1.
1702
–
As of the start of 1702, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. In the Swedish calendar it was a year starting on Wednesday, one day ahead of the Julian. January 12 – In North America, ships from Fort Maurepas arrive at Twenty-Seven Mile Bluff to build Fort Louis de la Mobile to become the capital of French Louisiana. March 8 – William III of England dies of complications following a fall from his horse on February 20, his sister-in-law Princess Anne Stuart becomes Queen Anne of England, Scotland and Ireland. Anne is the mother of 17 children by her husband Prince George of Denmark and Norway but none will survive childhood, the States General of the Netherlands do not appoint a new stadtholder and so the Dutch Republic becomes a true republic again. March 11 – The first regular English-language national newspaper, The Daily Courant, is published for the first time in Fleet Street in the City of London, may – Warsaw is conquered by Charles XII of Sweden. May 14 – The War of the Spanish Succession widens, as war is declared on France by the Grand Alliance, june – Queen Annes Captain-General John Churchill forces the surrender of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine. July 19 – Battle of Klissow, Charles XII of Sweden decisively defeats the Polish–Lithuanian-Saxon army, september – John Churchill forces the surrender of Venlo on the Meuse River. October Sir George Rooke fails to take Cadiz, but captures a Spanish treasure fleet and destroys French, Churchill forces the surrender of Liège. Battle of Flint River, failed attack by Spanish and Apalachee Indian forces against Creek Indians supported by English traders in what is now the state of Georgia, october 10 – Siege of St. Augustine opens, English forces besiege St. Augustine in Spanish Florida. First major action in Queen Annes War in North America, october 27 – English troops plunder St. Augustine in Spanish Florida. December 14 – John Churchill is created duke of Marlborough, december 30 – Siege of St. Augustine lifted
1702
–
October 27:
St. Augustine.
2.
1811
–
As of the start of 1811, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 8 – An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslondes in St. Charles and St. James Parishes, January 22 – The Casas Revolt begins in San Antonio, Spanish Texas. February 5 – British Regency, George, Prince of Wales becomes Prince Regent because of the insanity of his father. February 19 – Peninsular War, Battle of the Gebora – An outnumbered French force under Édouard Mortier routs, march 1 – Citadel Massacre in Cairo, Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali kills the last Mamluk leaders. March 5 – Peninsular War, Battle of Barrosa, an unsuccessful French attack on a larger Anglo-Portuguese-Spanish force attempting to lift the Siege of Cádiz in Spain, march 13 – Battle of Lissa, The British fleet defeats the French. March 22 – The Commissioners Plan for Manhattan is presented, march 25 – Great Comet discovered by Honoré Flaugergues. March 27 – Battle of Anholt, The British Navy defeats Denmark, march 28 – Henri Christophe is proclaimed King Henri I, turning the northern State of Haiti into the Kingdom of Haiti. April 5–6 – Revolutionary riots occur in Buenos Aires, may 14 – Paraguay declares independence from the Spanish Empire. May 16 – Peninsular War Battle of Albuera, Spain, Portugal, may 18 – The Battle of Las Piedras is fought near Las Piedras, Banda Oriental, resulting in the first victory for the independentists of Uruguay. June 9 – The Great Podil fire breaks out in Kiev, June 10 – A volcanic eruption briefly creates Sabrina Island. June 15 – The Klågerup riots in Sweden, July 5 – Venezuela declares its Independence from the Spanish Empire. July 9 – British explorer David Thompson posts a notice at the confluence of the Columbia, July 11 – The Russian Empire removes Anton II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, from his office, placing a Russian-appointed bishop at the head of the Georgian church. July 14 Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro publishes his memoire about the content of gases. David Thompson reaches the mouth of the Columbia River, finding Fort Astoria under construction, July 30 — Mexican War of Independence, Priest and military leader Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla is executed as a rebel by the Spanish government of New Spain. October 11 – Inventor John Stevens boat, the Juliana, begins operation as the first steam-powered ferry service, october 23 – José Gervasio Artigas and 16.000 orientales leave the Banda Oriental del Uruguay to go into exile. October 26 – The Argentine Government declares freedom of expression for the press, november – Luddite uprisings begin in northern England and the Midlands. November 7 – Battle of Tippecanoe, American troops led by William Henry Harrison defeat the Native American spiritual leader Tenskwatawa, november 17 – José Miguel Carrera, Chilean founding father, is sworn in as President of the executive Junta of the government of Chile. December 2 – Reverend Samuel Marsden sends the first commercial shipment of wool from New South Wales to England, december 16 – The New Madrid earthquake in the Mississippi Valley near New Madrid reverses the course of the river for a while
1811
–
A picture of the Italian scientist
Amedeo Avogadro, who on July 14, 1811 published his memoir about the molecular content of gases.
