1.
1878
–
As of the start of 1878, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 5 – Battle of Shipka Pass IV, Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire, January 9 – Umberto I becomes King of Italy. January 17 – Battle of Philippopolis, Russian troops defeat the Turks, January 23 – Benjamin Disraeli orders the British fleet to the Dardanelles. January 24 – The revolutionary Vera Zasulich shoots at Fyodor Trepov, January 28 – The Yale News becomes the first daily college newspaper in the United States. January 31 – Turkey agrees to an armistice at Adrianople, february 2 – Greece declares war on Turkey. February 7 – Pope Pius IX dies after a 31½ year reign, february 8 – The British fleet enters Turkish waters and anchors off Istanbul, Russia threatens to occupy Istanbul but does not carry out the threat. February 18 – The Lincoln County War begins in Lincoln County, february 19 – The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison. February 20 – Pope Leo XIII succeeds Pope Pius IX as the 256th pope, february 23 - Sadguru Shri Gajanan Maharaj appeared at Shegaon, Dist, Buldhana, Maharashtra. February 24 – Anti-Russian demonstrations occur in Hyde Park, London, february 28 – Mississippi State University is created by the Mississippi Legislature. March 25 – Russia rejects a British proposal to lay the San Stefano treaty before a European congress, march 27 – In anticipation of war with Russia, Disraeli mobilizes the reserves and calls up Indian troops to Malta. April 20 – The Stawell Gift is run for the first time in Australia, may 2 – The Washburn A Mill in Minneapolis explodes, killing 18. May 15 – The Tokyo Stock Exchange is established, may 25 – Gilbert and Sullivans comic opera H. M. S. Pinafore debuts in London at the Opera Comique with a first run of 571 performances, june 1 – General Postal Union renamed Universal Postal Union. June 4 – Cyprus Convention, The Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom, june 13–July 13 – The Congress of Berlin convenes to discuss the Ottoman Empire. Coastal Survey renamed U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, july 4 – A match race between champion thoroughbred racehorses Ten Broeck and Mollie McCarty draws more than 30,000 fans to Louisville and inspires the folk song, Molly and Tenbrooks. July 26 – In California, the poet and American West outlaw calling himself Black Bart makes his last clean getaway when he steals a box from a Wells Fargo stagecoach. The empty box is later with a taunting poem inside. August 7 – The Salvation Army foundation deed is signed, august 9 – The Wallingford Tornado of 1878, the deadliest tornado in Connecticut history, destroys the town of Wallingford, killing 34 people and injuring 70 or more
1878
–
January–September –
Cleopatra's Needle erected in London.
1878
–
October 31 –
Eldkvarn burns in
Stockholm.
1878
–
Gustav Stresemann
1878
–
Alfred Döblin
2.
1972
–
Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. January 1 – Kurt Waldheim becomes Secretary-General of the United Nations, january 2 – Pierre Hotel Robbery, Six men rob the safe deposit boxes of The Pierre hotel in New York City for at least $4 million. January 3 – MGMs 1951 Show Boat is presented on television by NBC for the first time and this marks the first complete network telecast of any version of Show Boat. January 4 The first scientific calculator is introduced. Rose Heilbron becomes the first woman judge at the Old Bailey in London, january 5 – U. S. President Richard Nixon orders the development of a Space Shuttle program. January 7 Iberia Airlines Flight 602 crashes into a 462-meter peak on the island of Ibiza,104 are killed, Howard Hughes speaks to the press by telephone to denounce Clifford Irvings hoax biography of him. January 9 – The RMS Queen Elizabeth is destroyed by fire in Hong Kong harbor, january 10 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returns to Bangladesh from Pakistan. January 13 – Prime Minister of Ghana Kofi Abrefa Busia is overthrown in a military coup, january 14 – Queen Margrethe II of Denmark succeeds her father, King Frederick IX, on the throne of Denmark. January 19 – The Libertarian enclave Minerva on a platform in the South Pacific, sponsored by the Phoenix Foundation, soon neighboring Tonga annexes the area and dismantles the platform. January 20 President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto announces that Pakistan will immediately begin a nuclear weapons program, fears are growing about the economy of the United Kingdom, where unemployment is