
–
A French aide-de-camp (right) assisting a
général de division (centre), during the
Napoleonic wars.
Aide-de-camp
–
Aide-de-camp Colonel Jean-Claude Cloutier with then–Quebec Lieutenant-Governor
Lise Thibault.
Aide-de-camp
–
Three
lieutenant shoulder boards of the
Royal Canadian Navy with the insignia worn by honorary aides-de-camp to the
Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia (left)
Lieutenant Governor of Québec (centre) and
Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick (right).
Aide-de-camp
–
General Sir
Baker Russell wearing the full-dress uniform of an Aide-de-Camp to Queen Victoria
54.
Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
–
The Royal Order of Victoria and Albert was a British Royal Family Order instituted on 10 February 1862 by Queen Victoria, and enlarged on 10 October 1864,15 November 1865, and 15 March 1880. No awards were made after the death of Queen Victoria, the order had four classes and was only granted to female members of the British Royal Family and female courtiers. All four were surmounted by a crown, which was attached to a bow of white silk moiré ribbon, the honour conferred no rank or title upon the recipient, but recipients were entitled to use the post-nominal letters VA. The last holder of the Order, Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, like other British Orders which have fallen into disuse, it has never been formally abolished. Each British monarch since Victoria has become Sovereign of the Order upon accession to the throne, the current monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, thus has been Sovereign of the Order since 1952. I. Mrs. Grant Ethel H. M. Cadogan Mrs. John Haughton Whitakers Almanack,1893 British Imperial Calendar,1900,1902 The Times
Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
–
Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
–
Badge of the Order of Victoria and Albert given to Princess
Alexandra of Denmark upon her marriage to Victoria's son and heir, the
Prince of Wales.
Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
–
Portrait of
Queen Victoria at her
Golden Jubilee, wearing the Sovereign's badge of the Order.
Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
–
The German
Empress Victoria wearing the Order, along with the Prussian Luise Order (also an order only for women)
55.
George Cross
–
The George Cross is the second highest award of the United Kingdom honours system. It is awarded for not in the face of the enemy to members of the British armed forces. It has always been able to be awarded posthumously and it was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries, most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. Many of the awards have been presented by the British monarch to both recipients and in the case of posthumous awards to next of kin. These investitures are held at Buckingham Palace. The George Cross was instituted on 24 September 1940 by King George VI, at this time, during the height of the Blitz, there was a strong desire to reward the many acts of civilian courage. I propose to give my name to this new distinction, which will consist of the George Cross, which will rank next to the Victoria Cross, the medal was designed by Percy Metcalfe. The Warrant for the GC, dated 24 September 1940, was published in The London Gazette on 31 January 1941. The GC replaced the Empire Gallantry Medal, all holders of the EGM were instructed to exchange their medals for a GC and this substitution policy ignored holders of the Albert Medal and the Edward Medal, awards which both took precedence over the EGM. The anomaly was rectified in 1971, when the recipients of the AM. Of the 64 holders of the Albert Medal and 68 holders of the Edward Medal eligible to exchange,49 and 59 respectively took up the option. The GC, which may be awarded posthumously, is granted in recognition of, the award is for civilians but also for military personnel whose actions would not normally be eligible to receive military awards, such as gallantry not in the face of the enemy. The Warrant states, The Cross is intended primarily for civilians, bars are awarded to the GC in recognition of the performance of further acts of bravery meriting the award, although none has yet been awarded. Recipients are entitled to the postnominal letters GC, All GC awards are published in The London Gazette with the exception of the two collective bestowals. Since its inception in 1940, the GC has been awarded 407 times,401 to men,4 to women, of the 159 individuals who received original awards,86 have been posthumous. In addition there were four recipients of the Empire Gallantry Medal whose awards were gazetted after the start of the Second World War. All the other recipients were living as of the date of the decisions for the exchanges. The George Cross has, on the instruction of the Sovereign, been awarded twice on a collective basis, to the island of Malta
George Cross
–
Obverse of the cross. Ribbon: 38 mm, dark blue.
George Cross
–
George Cross as it appears on
Commonwealth War Graves Commission headstones.
George Cross
–
The George Cross awarded to Malta (National War Museum, Malta)
George Cross
–
Memorial to Australian recipients, George Cross Park, Canberra
56.
Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
–
The DSC, which may be awarded posthumously, is granted in recognition of. Gallantry during active operations against the enemy at sea, the award was originally created in 1901 as the Conspicuous Service Cross, for award to warrant and junior officers ineligible for the DSO. It was renamed the Distinguished Service Cross in October 1914, eligibility being extended to all officers below the rank of lieutenant commander. In 1931, the award was made available to members of the Merchant Navy, the DSC now serves as the third level award for gallantry at sea for all ranks. Since 1916, bars to the DSC have been awarded in recognition of the performance of acts of gallantry meriting the award. Recipients are entitled to the post-nominal DSC and this DSC is a plain silver cross with rounded edges. The obverse has a centre within which can be seen the Royal Cypher of the reigning monarch at the time of award. From 1940 year of issue has been engraved on lower limb of cross, the reverse is plain apart from the hallmark and the ribbon is attached via a hall-marked silver ring. The ribbon has three stripes of dark blue, white and dark blue. Only one person has ever awarded the Distinguished Service Cross four times. Norman Eyre Morley served in the Royal Naval Reserve during World War I and he was awarded the DSC for the first time in 1919. He was awarded his second DSC in 1944 and he was awarded the DSC a further two times in 1945. He gained an entry into the Guinness Book of Records as the most decorated reserve officer, awarded DSC in 1940,1942, and 1944. Thomas Le Mesurier, served in the Royal Air Force during World War I as an ace credited with seven aerial victories. Awarded DSC twice in 1917 and in 1918, george James Macdonald, served in the Royal New Zealand Navy Richard Minifie, served in the Royal Naval Air Service during World War I. Awarded DSC in twice in 1917 and in 1918, stanley Orr, served in the Royal Navy during World War II. Awarded DSC in 1940,1941, and 1944, peter Piper, served in the Royal Naval Reserve during World War II. Awarded DSC in 1939 and twice in 1941, recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross British and Commonwealth orders and decorations Mackay, J. and Mussel, J. Medals Yearbook –2005,2004, Token Publishing
Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
–
The medal. Ribbon: 36mm, three equal parts of dark blue, white, and dark blue.
57.
Military Cross
–
The Military Cross is the third-level military decoration awarded to officers and other ranks of the British Armed Forces, and used to be awarded to officers of other Commonwealth countries. The MC is granted in recognition of an act or acts of gallantry during active operations against the enemy on land to all members. In 1979, the Queen approved a proposal that a number of awards, including the Military Cross, the award was created on 28 December 1914 for commissioned officers of the substantive rank of Captain or below and for Warrant Officers. In August 1916, Bars were awarded to the MC in recognition of the performance of acts of gallantry meriting the award. In 1931 the award was extended to Majors and also to members of the Royal Air Force for actions on the ground, the MC now serves as the third-level award for gallantry on land for all ranks of the British Armed Forces. 46 mm max height,44 mm max width, ornamental silver cross with straight arms terminating in broad finials, suspended from plain suspension bar. Obverse decorated with crowns, with the Royal Cypher in centre. Reverse is plain, but from 1938 the name of the recipient, the ribbon width is 32 mm and consists of three equal vertical moire stripes of white, purple, and white. During World War I, Acting Captain Francis Wallington of the Royal Field Artillery was the first person to be awarded the MC, during World War II Captain Sam Manekshaw, Indian Army, was leading a counter-offensive operation against the invading Japanese Army in Burma. During the course of the offensive, he was hit by a burst of machine-gun fire, Major General D. T. Cowan spotted Manekshaw holding on to life and was aware of his valour in face of stiff resistance from the Japanese. Fearing the worst, Major General Cowan quickly pinned his own Military Cross ribbon on to Manekshaw saying, the first posthumous Military Cross was that awarded to Captain Herbert Westmacott, Grenadier Guards for gallantry in Northern Ireland during the period 1 February 1980 to 30 April 1980. The first woman to be awarded the Military Cross was Private Michelle Norris of the Royal Army Medical Corps, Norris was awarded her medal personally by Queen Elizabeth II on 21 March 2007 as the result of her actions in Iraq on 11 June 2006. Able Seaman Kate Nesbitt, second woman, first in the Royal Navy, sergeant Michael Lockett MC was the first holder of the MC to be killed in action since World War II. Database of Australian Awardees at the Australian Government Honours website Search recommendations for the Military Cross on The UK National Archives website, the Kings Own Royal Regiment Museum, Military Cross
Military Cross
–
Military Cross
Military Cross
–
Albert Jacka 's Military Cross and bar. Gazetted in 1916, the Cross displays the royal cypher of George V.