1811
–
Robert Bunsen
1811
–
Harriet Beecher Stowe
1811
–
Franz Liszt
3.
1945
–
Below, events of World War II have the WWII prefix. January – WWII, Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine continues, January 1 – WWII, Germany begins Operation Bodenplatte, an attempt by the Luftwaffe to cripple Allied air forces in the Low Countries. The Chenogne massacre in which German prisoners are killed by American forces near the village of Chenogne. January 5 – Australia recognizes the Polish Committee of National Liberation as the government of Poland, January 7 – WWII, British General Bernard Montgomery holds a press conference at Zonhoven describing his role at the Battle of the Bulge. January 12 – WWII, The Soviet Union begins the Vistula–Oder Offensive in Eastern Europe against the German Army, January 13 – WWII, The Soviet Union begins the East Prussian Offensive to eliminate German forces in East Prussia. January 16 – WWII, Adolf Hitler takes residence in the Führerbunker in Berlin, January 17 WWII, The Soviet Union occupies Warsaw, Poland. The Holocaust, A Soviet patrol arrests Raoul Wallenberg in Hungary, January 18 – The Holocaust, The SS begins evacuation of Auschwitz concentration camp. Nearly 60,000 prisoners, mostly Jews, are forced to march to other locations in Germany, the 7,000 too sick to move are left without supplies being distributed. January 19 – The Holocaust, Soviet forces liberate the Łódź Ghetto, January 20 – Franklin D. Roosevelt is sworn in for a fourth term as President of the United States, the only President ever to exceed two terms. January 23 – WWII, Hungary agrees to an armistice with the Allies, morton is the only Allied correspondent to be executed by the Axis during the war. January 26 – WWII, Infantry action at Holtzwihr, France, January 27 – The Holocaust, The Soviet Red Army liberates the Auschwitz and Birkenau concentration camps. January 28 – WWII, Supplies begin to reach China over the newly reopened Burma Road, raid at Cabanatuan,121 American soldiers and 800 Filipino guerrillas free 813 American prisoners of war from the Japanese-held camp in the city of Cabanatuan in the Philippines. Adolf Hitler makes his last public speech to be delivered personally, on broadcast radio, eddie Slovik is executed by firing squad near Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines for desertion, the only U. S. soldier since the American Civil War ever executed for this offense. February Anne Frank dies of typhus in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, raymond L. Libby of American Cyanamids research laboratories at Stamford, Connecticut, announces a method of orally administering the antibiotic penicillin. February 3 – WWII, Battle of Manila, United States forces enter the outskirts of Manila to capture it from the Japanese Imperial Army, the Soviet Union agrees to enter the Pacific War against Japan once hostilities against Germany are concluded. February 4–11 – WWII, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill, february 6 – French writer Robert Brasillach is executed for collaboration with the Germans. February 7 – WWII, General Douglas MacArthur returns to Manila, february 9 Walter Ulbricht becomes leader of the German Communists in Moscow. WWII, Black Friday, A force of Allied Bristol Beaufighter aircraft suffers heavy casualties in an attack on German destroyer Z33 and escorting vessels sheltering in Førde Fjord
1945
–
January 27: The Soviet
Red Army liberates
Auschwitz.
1945
–
The "Big Three" at the
Yalta Conference:
Winston Churchill,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and
Joseph Stalin, February 2, 1945.
1945
–
During the
Battle of Iwo Jima, U.S. Marines land on
the island, February 19, 1945.
