1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Blondie (band)
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Blondie is an American rock band founded by singer Debbie Harry and guitarist Chris Stein. The band was a pioneer in the early American new wave, Blondie broke up after the release of its sixth studio album The Hunter in 1982. The band re-formed in 1997, achieving renewed success and a one single in the United Kingdom with Maria in 1999. The group toured and performed throughout the world during the following years, Blondie has sold 40 million records worldwide and is still active. The bands tenth studio album Ghosts of Download, was released in 2014, inspired by the burgeoning new music scene at the Mercer Arts Center, Chris Stein sought to join a similar band. He joined the Stillettoes in 1973 as their guitarist and formed a relationship with one of the bands vocalists, Debbie Harry. Harry had been a member of a band, the Wind in the Willows. In July 1974, Stein and Harry parted ways with the Stillettoes and Elda Gentile, originally billed as Angel and the Snake for two shows in August 1974, they renamed themselves Blondie by October 1974. The name derived from comments made by truck drivers who catcalled Hey, by the spring of 1975, after some personnel turnover, Stein and Harry were joined by drummer Clem Burke, and bass player Gary Valentine. Blondie became regular performers at Maxs Kansas City and CBGB, in June 1975, the bands first recording came in the way of a demo produced by Alan Betrock. To fill out their sound, they recruited keyboard player Jimmy Destri in November 1975, the band signed with Private Stock Records and their debut album, Blondie, was issued in December 1976 but was initially not a commercial success. In September 1977, the bought back its contract with Private Stock. The first album was re-released on the new label in October 1977 and it also noted that Harry was the possessor of a bombshell zombies voice that can sound dreamily seductive and woodenly Mansonite within the same song. Jimmy Destri later credited the shows Molly Meldrum for their initial success, Stein asserted that X-Offender was too crazy and aggressive, while In the Flesh was not representative of any punk sensibility. Over the years, Ive thought they played both things but liked one better. In retrospect, Burke described In the Flesh as a forerunner to the power ballad, the single reached number 2 in Australia, while the album reached the Australian top twenty in November 1977, and a subsequent double-A release of X-Offender and Rip Her to Shreds reached number 81. A successful Australian tour followed in December, though it was marred by an incident in Brisbane when disappointed fans almost rioted after Harry cancelled a performance due to illness, in February 1978, Blondie released their second album, Plastic Letters. The album was recorded as a four-piece as Gary Valentine had left the band in mid 1977, Plastic Letters was promoted extensively throughout Europe and Asia by Chrysalis Records
3.
Plastic Letters
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Plastic Letters is the second studio album by American rock band Blondie, released in February 1978 on Chrysalis Records. It was the second and final Blondie album to be produced by Richard Gottehrer. Denis, a cover of Randy & the Rainbows 1963 hit Denise, was a hit all over Europe, reaching #2 in March 1978 in the United Kingdom, presence, Dear was the second single from the album, reaching #10 in the UK in May 1978. The song was written by the original bass guitar player Gary Valentine. In fact, during recording, Blondie were still at their old label, the album peaked at #10 in the UK and has been certified Platinum by the BPI. The pink dress Debbie Harry wears in the art was designed by Anya Phillips. Plastic Letters has been remastered and re-issued twice. Rob Freeman - engineer Greg Calbi - mastering Phillip Dixon – photography Recorded at Plaza Sound Studio, New York, originally released on Chrysalis Kevin Flaherty -2001 reissue producer
4.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
5.
Phonograph record
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The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
6.