now exceeding 1 million for the first time since World War II. January 21 A New Delhi bootlegger sells wood alcohol to a party,100 die. Tripura, part of the former independent Twipra Kingdom, becomes a state of India. January 24 – Japanese soldier Shoichi Yokoi is discovered in Guam, january 25 – Shirley Chisholm, the first African American Congresswoman, announces her candidacy for President. January 26 Yugoslavian air stewardess Vesna Vulović is the only survivor when her plane crashes in Czechoslovakia and she survives after falling 10,160 meters in the tail section of the aircraft. The Aboriginal Tent Embassy is set up on the lawn of Parliament House in Canberra, january 30 Bloody Sunday, The British Army kills 14 unarmed nationalist civil rights marchers in Derry, Northern Ireland. Pakistan withdraws from the Commonwealth of Nations, january 31 – King Birendra succeeds his father as King of Nepal. February 2 A bomb explodes at the British Yacht Club in West Berlin, killing Irwin Beelitz, the German militant group 2 June Movement announces its support of the Provisional Irish Republican Army. Anti-British riots take place throughout Ireland, the British Embassy in Dublin is burned to the ground, as are several British-owned businesses
1972
–
The
arcade version of
Pong is released.
1972
–
Nixon's landslide victory in the electoral college during the
1972 Election.
1972
–
Jang Seo-hee
1972
–
Amanda Peet
3.
Delft
–
Delft is a city and a municipality in the Netherlands. It is located in the province of South Holland, to the north of Rotterdam, the city of Delft came into being aside a canal, the Delf, which comes from the word delven, meaning delving or digging, and led to the name Delft. It presumably started around the 11th century as a landlord court, from a rural village in the early Middle Ages, Delft developed to a city, that in the 13th century received its charter. The towns association with the House of Orange started when William of Orange, nicknamed William the Silent, at the time he was the leader of growing national Dutch resistance against Spanish occupation, known as the Eighty Years War. By then Delft was one of the cities of Holland. An attack by Spanish forces in October of that year was repelled, after the Act of Abjuration was proclaimed in 1581, Delft became the de facto capital of the newly independent Netherlands, as the seat of the Prince of Orange. When William was shot dead in 1584, by Balthazar Gerards in the hall of the Prinsenhof, therefore, he was buried in the Delft Nieuwe Kerk, starting a tradition for the House of Orange that has continued to the present day. The Delft Explosion, also known in history as the Delft Thunderclap, occurred on 12 October 1654 when a gunpowder store exploded, over a hundred people were killed and thousands were wounded. About 30 tonnes of gunpowder were stored in barrels in a magazine in a former Clarissen convent in the Doelenkwartier district, cornelis Soetens, the keeper of the magazine, opened the store to check a sample of the powder and a huge explosion followed. Luckily, many citizens were away, visiting a market in Schiedam or a fair in The Hague, Delft artist Egbert van der Poel painted several pictures of Delft showing the devastation. Historical buildings and other sights of interest include, Oude Kerk, buried here, Piet Hein, Johannes Vermeer, Anthony van Leeuwenhoek. Nieuwe Kerk, constructed between 1381 and 1496 and it contains the Dutch royal familys burial vault, which between funerals is sealed with a 5,000 kg cover stone. A statue of Hugo Grotius made by Franciscus Leonardus Stracké in 1886 and this is the only remaining gate of the old city walls. The Gemeenlandshuis Delfland, or Huyterhuis, built in 1505, which has housed the Delfland regional water authority since 1645, the Vermeer Centre in the rebuilt Guild house of St. Luke. Windmill De Roos, a mill built c.1760. Restored to working order in 2013, another windmill that formerly stood in Delft, Het Fortuyn, was dismantled in 1917 and re-erected at the Netherlands Open Air Museum, Arnhem, Gelderland in 1920. Delft is well known for the Delft pottery ceramic products which were styled on the imported Chinese porcelain of the 17th century, the city had an early start in this area since it was a home port of the Dutch East India Company. It can still be seen at the pottery factories De Koninklijke Porceleyne Fles, the painter Johannes Vermeer was born in Delft
Delft
–
Aerial view of Delft with from left to right three churches, a university tower building and a windmill.