1945
–
The
Japanese battleship Yamato explodes after persistent attacks from U.S. aircraft during the
Battle of Okinawa, 7 April 1945.
4.
September 1985
–
The year 1985 was designated as the International Youth Year by the United Nations. January 1 The Internets Domain Name System is created, greenland is withdrawn from the European Economic Community. First UK Cellular Mobile Phone Network Launched by Vodafone January 7 – Cellnet Launches 2nd UK Cellular Network January 10 – Kenya recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, January 15 – Tancredo Neves is elected president of Brazil by the Congress, ending the 21-year military rule. January 17 – British Telecom announces it is going to phase out its famous red telephone boxes, January 20 – Ronald Reagan is privately sworn in for a second term as President of the United States. January 21 – President Ronald Reagan is publicly sworn in, January 27 – The Economic Cooperation Organization is formed. January 28 – The charity single record We Are the World is recorded by USA for Africa, February 4 – The border between Gibraltar and Spain reopens for the first time since Francisco Franco closed it in 1969. February 5 – Australia cancels its involvement in U. S. -led MX missile tests, February 9 – U. S. drug agent Kiki Camarena is kidnapped and murdered in Mexico February 10 – Nelson Mandela rejects an offer of freedom from the South African government. February 12 – Rafael Addiego Bruno is sworn in as interim President of Uruguay, February 14 – CNN reporter Jeremy Levin is freed from captivity in Lebanon. February 16 Israel begins withdrawing troops from Lebanon, the ideology of Hezbollah is declared in a program issued in Beirut. February 19 William J. Schroeder becomes the first artificial heart patient to leave hospital, china Airlines Flight 006 is involved in a mid-air incident, while there are 22 minor injuries and 2 serious injuries, no one is killed. The first episode of the long-running British soap opera EastEnders is broadcast on BBC One television, February 20 – Minolta releases the Maxxum 7000, the worlds first autofocus single-lens reflex camera. March – The GNU Manifesto, written by Richard Stallman, is first published, march 1 – After a 12-year-long dictatorship, Julio María Sanguinetti is sworn in as the first democratically elected President of Uruguay. March 3 – An 8.0 on the Richter magnitude scale earthquake hits Santiago and Valparaíso, Chile, leaving 177 dead,2,575 injured,142,489 houses destroyed, and about a million people homeless. March 4 – The United States Food and Drug Administration approves a blood test for AIDS, march 8 – A Beirut car bomb, planted in an attempt to assassinate Islamic cleric Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah, kills more than 80 people, injuring 200. March 11 Mikhail Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, mohamed Al-Fayed buys the London-based department store company Harrods. March 14 – Five lionesses at the Singapore Zoo are put on birth control after the population increases from 2 to 16. March 15 – Vice-President José Sarney, upon becoming president, assumes the duties of president of Brazil, as the new president Tancredo Neves had become severely ill. Sarney will become Brazils first civilian president in 21 years, upon Neves death on April 21, march 16 – Associated Press reporter Terry Anderson is taken hostage in Beirut
September 1985
–
Live Aid at JFK Stadium in Philadelphia
September 1985
–
An
CIE 141 Class about to haul the rolling stock forward for the
NIR Class 111 to shunt into position at
Dublin Connolly to bring the
Enterprise back to
Belfast Central.
September 1985
–
Lewis Hamilton
September 1985
–
András Kállay-Saunders
5.