Chrysalis Records
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Chrysalis Records /ˈkrɪ. sə. lɪs/ is a British record label that was created in 1969. The name was both a reference to the stage of a butterfly and a combination of its founders names, Chris Wright. It started as the Ellis-Wright Agency and this was after the single Sunshine Day/Aeroplane was incorrectly credited to Jethro Toe. Jethro Tull signed with Reprise Records in the United States, which led Chrysalis to an American distribution deal with Reprises parent company and this lasted from 1972 until U. S. Chrysalis switched to independent distribution in 1976. PolyGram handled international distribution and Festival Records covered Australia and New Zealand, towards the end of the 1970s, the label began to extend its range of music, incorporating acts from the Punk Rock scene such as Generation X. The Chrysalis offshoot 2 Tone Records brought in such as The Specials. In 1979 Chrysalis bought and distributed U. S. folk label Takoma Records, naming manager/producer Denny Bruce as president, jon Monday who was Vice President of Takoma Records prior to the acquisition continued as General Manager, later becoming Director of Marketing of Chrysalis Records. Chrysalis made history in 1979 by creating the first music video album, in the 1980s, Chrysalis was at the forefront of the British New Romantic movement with bands such as Gen X, Ultravox, and Spandau Ballet. The 1980s proved to be the most successful time for the label, whose roster then included Billy Idol, Pat Benatar, Blondie and Huey Lewis, Chrysalis also distributed Animal Records, the short-lived label founded by Blondie guitarist Chris Stein. In 1983 Daniel Glass moved to Chrysalis as Director of New Music Marketing, advancing later to Senior Vice President. The Chrysalis Records label was sold 50% in 1990, then the half in 1991 to EMI with catalogue. Chrysalis Records folded into EMI subsidiary and flagship label EMI Records in 2005, the British Chrysalis catalogue was put up for sale by Universal Music Group after its acquisition of EMI. In July 2013, Warner Music Group completed acquisition of Parlophone Label Group, when Universal Music Group purchased EMI in 2012 ownership of Chrysalis passed to UMG. In 2013 Warner Music Group acquired part of EMI from UMG, in May 2016, Blue Raincoat Music purchased Chrysalis Records Ltd and the artist catalogue from Warner Music Group. Blue Raincoat founders Jeremy Lascelles and Robin Millar brought in Robert Devereux and this reunited founder Wright with the company he set up 47 years previously. Chris Wright is now non-executive Chairman of Chrysalis Records Ltd, since the acquisition from Warner Music Group, Chrysalis has acquired the catalogues of Suzi Quatro, Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel, Athlete and Fun Lovin Criminals. Official site for Chrysalis Records UK at Blue Raincoat Music Ben Sisario, New York Times, Media Decoder blog,7 February 2013 Discogs page on Chrysalis Records
7.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
8.
Gary Lachman
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Gary Joseph Lachman, also known as Gary Valentine, is an American writer and musician. He came to prominence in the mid-1970s as the bass guitarist for the punk rock/new wave band Blondie, since the 1990s, Lachman has written full-time, often about mysticism and occultism. Gary Valentine was one of the members of Blondie, having joined the band as bassist in April 1975 when Fred Smith left to join Television. He wrote the music to the bands first single, X-Offender, in 1977 he left the group to form his own band and was replaced by Nigel Harrison, just as Blondie were starting to gain recognition. His song Presence, Dear was a UK top ten hit in 1978, after Blondie, Gary moved to L. A. and in 1978 released a single, The First One/Tomorrow Belongs to You on Beat Records. Shortly after this he formed The Know, with Joel Turrisi, after a year and a half Joel left the band and was replaced by drummer John McGarvey. In 1980 The Know released a single I Like Girls/Dreams on Planet Records and were the only bi-coastal US power pop band, developing large followings in New York, failing to secure an album deal, he disbanded The Know and in 1981 played guitar with Iggy Pop. In 1996, after moving to London, he was asked to participate in the Blondie re-union, in 1997 he performed with Blondie at several major festival concerts in the US. Back in London Gary worked with former X-Ray Spex saxophonist Lora Logic, in 1998 he formed Fire Escape with violinist Ruth Jones and performed songs he had written for the Blondie reunion album. They released an EP to little fanfare and went on a permanent hiatus after two years, a compilation of Garys work in music entitled Tomorrow Belongs to You, was released in 2003 on the UK label Overground Records. In 2006, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, because of his time with Blondie, Lachman moved to London in 1996 and became a full-time writer, contributing to The Guardian, Mojo, Times Literary Supplement and other journals. His first book, Turn Off Your Mind, The Mystic Sixties and the Dark Side of the Age of Aquarius, a revisionist history of the 1960s counter culture, appeared in 2001. It was followed in 2002 by New York Rocker, My Life in The Blank Generation, the Dedalus Book of the Occult, A Dark Muse charted the influence of the occult on western literature since the Enlightenment. D. Ouspensky, the Austrian spiritual scientist Rudolf Steiner, the Swedish religious thinker Emanuel Swedenborg, and he is a regular contributor to the Independent on Sunday, Fortean Times, and other journals in the US and UK, lectures frequently and occasionally broadcasts on the BBC. His work has been compared to Colin Wilson, and has translated into German, Finnish, Czech, Russian, French, Dutch, Spanish, Norwegian, Italian. In 2014 Lachman took part in the annual Engelsberg Seminar held in Avesta, Sweden, lecturing on gnosis, in 2015 Lachman lectured on Rejected Knowledge to the Marion Institute as part of their Living in the Real World seminar. Recent years have seen Lachman lecturing on a variety of esoteric and cultural topics in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, France, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and the United States
9.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
10.
