1.
September 1990
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Also in this year, Nelson Mandela was released from prison, and Margaret Thatcher resigned as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after over 11 years. 1990 was an important year in the Internets early history, in the fall of 1990, Tim Berners-Lee created the first web server and the foundation for the World Wide Web. Test operations began around December 20 and it was released outside of CERN the following year,1990 also saw the official decommissioning of the ARPANET, a forerunner of the Internet system and the introduction of the first content search engine, Archie on September 10. September 14,1990 saw the first case of successful somatic gene therapy on a patient, in most western countries the Echo Boom peaked in 1990, fertility rates declined thereafter. Encyclopædia Britannica, which ceased printing in 2012, saw its highest all time sales in 1990,120,000 volumes were sold that year, the number of librarians in the United States also peaked around 1990. January 1 Poland becomes the first country in Eastern Europe to begin abolishing its state socialist economy, Poland also withdraws from the Warsaw Pact. The first Internet companies catering to users, PSInet and EUnet begin selling Internet access to commercial customers in the United States. Glasgow begins its year as European Capital of Culture, rowan Atkinsons Mr. Bean debuts in a Thames Television special. January 3 – United States invasion of Panama, General Manuel Noriega is deposed as leader of Panama, January 4 – Two trains collide in Sangi, Pakistan, killing between 200 and 300 people and injuring an estimated 700 others. January 7 – The Leaning Tower of Pisa is closed to the public because of safety concerns, January 9 – Ugandan Lt. Gen. Bazilio Olara-Okello, who led a coup against Dr. Apolo Milton Obotes government, dies in Ormduruman Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan. January 11 – Singing Revolution, In the Lithuania SSR,300,000 demonstrate for independence, January 12-January 19 – Most of the remaining 50,000 Armenians are driven out of Baku in the Azerbaijan SSR during the Baku pogrom. January 15 The National Assembly of Bulgaria votes to end one party rule by the Bulgarian Communist Party, thousands storm the Stasi headquarters in East Berlin in an attempt to view their government records. Martin Luther King Day Crash – Telephone service in Atlanta, St. Louis, January 17 – Smith & Wesson introduce the.40 S&W cartridge. Clashes break out between Indian troops and Muslim separatists in Kashmir, the government of Haiti declares a state of emergency, under which it suspends civil liberties, imposes censorship, and arrests political opponents. The state of siege is lifted on January 29, January 22 The League of Communists of Yugoslavia votes to give up its monopoly on power. Robert Tappan Morris is convicted of releasing the Morris worm, January 25 Avianca Flight 52 crashes into Cove Neck, Long Island, New York after a miscommunication between the flight crew and JFK Airport officials, killing 73 people on board. Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto gives birth to a girl, Pope John Paul II begins an eight-day tour of Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Chad. January 25–26 – The Burns Day storm kills 97 in northwestern Europe, January 27 – The city of Tiraspol in the Moldavian SSR briefly declares independence
September 1990
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January 7: The
Pisa tower closed.
September 1990
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January 29: Trial relating to
Exxon Valdez.
September 1990
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Gulf War Begins
September 1990
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Margaret Thatcher, the UK's only female Prime Minister, resigns after 11 years.
2.
