1.
Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen
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Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen was a Dutch physicist, known for her early contributions to the theory of magnetism. She studied at Leiden University under the guidance of Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and her thesis explained why magnetism is an essentially quantum mechanical effect, a result now referred to as the Bohr–van Leeuwen theorem. She continued to investigate materials at the Technische Hogeschool Delft, first as assistant until 1947. Hendrika van Leeuwen was the sister-in-law of Gunnar Nordström, known as the Einstein of Finland, who studied in Leiden with Paul Ehrenfest, the successor of Lorentz. She was present at the celebration of the anniversary of the doctorate of Lorentz, on 11 December 1925
Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen
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Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen
2.
Nuna Solar Team
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Nuna is the name of a series of manned solar powered race cars that won the World solar challenge in Australia six times, of which four times in a row, in 2001,2003,2005,2007,2013 and 2015. The Nunas are built by students who are part of the Nuon Solar Team at the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, Nuna is also the Icelandic word now. To have a chance to win, the car has to. Sunlight that penetrates the upper layer is used in the lower layers and this type of solar cell is among the best available currently. Apart from efficiency, size also matters, so the upper surface of the Nuna 3 is covered with them. Efficiency is optimal when the cells are hit by the solar rays perpendicularly, if not, output is reduced by roughly the cosine of the angle with the perpendicular. A solar cell gives a certain amount of current for a amount of sunlight. The voltage depends on the load, the power is the product of voltage and current and therefore also depends on the load. Over a certain voltage the current of the solar cell quickly drops to zero, however, the batteries have a fairly constant voltage, which also has a rather different value than that of the solar cells. So a voltage transformation is needed and this is called a Maximum power point tracker. Here too, the goal is to have this conversion achieve maximum efficiency, the aerodynamic drag is an important part of the total resistance. Important are the surface area and the coefficient of drag. The shape must be designed to preserve laminar flow, as turbulence causes increased surface drag, the ideal shape is achieved in various stages, Through computer simulations of the design. Through testing of a model in a wind tunnel. For example, liquid paints can be applied to see the flow of air over the surface, the photo shown was taken during one of those tests in the Low Speed Laboratory of the TU Delft. Through testing of the full scale car in a wind tunnel, for this, the DNW Large Low-Speed Facility in Marknesse is used. From meteorological data at the area where the contest is to take place, the wheel caps of the Nuna 3 are designed such that a sidewind will have a propulsory effect. The motor is encased in the rear wheel to minimise loss through mechanical transmission from motor to wheel
Nuna Solar Team
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Nuna 3 at
Circuit Park Zandvoort
Nuna Solar Team
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For other uses, see
Nuna (disambiguation).
Nuna Solar Team
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The underside of the Nuna 3 model in a
wind tunnel
Nuna Solar Team
3.
Nuna 1
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Nuna 1 was a car powered by solar-power, developed by students from the Delft University of Technology. The project was sponsored by Nuon, thanks to this financial help the team was able to finish their first car, Nuna 1. The team consisted mainly out of students from the Delft University of Technology who were guided by former astronaut Wubbo Ockels, the Nuna won the World Solar Challenge in Australia in 2001, the race started in Darwin in the north to Adelaide in the south. It was the first time that the Dutch team participated in the race, the 3021 km long race was finished in 32 hours and 39 minutes, breaking the old record by the Honda-team from 1996. The average speed was 91.8 kilometer per hour, the cars shell was covered with the best dual junction and triple junction gallium-arsenide solar cells, developed for satellites. These cells had an efficiency of about 24%, the European Space Agency was about to test these cells in space in early 2003, when the technology-demonstrating SMART-1 mission was scheduled to launched to the Moon. These cells were part of a solar array, retrieved by ESA astronaut Claude Nicollier. They have been donated to the Alpha Centauri Team as a special mascot, Nuna qualified 11th 18 November 2001 - Day 1 Nuna took the lead before the first checkpoint in the race End of day 1, Nuna is in the lead. End of day 2, Nuna had a lead of 12.6 km over Aurora, M-Pulse lay in third place at 58 km and Solar Motions in fourth at 91 km.20 November 2001 - Day 3 Nuna vehicle maintains the lead in the race to reach Adelaide. End of day 3, Having travelled a distance of 2100 km. The closest rival car, Aurora, is just 15 km behind Nuna,21 November 2001 - Day 4 Nuna finishes first in a record-breaking time of 32 hours 39 minutes
Nuna 1
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Solar cell from Hubble space telescope on Nuna solar racer
4.