Denise (song)
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Denise is a song written by Neil Levenson. The song was inspired by his friend, Denise Lefrak. In 1963, the became a popular top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. A cover version by the American new wave group Blondie, re-titled Denis, Dutch actress and singer Georgina Verbaan covered Denis in 2002 and reached number 30 on the Dutch Singles Chart. The American doo-wop group Randy & the Rainbows recorded Denise with the producers of The Tokens, the groups version of the song spent seventeen weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, charting at no. 10, peaking at no.18 on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart, Denise –1,57 Come Back 2,17 Denis is a 1977 cover of the song by the American new wave band Blondie. The cover of the song helped the band break into the international market and it featured on the bands second studio album, Plastic Letters, and was the second UK single release by Blondie on Chrysalis records. The initial Blondie version contained a verse with partly improvised lyrics in French by the groups vocalist Debbie Harry, although Chrysalis insisted that the band re-record the song with a grammatically correct French translation, both the band and producer Richard Gottehrer preferred the first take. Harry stood her ground on the matter, and the containing the pidgin French lyrics was released. The second, re-recorded version had its debut as a track on EMI UKs 1994 re-issue of Plastic Letters. Denis was released in February 1978 and reached number 2 in the UK, in the UK, the song was kept at number 2 for four weeks, first by Kate Bushs Wuthering Heights and then by Brian and Michaels Matchstalk Men and Matchstalk Cats and Dogs. Just like Rip Her to Shreds, the single was issued on both 7 and 12 formats in the UK, and both feature two B-sides, Contact in Red Square from Plastic Letters and Kung-Fu Girls from Blondie. Denis was the single released in the US from Plastic Letters though it never charted. In 1988, a version of the track was issued as a single from the Blondie/Debbie Harry remix compilation Once More into the Bleach. This time the single reached number 50 in the UK, in 2014, the Blondie track was included in the opening credits to the movie The Skeleton Twins. UK CD Denis 88 –5,26 Rapture –7,02 Heart Of Glass –4,00 Atomic –3,32 In 2002, Dutch actress and singer Georgina Verbaan recorded a cover version of Denis for her debut studio album Sugar Spider. Her version of the song was issued on the Jive Records label as a single, Denis No More Lies List of number-one hits List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 1978 List of European number-one hits of 1978 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
11.
Picture This (song)
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Picture This is a song by the American rock band Blondie. It was released in 1978 as the single from their third album Parallel Lines. It reached number 12 in the UK, giving Blondie their third UK Top 20 hit and it also charted in various other countries but was not issued as a single in the US. Picture This was written by Chris Stein, Debbie Harry and Jimmy Destri, Debbie Harry wrote the lyrics while Destri and Stein each wrote portions of the music. The B-side of the single, Fade Away And Radiate, featured Robert Fripp on guitar and was included on the Parallel Lines album. Picture This was included on the version of the bands first greatest hits compilation The Best of Blondie. Music critic Arion Berger of Rolling Stone called Picture This the tenderest new wave love song put to vinyl, a music video was produced to promote the single featuring a straight performance by the band and Debbie Harry wearing a yellow dress designed by Stephen Sprouse. UK7 Picture This –2,53 Fade Away And Radiate –3,57 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
12.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
13.
Bass guitar
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The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
14.
