1.
Beeldhouwer (sterrenbeeld)
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Sculptor is a small and faint constellation in the southern sky. It was introduced by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century and he originally named it Apparatus Sculptoris, but the name was later shortened. The region to the south of Cetus and Aquarius had been named by Aratus in 270 BCE as The Waters – an area of scattered faint stars with two brighter stars standing out, professor of astronomy Bradley Schaefer has proposed that these stars were most likely Alpha and Delta Sculptoris. He named all but one in honour of instruments that symbolised the Age of Enlightenment, Sculptor is a small constellation bordered by Aquarius and Cetus to the north, Fornax to the east, Phoenix to the south, Grus to the southwest, and Piscis Austrinus to the west. The bright star Fomalhaut is nearby, the three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is Scl. The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 6 segments. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 23h 06. 4m and 01h 45. 5m, while the coordinates are between −24. 80° and −39. 37°. The whole constellation is visible to observers south of latitude 50°N, no stars brighter than 3rd magnitude are located in Sculptor. This is explained by the fact that Sculptor contains the south pole where stellar density is very low. Overall, there are 52 stars within the constellations borders brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5, the brightest star is Alpha Sculptoris, an SX Arietis-type variable star with a spectral type B7IIIp and an apparent magnitude of 4.3. It is 780 ±30 light-years distant from Earth, R Sculptoris is a red giant that has been found to be surrounded by spirals of matter likely ejected around 1800 years ago. The constellation also contains the Sculptor Dwarf, a galaxy which is a member of the Local Group, as well as the Sculptor Group. The Sculptor Galaxy, a spiral galaxy and the largest member of the group. Another prominent member of the group is the irregular galaxy NGC55, one unique galaxy in Sculptor is the Cartwheel Galaxy, at a distance of 500 million light-years. The result of a merger around 300 million years ago, the Cartwheel Galaxy has a core of older, yellow stars, and a ring of younger, blue stars. The smaller galaxy in the collision is now incorporated into the core, the shock waves from the collision sparked extensive star formation in the outer ring. Sculptor was a United States Navy Crater class cargo ship named after the constellation, notes Citations Sources Sculptor Constellation at Constellation Guide
2.
Boetseren
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Modelling clay is any of a group of malleable substances used in building and sculpting. The material compositions and production processes vary considerably, ceramic clays are water-based substances made from clay minerals and other raw materials. They are baked at high temperatures in a known as firing to create ceramics, such as terra cotta, earthenware, stoneware. Paper clay produced by pottery clay manufacturers is a body to which a small percentage of processed cellulose fiber has been added. When kiln-fired, the paper out, leaving the clay body. Consequently, the temperatures and glazes selection should be the same on those used with the clay body. Oil-based clays are made from combinations of oils, waxes. Because the oils do not evaporate like water, oil-based clays remain malleable even when left in dry environments for long periods, articles made from oil-based clays cannot be fired, and thus are not ceramics. Because rising temperature decreases oil viscosity, the malleability is influenced by heating or cooling the clay, as it can be re-used, it is a popular material for animation artists who need to bend and move their models. It is available in a multitude of colors and is non-toxic, oil-based clays are referred to by a number of genericized trademarks. Plastilin, which was patented in Germany by Franz Kolb in 1880, was developed by Claude Chavant in 1892, Plasticine was invented in 1897 by William Harbutt of Bathampton, England. Plastilina is trademarked as Roma Plastilina by Sculpture House, Inc, according to their website, their formula is 100 years old. Roma Plastilina contains sulfur, and since certain moldmaking compounds do not set in sulfurs presence, in India, oil-based No Sulphur clay is manufactured by Uday Industries for industrial, as well as retail use. Readily worked in detail, oil-based clays are also suitable for the creation of detailed sculptures from which molds can be made. Castings and reproductions can then be produced much more durable materials. Cars and airplanes may be created using industrial design-grade modelling clay, polymer clay is a modelling material that cures when heated from 265 °F to 275 °F for 15 minutes per 1⁄4 inch of thickness, and does not significantly shrink or change shape during the process. Despite being called clay, it contains no clay minerals. Polymer clay is sold in craft, hobby, and art stores, and is used by artists, hobbyists, polymer clay is also popular in animation, since it allows static forms to be manipulated frame after frame
3.