Delft
–
Delft in 1652 (Blaeu)
Delft
–
Egbert van der Poel: A View of Delft after the Explosion of 1654
Delft
–
View of Delft by
Johannes Vermeer, 1660–1661
4.
Opposite leaf
–
In botany, phyllotaxis or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of leaves on a plant stem. Phyllotactic spirals form a class of patterns in nature. The basic arrangements of leaves on a stem are opposite, or alternate = spiral, leaves may also be whorled if several leaves arise, or appear to arise, from the same level on a stem. This arrangement is unusual on plants except for those with particularly short internodes. Examples of trees with whorled phyllotaxis are Brabejum stellatifolium and the related Macadamia genus, with an opposite leaf arrangement, two leaves arise from the stem at the same level, on opposite sides of the stem. An opposite leaf pair can be thought of as a whorl of two leaves, with an alternate pattern, each leaf arises at a different point on the stem. Examples include various bulbous plants such as Boophone and it also occurs in other plant habits such as those of Gasteria or Aloe seedlings, and also in some mature Aloe species such as Aloe plicatilis. In an opposite pattern, if successive leaf pairs are 90 degrees apart and it is common in members of the family Crassulaceae Decussate phyllotaxis also occurs in the Aizoaceae. A whorl can occur as a structure where all the leaves are attached at the base of the shoot. A basal whorl with a number of leaves spread out in a circle is called a rosette. A repeating spiral can be represented by a fraction describing the angle of windings leaf per leaf, alternate distichous leaves will have an angle of 1/2 of a full rotation. In beech and hazel the angle is 1/3, in oak and apricot it is 2/5, in sunflowers, poplar, and pear, it is 3/8, the numerator and denominator normally consist of a Fibonacci number and its second successor. The number of leaves is called rank, in the case of simple Fibonacci ratios. With larger Fibonacci pairs, the pattern becomes complex and non-repeating and this tends to occur with a basal configuration. Examples can be found in flowers and seed heads. The most famous example is the sunflower head and this phyllotactic pattern creates an optical effect of criss-crossing spirals. In the botanical literature, these designs are described by the number of counter-clockwise spirals and these also turn out to be Fibonacci numbers. In some cases, the appear to be multiples of Fibonacci numbers because the spirals consist of whorls
Opposite leaf
–
Crisscrossing spirals of
Aloe polyphylla
Opposite leaf
–
Veronicastrum virginicum has whorls of leaves separated by long internodes.
Opposite leaf
–
Distichous leaf arrangement in
Clivia
Opposite leaf
–
Decussate phyllotaxis of Crassula rupestris
5.
KNAW
–
The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences is an organization dedicated to the advancement of science and literature in the Netherlands. The Academy is housed in the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam, the Academy advises the Dutch government on scientific matters. The Academy offers solicited and unsolicited advice to parliament, ministries, universities and research institutes, funding agencies, nominations for candidate membership by persons or organizations outside the Academy are accepted. The acceptance criterion is delivered scientific achievements, Academy membership is therefore regarded as a great honor, and prestigious. Besides regular members, there are members and corresponding members. Since a new system was introduced in 2011 there will be no new corresponding members. Each year a maximum of sixteen members is appointed to the Academy, the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences has long embraced the entire field of learning. The Royal Academy comprises two departments, consisting of around 500 members, Science Humanities and Social Sciences Both departments have their own board, the departments, in turn, are divided into sections. The highest organ in the Academy is the meeting of members. The president was Frits van Oostrom until 1 May 2008, after which he was succeeded by Robbert Dijkgraaf, in March 2012, Hans Clevers was elected president and took office in June 2012. In 2015 he was succeeded by José van Dijck, during the French occupation of the Dutch Republic, it was founded as the Koninklijk Instituut van Wetenschappen, Letterkunde en Schoone Kunsten by Lodewijk Napoleon on May 4,1808. In 1816, after the occupation had ended, it was renamed to Koninklijk-Nederlandsch Instituut van Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schoone Kunsten, in 1851 it was disbanded and re-established as the Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen and in 1938 obtained its present name. Since 1812 the Academy has resided in the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam, the institute was awarded the Gouden Ganzenveer in 1955. De Jonge Akademie is a society of younger researchers, founded in 2005 as part of the KNAW. Ten members are elected each year for a term of five years, members are scientists between 25 and 45 years old and are selected for a record of excellence in their research. It was modelled after the similar German Junge Akademie, and both of these academies in turn were used as models for the Global Young Academy, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, official website
KNAW
–
The
Trippenhuis is the seat of the academy
6.