X Offender
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X Offender is the début single by American band Blondie. Written by Gary Valentine and Debbie Harry for the bands self-titled debut album, Blondie, the title of the song was originally Sex Offender. Bassist Gary Valentine originally wrote the song about an 18-year-old boy being arrested for having sex with his younger girlfriend, Debbie Harry changed the lyrics so that the song was about a prostitute being attracted to the police officer that had arrested her. The track was co-produced by Richard Gottehrer who had worked with 1960s girl group The Angels, Private Stock insisted that the name of the single be changed to X Offender because they were nervous about the original title. It was released in mid-1976 with the B-side being In the Sun, while the song did not chart, Chrysalis heard it along with the Blondie album and signed the band. X Offender later served as the B-side to Rip Her to Shreds and these mixes appear as bonus tracks on EMI/Capitol Records 2001 re-issue of the album. Unfortunately, no master tapes of the Private Stock versions have been kept in the archives, consequently, music videos were produced for both X Offender and In The Sun. US7 X Offender –3,15 In the Sun –2,38 There were three pressings of this single that can only be distinguished by examination of the inscriptions in the vinyl. First pressing was 7 June 1976, it contains an additional number, the third pressing is labeled PVT 1231-M. US7 Promo X Offender X Offender Labeled as a promo PVT1351 BW, contains stereo and mono versions on opposite sides
15.
Iggy Pop
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James Newell Osterberg, Jr. known professionally as Iggy Pop, is an American singer-songwriter, musician, producer and actor. He was the vocalist of influential proto-punk band The Stooges, who reunited in 2003, Pops music has encompassed a number of styles over the course of his career, including garage rock, punk rock, hard rock, art rock, new wave, jazz and blues. In 2010, The Stooges were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Osterberg was raised in a trailer park in Ypsilanti, Michigan. He is of German, English and Irish descent on his fathers side and his father was adopted by a Swedish American family and took on their surname. His later stage name, Iggy, is derived from the Iguanas, after exploring local blues-style bands such as the Prime Movers, he eventually dropped out of the University of Michigan and moved to Chicago to learn more about blues. While in Chicago, he played drums in blues clubs, helped by Sam Lay who shared his connections with Iggy, inspired by Chicago blues as well as bands like The Sonics, MC5 and The Doors, he formed the Psychedelic Stooges and began calling himself Iggy. The band was composed of Iggy on vocals, Ron Asheton on guitar, Ashetons brother Scott on drums and their first show was played at a Halloween party at a house in Detroit, Michigan. Members of the MC5 were also in attendance, the seeds of Pops stage persona were sown when he saw The Doors perform in 1967 at the University of Michigan and was amazed by the stage antics and antagonism displayed by singer Jim Morrison. Morrisons extreme behavior, while performing in a band, inspired the young Pop to push the boundaries of stage performance. Other influences on Pops vocals and persona were Mick Jagger and James Brown, Pop was the first performer to do a stage-dive, which he started at a concert in Detroit. Pop, who traditionally performs bare-chested, also performed such stage theatrics as rolling around in broken glass, exposing himself to the crowd, I attended two concerts by the Doors. The first one I attended was early on and they had not gotten their shit together yet and that show was a big, big, big influence on me. They had just had their big hit, “Light My Fire”, so, here’s this guy, out of his head on acid, dressed in leather with his hair all oiled and curled. The stage was tiny and it was really low, part of me was like, Wow, this is great. He’s really pissing people off and he’s lurching around making these guys angry, people were rushing the stage and Morrison’s going Fuck you. You can fill in your sexual comments yourself, the other half of it was that I thought, If they’ve got a hit record out and they can get away with this, then I have no fucking excuse not to get out on stage with my band. It was sort of the case of, Hey, I can do that, there really was some of that in there. In a 1995 interview with Bust Magazine, he relates, And the other thing was we went to New York. ”And we didn’t have anywhere to crash, and they played for us, and they completely rocked, and we were really ashamed. ”In 1968, one year after their debut and now dubbed The Stooges, the band signed with Elektra Records, again following in the footsteps of The Doors
16.