Beeldhouwkunst
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Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts, a wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or molded, or cast. However, most ancient sculpture was painted, and this has been lost. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, the Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period. During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith, the revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelos David. Relief is often classified by the degree of projection from the wall into low or bas-relief, high relief, sunk-relief is a technique restricted to ancient Egypt. Relief sculpture may also decorate steles, upright slabs, usually of stone, techniques such as casting, stamping and moulding use an intermediate matrix containing the design to produce the work, many of these allow the production of several copies. The term sculpture is used mainly to describe large works. The very large or colossal statue has had an enduring appeal since antiquity, another grand form of portrait sculpture is the equestrian statue of a rider on horse, which has become rare in recent decades. The smallest forms of life-size portrait sculpture are the head, showing just that, or the bust, small forms of sculpture include the figurine, normally a statue that is no more than 18 inches tall, and for reliefs the plaquette, medal or coin. Sculpture is an important form of public art, a collection of sculpture in a garden setting can be called a sculpture garden. One of the most common purposes of sculpture is in form of association with religion. Cult images are common in cultures, though they are often not the colossal statues of deities which characterized ancient Greek art. The actual cult images in the innermost sanctuaries of Egyptian temples, of which none have survived, were rather small. The same is true in Hinduism, where the very simple. Some undoubtedly advanced cultures, such as the Indus Valley civilization, appear to have had no monumental sculpture at all, though producing very sophisticated figurines, the Mississippian culture seems to have been progressing towards its use, with small stone figures, when it collapsed. Other cultures, such as ancient Egypt and the Easter Island culture, from the 20th century the relatively restricted range of subjects found in large sculpture expanded greatly, with abstract subjects and the use or representation of any type of subject now common. Today much sculpture is made for intermittent display in galleries and museums, small sculpted fittings for furniture and other objects go well back into antiquity, as in the Nimrud ivories, Begram ivories and finds from the tomb of Tutankhamun
4.
Driedimensionaal
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Three-dimensional space is a geometric setting in which three values are required to determine the position of an element. This is the meaning of the term dimension. In physics and mathematics, a sequence of n numbers can be understood as a location in n-dimensional space, when n =3, the set of all such locations is called three-dimensional Euclidean space. It is commonly represented by the symbol ℝ3 and this serves as a three-parameter model of the physical universe in which all known matter exists. However, this space is one example of a large variety of spaces in three dimensions called 3-manifolds. Furthermore, in case, these three values can be labeled by any combination of three chosen from the terms width, height, depth, and breadth. In mathematics, analytic geometry describes every point in space by means of three coordinates. Three coordinate axes are given, each perpendicular to the two at the origin, the point at which they cross. They are usually labeled x, y, and z, below are images of the above-mentioned systems. Two distinct points determine a line. Three distinct points are either collinear or determine a unique plane, four distinct points can either be collinear, coplanar or determine the entire space. Two distinct lines can intersect, be parallel or be skew. Two parallel lines, or two intersecting lines, lie in a plane, so skew lines are lines that do not meet. Two distinct planes can either meet in a line or are parallel. Three distinct planes, no pair of which are parallel, can meet in a common line. In the last case, the three lines of intersection of each pair of planes are mutually parallel, a line can lie in a given plane, intersect that plane in a unique point or be parallel to the plane. In the last case, there will be lines in the plane that are parallel to the given line, a hyperplane is a subspace of one dimension less than the dimension of the full space. The hyperplanes of a space are the two-dimensional subspaces, that is
5.