Military Cross
–
Military Cross awarded 1915 (?) to 2nd Lt. E. W. Fane de Salis (1894-1980), with his 1914-1915 star showing behind.
58.
Constabulary Medal (Ireland)
–
The Constabulary Medal was a decoration of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The medal was established on 15 April 1842, by the Inspector General of the Royal Irish Constabulary and approved by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Though it was not formally created by the crown, but was an award with viceregal approval. The medal is made of silver, and 36 mm in diameter. The obverse of the medal depicts a harp within a wreath. The reverse bears a wreath half in olive leaves and the half in shamrocks. The center is plain to allow for the engraving of the name of the recipient, image of the medal, second version The Royal Irish Constabulary Forum
Constabulary Medal (Ireland)
–
Black and white rendering of the Constabulary Medal, first version
59.
Sea Gallantry Medal
–
The Sea Gallantry Medal, is an award for civil gallantry at sea in Great Britain and the Commonwealth. The Merchant Shipping Act 1854 permitted the issue of this award and they were first awarded either for humanity, or for gallantry. Recipients are entitled to the post-nomial SGM, there have been two awards of the Sea Gallantry Medal since 1974, one in 1981 and the other in 1989. No Sea Gallantry Medals have been awarded since this time. J
Sea Gallantry Medal
–
Ribbon of the SGM
60.
Royal Victorian Medal
–
The Royal Victorian Medal is a decoration established by Queen Victoria in April 1896. On 14 May 1912, King George V further confirmed the institution of the medal with a royal warrant. A part of the Royal Victorian Order, it is a reward for service to the Sovereign or the royal family. Although the Medal is related to the Royal Victorian Order, it differs in appearance, the medal has three levels, Bronze, Silver and Gold. Bars may be awarded to each level of Medal to denote subsequent awards, recipients may continue to wear their original medal if they are awarded a higher level for further service. The medal may also be worn in addition to the badge of the Royal Victorian Order if this is given to them. Recipients are entitled to use the post-nominal letters RVM, in creating the Royal Victorian Order in 1896, Queen Victoria decided to make a medal a part of the order as well. This medal would be used to reward those who had rendered service to the monarch and the royal family. This creation followed the precedent of other European monarchs who had royal household medals with which to reward servants, the first medals were received 7 July 1896 and were presented to Russians by the Duke of Connaught while he was in Russia for the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II. The medal has been used to recognise the service of police officers who work in protective services, gardeners, housekeepers, drivers, valets. Non-commissioned members of the military may also be awarded the medal for services, the medal is often awarded for service to the monarch and royal family during royal visits. The medal may be looked upon as a service medal. Originally ranked near the end, the medal now ranks ahead of campaign, jubilee, efficiency and this gradual increase in importance was marked by the July 1980 approval, by the Queen, to allow the use of the postnominal RVM by recipients of the medal. The medal is circular,28 mm in diameter, struck in bronze, silver, the obverse bears the young effigy of Queen Elizabeth II. Surrounding the effigy is the inscription Elizabeth II Dei Gratia Regina F D, the reverse depicts the royal cypher, surrounded by a wreath or ribbons and laurel leaves. A curled ribbon at the bears the inscription, Royal Victorian Medal. Attached by a suspension, the medal is borne by a blue ribbon with thin stripes of white. Awards to foreigners have a central stripe
Royal Victorian Medal
–
Medal and ribbon
61.
British Empire Medal
–
The British Empire Medal is a British medal awarded for meritorious civil or military service worthy of recognition by the Crown. The current honour was created in 1922 to replace the original medal, the British Empire Medal, which may be awarded posthumously, is granted in recognition of meritorious civil or military service. Recipients are entitled to use the post-nominal letters BEM, the honour is divided into civil and military medals in a similar way to the Order of the British Empire itself. While recipients are not technically counted as members of the Order, between 1993 and 2012, the British Empire Medal was not awarded to subjects of the United Kingdom, although it continued to be awarded in some Commonwealth realms during that time. The practice of awarding the British Empire Medal to subjects of the United Kingdom was resumed in June 2012, to coincide with the Queens Diamond Jubilee, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was first established in 1917, along with the Order of the British Empire. The medal was part of the Order and could be awarded for meritorious service or for gallantry. It was awarded to 2,015 people,800 of whom were from foreign countries, in 1922, the original medal was discontinued and split into two separate honours, which still formed part of the Order of the British Empire. These two honours were known as the Medal of the Order of the British Empire for Meritorious Service, of these medals, the EGM was awarded for acts of bravery, until it was replaced by the George Cross in 1940. The BEM was awarded in circumstances as the lower classes of the Order of the British Empire. On 24 September 1940, the George Cross was established and the EGM was revoked by Royal Warrant the same day, recipients of the BEM were not affected by these changes. This was done so that the BEM for bravery would honour the same classes of people who were awarded the BEM for other services, more senior recipients would generally receive an appointment to the Order of the British Empire itself. Unlike the GC and GM, the BEM for Gallantry could not be awarded posthumously and was replaced in 1974 with the Queens Gallantry Medal. Again, recipients of the BEM for services other than acts of bravery were not affected by these changes, the BEM continued to be awarded to subjects of the United Kingdom until 1992. Those awarded the honour did not receive it from the monarch in person, while awards of the BEM therefore ceased to be made to subjects of the United Kingdom, the medal continued to be awarded in the Commonwealth realms, such as the Bahamas and the Cook Islands. This would start beginning in 2012, to coincide with the Queens Diamond Jubilee, in the 2012 Birthday Honours, released on 16 June 2012, the BEM was awarded to 293 people. Recipients of the British Empire Medal Search recommendations for the British Empire Medal on The UK National Archives website, British Empire Medal on the Veterans Affairs Canada site
British Empire Medal
–
British Empire Medal with military division ribbon
British Empire Medal
–
British Empire Medal on civilian division ladies' ribbon
62.
Polar Medal
–
The Polar Medal is a medal awarded by the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. It was instituted in 1857 as the Arctic Medal and renamed the Polar Medal in 1904, the first polar award was called the Arctic Medal which was presented twice in the 19th century. The second presentation of the Arctic Medal was to the crews of three ships exploring the Arctic in 1875–76. In 1904, the Polar Medal was inaugurated for members of Captain Scotts first expedition to Antarctica. It was also awarded to the crews of both ships, Terra Nova and Morning. Subsequent medals were awarded to members of Ernest Shackletons expeditions in 1907–09. Until 1968, the Polar Medal was presented to anyone who participated in a polar expedition endorsed by the governments of any Commonwealth realms, however since then the rules governing its presentation have been revised with greater emphasis placed on personal achievement. The Medal may also be awarded in recognition of service of outstanding quality in support of the objectives of Polar expeditions. A total of 880 silver and 245 bronze medals have been issued for Antarctic expeditions, another 73 silver medals have been issued for service in the Arctic. Several people have been awarded bars to the medal for earning the award again for polar expeditions, both Frank Wild and Ernest Joyce hold the joint record of four bars on their Polar Medal. The medal is octagonal in shape with a white ribbon, the reverse of the original Arctic Medal showed a three-masted ship surrounded by ice floes. The die for the medal was engraved by Leonard Charles Wyon, a new design by Ernest Gillick was used from 1904, showing RRS Discovery, with a sledging party in the foreground. The obverse bears a portrait of the reigning monarch, the medal was originally cast in both silver and bronze. Since 1939, all awarded medals have been silver, bronze medals were presented to personnel on relief ships for Antarctic expeditions, they were never awarded to participants of Arctic expeditions. The Government of Australia replaced the Polar Medal with its own Australian Antarctic Medal in 1987, in 1996, when New Zealand revised its royal honours system, New Zealanders ceased to receive the Polar Medal. It was proposed that the medal would be preserved, with a new name, under New Zealand regulations, the rationale for the renaming was that it is in relation to Antarctica that New Zealands endeavours and achievements have been made. The Report on honours that recommended the change contained the inaccurate claim that the medal was named after the North Pole, the new medal was formally instituted by the Queen of New Zealand on 1 September 2006. In 2016 the medal was awarded to Kim Crosbie for her work in both the arctic and the antarctic, category, Recipients of the Polar Medal Poulsom, Neville W. The White Ribbon, A Medallic Record of British Polar Expeditions, Poulsom, Neville, W, and Myres, J. A. L
Polar Medal
–
Reverse of medal and ribbon
63.