Destiny
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Destiny, sometimes referred to as fate is a predetermined course of events. It may be conceived as a future, whether in general or of an individual. Although often used interchangeably, the fate and destiny have distinct connotations. Traditional usage defines fate as a power or agency that predetermines, Fate defines events as ordered or inevitable and unavoidable. This is a based on the belief that there is a fixed natural order to the universe, and in some conceptions. Classical and European mythology feature personified fate spinners, known as the Moirai in Greek mythology, the Parcae in Roman mythology, and they determine the events of the world through the mystic spinning of threads that represent individual human fates. Fate is often conceived as being divinely inspired, fatalism refers to the belief that events fixed by fate are unchangeable by any type of human agency. In other words, humans can not alter their own fates or the fates of others, the Roman image of Fortuna, with the wheel she blindly turned, was retained by Christian writers, revived strongly in the Renaissance and survives in some forms today. Philosophy on the concepts of destiny and fate has existed since the Hellenistic period with such as the Stoics. The Stoics believed that human decisions and actions ultimately went according to a plan devised by a god. They claimed that humans theoretically have free will, their souls. The Epicureans challenged the Stoic beliefs by denying the existence of this divine fate and they believed that men’s actions were voluntary so long as they were rational. In daily language, destiny and fate are synonymous, but with regard to 19th century philosophy, but this concept may have even other senses, although he, in various places, saw the will to power as a strong element for adaptation or survival in a better way. Nietzsche eventually transformed the idea of matter as centers of force into matter as centers of will to power as mankind’s destiny to face with amor fati. The expression Amor fati is used repeatedly by Nietzsche as acceptation-choice of the fate, influential philosophers like Robert Kane, Thomas Nagel, Roderick Chisholm, and A. J. Ayer have written about this notion, the idea of a god controlled destiny plays an important role in numerous religions. Followers of Ancient Greek religion regarded not only the Moirai but also the gods, particularly Zeus, as responsible for deciding and carrying out destiny, respectively. Those who followed Gnosticism believed in fate as something strict and unchangeable, resulting in only for the “chosen ones. ”Followers of Christianity consider God to be the only force with control over one’s fate
17.
Rapid eye movement sleep
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It is distinguished from wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli, but is more easily reversed than the state of being comatose. Sleep occurs in repeating periods, in which the body alternates between two distinct modes known as non-REM and REM sleep. Although REM stands for rapid eye movement, sleep affects other brain-body functions, during sleep, most systems are in an anabolic state, helping to restore the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems. The internal circadian clock promotes sleep daily at night, however, sleep patterns vary among individuals. In the last century, artificial light has substantially altered sleep timing in industrialized countries, the diverse purposes and mechanisms of sleep are the subject of substantial ongoing research. Sleep seems to assist with improvements in the body and mind, Research in the 21st century is investigating whether sleep is a period of maintenance for removing metabolic waste compounds from the brain. Sleep is sometimes confused with unconsciousness, but is different in terms of the thought process. REM and non-REM sleep are so different that physiologists classify them as distinct behavioral states, REM sleep is associated with desynchronized and fast brain waves, loss of muscle tone, and suspension of homeostasis. NREM is considered to be sleep, it shows no prominent eye movement or muscle paralysis. Sleep occurs in cycles of approximately 90 minutes and this rhythm is called the ultradian sleep cycle. Sleep proceeds in cycles of NREM and REM, normally in that order, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine divides NREM into three stages, N1, N2, and N3, the last of which is also called delta sleep or slow-wave sleep. The whole period normally proceeds in the order, N1 → N2 → N3 → N2 → REM, REM sleep occurs as a person returns to stage 2 or 1 from a deep sleep. An adult reaches REM approximately every 90 minutes, REM sleep usually lasts for longer during latter half of sleep than in the part of the sleep episode. There is an amount of deep sleep earlier in the night. Key physiological indicators in sleep include EEG of brain waves, electrooculography of eye movements, simultaneous collection of these measurements is called polysomnography, and can be performed in a specialized sleep laboratory. In other words, sleeping persons perceive fewer stimuli, however, they can generally still respond to loud noises and other salient sensory events. Awakening can mean the end of sleep, or simply a moment to survey the environment, sleepers typically awaken from slow-wave sleep, soon after the end of a REM phase or sometimes in the middle of REM. Internal circadian indicators, along with reduction of homeostatic sleep need, typically bring about awakening
18.