Land art
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Land art, earthworks, or Earth art is an art movement in which landscape and the work of art are inextricably linked. It is also an art form that is created in nature, using materials such as soil, rock, organic media. Sculptures are not placed in the landscape, rather, the landscape is the means of their creation, often earth moving equipment is involved. The works frequently exist in the open, located away from civilization, left to change. Many of the first works, created in the deserts of Nevada, New Mexico, Utah or Arizona were ephemeral in nature and they also pioneered a category of art called site-specific sculpture, designed for a particular outdoor location. Land art is an artistic protest against the perceived artificiality, plastic aesthetics, Land art was inspired by minimal art and conceptual art but also by modern movements such as De Stijl, cubism, minimalism and the work of Constantin Brâncuși and Joseph Beuys. Many of the associated with land art had been involved with minimal art. His influence on contemporary art, landscape architecture and environmental sculpture is evident in many works today. Alan Sonfist is a pioneer of an approach to working with nature and culture that he began in 1965 by bringing historical nature. His most inspirational work is Time Landscape an indigenous forest he planted in New York City, according to critic Barbara Rose, writing in Artforum in 1969, he had become disillusioned with the commodification and insularity of gallery bound art. In 1967, the art critic Grace Glueck writing in the New York Times declared the first earthwork was done by Douglas Leichter and Richard Saba at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture. The movement began in October 1968 with the group exhibition Earth Works at the Dwan Gallery in New York, in February 1969, Willoughby Sharp curated the Earth Art exhibition at the Andrew Dickson White Museum of Art at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. The artists included were Walter De Maria, Jan Dibbets, Hans Haacke, Michael Heizer, Neil Jenney, Richard Long, David Medalla, Robert Morris, Dennis Oppenheim, Robert Smithson, the exhibition was directed by Thomas W. Leavitt. Gordon Matta-Clark, who lived in Ithaca at the time, was invited by Sharp to help the artists in Earth Art with the execution of their works for the exhibition. S. How much of the work, if any, is visible is dependent on the water levels. Since its creation, the work has completely covered, and then uncovered again. Smithsons Gravel Mirror with Cracks and Dust is an example of art existing in a gallery space rather than in the natural environment. It consists of a pile of gravel by the side of a partially mirrored gallery wall, in its simplicity of form and concentration on the materials themselves, this and other pieces of land art have an affinity with minimalism
6.
Plastiek (beeldhouwkunst)
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Plastic arts are art forms which involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium by moulding or modeling such as sculpture or ceramics. The term has also applied more broadly to all the visual arts. Materials for use in the arts, in the narrower definition, include those that can be carved or shaped, such as stone or wood, concrete. Plastics meaning certain synthetic organic resins have been used ever since they were invented, the term should not be confused with Piet Mondrians concept of Neoplasticism. Visual arts Media Art materials Recording medium Handicraft Plastic in art Barnes, the Art in Painting, 3rd ed.1937, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. OCLC1572753 Bukumirovic, D. Maga Magazinovic, biblioteka Fatalne srpkinje knj. br.4. Between the pictorial and the expression of ideas, the plastic arts, enciclopedia de las artes plásticas dominicanas, 1844-2000
7.