Imperial Service Medal
–
The Imperial Service Medal is a medal affiliated with the Imperial Service Order. The medal was established under the statutes of the Imperial Service Order, on 8 August 1902 and it is presented to selected civil servants who complete 25 years service upon their retirement. When originally created the Imperial Service Medal was a star, in the same pattern as the Imperial Service order
Imperial Service Medal
–
Obverse and reverse of the medal
Imperial Service Medal
Imperial Service Medal
–
Ribbon bar of the medal
Imperial Service Medal
–
Edward 7th design ISM
64.
Badge of Honour
–
The Badge of Honour or Queens Certificate and Badge of Honour is a civil award presented by the governments of British Overseas Territories. Established in 1928, it was presented to recognize loyal and valuable service by native chiefs and it is currently awarded for meritorious services to the local community of an exceptional or outstanding nature. The Certificate and Badge of Honour continues to be awarded in Gibraltar, the Falkland Islands, the Cayman Islands, prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank
Badge of Honour
–
Ribbon of the badge
65.
Albert Medal for Lifesaving
–
The Albert Medal for Lifesaving was a British medal awarded to recognise the saving of life. It has since replaced by the George Cross. The medal was named in memory of Prince Albert and originally was awarded to recognise saving life at sea, the original medal had a blue ribbon 5/8 wide with 2 white stripes. Witnessing the accident, Popplestone paused only to raise the alarm before setting off alone for the wreck and he clambered out onto the rocks and although swept off several times, he eventually managed to lift four men out of the water and drag them up the cliff to safety. In 1877, the medal was extended to cover saving life on land, the land version was enameled in red, with a red ribbon. The titles of the changed in 1917, the gold Albert Medal, first class becoming the Albert Medal in gold. The event that led to the introduction of the Albert Medal for Gallantry on Land was the Tynewydd Colliery disaster which occurred on 11 April 1877. In many ways, although it was tragic the disaster at Tynewydd was, by the standards of the time when mining accidents often claimed hundreds of lives. The Albert Medal in gold was abolished in 1949, being replaced by the George Cross, in 1971, the Albert Medal was discontinued and all living recipients were invited to exchange the award for the George Cross. From the total of 64 eligible to exchange,49 took up the option, the medal was made of gold, which was enameled blue. Miniatures of all four types are known to exist, with the gold awards believed to be gilt, Albert Medal and Edward Medal George Cross and Albert Medal at Sea in World War 2
Albert Medal for Lifesaving
–
Both versions of the Albert Medal
66.
Edward Medal
–
Peculiarly, the cost of the Edward Medal was borne by a fund established by a group of philanthropists and not the state. The Edward Medal has been awarded only 395 times and the Edward Medal only 188 times, only posthumous awards were made after 1949, and the Edward Medal has not been awarded since 1948. The Edward Medal was discontinued in 1971, when surviving recipients of the Edward Medal were invited to exchange their award for the George Cross, nine elected not to exchange their medals. UK National Archives - Civilian Gallantry Medals Edward Medal Royal Warrant Australian Honours Website Albert Medal and Edward Medal George Cross Database List of Edward Medal recipients
Edward Medal
–
Reverse of the Edward Medal (Industry) Class I (left). Reverse of Edward Medal (Mines) Class II (centre). Obverse of the Edward Medal Class II(right).
Edward Medal
Edward Medal
Edward Medal
–
Edward Medal
67.
Empire Gallantry Medal
–
King George V introduced it on 29 December 1922. Recipients were entitled to use the post-nominal letters EGM and as a Medal of the Order of the British Empire it was divided into military. Unlike appointments to the Order of the British Empire it could be awarded posthumously, the EGM was awarded until 1940, when it was superseded by the George Cross. Shortly after the commencement of the Blitz, King George VI created the George Cross to recognise gallantry by men and women in all walks of civilian life and it was to rank immediately after the Victoria Cross. The Empire Gallantry Medal was revoked by Royal Warrant on 24 September 1940, all living recipients and the next-of-kin of recipients who had been posthumously awarded the medal after 3 September 1939 were obliged to exchange the Empire Gallantry Medal for the George Cross. It was only in 1971, that then living recipients of the Albert Medal, the medal and ribbon were designed first by Langford Jones, though it was changed throughout its existence. The phrase For God and the Empire was inscribed round the side of the obverse. The first type of reverse had six lions, with the Royal Cypher centred, the 2nd type of reverse had four lions, two on either side of the Royal Cypher. The original ribbon was plain purple, with the addition of a vertical red stripe for military awards. A silver laurel branch was added diagonally to the ribbon for both types of award in 1933, the ribbon changed to rose ink with pearl grey edges in July 1937, with an addition pearl grey vertical stripe for military awards, and stayed in this version until its revocation. Of the remaining 122 awards,112 were exchanged including four Military Division posthumous awards gazetted after the start of World War II, the following list is in part extracted from the fuller list at List of George Cross recipients. Also intended to be included here are 18 awards of the EGM that were not exchanged for the George Cross, where present in the table below, these are marked. Information on the Empire Gallantry Medal Imperial War Museum, George Cross and Empire Gallantry Medal. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009
Empire Gallantry Medal
–
Blogg, Henry George
Henry George Blogg
Empire Gallantry Medal
–
Empire Gallantry Medal
Empire Gallantry Medal
–
Branch, Guy
Guy Branch
Empire Gallantry Medal
–
March, Frederick Hamilton
Frederick Hamilton March
68.
Conspicuous Gallantry Medal
–
It could formerly also be awarded to personnel of other Commonwealth countries, below commissioned rank, for conspicuous gallantry in action against the enemy at sea or in the air. The original Royal Navy medal was instituted briefly in 1855, during the Second World War, the Royal Air Force medal, the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal, was added from 1943. Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the post-nominal letters CGM, in 1993, the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal, Distinguished Service Order and Distinguished Conduct Medal were all replaced by the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross. The CGC is tri-service and is awarded to all ranks and it is second only to the Victoria Cross for bravery in action. George Ingouville was awarded both the Victoria Cross and the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal, acting Chief Petty Officer Arthur Robert Blore won a Conspicuous Gallantry Medal in 1915 and a bar to it in 1918. Frank John Knill of the Royal Marines, R. M. A, in spite of being semi-gassed, Sergt. Knill did not leave his post, but remained in charge of his gun until it ceased firing, CPO Hammond was the last recipient of the CGM before the inception of the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross in 1993. Only two CGM have been issued during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II, corporal John Coughlan RAAF was awarded the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal in 1968, for actions as a helicopter crewman in Vietnam. This was the only CGM to be awarded since the 1940s, wireless Operator F/Sgt Geoffrey Keen DFM was the first member of the Royal Canadian Air Force to be awarded the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal. During the bomb run in a raid on Essen on the night of 12/13 March 1943 his Wellington bomber was hit by flak, killing the navigator, all three remaining members of the crew were awarded the DFC while Keen was recommended for the Victoria Cross. The medal is circular, silver, 36mm in diameter, the obverse of this medal bears the head of the reigning monarch The reverse has the words FOR CONSPICUOUS GALLANTRY in three lines, encircled by a laurel wreath and surmounted by an Imperial Crown. The suspender is of a scroll type. The ribbon for the version of the medal was changed in 1921 from one of two stripes of dark blue flanking a central white stripe to a white ribbon with narrow dark blue edge stripes. Upon its institution, the Air Force version of the ribbon was sky blue with dark blue edge stripes. A silver, laurelled bar was awarded for acts of pre-eminent bravery
Conspicuous Gallantry Medal
–
Top: CGM obverse(Flying) Lower left: CGM (at sea) until 1921 (w. bar) Lower right: CGM (at sea) post 1921
69.