Stratosphere
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The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earths atmosphere, just above the troposphere, and below the mesosphere. About 20% of the mass is contained in the stratosphere. The stratosphere is stratified in temperature, with warmer layers higher and cooler layers closer to the Earth, the increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Suns ultraviolet radiation by the ozone. This is in contrast to the troposphere, near the Earths surface, the border between the troposphere and stratosphere, the tropopause, marks where this temperature inversion begins. Near the equator, the starts at 18 km, at mid latitudes, it starts at 10–13 km and ends at 50 km, at the poles. Temperatures vary within the stratosphere with the seasons, in particular with the polar night, the greatest variation of temperature takes place over the poles in the lower stratosphere, those variations are largely steady at lower latitudes and higher altitudes. The mechanism describing the formation of the layer was described by British mathematician Sydney Chapman in 1930. Molecular oxygen absorbs high energy sunlight in the UV-C region, at shorter than about 240 nm. The oxygen atoms produced combine with oxygen to form ozone. Ozone in turn is photolysed much more rapidly than molecular oxygen as it has an absorption that occurs at longer wavelengths. Ozone photolysis produces O and O2, the oxygen atom product combines with atmospheric molecular oxygen to reform O3, releasing heat. The rapid photolysis and reformation of ozone heats the stratosphere resulting in a temperature inversion and this increase of temperature with altitude is characteristic of the stratosphere, its resistance to vertical mixing means that it is stratified. Within the stratosphere temperatures increase with altitude, the top of the stratosphere has a temperature of about 270 K, overall the attenuation of solar UV at wavelengths that damage DNA by the ozone layer allows life to exist on the surface of the planet outside of the ocean. All air entering the stratosphere must pass through the tropopause, the minimum that divides the troposphere and stratosphere. The rising air is literally freeze dried, the stratosphere is a dry place. The top of the stratosphere is called the stratopause, above which the temperature decreases with height and we now know that there are additional ozone loss mechanisms, and that these mechanisms are catalytic meaning that a small amount of the catalyst can destroy a great number of ozone molecules. The first is due to the reaction of hydroxyl radicals OH· with ozone, OH is formed by the reaction of electronically excited oxygen atoms produced by ozone photolysis, with water vapor. While the stratosphere is dry, additional water vapor is produced in situ by the oxidation of methane
19.
Rip Her to Shreds
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Rip Her to Shreds is a song by American new wave band Blondie, which features on the bands self-titled debut album. Rip Her To Shreds was Blondies first UK single, released on Chrysalis Records in the UK in late 1977, the single peaked at #81 in Australia in March 1978. The B-sides to this single were In the Flesh and X Offender, as a promotional gimmick the song was also released as a 12 single, selling for 99p. In a BBC Radio documentary about Blondie, singer Debbie Harry said Rip Her to Shreds is about what gossip columns do to peoples lives, Rip Her to Shreds was included on Blondies first greatest hits compilation The Best of Blondie, released in October 1981. Two versions of the song are featured in the 2011 film Bridesmaids where the studio version plays in the opening of the film. Blondie re-recorded the song for their 2014 compilation album Greatest Hits Deluxe Redux, the compilation was part of a 2-disc set called Blondie 4 Ever which included their 10th studio album Ghosts of Download and marked the 40th anniversary of the forming of the band. UK7,12 Rip Her to Shreds –3,22 In the Flesh –2,33 X Offender –3,14 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
20.
Compact disc
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Compact disc is a digital optical disc data storage format released in 1982 and co-developed by Philips and Sony. The format was developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data. The first commercially available Audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan, standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700 MiB of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres, they are used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio. At the time of the introduction in 1982, a CD could store much more data than a personal computer hard drive. By 2010, hard drives commonly offered as much space as a thousand CDs. In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs, by 2007,200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russells patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970, following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russells patents in the 1980s. The compact disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s, although originally dismissed by Philips Research management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980, after their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984, by 1988 CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes. The success of the disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company. In 1974, L. However, due to the performance of the analog format
21.
