1.
Grafschaft Rietberg
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The County of Rietberg was a state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the present German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It was situated on the upper Ems in Westphalia between the Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn and the Prince-Bishopric of Münster and it existed as an independent territory from 1237 to 1807, when it was mediatised to the Kingdom of Westphalia. Rietberg was first mentioned as Rietbike around the year 1100 and this name refers to Ried which is an old name for reed and to Bach, which means creek. There was a castle that dated back to the 11th century, from 1237, it was home to the family of Wenzel Adam von Kaunitz, Count Rietberg. From this time on, the part Berg in the name Rietberg refers to the existence of a castle which is called Burg in German, since that time, Rietberg was an independent German territory until the year 1807. In the Middle Ages, the Rietberg county was a small state. Nevertheless, Rietberg had its own militia, its own currency, even foreign policy, on a small scale, was conducted independently. Until the 17th century, Rietberg coined its own money, in the year 1807, Rietberg became mediatised to the Kingdom of Westphalia
2.
Kanoniker
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A canon is a member of certain bodies subject to an ecclesiastical rule. This way of life grew common in the eighth century, in the eleventh century, some churches required clergy thus living together to adopt the rule first proposed by Saint Augustine that they renounce private wealth. Those who embraced this change were known as Augustinians or Canons Regular, in the Roman Catholic Church, the members of the chapter of a cathedral or of a collegiate church are canons. Depending on the title of the church, several languages use specific titles, e. g. in German Domherr or Domkapitular in a Dom, Stiftsherr in a prelature that has the status of a Stift. One of the functions of the chapter in the Roman Catholic Church was to elect a Vicar Capitular to serve during a sede vacante period of the diocese. All canons of the Church of England have been secular since the Reformation, mostly, however, they are ordained, that is, priests or members of the clergy. Today, the system of canons is retained almost exclusively in connection with cathedral churches, a canon is a member of the chapter of priests, headed by a dean, which is responsible for administering a cathedral or certain other churches that are styled collegiate churches. The dean and chapter are the body which has legal responsibility for the cathedral. The title of Canon is not a permanent title and when no longer in a position entitling preferment, however, it is still given in many dioceses to senior parish priests as a largely honorary title. It is usually awarded in recognition of long and dedicated service to the diocese, honorary canons are members of the chapter in name but are non-residential and receive no emoluments. They are entitled to call themselves canon and may have a role in the administration of the cathedral, in some Church of England dioceses, the title Prebendary is used instead of canon when the cleric is involved administratively with a cathedral. Honorary canons within the Roman Catholic Church may still be nominated after the Second Vatican Council, on the demise of the Kingdom of France this honour became transferred to the Presidents of the Republic, and hence is currently held by François Hollande. This applies even when the French President is not Catholic, as is the case with the atheist Hollande, the proto-canon of the papal basilica of Saint Mary Major is the King of Spain, currently Felipe VI. The rank of lay canon is especially conferred upon diocesan chancellors and it has traditionally been said that the King of England is a canon or prebendary of St David’s Cathedral, Wales. However, this is based on a misconception, the canonry of St Mary’s College, St David’s became the property of the Crown on the dissolution of the monasteries. The Sovereign was never a canon of St David’s, even as a layman, though he or she may occupy the first prebendal stall, a canon professor is a canon at an Anglican cathedral who also holds a university professorship. Section 2 of the Church of England Measure 1995 was passed for the purpose of enabling Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. Historically, the chair in Greek at the university was also a canon professorship and this canonry was transferred to the Lightfoot Professor of Divinity in 1940
3.
St. Ursula (Köln)
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The Basilica church of St. Ursula is located in Cologne the Rhineland, Germany. It is built upon the ancient ruins of a Roman cemetery, the church has an impressive reliquary created from the bones of the former occupants of the cemetery. It is one of the twelve Romanesque churches of Cologne and was designated a Minor Basilica on 25 June 1920, while the nave and crossing tower are Romanesque, the choir has been rebuilt in the Gothic style. The original legend said only 11 virgins accompanied St. Ursula but the number grew over time, the walls of the Golden Chamber are covered in bones arranged in designs and/or letters along with relic skulls. The exact number of whose remains are in the Golden Chamber remains ambiguous but the number of skulls in the reliquary is greater than 11. These remains were found in 1106 in a grave and were assumed to be those of the legend of St. Ursula. Therefore, the church constructed the Golden Chamber to house the bones, the bones themselves are neatly arranged in zigzags and swirls and even in the shapes of Latin words. Ursula und die Maria-Ablaß-Kapelle in Köln, rheinischer Verein für Denkmalpflege und Landschaftsschutz, Köln 1976, ISBN 3-88094-150-5 Werner Schäfke, Kölns romanische Kirchen. 2, Köln 2009, S. 225-289, ISBN 978-3-7743-0422-2 Media related to St. Ursula at Wikimedia Commons Basilica of St. Ursula, Cologne at Structurae
4.