Helsingin kauppakorkeakoulu
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Aalto University is a university primarily located in Greater Helsinki, Finland. It was established in 2010 as a merger of three major Finnish universities, the Helsinki University of Technology, the Helsinki School of Economics, the close collaboration between the scientific, business and arts communities is intended to foster multi-disciplinary education and research. The Finnish government, in 2010, set out to create a university that fosters innovation, the university is composed of six schools with close to 20,000 students and 4,500 staff members, making it Finlands second largest university. The main campus of Aalto University is located in Otaniemi, Espoo, other functions of the School of Business are located in Töölö. The School of Arts, Design and Architecture is located in Arabianranta, in addition, the university operates several units outside Greater Helsinki in Mikkeli, Pori and Vaasa. Aalto universitys operations showcase Finland’s experiment in higher education, in 2004, a workgroup led by Anne Brunila of the Finnish Ministry of Finance concluded that Finland had too many universities and other institutes of tertiary education which should be consolidated. Following this, Yrjö Sotamaa, president of the University of Art and Design Helsinki at the time, sotamaas line of reasoning was that this move would create a unique interdisciplinary university that was needed to create new innovative thought. The idea received attention within the Finnish Ministry of Education, which appointed Raimo Sailas, after Sailas group reported that it considered the merger to be beneficial to the Finnish academic world and economy, the Finnish government decided to go on with the project on November 11,2007. On May 29,2008, the government announced that the new university would be named after the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto in honor of his achievements in technology, economics and art. On December 19,2008, Prof. Tuula Teeri was selected by the Board to be the first President of Aalto University, Aalto University started operating on January 1,2010. In the process of creating the university the university law of Finland was rewritten for the university to be allowed to collect endowment, the university managed to reach its goal of collecting 200 million euros in private donations. The sum was augmented by 2.5 times by the Finnish state, as the Aalto University was founded the four schools of science and engineering were formed out of the departments of the Helsinki University of Technology, founded in 1849 by Grand Duke Nicholas I. It received university status in 1908, in 1966, the University of Technology moved from Hietalahti in downtown Helsinki to its current Otaniemi campus, designed by Alvar Aalto. At the time of creation of Aalto University, TKK had about 250 professors and this means the largest part of the Aalto University is formed from the former Helsinki University of Technology. The Helsinki School of Economics was established in Helsinki in 1904 by the community and was given the status of a university in 1911. It operated as a university until 1974, when the state of Finland was given the financial responsibility of the university. Following the merger, the university was briefly renamed Aalto University School of Economics, the University of Art and Design Helsinki has been the largest art university in the Nordic countries. Media Centre Lume - the National Research and Development Center of audiovisual media - is also located in the university, the university awarded the following academic degrees, Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, and Doctor of Arts
Helsingin kauppakorkeakoulu
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Surveying students with professor in the early days of the university of technology.
Helsingin kauppakorkeakoulu
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Aalto University
Helsingin kauppakorkeakoulu
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A lecture of mathematics for undergraduates inside the main building.
Helsingin kauppakorkeakoulu
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Radio science done with the receiver in the Planck probe reveals the age and composition of the universe.
3.
Aristotelian University
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The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki is the sixth oldest and among the most highly ranked tertiary education institutions in Greece. It is named after the philosopher Aristotle, who was born in Stageira and it is the largest university in Greece and in the Balkans. Its campus covers 230,000 square metres in the centre of Thessaloniki, with additional educational, as of 2014, there is a student population of approximately 40,000 active students enrolled at the university and 2,366 faculty members. There are additionally 248 members of the Special Laboratory Teaching Personnel,213 members of the Special Technical Laboratory Personnel, the administrative staff consists of 400 permanent employees and 528 subcontractor employees that are contracted by the university. The language of instruction is Greek, although there are programs in languages and courses for international students, which are carried out in English, French, German. The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki was founded in 1925 during the premiership of Alexandros Papanastassiou and was legislated under Law 3341/14-6-25 and it was the second Greek university to be founded after the University of Athens, which was established in 1837. The university was built on top of the remains of what had once been the Jewish cemetery in Thessaloniki, however, Smyrni was not part of Greece at the time and the plans fell through after the outcome of the Greco-Turkish War in Asia Minor. Nevertheless, in 1924, Alexandros Papanastassiou decided to found a university in Thessaloniki in order to boost the local economy and culture. The first stage of development ended with the foundation of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in 1950, after this period, some of the aforementioned faculties were extended by integrating more departments. In more detail, the Departments of Pharmacy and Dentistry were founded in 1955 and 1959 respectively, moreover, the Faculty of Philosophy was expanded by integrating the Institutes of Foreign Languages. During the second stage the focal point of development was the Faculty of Engineering, at the beginning, this faculty constituted an independent institute also called the Polytechnic or Technical University. Therefore, for the first fifty years of its operation the Aristotle University consisted of two institutes which operated independently. Subsequently these two educational institutes where unified, the School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering was split in two independent schools in 1976. Finally, during the stage of its development, new schools. Moreover, the university acquired a number of departments which operated in the past as independent institutes of Higher Education. During this period, the Faculty of Fine Arts was established, additionally, the School of Journalism and Mass Media Studies and the School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences were created as independent schools. These changes include the downgrade of some former Faculties into Schools or Departments, a former Jewish faculty was abolished 80 years before by the Greek dictator Ioannis Metaxas. This new faculty took in October 2015, her work on with leading professor Georgios Antoniou, on the University campus a monument commemorating the old Jewish cemetery was unveiled also in 2014
Aristotelian University
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Jewish cemetery of Thessaloniki.