Military Medal
–
The medal was established on 25 March 1916. It was the other ranks equivalent to the Military Cross, which was awarded to commissioned officers and, rarely, to warrant officers, the MM ranked below the Distinguished Conduct Medal, which was also awarded to non-commissioned members of the Army. According to Frank Richards, when the medal was first introduced, Richards writes, There were no grants or allowances with the Military Medal, which without a shadow of a doubt had been introduced to save awarding too many DCMs. With the DCM went a money-grant of twenty pounds, and a man in receipt of a life pension who had won the DCM was entitled to an extra sixpence a day on to his pension. After the new decoration was introduced, for every DCM awarded there were fifty Military Medals, the old regular soldiers thought very little of the new decoration. Recipients of the Military Medal are entitled to use the post-nominal letters MM, over 115,000 awards were made for actions during the First World War. Additionally, over 5,700 bars were awarded, as well as 180 second bars, during the Second World War, over 15,000 awards of the MM were made. In 1993, the Military Medal was discontinued, since then, the Military Cross has been awarded to personnel of all ranks within the British honours system. Several Commonwealth nations, such as Australia, New Zealand and Canada, have established their own systems in the post Second World War era. The medal and ribbon had the features, A circular silver medal of 36 mm diameter. The obverse bears the effigy of the reigning monarch, the reverse has the inscription FOR BRAVERY IN THE FIELD in four lines, surrounded by a laurel wreath, surmounted by the Royal Cypher and Imperial Crown. The suspender is of a scroll type. The ribbon is blue,1.25 inches wide, with five equal centre stripes of white, red, white, red. Silver, laurelled bars are authorised for subsequent awards, over 135,000 people have been awarded the Military Medal. Among the more notable recipients are, Walter Bingham, Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany who served in Normandy, ian Bailey, who was awarded the medal as a Corporal in The Parachute Regiment during the Falklands War, and went on to become a Captain. Geoffrey Bingham, Australian theologian and author, mairi Chisholm, British volunteer ambulance driver. Douglas Clark, British rugby league footballer and wrestler, william Coltman, who was also awarded the Victoria Cross, and was the most highly decorated NCO of the First World War. Robert Gaspare Consiglio, Special Air Service member killed during Bravo Two Zero patrol, ernest Albert Corey, the only person to be awarded the MM four times
Military Medal
–
French soldiers, after having been awarded the Military Medal,
Battle of the Somme 1916
Military Medal
–
Obverse of medal and ribbon
70.
Air Force Medal
–
The medal was established on 3 June 1918. It was the other ranks equivalent to the Air Force Cross and it ranked below the AFC in order of precedence, between the Distinguished Flying Medal and the Queens Gallantry Medal. Recipients of the Air Force Medal are entitled to use the post-nominal letters AFM, two awards appeared in the London Gazette on 3 June 1918. Twenty-nine awards appeared in a supplement to the London Gazette of 8 February 1919, see also Flight Magazine,20 February 1919, at page 243. Further awards appeared in the London Gazette of 3 June 1919, the first awards of a Bar to the Air Force Medal were published in the London Gazette of 3 June 1919. See also 26 December 1919 for pioneering intercontinental flights, Air Ministry, Kings way, London,26 December 1919. No.275 Sergeant James Mallett Bennett, A. F. M, no.8974 Sergeant Walter Henry Shiers, A. F. M. In 1993, the AFM was discontinued and, since then, there were two categories of award, either Immediate or Non-Immediate. Immediate An Immediate award was one which was recommended by an officer, usually in respect of an act or acts of bravery or devotion to duty. Non-immediate Non-Immediate awards were made by the Monarch on the recommendation of the Air Ministry and were to reward devotion to duty sustained over a period of time, in 1918, twenty awards were made, in 1919 there were 82 and 2 Bars, and in 192023 more. In the period from 1940 to 1945, there were 259 awards, from 1946 to 1969, there were 348 medals and 2 bars awarded. An oval, silver medal,1 3⁄8 inches wide and 1 5⁄8 inches long, the obverse shows a bareheaded effigy of the reigning sovereign. The reverse shows Hermes, mounted on a hawk in flight and bestowing a wreath, the date 1918 appears behind Hermes on the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II medals. A bomb is attached to the clasp and ribbon by two wings, the ribbon is 1 1⁄4 inches wide, and consists of alternate red and white stripes, 1⁄16 inch wide, leaning 45 degrees to the left. A red stripe is to appear in the left and upper right corners when viewed on the wearers chest. Until 1919, the stripes were horizontal
Air Force Medal
–
Reverse of medal and ribbon
71.
Burma Gallantry Medal
–
Established by royal warrant in 1940, it was first awarded 26 March 1942 and last awarded 28 November 1947. The medal 36 mm in diameter, is round and made of silver, the obverse bears the crowned effigy of King George VI facing left with the inscription around the edge GEORGIVS VI D, G, BR, OMN, REX ET INDIAE, IMP. The reverse bears a wreath and the inscription Burma and For Gallantry. The medal is suspended from a green ribbon with a crimson central stripe
Burma Gallantry Medal
–
Ribbon bar of the medal
72.
Kaisar-i-Hind Medal
–
The Kaisar-i-Hind Medal for Public Service in India was a medal awarded by the British monarch between 1900 and 1947, to any person without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. Who shall have distinguished himself by important and useful service in the advancement of the public interest in India, the name literally means Emperor of India in the vernacular of the Hindi and Urdu languages. The word kaisar, meaning emperor is a derivative of the Roman imperial title Caesar, and is cognate with the German title Kaiser, kaisar-I-Hind was also inscribed on the obverse side of the India General Service Medal. Empress of India or Kaisar-i-Hind, a form coined by the orientalist G. W, leitner in a deliberate attempt to dissociate British imperial rule from that of preceding dynasties was taken by Queen Victoria from 1 May 1876, and proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1877. The medal was instituted by Queen Victoria on April 10,1900, the name translates as Emperor of India, a name also used for a rare Indian butterfly Teinopalpus imperialis. The Royal Warrant for the Kaisar-i-Hind was amended in 1901,1912,1933 and 1939, while never officially rescinded, the Kaisar-i-Hind ceased to be awarded following the passage of the Indian Independence Act 1947. The awards of the medal were often published in the London Gazette. The Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal for Public Service in India was awarded directly by the monarch on the recommendation of the Secretary of State for India, Silver and Bronze medals were awarded by the Viceroy. It was to be suspended from the left breast by a dark blue ribbon. The medal has no post-nominal initials and its most famous recipient is Mohandas Gandhi, who was awarded the Kaisar-i-Hind in 1915 by The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst for his contribution to ambulance services in South Africa. Gandhi returned the medal in 1920 as part of the campaign protesting the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Gold medal Parukutty Nethyar Amma was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind medal by King George V in 1919 for public work and came to be known as Lady Rama Varma of Cochin Gajadhar Upadhaya, chief Regimental Religious Teacher, 1st G. R. Deputy-Commissioner, Central Provinces,9 November 1901 Khan Bahadur Dhanjibhai Fakirji Commodore, CIE,9 November 1901 Major Herbert Edward Deane, R. A. M. C. 9 Nov 1901 Major Thomas Edward Dyson, MB, CM, Indian Medical Service,9 November 1901 William Egerton Mrs. E. J. Firth, of Madras,9 November 1901 N. S. Glazebrrok, Esq. JP, of Bombay,9 November 1901 Sydney Hutton Cooper Hutchinson, Esq. Harrington Verney Lovett, Indian Civil Service,9 November 1901 Herbert Frederick Mayes, Esq. Barrister-at-Law, Indian Civil Service,9 Nov 1901 Lieutenant-Colonel James McCloghry, FRCS, Indian Medical Service,9 November 1901 William Florey Noyce, Esq. The Rt Hon. Alice Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading Sreemathi Panapilla Kartiyani Pilla Bhagavathi Pilla Kochamma, Vadasseri Ammaveedu, daughter of His Highness the Maharaja of Travancore, the Right Reverend Bishop Francis Stephen Coppel, Nagpur, Central Provinces. The Reverend Arthur Herbert Bestall, General Superintendent of Wesleyan Missions in Burma, Dr. M. E. Ry. Pazhamarneri Sundaram Ayyar Chandra Sekhara, Ayyar Avargal, Director of the Tuberculosis Institute and Hospital, Madras
Kaisar-i-Hind Medal
–
Representations of the Gold, Silver and Bronze Medals. George V, second type
73.
