1.
Olympus Corporation
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Olympus Corporation is a Japanese manufacturer of optics and reprography products. Olympus was established on 12 October 1919, initially specializing in microscope, Olympus enjoys a majority share of the world market in gastro-intestinal endoscopes. It has a roughly 70% share of the market whose estimated value is US$2.5 billion. Its global headquarters are in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan, the company is owned 17% by two large camera makers, Sony and Mitsubishi. In 1936, Olympus introduced its first camera, the Semi-Olympus I, the first innovative camera series from Olympus was the Pen, launched in 1959. The half-frame format, allowing 72 pictures of 18 × 24mm format on a standard 36 exposure roll of film, made Pen cameras compact and portable for their time. The Pen system design team, led by Yoshihisa Maitani, later created the OM system, eventually the system included 14 different bodies, approximately 60 Zuiko-branded lenses, and numerous camera accessories. A second version of the system was available the year after, Tsuyoshi Kikukawa, who was later to become President of Olympus, foresaw the demand for the digital SLR, and is credited with the companys strategy in digital photography. He fought for commitment by Olympus to enter the market in high-resolution photographic products, as a result of his efforts, Olympus released an 810, 000-pixel digital camera for the mass market in 1996, when the resolution of rivals offerings were less than half. The very next year, Olympus hit the market with a 1.41 million pixel camera, by 2001, the companys annual turnover from digital photography was in excess of ¥100 billion. Olympus manufactures compact digital cameras and is the designer of the Four-Thirds System standard for digital single-lens reflex cameras, Olympus Four Thirds system flagship DSLR camera is the E-5 released in 2010. Olympus is also the largest manufacturer of Four-Thirds lenses, under the Zuiko brand, at one time, Olympus cameras used only the proprietary xD-Picture Card for storage media. This storage solution is less popular than more common formats, and recent cameras can use SD, the most recent development is Olympus focus on the Micro Four Thirds system. The Olympus Pearlcorder L400, released in the 1980s, was the smallest and lightest Microcassette Voice recorder ever offered for sale,2.9 ×0.8 ×2.0 in. In 2012, the announced that Sony and Fujifilm had offered forming a capital alliance. Olympus manufactures endoscopic, ultrasound, electrocautery, endotherapy, and cleaning, the first flexible Endoscope in the world was co-developed and manufactured by Olympus in Tokyo. Through its comprehensive product range and its reactivity to market innovations and it has roughly 70% share of the global market whose estimated valued at US$2.5 billion. On 28 September 2012, Olympus and Sony announced that the two companies will establish a joint venture to develop new surgical endoscopes with 4K resolution and 3D capability
2.
Spiegelreflexcamera
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A single-lens reflex camera is a camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system that permits the photographer to view through the lens and see exactly what will be captured. With twin lens reflex and rangefinder cameras, the image could be significantly different from the final image. When the shutter button is pressed on a mechanical SLR, the mirror out of the light path, allowing light to pass through to the light receptor. Prior to the development of SLR, all cameras with viewfinders had two light paths, one path through the lens to the film, and another path positioned above or to the side. Because the viewfinder and the lens cannot share the same optical path. This is not problematic for pictures taken at a middle or longer distance, moreover, focusing the lens of a fast reflex camera when it is opened to wider apertures is not easy. Most SLR cameras permit upright and laterally correct viewing through use of a roof pentaprism situated in the path between the reflex mirror and viewfinder. When the shutter is released, the mirror out of the light path. The Canon Pellix film camera was an exception to the mirror system. Focus can be adjusted manually by the photographer or automatically by an autofocus system, the viewfinder can include a matte focusing screen located just above the mirror system to diffuse the light. This permits accurate viewing, composing and focusing, especially useful with interchangeable lenses, nearly all inexpensive compact digital cameras now include an LCD preview screen allowing the photographer to see what the CCD is capturing. However, SLR is still popular in high-end and professional cameras because they are system cameras with interchangeable parts and they also have far less shutter lag, allowing photographs to be timed more precisely. Also the pixel resolution, contrast ratio, refresh rate, and color gamut of an LCD preview screen cannot compete with the clarity, large format SLR cameras were probably first marketed with the introduction of C. R. Smiths Monocular Duplex. SLRs for smaller exposure formats were launched in the 1920s by several camera makers, the first 35mm SLR available to the mass market, Leicas PLOOT reflex housing along with a 200mm f4.5 lens paired to a 35mm rangefinder camera body, debuted in 1935. The Soviet Спорт, also a 24mm by 36mm image size, was prototyped in 1934, K. Nüchterleins Kine Exakta was the first integrated 35mm SLR to enter the market. Additional Exakta models, all with waist-level finders, were produced up to, another ancestor of the modern SLR camera was the Swiss-made Alpa, which was innovative, and influenced the later Japanese cameras. The Duflex, which went into production in 1948, was also the worlds first SLR with an instant-return mirror. The first commercially produced SLR that employed a roof pentaprism was the Italian Rectaflex A, the Japanese adopted and further developed the SLR
3.