Nuna 5
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The Nuna 5 is the 2009 model of the Nuna series solar-powered racing car built by the Dutch Nuon Solar Team. In October 2009, Nuna 5 ran second, in a field of twenty-five and it completed the 3,021 km race in 32 hours 38 minutes, having an average speed of 91.9 km/h. The Nuon Solar Team has won the World Solar Challenge four times with Nuna in, Nuna 2, Nuna 3, the 2001 win was the first time a new team won the World Solar Challenge. At that time was called the Alpha Centauri Team, the 2009 Nuon Solar Team consists of 14 students from Delft University of Technology. As in previous years, Dutch energy supplier Nuon is the sponsor of the team. The team is assisted and advised by professor and former astronaut Wubbo Ockels, Nuon Solar Team and Nuna5 visited Japan. They visited several universities and city offices, in August 2010, Nuna 5 ran third, in the Suzuka Dream Cup in Japan. The Nuon Solar Team began designing Nuna5 on a basis in September 2008. After two series of wind tunnel tests at the Low Turbulence Tunnel laboratory of Delft University of technology in December and January, the team began building the car in February 2009. The body was built from carbon fiber at Schaap Composites shipyard in Lelystad, the car was involved in a serious crash on October 5,2009 while on a practice drive in Australia. A tire burst while the car was traveling at 110 km/h, like previous Nunas, Nuna 5 will be equipped with Gallium Arsenide triple junction solar cells. The solar cells have an efficiency of 34% and are normally used on solar panels in space. By regulations it is allowed to carry 6 square meters of solar cells, due to the type of solar cells on Nuna 5, it competed in the Challenge Class of the World Solar Challenge. The 2009 regulations are comparable to those from 2007, the major change was the diminished battery weight, changing from 30 kg in 2007 to 25 kg. Other changes required cars not be allowed to race on, previously used, slicks, also, the driver was required to sit more upright with a seating angle of, at most,27 degrees. Nuon Solar Team How low can you go, article in Leonardo times ) Nuna 5 vs. Nuna 4 dragrace on YouTube Photos from the Nuon solar team
Nuna 5
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Nuna 5
5.
Delft Institute of Technology
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Delft University of Technology, also known as TU Delft, is the largest and oldest Dutch public technological university, located in Delft, Netherlands. With eight faculties and numerous research institutes, it hosts over 19,000 students, more than 3,300 scientists, and more than 2,200 support and management staff. The university was established on 8 January 1842 by King William II of the Netherlands as a Royal Academy, Dutch Nobel laureates Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, and Simon van der Meer have been associated with TU Delft. TU Delft is a member of several university federations including the IDEA League, CESAER, UNITECH, one of the purposes of the academy was to educate civil servants for the colonies of the Dutch East India Company. The first director of the academy was Antoine Lipkens, constructor of the first Dutch optical telegraph, Royal Academy had its first building located at Oude Delft 95 in Delft. On 23 May 1863 an Act was passed imposing regulations on technical education in the Netherlands, on 20 June 1864, Royal Academy in Delft was disbanded by a Royal Decree, giving a way to a Polytechnic School of Delft. The newly formed school educated engineers of various fields and architects, yet another Act, passed on 22 May 1905, changed the name of the school to Technical College of Delft, emphasizing the academic quality of the education. Polytechnic was granted university rights and was allowed to award academic degrees, the number of students reached 450 around that time. The official opening of the new school was attended by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands on 10 July 1905, First dean of the newly established College was ir. J. Kraus, hydraulic engineer. In 1905, the first doctoral degree was awarded, from 1924 until the construction of the new campus in 1966 the ceremonies were held in the Saint Hippolytus Chapel. Corporate rights were granted to the College on 7 June 1956, most of the university buildings during that time were located within Delft city centre, with some of the buildings set on the side of the river Schie, in the Wippolder district. Student organizations grew together with the university, the first to be established on 22 March 1848 is the Delftsch Studenten Corps housed in the distinctive Sociëteit Phoenix on the Phoenixstraat. This