Aristotelian University
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Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Aristotelian University
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The gate of the university's Faculty of Engineering.
Aristotelian University
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Aerial view of central
Thessaloniki. On the right the Aristotle University's campus.
4.
Coimbra group
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The Coimbra Group is an association of European universities founded in 1985. Its member universities are older multi-disciplinary research institutions, the group takes its name from the city of Coimbra, Portugal, and its University of Coimbra, one of the oldest in Europe. The Coimbra Group was founded in 1985 and formally constituted in 1987 by a charter signed between its members, then numbering 19, in 1994 it published Charters of Foundation and Early Documents of the Universities of the Coimbra Group. A second edition was published in 2005, by which time Caen had left the group while Åbo, Bergen, Geneva, Graz, Lyon, Padua, Tartu, since then, the Group has added Vilnius University in June 2015 and Durham University in June 2016. This brought the membership of the group to 39, but it fell to 38 in October 2016. As of October 2016, the Coimbra Group includes 38 universities in 23 countries, Charter members are marked *, University of Caen* University of Cambridge University of Lyon University of Oxford* Aristotle University of Thessaloniki* Official website
Coimbra group
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The group took its name from the city of
Coimbra,
Portugal and the
university located there.
5.
CEMS - Global Alliance in Management Education
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The CEMS Global Alliance includes 30 academic institutions from 5 continents,72 corporate partners and 5 social partners from around the globe. CEMS administers delivery of the CEMS MIM degree in its schools, supports the CEMS Alumni Association. The CEMS MIM has consistently ranked in the top 10 of the Financial Times Masters Ranking since its creation in 2005, CEMS has over 10,752 alumni of 85 nationalities working in 75 countries. CEMS Masters in International Management is a degree program taught jointly by CEMS business schools. Created in 1988 by founding members from the University of Cologne, HEC Paris, ESADE and the Università Bocconi, the CEMS MIM was the first supra-national MSc. In addition to completing ones home degree, graduation from CEMS also requires successful completion of a project, skill seminars, an international internship. While the CEMS MIM is a high-quality academic degree, its unique characteristics lie in the focus on practical business skills, language proficiency. All of the CEMS graduates receive both a degree from their institution as well as from CEMS, thus the CEMS MIM is often referred to as a dual-degree. The CEMS MIM has consistently ranked in the top 10 of the Financial Times Master’s in Management ranking since its creation in 2005 and this means that they chart skills courses, give lectures or invite CEMS students to company activities where students learn about certain corporate practices or solve cases. These connections are useful to promote the company to the students, while the students gain insight into real-world problems. List of partners, The first ever CEMS Social Partners joined the organisation in December 2010 and these are the first in a series of non-profits and NGOs that contribute to the alliance in a way identical to Corporate Partners. This new initiative is part of a major sustainability drive from within CEMS, in the same vein, CEMS has also signed the PRME declaration. Founded in 1993 by CEMS graduates, the Association is a network throughout the world of CEMS graduates. To date close to 10,000 CEMS students have graduated, the CAA is led by an Alumni Board and is present in many countries through Local Committees made up of CEMS alumni. The LCs are responsible for keeping in contact with CEMS alumni and they meet on a regular basis to discuss the activities and development of the Association. The Alumni Board also represents alumni interests on the CEMS Executive Board, in addition, the CEMS Alumni Association supports Alumni to positively influence management education, business, global governance and society. Financial Times Masters in Management Ranking
CEMS - Global Alliance in Management Education
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CEMS - The Global Alliance in Management Education
6.