List of '1996 in' articles
–
January 3 – Motorola introduces the Motorola StarTAC Wearable Cellular Telephone, the worlds smallest and lightest mobile phone to date. January 4 – Hosni Mubarak, the president of Egypt, appoints a new government in response to accusations of corruption in the elections in late 1995. January 5 – Hamas operative Yahya Ayyash is assassinated by an Israeli Shabak-planted, january 7 – One of the worst blizzards in American history hits the eastern states, killing more than 150 people. Philadelphia receives a record 30.7 inches of snowfall, New York Citys public schools close for the first time in 18 years, january 8 – A Zairean cargo plane crashes into a crowded market in the center of the capital Kinshasa, killing 300. January 9–January 20 – Serious fighting breaks out between Russian soldiers and rebel fighters in Chechnya, january 11 – Ryutaro Hashimoto, leader of the Liberal Democratic Party, becomes Prime Minister of Japan. January 13 – Italys prime minister, Lamberto Dini, resigns after the failure of all-party talks to confirm him, New talks are initiated by president Oscar Luigi Scalfaro to form a new government. January 14 – Jorge Sampaio is elected president of Portugal, january 16 – President of Sierra Leone Valentine Strasser is deposed by the chief of defence, Julius Maada Bio. Bio promises to power following elections scheduled for February. The North Cape Barge is pulled along with it and leaks 820,000 gallons of heating oil. An Indonesian ferry sinks off the tip of Sumatra, drowning more than 100 people. January 20 – Yasser Arafat is re-elected president of the Palestinian Authority, january 21 – France undertakes its last nuclear weapon test. January 22 – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece, resigns due to health problems, january 24 – Polish Premier Józef Oleksy resigns amid charges that he spied for Moscow. He is replaced by Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz, january 26 – Whitewater scandal, U. S. First Lady Hillary Clinton testifies before a grand jury, january 27 – Colonel Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara deposes the first democratically elected president of Niger, Mahamane Ousmane, in a military coup. January 29 President Jacques Chirac announces an end to French nuclear testing. Fire destroys La Fenice, Venices opera house, january 30 – Irish National Liberation Army leader Gino Gallagher is killed in an internal feud. January 30–February 5 – Sarah Balabagan is caned in the United Arab Emirates, january 31 Colombo Central Bank bombing, an explosives-filled truck rams into the gates of the Central Bank in Colombo, Sri Lanka, killing at least 86 and injuring 1,400. An explosion in Shaoyang, China kills 122 and injures over 400 when 10 short tons of dynamite in an explosives warehouse underneath an apartment building detonate
List of '1996 in' articles
–
Yasser Arafat
List of '1996 in' articles
–
Feb.15:
Long March rocket, with Intelsat 708 satellite, veers upon launch (images from Cox Commission report for
U.S. Congress).
List of '1996 in' articles
–
The electron microscope revealed chain structures in meteorite fragment
ALH84001.
List of '1996 in' articles
–
Loïc Nottet
6.
List of '1997 in' articles
–
January 17 – A Delta II rocket carrying a military GPS payload explodes, shortly after liftoff from Cape Canaveral. January 18 – In northwest Rwanda, Hutu militia members kill 6 Spanish aid workers,3 soldiers, january 19 – Yasser Arafat returns to Hebron after more than 30 years, and joins celebrations over the handover of the last Israeli-controlled West Bank city. January 20 – Bill Clinton is sworn in for a term as President of the United States. January 22 – Madeleine Albright becomes the first female Secretary of State, january 23 – Mir Aimal Kasi is sentenced to death for a 1993 assault rifle attack outside CIA headquarters that killed 2 and wounded 3. January 27 – It is revealed that French museums had nearly 2,000 pieces of art that had been stolen by Nazis, february 4 On their way to Lebanon,2 Israeli troop-transport helicopters collide, killing 73. After at first contesting the results, Serbian President Slobodan Milošević recognizes opposition victories in the November 1996 elections, British Home Secretary Michael Howard informs Moors Murderer Myra Hindley that she will never be released from prison. Mr. Howard has made the decision in agreement with a made by his predecessor David Waddington in 1990. February 5 The so-called Big Three banks in Switzerland announce the creation of a $71 million fund to aid Holocaust survivors, morgan Stanley and Dean Witter Reynolds investment banks announce a $10 billion merger. February 10 The United States Army suspends Gene C, mcKinney, Sergeant Major of the Army, its top-ranking enlisted soldier, after hearing allegations of sexual misconduct. Sandline affair, Australian newspapers publish stories that the government of Papua New Guinea has brought mercenaries onto Bougainville Island, february 13 STS-82, Tune-up and repair work on the Hubble Space Telescope is started by astronauts from