Beijerinck
–
Martinus Willem Beijerinck was a Dutch microbiologist and botanist. He is often considered one of the founders of virology and environmental microbiology, in spite of his numerous pioneering and seminal contributions to science in general, he was never awarded the Nobel Prize. Born in Amsterdam, Beijerinck studied at the Technical School of Delft and he obtained his Doctor of Science degree from the University of Leiden in 1877. At the time, Delft, then a Polytechnic, did not have the right to confer doctorates and he became a teacher in microbiology at the Agricultural School in Wageningen and later at the Polytechnische Hogeschool Delft. He established the Delft School of Microbiology and his studies of agricultural and industrial microbiology yielded fundamental discoveries in the field of biology. His achievements have been perhaps unfairly overshadowed by those of his contemporaries, Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur, because unlike them, in 1885 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is considered one of the founders of virology, in 1898, he published results on the filtration experiments demonstrating that tobacco mosaic disease is caused by an infectious agent smaller than a bacterium. His results were in accordance with the observation made by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892. He named the new pathogen virus to indicate its non-bacterial nature, Beijerinck asserted that the virus was somewhat liquid in nature, calling it contagium vivum fluidum. Beijerinck also discovered nitrogen fixation, the process by which diatomic nitrogen gas is converted to ammonium ions, bacteria perform nitrogen fixation, dwelling inside root nodules of certain plants. In addition to having discovered a biochemical reaction vital to soil fertility and agriculture, Beijerinck discovered the phenomenon of bacterial sulfate reduction, a form of anaerobic respiration. He learned bacteria could use sulfate as an electron acceptor. This discovery has had an important impact on our current understanding of biogeochemical cycles, spirillum desulfuricans, now known as Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, the first known sulfate-reducing bacterium, was isolated and described by Beijerinck. Beijerinck invented the enrichment culture, a method of studying microbes from the environment. He is often credited with framing the microbial ecology idea that everything is everywhere, but, the environment selects. Beijerinck was an eccentric figure. He was verbally abusive to students, never married, and had few professional collaborations and he was also known for his ascetic lifestyle and his view of science and marriage being incompatible. His low popularity with his students periodically depressed him, as he very much loved spreading his enthusiasm for biology in the classroom, beijerinckia, Beijerinckiaceae, and Beijerinck are named after him
Beijerinck
–
The Laboratory of Microbiology in
Delft, where Beijerinck worked from 1897 to 1921.
Beijerinck
–
Martinus Beijerinck
7.