Praktica
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Praktica is a brand of camera manufactured by Pentacon in Dresden in eastern Germany, formerly within the GDR prior to German reunification in 1990. Pentacon is the successor to Dresden camera firms such as Zeiss Ikon. Currently Praktica is the only sold by the company, previous ones included Zeiss Ikon, Contax, Exakta, Pentacon. The firm collapsed after German reunification but was resurrected in partnership with Schneider Kreuznach, one of the first inventions of the firm, which is still known today, was the roll film SLR camera in 1936. In the Eastern bloc countries, the products were more known than in the western world. They currently produce both budget lenses and higher priced products and they also produce optical equipment for the space programs of the US, Western Europe, and Russia. 1887 Richard Hüttig founded the first camera manufacturing company in Dresden,1896 Zeus-mirror reflex camera with plate magazine as first single-lens reflex camera from Dresden by the company Richard Hüttig & Sohn. 1897-98 Foundation of the Aktiengesellschaft für Camera-Fabrikation Heinrich Ernemann in Dresden,1903 Bosco mirror camera for 9×9 roll films by the Wünsche AG. 1903 The Ernemann-Kino movie camera uses 17.5 mm One-hole filmstrips for taking and displaying movies, the word Kino had been born. 1906 Hüttig-AG becomes the biggest camera manufacturer in Europe with more than 800 employees,1912 Foundation of the Industrie- und Handelsgesellschaft m. b. H. named Ihagee Kamerawerk GmbH since 1914. 1919 Foundation of the shop of Benno Thorsch and Paul Guthe. 1923 Inauguration of the 48 m high building of the Ernemann AG. 1924 The high-speed Ernostar lens designed by Ludwig Bertele of Ernemann AG, was first made in f/2 and its unprecedented speed made available-light photography possible for the first time. While it was supplied to a number of cameras, it was best known on Ernemanns own Er-Nox cameras. 1926 With the help of the Carl Zeiss Stiftung, four German camera manufacturers - Contessa-Nettel, Ernemann and ICA, goerz were merged to form Zeiss-Ikon AG, and became the largest camera manufacturer in Europe with 3400 employees. 1936 Kine Exakta, first 35 mm single-lens reflex camera introduced by Ihagee Kamerawerk Steenbergen & Co.1939 Praktiflex introduced by K. W and it also introduced the M42 screw lens mount for interchangeable lenses. 1965 PRAKTICA mat by VEB Pentacon Dresden is the first 35 mm single-lens reflex camera with TTL exposure measurement in Europe,1969 PRAKTICA LLC is the first 35 mm single-lens reflex camera with electrical diaphragm simulation between interchangeable lenses and camera body by the VEB Pentacon. The MTL series was successful and is not mentioned, so is the electronic SLRs of the B series
4.
Olympus OM-1
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The Olympus OM-1 is a manually operated 35mm single-lens reflex camera. It is part of the Olympus OM system, the first model was presented at photokina in Cologne in 1972 and was called the Olympus M-1. The Olympus M-1 changed this and with it began a reduction of size, weight and it was designed by a team led by Yoshihisa Maitani, who had already created the Pen and Pen F cameras, noted for their compactness. Since Leicas flagship rangefinder cameras are known as the M Series, Leica complained about the name of the M-1, because of this, today bodies and lenses with the original M name are rare and sought after by collectors. The OM-1 is an all-mechanical SLR and it has a large viewfinder with interchangeable screens but a fixed prism. It also has an exposure meter controlling a needle visible in the viewfinder. It has a body, essentially retained on later models. The shutter speed dial is located around the mount, which allows photographers to keep the camera at the eye between shots more easily than SLRs with the dial located on the top plate. Originally, the plate needed to be modified to mount a motor drive on the OM-1. In 1974, Olympus launched the OM-1MD, to which a motor drive can be attached without need for modification and this new version has a small plate marked MD on the front, and a small slot with a circular cover on the underside that covers the motor drive coupling. Modern Classic SLRs Series, Olympus OM-1, media related to Olympus OM-1 at Wikimedia Commons Olympus History, OM Series Olympus Corporation History Page. Olympus M-1 User review and further details
5.