the Space Shuttle Discovery. The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 7,000 for the first time, february 22 – In Roslin, Scotland, scientists announce that an adult sheep named Dolly had been successfully cloned, and was born in July 1996. February 23 – A small fire occurs on the Russian space station Mir, february 27 – Divorce becomes legal in the Republic of Ireland. February 28 – North Hollywood shootout, Two robbers wearing kevlar body armor armed with AK-47s containing armor-piercing bullets injure 17 police officers, the incident sparks debate on the appropriate firepower for United States patrol officers to have available in similar situations in the future. March 4 – U. S. President Bill Clinton bans federal funding for any research on human cloning, march 6 Pablo Picassos Tête de Femme is stolen from a London gallery. In Sri Lanka, Tamil Tigers overrun a military base and kill more than 200, march 13 Indias Missionaries of Charity chooses Sister Nirmala to succeed Mother Teresa as its leader. The National Peoples Congress of the Peoples Republic of China creates a new Chongqing Municipality, the Phoenix Lights, a series of UFOs, are seen over Phoenix, Arizona. March 16 – Sandline affair, On Bougainville Island, soldiers of commander Jerry Singirok arrest Tim Spicer and his mercenaries of the Sandline International. March 18 – The tail of a Russian An-24 charter plane breaks off while en route to Turkey, causing the plane to crash, killing all 50 on board, and resulting in the grounding of all An-24s
List of '1997 in' articles
–
The funeral cortege of
Diana, Princess of Wales, en route to
Westminster Abbey from
Kensington Palace.
List of '1997 in' articles
–
Mary McAleese
List of '1997 in' articles
–
Jack Andraka
List of '1997 in' articles
–
Cody Simpson
7.
Mohammad Abdus Salam
–
Mohammad Abdus Salam NI, SPk, KBE, was a Pakistani theoretical physicist. A major figure in 20th century theoretical physics, he shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics with Sheldon Glashow and he was the first Pakistani and first Muslim to receive a Nobel Prize in science and the second from an Islamic country to receive any Nobel Prize. He was the director of the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission. In 1998, following the nuclear tests, the Government of Pakistan issued a commemorative stamp, as a part of Scientists of Pakistan. Salam made a contribution in quantum field theory and in the advancement of Mathematics at Imperial College London. Salam heavily contributed to the rise of Pakistani physics to the community in the world. Even until shortly before his death, Salam continued to contribute to physics, Abdus Salam was born to Chaudhry Muhammad Hussain and Hajira Hussain, into an Ahmadi Muslim Punjabi family. His own grandfather, Gul Muhammad, was a religious scholar apart from being a physician, Salams father was an education officer in the Department of Education of Punjab State in a poor farming district. Salam very early established a reputation throughout the Punjab and later at the University of Cambridge for outstanding brilliance, at age 14, Salam scored the highest marks ever recorded for the matriculation examination at the Punjab University. He won a scholarship to the Government College University of Lahore. Salam was a scholar, interested in Urdu and English literature in which he excelled. But he soon picked up Mathematics as his concentration. A. in Mathematics in 1944 and his father wanted him to join Indian Civil Service. In those days, the Indian Civil Service was the highest aspiration for young university graduates, respecting his fathers wish, Salam tried for the Indian Railways but did not qualify for the service as he failed the medical optical tests because he had worn spectacles since an early age. Therefore, Indian Railways rejected Abdus Salams job application, while in Lahore, Abdus Salam went on to attend the graduate school of Government College University. He received his MA in Mathematics from the Government College University in 1946 and that same year, he was awarded a scholarship to St Johns College, Cambridge, where he completed a BA degree with Double First-Class Honours in Mathematics and Physics in 1949. In 1950, he received the Smiths Prize from Cambridge University for the most outstanding contribution to Physics. Salam returned to Jhang, Punjab and renewed his scholarship and returned to the United Kingdom to do his doctorate and he obtained a PhD degree in Theoretical Physics from the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge. His doctoral thesis titled Developments in quantum theory of fields contained comprehensive, by the time it was published in 1951, it had already gained him an international reputation and the Adams Prize
Mohammad Abdus Salam
–
Abdus Salam in 1987
Mohammad Abdus Salam
–
Abdus Salam lectures on G.U.T. at the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute
Mohammad Abdus Salam
–
The defaced grave of Abdus Salam at Rabwah, Punjab
Mohammad Abdus Salam
–
A commemorative stamp to honour the services of Dr. Abdus Salam.