Rapid microbiology
–
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, those being unicellular, multicellular, or acellular. Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, mycology, parasitology, microbiologists traditionally relied on culture, staining, and microscopy. However, less than 1% of the present in common environments can be cultured in isolation using current means. Microbiologists often rely on extraction or detection of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA sequences, viruses have been variably classified as organisms, as they have been considered either as very simple microorganisms or very complex molecules. As an application of microbiology, medical microbiology is often introduced with medical principles of immunology as microbiology and immunology, otherwise, microbiology, virology, and immunology as basic sciences have greatly exceeded the medical variants, applied sciences. The existence of microorganisms was hypothesized for many centuries before their actual discovery, the existence of unseen microbiological life was postulated by Jainism which is based on Mahavira’s teachings as early as 6th century BCE. Paul Dundas notes that Mahavira asserted existence of unseen microbiological creatures living in earth, water, air, in 1546, Girolamo Fracastoro proposed that epidemic diseases were caused by transferable seedlike entities that could transmit infection by direct or indirect contact, or vehicle transmission. However, early claims about the existence of microorganisms were speculative, actual observation and discovery of microbes had to await the invention of the microscope in the 17th century. In 1676, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who lived most of his life in Delft, Holland, observed bacteria and other microorganisms using a single-lens microscope of his own design. While Van Leeuwenhoek is often cited as the first to observe microbes, Robert Hooke made the first recorded microscopic observation, of the bodies of moulds. It has, however, been suggested that a Jesuit priest called Athanasius Kircher was the first to observe micro-organisms and he was among the first to design magic lanterns for projection purposes, so he must have been well acquainted with the properties of lenses. One of his books contains a chapter in Latin, which reads in translation – Concerning the wonderful structure of things in nature, here, he wrote who would believe that vinegar and milk abound with an innumerable multitude of worms. He also noted that material is full of innumerable creeping animalcule. These observations antedate Robert Hookes Micrographia by nearly 20 years and were published some 29 years before van Leeuwenhoek saw protozoa and 37 years before he described having seen bacteria. Joseph Lister was the first person who said infectious diseases are caused by micro-organism and was first person who used phenol as disinfectant on the wounds of patients. Cohn was also the first to formulate a scheme for the classification of bacteria. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch were contemporaries of Cohn’s and are considered to be the father of microbiology and medical microbiology. Pasteur is most famous for his series of experiments designed to disprove the widely held theory of spontaneous generation
Rapid microbiology
–
An
agar plate streaked with
microorganisms
Rapid microbiology
–
Fermenting tanks with
yeast being used to
brew beer
Rapid microbiology
–
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, is considered to be the one of the first to observe microorganisms using a microscope.
Rapid microbiology
–
Innovative
laboratory glassware and experimental methods developed by
Louis Pasteur and other biologists contributed to the young field of bacteriology in the late 19th century.
8.
Minderbroederklooster
–
Roermond is a city, a municipality, and a diocese in the southeastern part of the Netherlands. The city of Roermond is an important town, on the lower Roer at the east bank of the Meuse river. It received city rights in 1231, Roermond town centre has been designated as a conservation area. Through the centuries the town has filled the role of centre, principal town in the duchy of Guelders. The skyline of the town is dominated by the towers of its two churches, St. Christopher Cathedral and Roermond Minster or Munsterkerk in Dutch. In addition to important churches, the centre has many listed buildings. Around 1180–1543, Roermond belonged to the duchy of Guelders, in 1213 Roermond was destroyed by Otto IV of Brunswick, the Holy Roman Emperor and German King. By 1232 the city had been rebuilt, and was given its own seal, own reign, own mint, the first mention of the monastery of the Franciscan Friars Minor, the Minderbroederklooster, was in 1309. In 1361, the Chapter of the Holy Spirit moved from St. Odiliënberg to Roermond, around 1350, Roermond became the capital of the Overkwartier van Gelre. In 1388, during the Hundred Years War, a siege by the French occurred, a battle for the outer fortifications Buiten Op, destruction of these fortifications and the old parish church followed. In 1441, Roermond became a member of the Hanseatic League, between 1543–1702 the area was part of the Spanish Netherlands. On 23 April 1568 the Battle of Rheindalen occurred near Roermond, in 1572, Roermond was occupied by the Dutch William the Silent, but recaptured by the Spanish duke Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo Under Spanish rule Roermond became a bastion of the Counter-Reformation. On behalf of the Inquisition people were encouraged to report suspects of witchcraft, in 1613,64 presumed witches were burnt on the Galgeberg hill near the Kapel in het Zand in Roermond, the biggest witch trial in the Netherlands ever. In 1632 the Dutch Stadhouder Frederik Hendrik conquered Venlo, Roermond, attempts in the next years to annex Antwerp and Brussels failed, however. The northern Dutch were disappointed by the lack of local support, the Counter-Reformation had firmly reattached the local population to Roman Catholicism, and they now distrusted the Calvinist Northerners even more than they loathed the Spanish occupiers. Between 1632 and 1637, Roermond was under the control of the Dutch Republic, between 1716 and 1794, it was part of the Austrian Netherlands within the Habsburg Monarchy. On 11 December 1792, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the French under General De Miranda conquered Roermond, the city was again occupied by the French on 5 April 1794 and officially became part of the French département Meuse-Inférieure from 1795 to 1814. In 1814, during the War of the Sixth Coalition Roermond was liberated by the Russians, after the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 Roermond became part of the new Kingdom of the Netherlands
Minderbroederklooster
–
Roermond in 2011
Minderbroederklooster
–
Dutch Topographic map of Roermond (city), as of March 2014
Minderbroederklooster
–
Statue in Munsterplain, Roermond
Minderbroederklooster
–
French troops in Roermond, 1793
9.