Eidgenoessische Polytechnikum Zuerich
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ETH Zurich is a science, technology, engineering and mathematics university in the city of Zürich, Switzerland. ETH Zurich is consistently ranked among the top universities in the world, twenty-one Nobel Prizes have been awarded to students or professors of the Institute in the past, the most famous of whom was Albert Einstein. It is a member of the IDEA League and the International Alliance of Research Universities. ETH was founded in 1854 by the Swiss Confederation and began giving its first lectures in 1855 as a polytechnic institute and it is locally still known as Poly, derived from the original name Eidgenössische polytechnische Schule, which translates to Federal Polytechnic School. ETH is an institute, whereas the University of Zürich is a cantonal institution. In the beginning, both universities were co-located in the buildings of the University of Zürich, from 1905 to 1908, under the presidency of Jérôme Franel, the course program of ETH was restructured to that of a real university and ETH was granted the right to award doctorates. In 1909 the first doctorates were awarded, in 1911, it was given its current name, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule. In 1924, another reorganization structured the university in 12 departments, however, it now has 16 departments. ETH Zurich, the EPFL, and four associated research institutes form the ETH Domain with the aim of collaborating on scientific projects, ETH Zurich is ranked among the top universities in the world. Historically, ETH Zurich has achieved its reputation particularly in the fields of chemistry, there are 21 Nobel Laureates who are associated with ETH. The most recent Nobel Laureate is Richard F, heck who was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2010. Albert Einstein is perhaps its most famous alumnus, in 2016, the QS World University Rankings placed ETH Zurich at 8th overall in the world. In 2015, ETH also ranked 6th in the world in Natural Sciences, ETH Zurich had an budget of 1.712 billion CHF in the year 2015 to support its cutting-edge research. For Swiss students, ETH is not selective in its admission procedures. Like every public university in Switzerland, ETH is obliged to grant admission to every Swiss resident who took the Matura, an applicant can be admitted to ETH even without any verifiable educational records by passing the comprehensive entrance exam. As at all universities in Switzerland, the year is divided into two semesters. Examinations are often held during examination sessions which are immediately before the beginning of the next semester, after the first year of study, bachelor students must pass a block examination of all courses taken in the first year, called the Basisprüfung. If the weighted average score is not sufficient, a student is required to retake the entire Basisprüfung which usually means having to re-sit the whole first year
Eidgenoessische Polytechnikum Zuerich
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Polytechnikum in 1865
Eidgenoessische Polytechnikum Zuerich
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Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich
Eidgenoessische Polytechnikum Zuerich
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ETH Zürich Zentrum
Eidgenoessische Polytechnikum Zuerich
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Interior skylights in the main building
7.
New ivy
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The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, the term Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism. While the term was in use as early as 1933, it became official after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954. Seven of the eight schools were founded during the United States colonial period, Ivy League institutions account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution, the other two are Rutgers University and College of William & Mary. Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious, all eight universities place in the top fifteen of the U. S. News & World Report 2017 nation university rankings, including the top four schools and five of the top eight. Undergraduate enrollments range from about 4,000 to 14,000, making them larger than those of a private liberal arts college. Total enrollments, including students, range from approximately 6,400 at Dartmouth to over 20,000 at Columbia, Cornell, Harvard. Ivy League financial endowments range from Browns $3 billion to Harvards $36.4 billion, as of 2014, Harvard University has an endowment of $36.4 billion. Additionally, each university receives millions of dollars in grants and other subsidies from federal. Harvard University uses the date that the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally allocated funds for the creation of a college, Harvard was chartered in 1650, although classes had been conducted for approximately a decade by then. The University of Pennsylvania initially considered its founding date to be 1750, later in Penns early history, the university changed its officially recognized founding date to 1749, which was used for all of the nineteenth century, including a centennial celebration in 1849. In 1899, Penns board of trustees adopted a third founding date of 1740. Penn was chartered in 1755, the same year classes began. Religious affiliation refers to financial sponsorship, formal association with, and promotion by, all of the schools in the Ivy League are private and not currently associated with any religion. Students have long revered the ivied walls of older colleges, planting the ivy was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the 1800s. In 1893 an alumnus told The Harvard Crimson, In 1850, the custom of planting the ivy, while the ivy oration was delivered, arose about this time. At Penn, graduating seniors started the custom of planting ivy at a university building each spring in 1873, Ivy planting ceremonies are reported for Yale, Simmons, Bryn Mawr and many others
New ivy
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Brown University
New ivy
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Ivy League (Ivies, Ancient Eight)
New ivy
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Columbia University
New ivy
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Cornell University
8.