Heinrich II. von Virneburg
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Count Heinrich II of Virneburg was Archbishop of Cologne from 1304 to his death in 1332. Heinrich was the son of Count Heinrich of Virneburg and his wife Ponzetta of Oberstein. In 1288, together with his father and his brother Ruprecht, he took part in the Battle of Worringen on the side of John I, Duke of Brabant. From 1288 he held two prebends and was a canon of St. Gereons in Cologne, and in 1292 became chaplain of the German king Adolf of Nassau, in the following years he became the occupant of a number of canonries. He was not only cathedral provost of Cologne Cathedral, but also archdeacon of both Trier and Cologne, in 1300 he was elected Archbishop of Trier, but the Pope refused to allow it. Heinrich nevertheless remained as bishop to the Popes appointee, Diether of Nassau. In 1304 however he was elected Archbishop of Cologne, although Papal ratification was not forthcoming until 1306, for his seat of government Heinrich II favoured Bonn, where from 1313 to 1328 he was provost of the collegiate foundation of St. Cassius. Under Heinrich of Virneburg Bonn became the location of a coronation for the first time. Heinrich also advanced the building works on the cathedral in Cologne and he was decisively involved in the heresy proceedings against Meister Eckhart, when the written accusation was formally presented to him in 1325. He transferred the proceedings to the Papal curia in Avignon, according to contemporaries, Heinrich was a chatterer and too fond of drink. He died on 5 January 1332 in Bonn and was buried in St. Barbaras Chapel in Bonn Minster, next to his sister and his grave is no longer extant. Meister Eckhart und seine Zeit - Leben - Heinrich von Virneburg Heinrich II. von Virneburg in den Saarländischen Biografien Hermann Cardauns, allgemeine Deutsche Biographie,55, Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, pp. 146–158 Erich Wisplinghoff, Heinrich II. Neue Deutsche Biographie,8, Berlin, Duncker & Humblot, seng, Ulrich,1977, Heinrich II. von Virneburg als Erzbischof von Köln. Siegburg, Schmitt Niesen, Josef,2007, Bonner Personenlexikon
5.
Attendorn
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Attendorn is a German town in the Olpe district in North Rhine-Westphalia. As of 2008 it had a population of 24,801, heavier settlement, however, can be traced only as far back as the Middle Ages. The town lies at the crossroads of two former long-distance roads, the Heidenstraße and the so-called Königsstraße, here, in Charlemagne’s time, arose a parish. Under the St. -Johannes-Kirche are found the foundations of an old missionary church, in 1072, Archbishop Anno of Cologne endowed the Grafschaft Abbey and granted it, among other things, rights to an estate in Attendorn. Indeed, the endowment document stands as the town’s earliest documentary mention. In 1222, town rights, on the Soest model, were granted the town under Engelbert II of Berg, Schnellenberg Castle, built about 1200, and the acquisition of the Waldenburg in 1248 served to safeguard Cologne’s interests in the region. Attendorn’s heyday was brought about not only by its nine guilds but also, furthermore, the town’s political and ecclesiastical status as a bulwark against the County of Mark and as seat of a deanery in the old Archbishopric of Cologne brought it wealth and prosperity. As the Sauerland’s only town, Attendorn joined the Rhenish League of Towns in 1255, Attendorn was only an indirect member of the Hanse, and was thus represented at the Hanseatic League’s great assemblies by the town of Soest. By about 1200, Attendorn was already home to one of the archbishopric’s mints, mediaeval coins from Attendorn have been found as far afield as Brussels, Lubnice and the island of Gotland. From the early 14th century until there has existed a hospital with a church. In 1420, Heinrich Weke endowed the Ewig Monastery, in 1429, he also added a hospital for the poor. For a time, the town was so well off that it could grant the Archbishop of Cologne himself credit. Moreover, the also supported him during his dispute with the town of Soest. In 1444 and 1445, the town helped the Archbishop conquer the castle, four times, in 1464,1597,1598 and 1613, the Plague beset the town. Great fires, too, ravaged the town in 1613,1623,1656,1710,1732,1742 and 1783, the one in 1656 destroyed half the town. Attendorn also suffered as a result of war, sackings and occupations, examples include the War of the Limburg-Hohenlimburg Succession in 1280, the Soest Feud from 1444 to 1449, the Truchsess War in 1583 and 1584 and the Thirty Years War from 1618 to 1648. Attendorn reached its deepest economic despair in Napoleonic times, only recovering from the downturn in the mid-19th century, the rise of Nazis and the Second World War affected Attendorn much like the rest of Germany. An Attendorn teacher and historian, supported by the government, documented the persecution of Attendorn Jewish families under Nazi rule, as in many places, this included destruction of property, boycotting Jewish stores, appropriating factories, and shipping Jews to concentration camps
6.