Indian Police Medal
–
The Indian Police Medal was an award of the British Raj presented to both European and Asian police personnel. Established in 1932, the award was presented for meritorious service and it was decided that further recognition was required for the members of the police forces within India. Already eligible for the Kings Police Medal, there were acts of service and bravery notable enough for recognition. On 23 February 1932, a warrant was promulgated establishing the Indian Police Medal. The medal was meant to recognize acts of meritorious and noteworthy service, as well as gallantry. The medal was limited to 200 annual awards, a royal warrant in 1942 allowed the Viceroy of India, in exceptional circumstances, to raise the number of awards to 250 in a year. The Indian Police Medal ceased to be awarded after India became a republic, the Indian Police medal was replaced by the Police Medal which was established by the Government of India notification dated 15 March 1951. The Indian Police Medal is round and made of bronze, the obverse bears the effigy of the reigning monarch. The reverse of the medal depicts a wreath around the edge, in the middle are the words FOR GALLANTRY or FOR MERITORIOUS SERVICE depending on the conditions under which the medal was awarded. The first version of the medal bore the inscription FOR DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT, the suspension and service ribbons of the medal are 1 3⁄8 inches wide. It is dark blue, with edges and a crimson centre stripe. For gallantry awards, the sections are split by a thin silver stripe
Indian Police Medal
–
Original ribbon, used for meritorious awards after 1945 Ribbon for gallantry awards 1945-1950
74.
British campaign medals
–
British campaign medals are awarded to members of the British Armed Forces, Allied forces and civilians participating in specified military campaigns. Examples include the Defence Medal, for defence in World War II. Trios are made up of one or other of the 1914 or 1914–15 Stars, the British War Medal, the three medals were sometimes irreverently referred to as Pip, Squeak and Wilfred. Pairs are generally for servicemen who joined the war after 1915, occasionally one medal was issued, the British War Medal. Merchant seaman were entitled to the Mercantile Marine Medal and usually the British War Medal as well, the Territorial Force War Medal was awarded to members of the Territorial Force and Territorial Force Nursing Services who served overseas, it is the rarest of the five Great War medals. The Memorial Plaque was issued to the next-of-kin of deceased service personnel, records of WW2 Medals issued to Merchant Seamen from The National Archives
British campaign medals
–
British South Africa Company Medal (1890–97)
British campaign medals
–
Army Gold Cross (1810)
75.
Catholic
–
The use of terms catholicism and catholicity is closely related to the use of term Catholic Church. The earliest evidence of the use of term is the Letter to the Smyrnaeans that Ignatius of Antioch wrote in about 108 to Christians in Smyrna. In 380, Emperor Theodosius I limited use of the term Catholic Christian exclusively to those who followed the faith as Pope Damasus I of Rome. Numerous other early writers including Cyril of Jerusalem, Augustine of Hippo further developed the use of the term catholic in relation to Christianity. In Christian theology, and specially in ecclesiology, terms Catholicism, when used with small c, terms catholicism and catholicity generally designate theological doctrine of the catholicity of the Church without denominational connotations. A common belief in Catholicism is institutional continuity with the early Christian church founded by Jesus Christ, many churches or communions of churches identify singularly or collectively as the authentic church. The Bishop of Rome was also considered to have the right to convene ecumenical councils, when the Imperial capital moved to Constantinople, Romes influence was sometimes challenged. The first great rupture in the Church followed this Council and they are often called Ancient Oriental Churches. The next major break was after the Council of Chalcedon and this Council repudiated Eutychian Monophysitism which stated that the divine nature completely subsumed the human nature in Christ. This Council declared that Christ, though one person, exhibited two natures without confusion, without change, without division, without separation and thus is both fully God and fully human, the next great rift within Christianity was in the 11th century. This division between the Western Church and the Eastern Church is called the East–West Schism, several eastern churches reunited, constituting some of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Liturgical and canonical practices vary between all these particular Churches constituting the Roman and Eastern Catholic Churches, in all these cases the beliefs and practices of Catholicism would be identical with the beliefs and practices of the Church in question. However, in Roman Catholicism, the term catholic is understood as to cover those who recognize and are in standing with the Magisterium. The sense given to the word by those who use it to distinguish their position from a Calvinistic or Puritan form of Protestantism. It is then meaningful to attempt to draw up a list of common characteristic beliefs, the Roman Catholic Church includes the 23 rites who recognize the Magisterium. Belief in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, the belief that Christ is made manifest in the elements of Holy Communion, possession of the threefold ordained ministry of Bishops, Priests and Deacons. Belief that the Church is the vessel and deposit of the fullness of the teachings of Jesus and this teaching is preserved in both written scripture and in unwritten tradition, neither being independent of the other. A belief in the necessity and efficacy of sacraments, liturgical and personal use of the Sign of the Cross The use of sacred images, candles, vestments and music, and often incense and water, in worship
Catholic
–
Ruins of gothic Catholic church in
Liptovská Mara (
Slovakia).
Catholic
–
Ancient statue of
Saint Peter in the Basilica dedicated to him in the
Vatican.
Catholic
–
An
Italian priest during the sacrament of
Baptism
76.
St John International
–
The orders approximately 25,000 members, known as confrères, are mostly of the Protestant faith, though those of other Christian denominations or other religions are accepted into the order. Except via appointment to government or ecclesiastical offices in some realms, membership is by invitation only. It is a constituent member of the Alliance of the Orders of St John of Jerusalem and its headquarters are in London and it is a registered charity under English law. This was to be achieved by issuing bonds in London to form an army of demobilized British soldiers using readily available. The council was reorganised and the Marquis de Sainte-Croix du Molay became its head, scotsman Donald Currie was in 1827 given the authority to raise £240,000. Anyone who subscribed to the project and all commissioned officers of the army were offered the opportunity of being appointed knights of the order. Few donations were attracted, though, and the Greek War of Independence was won without the help of the knights of the Council of the French Langues and it was headquartered at what Mortara called the Auberge of St. John, St Johns Gate, Clerkenwell. The creation of the langue has been regarded either as a revival of the Knights Hospitaller or the establishment of a new order, on 29 January 1831, in the presence of Philip de Castellane and the Agent-General of the French Langues, Peat was elected Prior ad interim. Sir Robert Peat died in April 1837 and Sir Henry Dymoke was appointed grand prior and re-established contact with the knights in France and Germany, into which the group had by that time expanded. This new entity grew its membership over the three decades and, in 1861, the Duke of Manchester agreed to become its grand prior. Additionally, an associated national hospitaller organisation was formed with a corps of ambulances, Sir Edmund Lechmere purchased St Johns Gate as the orders headquarters two years later, the property was initially leased from Lechmere before the order acquired the freehold in 1887. The name given when first constituted in 1888 as the present order of chivalry by Queen Victorias royal charter was Grand Priory of the Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem in England. Its most recent royal charter was granted in 1955, with a charter issued in 1974. In 1999, the order received special status from the United Nations Economic. The Grand Prior may also appoint a secretary of the order, since the orders royal charter of 1888, the Grand Prior has been appointed by the Sovereign Head and has always been a member of the royal family. All Priors, should not already be in the grade or higher, are made a Knight or Dame of Justice upon their assignment. Knights and Dames receive the accolade from the grand prior when they are touched on the shoulder with a sword and are given their robes, bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross additionally have the right to be granted heraldic supporters for life. In 2013, the Priory of Kenya and in 2014 the Priory of Singapore were formed, each is governed by a prior and a priory chapter
St John International
–
Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem
St John International
–
Priory of St John at Clerkenwell, London in 1661, by
Wenceslaus Hollar
St John International
–
St John's Gate, 1880
St John International
–
King
George V, Sovereign Head of the order (1910–36)
77.