8.
Bauhaus
–
The Bauhaus was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. Nonetheless, it was founded with the idea of creating a work of art in which all arts, including architecture. The Bauhaus style later became one of the most influential currents in modern design, Modernist architecture and art, design, the Bauhaus had a profound influence upon subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design, and typography. Although the school was closed, the continued to spread its idealistic precepts as they left Germany. The changes of venue and leadership resulted in a constant shifting of focus, technique, instructors, many Germans of left-wing views were influenced by the cultural experimentation that followed the Russian Revolution, such as constructivism. Such influences can be overstated, Gropius did not share these radical views, thus, the Bauhaus style, also known as the International Style, was marked by the absence of ornamentation and by harmony between the function of an object or a building and its design. In its first seven years, the Werkbund came to be regarded as the body on questions of design in Germany. The entire movement of German architectural modernism was known as Neues Bauen, beginning in June 1907, Peter Behrens pioneering industrial design work for the German electrical company AEG successfully integrated art and mass production on a large scale. Behrens was a member of the Werkbund, and both Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer worked for him in this period. The Bauhaus was founded at a time when the German zeitgeist had turned from emotional Expressionism to the matter-of-fact New Objectivity, beyond the Bauhaus, many other significant German-speaking architects in the 1920s responded to the same aesthetic issues and material possibilities as the school. They also responded to the promise of a minimal dwelling written into the new Weimar Constitution, ernst May, Bruno Taut, and Martin Wagner, among others, built large housing blocks in Frankfurt and Berlin. The acceptance of modernist design into everyday life was the subject of publicity campaigns, well-attended public exhibitions like the Weissenhof Estate, films, the Vkhutemas, the Russian state art and technical school founded in 1920 in Moscow, has been compared to Bauhaus. Founded a year after the Bauhaus school, Vkhutemas has close parallels to the German Bauhaus in its intent, organization, the two schools were the first to train artist-designers in a modern manner. Vkhutemas was a school than the Bauhaus, but it was less publicised outside the Soviet Union. With the internationalism of modern architecture and design, there were exchanges between the Vkhutemas and the Bauhaus. In addition, El Lissitzkys book Russia, an Architecture for World Revolution published in German in 1930 featured several illustrations of Vkhutemas/Vkhutein projects there. The school was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar in 1919 as a merger of the Grand Ducal School of Arts and Crafts and the Weimar Academy of Fine Art. Its roots lay in the arts and crafts founded by the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in 1906
Bauhaus
–
The Bauhaus Dessau.
Bauhaus
–
1921/2,
Walter Gropius '
Expressionist Monument to the March Dead
Bauhaus
–
Typography by
Herbert Bayer above the entrance to the workshop block of the Bauhaus, Dessau, 2005
Bauhaus
–
The Bauhaus Museum - Tel Aviv
9.