Olympus OM-2
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The Olympus OM-2 is a single-lens reflex film system camera produced by Olympus of Japan. The Olympus OM-2 is an aperture-priority automatic-exposure camera, based on the earlier, the OM-2 was introduced in 1975, and combined the light, sturdy camera body style of the manual-only OM-1 with a new automatic exposure system. Of the many features the OM-2 boasted, the most commonly advertised feature was that it was the first camera to offer a TTL direct metering system for film and this off the film metering was the first ever. Another feature of the OM-2 was the integration of two available electronic flash guns into the system, the camera set the duration and intensity of the flash during exposure using its inbuilt sensors by measuring the amount of light reflected off the film. This ensured excellent results under difficult conditions, for shutter speeds below 1/60s, exposure was calculated from the amount of light reflected off the film surface during the exposure. The shutter was a horizontal-running cloth type, in auto-exposure mode the camera was capable of giving exposures from 60s-1/1000s. The camera also offered a metered manual-exposure mode, with speeds of 1s-1/1000s, the model series appeared in the following order, OM2, OM2 MD, OM2n MD and thereafter the heavily revised OM2S/OM2 Spot Program which was, essentially, a new mechanism within a similar body. The OM2, OM2 MD and OM2n MD camera came in chrome or black finish, the OM2S and OM2 Spot/Program came only in black. The non-MD badged OM2 cameras needed to go to a facility to enable attachment of a motor drive. OM2 and OM2 MD cameras had the accessory shoe 2 or 3 for attaching a flash unit. This had the central sync contact plus one other and a single, additionally, the OM2 and OM2 MD models had a re-set position on the shutter speed dial adjacent to the B setting. This was used to re-set the shutter mechanism in the event of mirror lock-up when the batteries were drained. OM2n MD The OM2n MD, manufactured from 1979 to 1984, has a lower-case n engraved next to the number on the front plate at the rewind lever and on the top plate. Additionally, the function was moved to the top of the camera via the power-switch. The n model had a new, re-contoured advance lever which had smoother, rounded edges as opposed to the OM2, the OM2n MD used accessory shoe 4 with two additional contacts above the main central sync point. This shoe used two small pins to make contact with the camera circuitry, the flash shoes are not backwardly interchangeable between models. The n also had a contact inside the chamber for the Recordata back. Finally, if used with a T-Series flash, the flash, the OM-2SP Spot Program was a thorough overhaul of the OM2 innards to make the model more competitive
6.
Titanium
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Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a transition metal with a silver color, low density. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791, and it is named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth for the Titans of Greek mythology. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll, the most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride, a component of smoke screens and catalysts, and titanium trichloride, the two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio, the highest of any metallic element. In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some steels, there are two allotropic forms and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element, 46Ti through 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant. Although they have the number of valence electrons and are in the same group in the periodic table. As a metal, titanium is recognized for its high strength-to-weight ratio and it is a strong metal with low density that is quite ductile, lustrous, and metallic-white in color. The relatively high melting point makes it useful as a refractory metal and it is paramagnetic and has fairly low electrical and thermal conductivity. Commercial grades of titanium have ultimate tensile strength of about 434 MPa, equal to that of common, low-grade steel alloys, titanium is 60% denser than aluminium, but more than twice as strong as the most commonly used 6061-T6 aluminium alloy. Certain titanium alloys achieve tensile strengths of over 1400 MPa, however, titanium loses strength when heated above 430 °C. Titanium is not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel, it is non-magnetic, machining requires precautions, because the material might gall unless sharp tools and proper cooling methods are used. Like steel structures, those made from titanium have a limit that guarantees longevity in some applications. The metal is an allotrope of an hexagonal α form that changes into a body-centered cubic β form at 882 °C. The specific heat of the α form increases dramatically as it is heated to this transition temperature but then falls, similar to zirconium and hafnium, an additional omega phase exists, which is thermodynamically stable at high pressures, but metastable at ambient pressures. This phase is usually hexagonal or trigonal and can be considered to be due to a soft longitudinal acoustic phonon of the β phase causing collapse of planes of atoms, like aluminium and magnesium, titanium metal and its alloys oxidize immediately upon exposure to air. Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 °C in air and it is, however, slow to react with water and air at ambient temperatures because it forms a passive oxide coating that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation. When it first forms, this layer is only 1–2 nm thick but continues to grow slowly
7.
Rode-ogeneffect
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The red-eye effect in photography is the common appearance of red pupils in color photographs of eyes. It occurs when using a photographic flash very close to the camera lens, the effect appears in the eyes of humans, and of animals that have tapetum lucidum. Theatrical followspot operators, positioned nearly coincidentally with a bright light and somewhat distant from the actors. The effect is not visible to the rest of the audience because it is reliant on the small angle between the followspot operator and the light. The camera records this reflected light, the main cause of the red color is the ample amount of blood in the choroid which nourishes the back of the eye and is located behind the retina. The blood in the circulation is far less than in the choroid. The eye contains several photostable pigments that all absorb in the wavelength region. The lens cuts off deep blue and violet light, below 430 nm, melanin, located in the retinal pigment epithelium and the choroid, shows a gradually increasing absorption towards the short wavelengths. But blood is the determinant of the red color, because it is completely transparent at long wavelengths. The amount of red light emerging from the pupil depends on the amount of melanin in the layers behind the retina and this amount varies strongly between individuals. Light skinned people with blue eyes have relatively low melanin in the fundus and thus show a much stronger effect than dark skinned people with brown eyes. The color of the iris itself is of no importance for the red-eye effect. This is obvious because the effect is most apparent when photographing dark adapted subjects. The role of melanin in red-eye effect is demonstrated in animals with heterochromia. The effect is more pronounced in humans and animals with albinism. All forms of albinism involve abnormal production and/or deposition of melanin, similar effects, some related to red-eye effect, are of several kinds, In many flash photographs, even those without perceptible red-eye effect, many animals pupils display eyeshine. Although eyeshine is an effect, animals with blue eyes may display the red-eye effect in addition to eyeshine. A related effect, red reflex, is seen in fundoscopy, here, in photographs recorded with infrared-sensitive passive equipment, the eyes usually appear very bright