The Royal Institute of Technology
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KTH Royal Institute of Technology is a university in Stockholm, Sweden, specialized in Engineering and Technology, that ranks highest in northern mainland Europe in its academic fields. The current King of Sweden Carl XVI Gustaf is its High Protector, the King of Sweden at the time, known in Sweden as Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, had prior to his crowning been Marshal of the French Empire, appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte. KTH Royal Institute of Technology is the best university of technology in northern Europe, with the exception in the area being the Technical University of Munich. The main campus buildings at Valhallavägen in Östermalm, by architect Erik Lallerstedt, were completed in 1917, the buildings and surroundings were decorated by prominent early 20th-century Swedish artists such as Carl Milles, Axel Törneman, Georg Pauli, Tore Strindberg and Ivar Johnsson. The older buildings on the campus were renovated heavily in 1994, while the original campus was large for its time, KTH very soon outgrew it, and the campus was expanded with new buildings. Today, KTH institutions and faculties are distributed across several campuses in Stockholm County, located in Flemingsberg, Haninge, Kista and Södertälje, beyond the ones in Östermalm. KTH, School of ICT, Kista offers education and research in all the areas which todays information society is based upon - from nano scale physics to the benefit of the end user, Kista is an educational environment with modern facilities, which are always open to the students. All courses are within ICT, creating a strong cohesion and an exchange over the educational programmes, Stockholm University’s computer science programmes are also located in Kista. Together, over 3000 students create an educational environment and a vibrant student life. KTH Kista is an international environment with teachers and students from all around the world. The Masters and postgraduate programmes offered by the school students from the worlds top universities. With companies such as Ericsson, Volvo, IBM, Tele2, TietoEnator, Microsoft, Intel and Oracle as neighbors, School of Technology and Health has a part of its activities in Flemingsberg. At KTH Flemingsberg the school courses in Medical Engineering and conducts research within the subject. KTHs activities in Flemingsberg started in 2002, since 2003, the school offers a Bachelor of Education in Medical Engineering, in collaboration with the Karolinska Institutet. In autumn 2008, a master of science in Medical Engineering started, Flemingsberg is an area of high academic density and one of northern Europes most important areas within biotechnology – both terms of research and industrial activities. Here are also Södertörn University and the Karolinska Institutet with over 10000 students and Novum Research Center, Flemingsberg is an area of strong growth. To meet the need for student housing more apartments are planned, in Haninge, students from two schools at KTH receive education – the School of Architecture and the Built Environment, ABE, and the School of Technology and Health, STH. Here, students study at undergraduate and master level in such as building engineering, computer engineering, electrical engineering
The Royal Institute of Technology
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Main building in winter
The Royal Institute of Technology
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Royal Institute of Technology
The Royal Institute of Technology
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Main courtyard in summer
The Royal Institute of Technology
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KTH "Courtyard" ("borggården")
9.
League of European Research Universities
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The League of European Research Universities is a consortium of European research universities. The League of European Research Universities is an association of research-intensive universities, founded in 2002, as a partnership among twelve multi-faculty research universities, in 2016 it expanded its membership to twenty-three. The purpose of the League is to influence policy in Europe, LERU is headquartered in Leuven, Belgium. Kurt Deketelaere is the current Secretary-General, trinity College Dublin and the University of Copenhagen will join the alliance on 1 January 2017. A b c These universities also belong to Europaeum, another European university network, a b c d e f These universities joined the League as new members on January 17,2006. A b c These universities also belong to the Utrecht Network, a b These universities join the League as new members on January 1,2010. Official website e-LERU Virtual Campus Bright Students’ Conference
League of European Research Universities
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League of European Research Universities