St John Ambulance Australia
–
St John Ambulance in Australia is a self-funding charitable organisation dedicated to helping people in sickness, distress, suffering or danger. It is part of an organisation that consists of eight Priories that form the Order of St John. The organisation is sometimes referred to St Johns Ambulance instead of St John Ambulance. St John First Aid training centres were established in Australia in the late 19th century, on 13 June 1883 a public meeting was held in the Melbourne Town Hall to form a local branch of the association. By the end of June 1883, a centre had been established under the leadership of Edward Neild, the first division of the St John Ambulance Brigade was established in Glebe, New South Wales in 1903. A division of organisation is still in operation today and is known as St John Ambulance Glebe Division. After this initial division was established other states followed suit, with divisions being set up in other states soon after, in 1987, the organisation adopted a single public title, St John Ambulance Australia. The cadet movement was established in Australia in 1925 with a division in Glebe, the first Grand Priors Badge issued outside the UK went to a cadet from Marrickville Cadet Division in 1933 named Marion Higgins. The organisation is divided into the states/territories who have their own boards, some states are also divided into regions, who oversee all branches and report to the state boards. St John Ambulance Australia has three branches, with each one having its own specific area of operation. St John provides volunteer first aid services at events and emergencies, First Aid Services is divided into states, regions and divisions. Events covered by St. John Australia include sports, such as the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games, other events covered include sporting events, such as the Australian Open, music concerts and community fetes. St John First Aid volunteers support state emergency management and disaster plans in some states, St John is the largest first aid training organisation in Australia. Apart from its flagship Provide First aid course, St John also offer instruction in advanced topics such as ALS, St John Ambulance in Australia raises funds and recruits staff for the St John Ophthalmic Eye Hospital in Jerusalem. Funds are raised through donations, and income received from conducting first aid courses and selling first aid kits. St John Community Care conducts programs that are specific to each state and these activities range from assisting disadvantaged youth, to providing voluntary transport and support programs for the frail and elderly. In Western Australia St John Ambulance provides the statutory ambulance service and this service is provided through a combination of paid and volunteer staff. Paid ambulance officers and paramedics are used in the metropolitan areas, volunteer ambulance officers are used in regional areas and some outer metropolitan areas
St John Ambulance Australia
–
St John First Aid Services Ambulance
St John Ambulance Australia
–
St John Ambulance Northern Territory
78.
St. John Ambulance Canada
–
The Priory provides support services to the Councils and manages the Order of St. John in Canada. The Councils deliver the mandate of training and community services and are responsible for their own governance, operations, the mission of St. John Ambulance in Canada is to enable Canadians to improve their health, safety, and quality of life through training and community service. St John Ambulance in Canada has close to 25,000 members in communities across Canada -5,000 instructors,12,000 volunteers, St. John Ambulance was established in Canada in 1884. Under this banner, volunteers from coast-to-coast carry out the services of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. *1883 First first aid course in Canada is conducted in Quebec City, *1884 St. John Ambulance Association is founded in Montreal. *1892 -1898 Branches are founded in Nova Scotia, Ontario, Alberta, Saskatchewan, *1909 First Canadian Ambulance division is formed in London, ON. *1912 First Canadian Nursing division is formed in Toronto, ON. *1935 First Cadet Nursing division is formed in Vancouver, BC, *1939-45 St. John Ambulance Nursing units from each Council are deployed in European theatre of war working closely with the Canadian Army in field hospitals and institutional settings. *1972 the Northwest Territories became a Territorial Council and runs the Air Ambulance Service in the Mackenzie Delta on behalf of the GNWT, *1973 St. John Ambulance in Canada modernizes its teaching methodology by instituting the multi-media approach to training and dispensing with the lecture method. WCBs in Canada continue to partner with St John Ambulance throughout Canada, *2009 The 125th anniversary of the inaugural St. John Ambulance first aid course conducted in Ontario at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario. On 3 January 1982, Canada Post issued St. John Ambulance, the 32¢ stamps are perforated 13.5 and were printed by Ashton-Potter Limited. In 2008 Canada Post issued a similar envelope/stamp in recognition of the 125th Anniversay of SJAC, the Medical First Response Services were formerly known as St. John Ambulance Brigade and are often still referred to as such, both within the organization and by others. Each MFRS unit are a group of trained volunteers that serve within their community in a variety of ways, Services include first aid services at public events, Medical Services support in times of emergency or disaster, and youth programs that encourage community service and personal development. SJAC provides patient care and first responder services at events throughout Canada with their Volunteer Community Services. Members in Canada wear a uniform, and are trained to the new Medical First Responder program. In Nova Scotia, the no longer use the term Brigade or Ambulance. They are now referred to as St John Volunteer Medical Response and this change came about in an attempt to better reflect what the volunteers can offer to their communities. Saskatchewan, Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario, and British Columbia are the provinces that still wear their full uniform. In Ontario, operational uniform consists of a pair of cargo pants
St. John Ambulance Canada
–
St. John Ambulance Canada plaque at
Royal Military College of Canada
St. John Ambulance Canada
–
St. John Ambulance Canada logo. The red maple leaf surrounding the traditional roundel is seen only on the Canadian version of the logo.
79.
St John Ambulance (England and the Islands)
–
St John Ambulance is a volunteer-led, charitable non-governmental organisation dedicated to the teaching and practice of first aid in England. The St John Ambulance Association was set up in 1877 by the Venerable Order of Saint John to teach industrial workers first aid, workers rarely had ready access to a doctor in 19th century workplaces, and since accidents were frequent, death or disability from injuries were common. The St John Ambulance Association set up training sessions across the country, particularly in workplaces in areas of heavy industry, in 1887, trained volunteers were organised into a uniformed Brigade to provide a first aid and ambulance service at public events. In many parts of England, St John Ambulance was the first and only provider of an ambulance service right up to the middle of the 20th century, when the National Health Service was founded. When there were far fewer doctors and hospital beds than today, St John Ambulance nurses looked after the sick, the St John Ambulance Brigade and St John Ambulance Association merged in 1968 to form St John Ambulance, a single organisation providing both training and first aid cover. During 2013, St John Ambulance trained approximately 278,000 adults through its workplace and community first aid programmes, St John Ambulance personnel attended 45,000 public events, treating approximately 102,000 individuals. It also distributed 100,000 free first aid guides nationwide, St John Ambulance provides first aid cover at thousands of events every year. This service is provided free at the point of delivery, although a charge may be made to the event organiser for provision of the service at their event. The organisation covers many major events across England including the London Marathon, V Festival and Hyde Park concerts, as well as smaller and charitable events such as fetes and local fairs. St John Ambulance runs courses in first aid and health and safety for members of the public, charitable Community first aid courses also offer people of all ages the chance to learn basic first aid skills at little or no charge. In 2013,24,000 people attended these courses, in 2014, the organisation also launched The Big First Aid Lesson, a free first aid lesson, which was streamed live into classrooms across England. 32,384 students took part in the event. St John Ambulance Badgers work towards the Super Badger Award and this award consists of members completing 12 subjects, such as Creative, Global and Wild Badger. The award is split into five sections, where Badgers advance through completing more subjects, the Grand Prior Award is the primary award designed for cadets. The award is an part of Cadet life, and consists of completion of 24 subject areas over the period of Cadet membership. Every year a reception is held at Buckingham Palace and is attended by HRH The Princess Royal to celebrate chosen individuals who have gained their Grand Prior Award, the Amalfi Award is open to all Cadets and adult volunteers aged 16 to 25. The structure of the focuses on personal task set by the individual. These tasks are categorised into service, relationships, society and challenge, each participant has to undertake 12 tasks and at completion of 4,8 and 12 subjects a badge is awarded
St John Ambulance (England and the Islands)
–
(CATS 1) St John Ambulance
St John Ambulance (England and the Islands)
–
St John Ambulance Crusader ambulance in a London street.