was followed by the Delftsche Studenten Bond|de Delftsche Studenten Bond, in 1917 Proof Garden for Technical Plantation was established by Gerrit van Iterson, which today is known as Botanical Garden of TU Delft. In that period a first female professor, Toos Korvezee, was appointed, after the end of World War II, TU Delft increased its rapid academic expansion. Studium Generale was established at all universities in the Netherlands, including TU Delft, to promote a free and accessible knowledge related to culture, technology, society and science. Because of the number of students, in 1974 the first Reception Week for First Year Students was established. Since 2006 all buildings of the university are located outside of the city center of Delft. Relatively new building of Material Sciences department was sold, later demolished in 2007 to give place for a newly built building of the Haagse Hogeschool, closer cooperation between TU Delft and Dutch universities of applied sciences resulted in physical transition of some of the institutes from outside to Delft
Delft Institute of Technology
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King William II of the Netherlands, founder of Royal Academy in Delft.
Delft Institute of Technology
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Delft University of Technology
Delft Institute of Technology
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Entrance to the Mekelpark, with the statue of
Prometheus, university's symbol.
Delft Institute of Technology
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TU Delft Library
6.
Commons.wikimedia.org
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Wikimedia Commons is an online repository of free-use images, sound, and other media files. It is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, the repository contains over 38 million media files. In July 2013, the number of edits on Commons reached 100,000,000, the project was proposed by Erik Möller in March 2004 and launched on September 7,2004. The expression educational is to be according to its broad meaning of providing knowledge. Wikimedia Commons itself does not allow fair use or uploads under non-free licenses, for this reason, Wikimedia Commons always hosts freely licensed media and deletes copyright violations. The default language for Commons is English, but registered users can customize their interface to use any other user interface translations. Many content pages, in particular policy pages and portals, have also translated into various languages. Files on Wikimedia Commons are categorized using MediaWikis category system, in addition, they are often collected on individual topical gallery pages. While the project was proposed to also contain free text files. In 2012, BuzzFeed described Wikimedia Commons as littered with dicks, in 2010, Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger reported Wikimedia Commons to the FBI for hosting sexualized images of children known as lolicon. Wales responded to the backlash from the Commons community by voluntarily relinquishing some site privileges, over time, additional functionality has been developed to interface Wikimedia Commons with the other Wikimedia projects. Specialized uploading tools and scripts such as Commonist have been created to simplify the process of uploading large numbers of files. In order to free content photos uploaded to Flickr, users can participate in a defunct collaborative external review process. The site has three mechanisms for recognizing quality works, one is known as Featured pictures, where works are nominated and other community members vote to accept or reject the nomination. This process began in November 2004, another process known as Quality images began in June 2006, and has a simpler nomination process comparable to Featured pictures. Quality images only accepts works created by Wikimedia users, whereas Featured pictures additionally accepts nominations of works by third parties such as NASA, the three mentioned processes select a slight part from the total number of files. However, Commons collects files of all quality levels, from the most professional level across simple documental, files with specific defects can be tagged for improvement and warning or even proposed for deletion but there exists no process of systematic rating of all files. The site held its inaugural Picture of the Year competition, for 2006, all images that were made a Featured picture during 2006 were eligible, and voted on by eligible Wikimedia users during two rounds of voting
Commons.wikimedia.org
Commons.wikimedia.org
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Wikimedia Commons
Commons.wikimedia.org
Commons.wikimedia.org