Helden
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Arms and the Man is a comedy by George Bernard Shaw, whose title comes from the opening words of Virgils Aeneid, in Latin, Arma virumque cano. Arms and the Man was one of Shaws first commercial successes and he was called onto stage after the curtain, where he received enthusiastic applause. Amidst the cheers, one audience member booed, Shaw replied, in characteristic fashion, My dear fellow, I quite agree with you, but what are we two against so many. Arms and the Man is a play that shows the futility of war. The play takes place during the 1885 Serbo-Bulgarian War and its heroine, Raina Petkoff, is a young Bulgarian woman engaged to Sergius Saranoff, one of the heroes of that war, whom she idolizes. When Russian/Bulgarian troops burst in to search the house for him and he asks her to remember that nine soldiers out of ten are born fools. When the search dies down, Raina and her mother Catherine sneak Bluntschli out of the house, Raina begins to find Sergius both foolhardy and tiresome, but she hides it. Bluntschli unexpectedly returns so that he can give back the old housecoat, Raina and her mother are shocked, especially when her father and Sergius reveal that they have met Bluntschli before and invite him to stay for lunch. Afterwards, left alone with Bluntschli, Raina realizes that he sees through her romantic posturing, Bluntschli gets a telegram informing him of his fathers death and revealing to him his now-enormous inheritance. Louka then tells Sergius that Bluntschli is the man whom Raina protected, Sergius challenges Bluntschli to a duel, but Bluntschli avoids fighting and Sergius and Raina break off their engagement. While Raina is now unattached, Bluntschli protests that—being 34 and believing she is 17—he is too old for her, on learning that she is actually 23, he immediately proposes marriage and proves his wealth and position by listing his inheritance from the telegram. Raina, realizing the hollowness of her ideals, protests that she would prefer her poor chocolate-cream soldier to this wealthy businessman. George Orwell said that Arms and the Man was written when Shaw was at the height of his powers as a dramatist and it is probably the wittiest play he ever wrote, the most flawless technically, and in spite of being a very light comedy, the most telling. Orwell says that Arms and the Man wears well—he was writing 50 years later—because its moral—that war is not a wonderful and his other plays of the period, equally well written, are about issues no longer controversial. For example, the theme of Mrs, the first Broadway production opened on 17 September 1894 at New York Citys Herald Square Theatre. Since then there have been six Broadway revivals, two of which are listed below. Olivier thought Sergius a humbug, a buffoon, a blackguard, a coward, olivier, spurred and moustachioed, was high camp, Robert Tanitch. A revival production ran at New York Citys Arena Theatre from 19 October 1950 to 21 January 1951, the cast included Lee Grant as Raina, Francis Lederer as Bluntschli and Sam Wanamaker as Sergius
7.
Eversberg
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Eversberg is a town with about 2000 inhabitants in the county of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The history of the town back to the 11th century when Count Eberhard von Arnsberg founded the castle Eversberg. The castle today is a ruin, the town is well known for its delightful historical local centre with timber framed houses. In 1981 Eversberg won the national prize Unser Dorf soll schöner werden as one of the most beautiful towns in Germany, since 1975 Eversberg has been part of the city of Meschede