Assemblage (kunst)
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Assemblage is an artistic form or medium usually created on a defined substrate that consists of three-dimensional elements projecting out of or from the substrate. It is similar to collage, a two-dimensional medium and it is part of the visual arts, and it typically uses found objects, but is not limited to these materials. The origin of the art form dates to the cubist constructions of Pablo Picasso c, the origin of the word can be traced back to the early 1950s, when Jean Dubuffet created a series of collages of butterfly wings, which he titled assemblages dempreintes. However, both Marcel Duchamp, Pablo Picasso and others had been working with found objects for many years prior to Dubuffet, Russian artist Vladimir Tatlin created his counter-reliefs in the mid 1910s. Alongside Tatlin, the earliest woman artist to try her hand at assemblage was Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, in Paris in the 1920s Alexander Calder, Jose De Creeft, Picasso and others began making fully 3-dimensional works from metal scraps, found metal objects and wire. In the U. S. one of the earliest and most prolific assemblage artists was Louise Nevelson, in 1961, the exhibition The Art of Assemblage was featured at the New York Museum of Modern Art. William C Seitz, the curator of the exhibition, described assemblages as being made up of preformed natural or manufactured materials, objects, arman, French artist, sculptor and painter. Hans Bellmer, a German artist known for his life-sized female dolls, wallace Berman, an American artist known for his verifax collages. André Breton, a French artist, regarded as a founder of Surrealism. John Chamberlain, a Chicago artist known for his sculptures of welded pieces of wrecked automobiles, greg Colson, an American artist known for his wall sculptures of stick maps, constructed paintings, solar systems, directionals, and intersections. Many of his boxes, such as the famous Medici Slot Machine boxes, are interactive and are meant to be handled, rosalie Gascoigne, a New Zealand-born Australian sculptor. Raoul Hausmann, an Austrian artist and writer and a key figure in Berlin Dada, his most famous work is the assemblage Der Geist Unserer Zeit - Mechanischer Kopf, Robert H. Hudson, an American artist. Jasper Johns, an American Pop artist, painter, printmaker, jean-Jacques Lebel, in 1994 installed a large assemblage entitled Monument à Félix Guattari in the Forum of the Centre Pompidou. Janice Lowry, American artist known for art in the form of assemblage, artist books, and journals. Ondrej Mares, a Czech-Australian artist and sculptor best known for his Kachina figures - a series of works. Markus Meurer, a German artist, known for his sculptures from found objects Louise Nevelson and she used found objects or everyday discarded things in her “assemblages” or assemblies, one of which was three stories high. Meret Oppenheim, a German-born Swiss artist, identified with the Surrealist movement, wolfgang Paalen, an Austrian-German-Mexican surrealist artist and theorist, founder of the magazine DYN and known for several assembled objects, f. e. Nuage articulé Robert Rauschenberg, painter and collagist known for his mixed media works during six decades, fred H. Roster, an American sculptor
8.
Natuursteen
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Dimension stone is natural stone or rock that has been selected and finished to specific sizes or shapes. Color, texture and pattern, and surface finish of the stone are also normal requirements, quarries that produce dimension stone or crushed stone are interconvertible. Since most quarries can produce one, a crushed stone quarry can be converted to dimension stone production. However, first the stone shattered by heavy and indiscriminate blasting must be removed, Dimension stone is separated by more precise and delicate techniques, such as diamond wire saws, diamond belt saws, burners, or light and selective blasting with Primacord, a weak explosive. A variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are used as structural and these rock types are more commonly known as granite, limestone, marble, travertine, quartz-based stone and slate. Other varieties of stone that are normally considered to be special minor types include alabaster, soapstone, serpentine. A variety of finishes can be applied to stone to achieve diverse architectural. These finishes include, but are not limited to, the following, a polished finish gives the surface a high luster and strong reflection of incident light. A honed finish provides a smooth, satin-like, nonreflective surface, more textured finishes include brush-hammered, sandblasted, and thermal. A brush-hammered finish, similar to a pattern, creates a rough. A sandblasted surface provides an irregular pitted surface by impacting sand or metal particles at high velocity against a stone surface, a thermal finish produces a textured, nonreflective surface with only a few reflections from cleavage faces, by applying a high-temperature flame. This finish may change the color of the stone depending on mineralogical composition. The most easily accessible general references are the latest Minerals Yearbook Chapter, the most comprehensive, graphic references are Natural Stone Database by Abraxas Verlag, Dimension Stones of the World, Volumes I & II and Natural Stones Worldwide CD. While common colors used in some of the applications are listed below, there is an extraordinarily wide range of colours. These patterns are created by geological phenomena such as grains, inclusions, veins, cavity fillings, blebs. In addition, rocks and stones not normally classed as dimension stone are sometimes selected for these applications and these can included tiles made of jade, agate, and jasper. Stone countertops and bathroom vanities both involve a finished slab of stone, usually polished but sometimes with another finish, industry standard thicknesses in the United States are 3/4 and 1.25. Often 2 cm slabs will be laminated at the edge to create the appearance of a thicker edge profile, the slabs are cut to fit the top of the kitchen or bathroom cabinet, by measuring, templating or digital templating
9.