Bierut Boleslaw
–
Bolesław Bierut was a Polish Communist leader, NKVD agent, and a hard-line Stalinist who became President of Poland after the Soviet takeover of the country in the aftermath of World War II. Bierut was born in Rury, now a part of Lublin, to Wojciech Bierut, a village teacher, in 1918 he took courses at the Warsaw School of Economics. From 1924–30, he was in Moscow for training at the school of the Communist International, in 1930–31, he was sent by the Comintern to Austria, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria. In 1933 he became an agent of Soviet military intelligence, the GRU, the pro-Soviet Communist Party of Poland was dissolved by Joseph Stalin in 1938. Bierut avoided being caught in the Great Purge, which led to the execution of leaders of the Communist Party of Poland in the USSR. After an amnesty from the Polish government in 1938 Bierut settled down in Warsaw, after the outbreak of World War II, Bierut left Warsaw and through Lublin went to eastern Poland, which was soon occupied by the Red Army. Bierut spent part of the war in the Soviet Union, but was sent to Poland to join the leadership of the new Polish Workers Party in 1943 and he headed the State National Council, a communist quasi-parliament established by Władysław Gomułka and the PPR, from 1944 to 1947. With Gomułka and others, Bierut played a role in the establishment of communist Poland. From 1947 to 1952, he served as President and then Prime Minister and he was also the first Secretary General of the ruling Polish United Workers Party from 1948 to 1956. Bierut oversaw the trials of many Polish wartime military leaders, such as General Stanisław Tatar, Bierut signed many of those death sentences. His death gave rise to speculation about poisoning or suicide, Polish historian Paweł Wieczorkiewicz posited that Bierut might have had a Soviet-sent double posing as Bierut since 1943 with his full knowledge. Wieczorkiewicz referred to an account of Piotr Jaroszewicz made soon before his death, the Polish Presidents double was shot dead by an unidentified assassin – likely another agent wearing an NKVD uniform and killed at the scene – at the Hotel Francuski in Kraków, Poland in 1947. The real Bierut showed up half an hour later and calmed the security according to statement made by one of them, the assassination attempt was kept secret by the authorities. Wieczorkiewicz himself referred to this theory as an urban legend
Bierut Boleslaw
–
Bolesław Bierut, also known as Jerzy Bolesław Bielak and Bolesław Birkowski.
Bierut Boleslaw
–
Partly damaged old monument to Bierut formerly in
Lublin, now in
Kozłówka museum, 2007
Bierut Boleslaw
–
1951
East German stamp commemorative of the
Treaty of Zgorzelec establishing the
Oder-Neisse line as a “border of peace”, featuring the presidents
Wilhelm Pieck (GDR) and Bolesław Bierut shaking hands over the new border
Bierut Boleslaw
–
Bierut's grave in
Powązki Military Cemetery, 2004
10.
Charels darwin
–
Charles Robert Darwin, FRS FRGS FLS FZS was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, by the 1870s, the scientific community and much of the general public had accepted evolution as a fact. In modified form, Darwins scientific discovery is the theory of the life sciences. Darwins early interest in nature led him to neglect his education at the University of Edinburgh, instead. Studies at the University of Cambridge encouraged his passion for natural science, puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection. Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and he was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay that described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories. Darwins work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature, in 1871 he examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, followed by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. His research on plants was published in a series of books, Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and he was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey. Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, on 12 February 1809, at his familys home and he was the fifth of six children of wealthy society doctor and financier Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin. He was the grandson of two prominent abolitionists, Erasmus Darwin on his fathers side, and Josiah Wedgwood on his mothers side, both families were largely Unitarian, though the Wedgwoods were adopting Anglicanism. The eight-year-old Charles already had a taste for history and collecting when he joined the day school run by its preacher in 1817. From September 1818, he joined his older brother Erasmus attending the nearby Anglican Shrewsbury School as a boarder and he found lectures dull and surgery distressing, so neglected his studies. He learned taxidermy in around 40 daily hour-long sessions from John Edmonstone, one day, Grant praised Lamarcks evolutionary ideas. Darwin was astonished by Grants audacity, but had recently read similar ideas in his grandfather Erasmus journals, Darwin was rather bored by Robert Jamesons natural-history course, which covered geology - including the debate between Neptunism and Plutonism. He learned the classification of plants, and assisted with work on the collections of the University Museum, as Darwin was unqualified for the Tripos, he joined the ordinary degree course in January 1828. He preferred riding and shooting to studying, when his own exams drew near, Darwin focused on his studies and was delighted by the language and logic of William Paleys Evidences of Christianity. In his final examination in January 1831 Darwin did well, coming out of 178 candidates for the ordinary degree. Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June 1831, inspired with a burning zeal to contribute, Darwin planned to visit Tenerife with some classmates after graduation to study natural history in the tropics
Charels darwin
–
Portrait photograph of Darwin, probably taken in 1854 when he was 45 years old and working towards publication of
On the Origin of Species
Charels darwin
–
Painting of seven-year-old Charles Darwin in 1816.
Charels darwin
–
As
HMS Beagle surveyed the coasts of South America, Darwin theorised about geology and extinction of giant mammals.
Charels darwin
–
Darwin chose to marry his cousin,
Emma Wedgwood.