St John Ambulance (England and the Islands)
–
Image showing the various vehicles St John Use (Left to Right: 2 Crusaders, a Challenger, a Companion Plus and 2 further Crusaders)
80.
St. John Ambulance South Africa
–
St John Ambulance is a charity, part of the wider international Order of St. John, dedicated to the teaching and practice of medical first aid. The charitys Latin formal motto is pro fide, pro utilitate hominum, translated as for the faith and it is protected by law and may only be worn by registered members. Unlike many volunteer groups, the St John uniform is relatively formal, there are presently 9 orders of dress intended for different situations. The two most widely used are No.2 and No, No.5 is essentially a more relaxed version of No.2, where more ceremonial items such as ties and caps are only worn if appropriate. In order to increase the appeal of the organisation to Islamic members,2005 saw the addition of a uniform kameez, cadet members may wear berets, or the recently introduced St John baseball caps, also being phased in for adult members to replace the formal peaked caps. St. John Ambulance Venerable Order of St. John St. John Ambulance Brigade of Ireland Service Medal of the Order of St John Insignia of the Venerable Order of St John St John Ambulance - South Africa
St. John Ambulance South Africa
–
Logo of St John Ambulance South Africa
81.
St. John Ambulance in Singapore
–
St John Singapore, previously known as St John Ambulance Singapore, is a voluntary secular organisation in Singapore which provides training in First Aid and Home Nursing. It is affiliated to the Order of St. John based in the UK and its ambulance members and nursing members perform voluntary first aid coverage duties during national events and other events. It comprises 3 sub-organisations, namely the St John Brigade Singapore, St John Association Singapore, the National Headquarters is located at 420 Beach Road and was officially opened on July 23,1960 by the Yang di-Pertuan Negara, Encik Yusof bin Ishak. St John Singapore comes under the command of the National St John Council, the following are the incumbent appointment holders. To do such things as are incidental or conducive to the attainment of the above objects or any of them. Currently due to support from the Prior and his plans- Ambulance Service was minimally employed as part of First Aid Coverage. St John Brigade Singapore comes under the command of the Brigade Executive Committee which is led by appointment holders, St John Brigade Singapore consists predominantly of cadet members who join the organisation as their CCA in secondary school. Presently, each school that has a St. John unit, typically, cadet members undergo training in four core competencies - First Aid, Home Nursing, Transportation of Casualty, Foot Drill and Physical Training. These are conducted through Routine Training and other Training Camps that vary from Corps to Corps, in the interest of holistic development, cadet members also have the opportunity to participate in enrichment activities which can allow them to earn Cadet Proficiency Badges. Outstanding cadet members are awarded the prestigious Chief Commissioners Badge after attaining 12 proficiency badges, as St John the Baptist Day, June 24, normally falls during the Singapore School Holidays, corps typically observe St. John Day on the first Wednesday after school reopens. On that day, members don their Brigade Uniform during official school hours, a St John Day message by the Chief Commissioner is read out by the Principal or student leader during the morning flag raising ceremony. Where possible, the St John Flag is also raised alongside the State Flag, the following badges are listed in order of precedence, Chief Commissioners Badge - Awarded by the National CPB Committee after obtaining 12 badges, Knowledge of the Order and Total Defence Badge. Deputy Chief Commissioners Badge - Awarded by the National CPB Committee after obtaining 9 badges including Knowledge of the Order, Commissioners Badge - Awarded by the National CPB Committee after obtaining 6 badges, Knowledge of the Order and completed Total Defence Silver. Superintendents Badge - Awarded by the National CPB Committee after obtaining 4 badges, Drill Instructor Badge - Awarded by the National Training Committee, upon completion of the Advanced Drill Instructor’s Course or approved Basic Drill Instructor’s Course. Unicorn Badge - Awarded by the National CPB Committee after obtaining 4 badges, National First Aid Competition Champion Badge - Awarded by the Senior Assistant Chief Commissioner to all members of the champion teams of all 4 categories at the National First Aid Competition. National Activity Badge - Awarded by the National CPB Committee after participating in an national event. Prior to the NFAC, each Zone organises its own Inter-Corps First Aid, the 4 champion teams from each Zone represent their respective Zones in the NFAC. The 4 categories are listed below, There are 2 frameworks for the competition, one for the Ambulance categories, the Field Uniform consists of a black beret with a cap badge, depending on which is entitled to the wearer
St. John Ambulance in Singapore
–
St. John Singapore
St. John Ambulance in Singapore
–
SJAB Singapore cadets on parade
St. John Ambulance in Singapore
–
Release of results during Annual FA and HN Competition 2007
St. John Ambulance in Singapore
–
Previous uniform for Nursing members, phased out in year 2000.
82.
Hong Kong St. John Ambulance
–
Hong Kong St. John Ambulance is a charitable organisation with a long history stretching back over a century and has been serving the community since 1884. In Hong Kong, the St. John Ambulance Association was established in 1884, followed by the Ambulance Brigade in 1916, St. John in Hong Kong provided emergency medical service to the Hong Kong military during the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in December 1941. Dr. Wai-Cheung Chau, was present in the battle at Magazine Gap as a officer of St John Ambulance. While he was in a car, the person sitting next to him was killed, the blood clot in his lung was with him for the rest of his life. After the handover in 1997, the organisation answers directly to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, the organisation has since been running on an independent basis from the UK. It also organises examinations and issues certificates of proficiency to successful candidates, modest fees are charged for courses and examinations. St. John Ambulance Brigade, the arm of St. John Ambulance Brigade consists of three Regions, namely Administrative Region, Operations Region and Development & Support Region, Kowloon Command of the Hong Kong St. John Ambulance Brigade consists of three Regions, namely Administrative Region, Kowloon East Region and Kowloon West Region. New Territories Command of the Hong Kong St. John Ambulance Brigade consists of three Regions, namely Administrative Region, New Territories East Region and New Territories West Region, the Cadet Command of Hong Kong St. John Ambulance Brigade was established in 1948. It is hoped, too, that the Cadet Command will lay the foundation for membership of the Ambulance, at present, all Cadet Divisions are established in secondary schools. Cadet Region has been reformed as Cadet Command on 1 May 2007, the Hong Kong Island Command headquarters has since moved to 2 Tai Hang Road, Causeway Bay in a historical building built in 1935, overlooking the Central Library and Victoria Park. It is also a depot for the Brigade. The Kowloon Command headquarters is located next to Kowloon Hospital at 10 Princess Margaret Road, the Kowloon ambulance depot is not too far away on Princess Margaret Road, Homantin. The New Territories headquarters is located at 28 Tin Ping Road in Sheung Shui, mainly as an ambulance depot
Hong Kong St. John Ambulance
–
Hong Kong St. John Ambulance Brigade in 1930s
Hong Kong St. John Ambulance
–
Hong Kong St. John Ambulance
Hong Kong St. John Ambulance
–
Ambulance depot at 2 Tai Hang Road.
Hong Kong St. John Ambulance
–
A St John Ambulance is in service in Hong Kong
83.