Beton
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Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements, when aggregate is mixed together with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts chemically with the water and other ingredients to form a matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like material that has many uses. Often, additives are included in the mixture to improve the properties of the wet mix or the finished material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials embedded to provide tensile strength, famous concrete structures include the Hoover Dam, the Panama Canal, and the Roman Pantheon. The earliest large-scale users of technology were the ancient Romans. The Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the dome of the Pantheon is the worlds largest unreinforced concrete dome. Today, large concrete structures are made with reinforced concrete. After the Roman Empire collapsed, use of concrete became rare until the technology was redeveloped in the mid-18th century, today, concrete is the most widely used man-made material. The word concrete comes from the Latin word concretus, the passive participle of concrescere, from con-. Perhaps the earliest known occurrence of cement was twelve years ago. A deposit of cement was formed after an occurrence of oil shale located adjacent to a bed of limestone burned due to natural causes and these ancient deposits were investigated in the 1960s and 1970s. On a human timescale, small usages of concrete go back for thousands of years and they discovered the advantages of hydraulic lime, with some self-cementing properties, by 700 BC. They built kilns to supply mortar for the construction of houses, concrete floors. The cisterns were kept secret and were one of the reasons the Nabataea were able to thrive in the desert, some of these structures survive to this day. In the Ancient Egyptian and later Roman eras, it was re-discovered that adding volcanic ash to the mix allowed it to set underwater, similarly, the Romans knew that adding horse hair made concrete less liable to crack while it hardened, and adding blood made it more frost-resistant. Crystallization of strätlingite and the introduction of pyroclastic clays creates further fracture resistance, german archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann found concrete floors, which were made of lime and pebbles, in the royal palace of Tiryns, Greece, which dates roughly to 1400–1200 BC. Lime mortars were used in Greece, Crete, and Cyprus in 800 BC, the Assyrian Jerwan Aqueduct made use of waterproof concrete
10.
Hout
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Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees, and other woody plants. It is a material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers which are strong in tension embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, in a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots, Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber. In 2005, the stock of forests worldwide was about 434 billion cubic meters. As an abundant, carbon-neutral renewable resource, woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy, in 1991 approximately 3.5 billion cubic meters of wood were harvested. Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction, a 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick discovered the earliest known plants to have grown wood, approximately 395 to 400 million years ago. Wood can be dated by carbon dating and in species by dendrochronology to make inferences about when a wooden object was created. People have used wood for millennia for many purposes, primarily as a fuel or as a material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging, artworks. Constructions using wood date back ten thousand years, buildings like the European Neolithic long house were made primarily of wood. Recent use of wood has changed by the addition of steel. The year-to-year variation in tree-ring widths and isotopic abundances gives clues to the climate at that time. This process is known as growth, it is the result of cell division in the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem. These cells then go on to form thickened secondary cell walls, composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, if the distinctiveness between seasons is annual, these growth rings are referred to as annual rings. Where there is little seasonal difference growth rings are likely to be indistinct or absent, if the bark of the tree has been removed in a particular area, the rings will likely be deformed as the plant overgrows the scar. It is usually lighter in color than that near the portion of the ring. The outer portion formed later in the season is known as the latewood or summerwood. However, there are differences, depending on the kind of wood
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