Delft Institute of Technology
–
Delft University of Technology, also known as TU Delft, is the largest and oldest Dutch public technological university, located in Delft, Netherlands. With eight faculties and numerous research institutes, it hosts over 19,000 students, more than 3,300 scientists, and more than 2,200 support and management staff. The university was established on 8 January 1842 by King William II of the Netherlands as a Royal Academy, Dutch Nobel laureates Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, and Simon van der Meer have been associated with TU Delft. TU Delft is a member of several university federations including the IDEA League, CESAER, UNITECH, one of the purposes of the academy was to educate civil servants for the colonies of the Dutch East India Company. The first director of the academy was Antoine Lipkens, constructor of the first Dutch optical telegraph, Royal Academy had its first building located at Oude Delft 95 in Delft. On 23 May 1863 an Act was passed imposing regulations on technical education in the Netherlands, on 20 June 1864, Royal Academy in Delft was disbanded by a Royal Decree, giving a way to a Polytechnic School of Delft. The newly formed school educated engineers of various fields and architects, yet another Act, passed on 22 May 1905, changed the name of the school to Technical College of Delft, emphasizing the academic quality of the education. Polytechnic was granted university rights and was allowed to award academic degrees, the number of students reached 450 around that time. The official opening of the new school was attended by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands on 10 July 1905, First dean of the newly established College was ir. J. Kraus, hydraulic engineer. In 1905, the first doctoral degree was awarded, from 1924 until the construction of the new campus in 1966 the ceremonies were held in the Saint Hippolytus Chapel. Corporate rights were granted to the College on 7 June 1956, most of the university buildings during that time were located within Delft city centre, with some of the buildings set on the side of the river Schie, in the Wippolder district. Student organizations grew together with the university, the first to be established on 22 March 1848 is the Delftsch Studenten Corps housed in the distinctive Sociëteit Phoenix on the Phoenixstraat. This was followed by the Delftsche Studenten Bond|de Delftsche Studenten Bond, in 1917 Proof Garden for Technical Plantation was established by Gerrit van Iterson, which today is known as Botanical Garden of TU Delft. In that period a first female professor, Toos Korvezee, was appointed, after the end of World War II, TU Delft increased its rapid academic expansion. Studium Generale was established at all universities in the Netherlands, including TU Delft, to promote a free and accessible knowledge related to culture, technology, society and science. Because of the number of students, in 1974 the first Reception Week for First Year Students was established. Since 2006 all buildings of the university are located outside of the city center of Delft. Relatively new building of Material Sciences department was sold, later demolished in 2007 to give place for a newly built building of the Haagse Hogeschool, closer cooperation between TU Delft and Dutch universities of applied sciences resulted in physical transition of some of the institutes from outside to Delft
Delft Institute of Technology
–
King William II of the Netherlands, founder of Royal Academy in Delft.
Delft Institute of Technology
–
Delft University of Technology
Delft Institute of Technology
–
Entrance to the Mekelpark, with the statue of
Prometheus, university's symbol.
Delft Institute of Technology
–
TU Delft Library
Nederland