Johanniter International
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Johanniter International is an international network of charities affiliated to the Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem. Together, the charities have a base of over 100,000 persons at their disposal. Since 2006, JOIN has been registered as an association without lucrative purpose, although the services provided by the 20 member organisations often vary substantially, they all share a common approach to humanitarian welfare and social aid. They work with volunteers and employees to care for people in need in everyday life and their services and support are open to everyone. The JOIN office is located in Brussels and its proximity to the institutions of the European Union enables it to closely monitor developments on a European level relevant to JOIN members. The office also encourages contact and the exchange of information between the members themselves, given the aim of JOIN to derive benefits for its members from increased exchange and cooperation, the working groups are one of the most important institutions in JOIN. The working groups not only provide a platform where JOIN members can exchange knowledge and they also offer a space where JOIN members can set the thematic foundation for common projects. By combining resources within the network, JOIN can realise projects for which individual members might not possess the capacity. Moreover, the groups also guarantee a participatory and transparent structure within JOIN as participation in the working groups is not only open to all members. Depending on the area, it is wise to either set up exchange. Accordingly, apart from permanent working groups meet on a regular basis, JOIN also organises individual meetings to exchange positions. In 2011, the group was decisive in preparing JOIN’s activities in the context of the European Year of Volunteering 2011. To this aim, human and financial resources must be mobilised, themes such as community fundraising are central topics within the working group. Additionally, the focuses on increasing the visibility of international projects undertaken by the different JOIN members. Youth Participants in the working group youth discuss common interests in JOIN member’s youth activities such as first aid trainings and competitions, the working group also facilitates numerous bilateral exchanges between JOIN members. PR, Marketing & Communication This working group deals with all issues concerning JOIN’s press work, in the past for example it developed the JOIN logo and helped develop brochures on JOIN activities. At the regular meetings, experiences, best practices and know-how are also shared, related issues such as fundraising and the JOIN-internal purchasing of medical equipment have also been part of the group discussions. In 2011, the PR & Marketing group greatly contributed to JOIN’s public activities as part of the European Year of Volunteering 2011, clinical As its name suggests, the JOIN clinical working group deals with all clinical and medical cooperation within JOIN
Johanniter International
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Global network of St John
84.
St John Ambulance Ranks and Insignia
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The basic star or pip has at its centre the eight point Maltese Cross, the badge of the Order of St John. The crown used is also that of the Order, at the higher general list ranks, crossed stretchers are used rather than the crossed sword and baton of military use. Insignia are in silver, again symbolic of the Order of St. John. Also officers who hold rank within the organisation at or above R4 wear a cockade in their hat and have a bar, however at or above R3 wear a cockade and tuft and silver bar. Since the mid-1990s the former Senior NCO and Warrant Officer ranks have been abolished and these ranks, whose titles were Staff Sergeant, Corps Sergeant Major, and County Sergeant Major were deemed too militaristic in form although a few previous incumbents remain. Their demise has gone hand in hand with a lowering of emphasis on parading, the county Sergeant Major, if the county has appointed one, wears member rank slides and Warrant Officer Class 2 arm badges on the bottom of each arm. A purple stripe on the epaulette was also abandoned. In 2012, one Warrant Officer Class 1 was appointed at National HQ to advise on matters across St John Ambulance. In December 2013, as a result of the rank review, the aim of the new rank structure is to ensure that rank is applied consistently throughout the organisation, and that it is applied only based on an individuals role. A number of ranks will cease to exist as a result of change. In December 2016, it was announced that, effective 1st January 2017, no rank is to be worn on events, persons who are undertaking an operational management role, but who do not have rank, will continue to not wear rank. Persons who do have rank, but who are not in a management role at the event should not display their rank. The English types are presented in the tables below. Ranks in other countries are similar, but adopt local terminology such as Provincial Commissioner instead of County Commissioner. There may also be fewer ranks in smaller countries, as a result of the need for fewer rungs of management structure, in 2013, St John Ambulance UK rolled out a new design of rank slide. While the insignia, colours and text font remain unchanged, the slides themselves are now longer and wider. This updated design for rank slides corresponds with the rise of the Service Delivery Uniform and this is the first modification to the design of the rank slides since the change from cloth and thread to rubber-made rank slides with a new font for St John Ambulance title on all slides. In a similar fashion to the Police, St John Ambulance has a number of role-based variations on the rank markings detailed below
St John Ambulance Ranks and Insignia
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Insignia (rank slide)
85.
Service Medal of the Order of St John
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The Service Medal of the Order of St John is an award given to those that have provided a requisite number or years service to the Order of St John. The award was announced in the St John Ambulance Brigade General Regulations for 1895 and minted in 1899, though the first honorees had been selected the previous year. These are the St Edward’s Crown, the shield of Great Britain, the only British medal to retain the head of Queen Victoria on a current issue, the image utilized is based on a bust of the queen created by Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll. The medal is suspended from a ribbon that is 1.5 inches wide with five equally spaced stripes, of black, where additional services beyond those required for the award have been performed, the ribbon may display bars and laurel leaves. In most countries a recipient is awarded a bar for every five years up to three silver bars, beyond which all silver bars are removed and a gilt bar is put on the medal for each five years. At the fifty two year mark, the recipient is awarded a laurel leaf and all bars are removed, all bars are represented on the undress ribbon by appropriately coloured Maltese crosses, while the laurel leaf is also used on the undress ribbon. The medal is typically rewarded to recognise efficient service of appropriate duration, the length varies by location, with current terms for the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa set for 12 years, while other territories require 10. Other forms of service have also been recognized with the medal. In the United Kingdom, the Service Medal is after the Solomon Islands Independence Medal, in Canada, the medal is after the Ontario Provincial Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal and before the Commissionaire Long Service Medal. In 2010, the Order of St John England and the Islands decided that time spent as a Cadet would not count towards the Service Medal, Order of Saint John Royal Red Cross
Service Medal of the Order of St John
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Medal obverse
Service Medal of the Order of St John
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Ribbon
86.
Museum of the Order of St John
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The museum is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine. The Museum is based in St. Johns Gate, a 16th-century gatehouse in London and this dates back to the 11th century and was once the English headquarters of the Order of St. John. From here Hospitaller Knights went out to the Holy Land and later to Cyprus, Rhodes and they served in hospitals treating pilgrims, and fought to defend Christian interests in the Holy Land and the Mediterranean. Tours take visitors to the oldest surviving part of the medieval Priory and they then return to the Gate House, which after the Dissolution of the monasteries was put to many uses, with Shakespeare, Dr Johnson, Hogarth and Dickens all taking part in its story. Here visitors can see the furniture and painting collections. The Museum in the Gate House tells the story of the history of the Order of St. John, the Museum completed a spectacular renovation in November 2010. It was supported by such as the Heritage Lottery Fund and was designed by leading architects Donald Insall Associates. Exhibition design company Metaphor undertook the internal exhibit design, the painting collection includes religious art, particularly images of patron saint of the Order, St. St John Ambulance has a history spanning over 125 years and covering over 40 countries worldwide. It was founded by the British Order of St John and inspired by the traditions of the Hospitallers. Its story is told in a new exhibition, equipment ranges in size from examples of early ambulance transport to a Victorian nurses miniature first aid kit. There are training books written in languages and first aid information comes in many forms, from cigarette cards to pop-up books. Uniform includes ceremonial attire, a 1922 cadet uniform and A. R. P gas suit, the collection of medals, trophies and decorative certificates give a real sense of members achievements and include one certificate made by a forger inside a prisoner-of-war camp. Banners and textiles commemorate special St. John occasions, personal memorabilia tell what it was like to belong to the movement in different times and places. Nurse Nesbits cartoons record the moments of serving in a First World War hospital. In an album, Lyn Brown put down her reactions as one of the first people to enter the newly liberated Belsen camp in 1945. Monday - Saturday, 10am - 5pm Tours - Tuesday, Friday and Saturday, by car - Pay and Display parking spaces are available in St. Johns Square. Parking restrictions apply Mon-Fri 9am -6. 30pm, Sat 9am -1, official website Museum pages at St John Ambulance website The St John of Jerusalem Eye Hospital
Museum of the Order of St John
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St John's Gate, home of the museum
Museum of the Order of St John
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Location within Central London
United Kingdom
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