BBC Two
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BBC Two is the second television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It covers a range of subject matter, but tending towards more highbrow programmes than the more mainstream. Like the BBCs other domestic TV and radio channels, it is funded by the television licence and it is a comparatively well-funded public service network, regularly attaining a much higher audience share than most public service networks worldwide. Originally styled BBC2, it was the third British television station to be launched, a high-definition version of the channel launched on 26 March 2013, replacing BBC HD. British television at the time of BBC2s launch consisted of two channels, the BBC Television Service and the ITV network made up of regional companies. Both channels had existed in a state of competition since ITVs launch in 1955, the 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and that ITV lacked any serious programming. It therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC, prior to its launch, the new BBC2 was promoted on the BBC Television Service, the soon to be renamed BBC1. The animated adverts featured the campaign mascots Hullabaloo, a mother kangaroo, however, at around 18,45 a huge power failure, originating from a fire at Battersea Power Station, caused Television Centre, and indeed much of west London, to lose all power. BBC1 was able to continue broadcasting via its facilities at Alexandra Palace, associated-Rediffusion, the London weekday ITV franchise-holder, offered to transmit on the BBCs behalf, but their gesture was rejected. At 22,00 programming was officially postponed until the following morning, there was believed to be no recording made of this bulletin, but a videotape was discovered in early 2003. By 11,00 on 21 April, power had restored to the studios and programming began. The launch schedule, postponed from the night before, was successfully shown that evening. In reference to the cut, the transmission opened with a shot of a lit candle which was then sarcastically blown out by presenter Denis Tuohy. To establish the new identity and draw viewers to it. The production chosen was The Forsyte Saga, a adaptation of the novels by John Galsworthy, featuring well-established actors Kenneth More. Unlike BBC1 and ITV, BBC2 was broadcast only on the 625 line UHF system and this created a market for dual standard receivers which could switch between the two systems. On 1 July 1967, during the Wimbledon Championships, BBC2 became the first channel in Europe to begin broadcasts in colour. The thirteen part series Civilisation was created as a celebration of two millennia of western art and culture to showpiece the new colour technology, BBC1 and ITV later joined BBC2 on 625-line UHF band, but continued to simulcast on 405-line VHF until 1985
22.
The Old Grey Whistle Test
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The Old Grey Whistle Test was a British television music show. It was commissioned by David Attenborough and aired on BBC2 from 1971 to 1988 and it took over the BBC2 late night slot from Disco 2, which ran between September 1970 and July 1971, while continuing to feature non-chart music. The show was devised by BBC producer Rowan Ayers, the original producer, involved in an executive capacity throughout the shows entire history, was Michael Appleton. According to presenter Bob Harris, the programme derived its name from a Tin Pan Alley phrase from years before, when they got the first pressing of a record they would play it to people they called the old greys - doormen in grey suits. Any song they could remember and whistle, having heard it just once or twice, had passed the old grey whistle test. As with many BBC productions, this was as much a matter of money as of style, other late night shows of the time, having only minority appeal, also had to be content with spartan sets. The studio was only 32 by 22 feet which left room for a set once the cameras. The original opening credits were played over a dancing woman painted in green to Santanas Jingo. When Richard Williams was replaced by Whispering Bob Harris, the opening titles theme was changed to the now more famous animation of a male figure made up of stars dancing. The programmes title music, with its theme, was a track called Stone Fox Chase by a Nashville band. The first host was Richard Williams, features editor of Melody Maker, from 1972, the programme was presented by disc jockey Bob Harris. He later became notorious among the younger generation for calling the New York Dolls mock rock, after Harriss departure, Anne Nightingale took over as host. In December 1980, Nightingale presented the show in the aftermath of the shooting of John Lennon. This particular episode consisted almost entirely of interviews with people about Lennons life. Following the departure of Nightingale in 1982, Mark Ellen, David Hepworth, in 1983, the programme was moved to a live mid-evening slot. The title was abridged to Whistle Test and the title credits, andy Kershaw joined the series as a presenter in 1984. The same four presenters co-presented the BBCs television coverage of Live Aid in 1985, the series was cancelled in the spring of 1987 by Janet Street-Porter, who had been appointed head of Youth Programmes at the BBC. The executive producer of The Old Grey Whistle Test was Mike Appleton, tom Corcoran, Derek Burbidge and Kate Humphreys directed, including the series location inserts
23.
Tracey Ullman
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She holds dual British and American citizenship. Her earliest appearances were on British television sketch comedy shows A Kick Up the Eighties, after a brief singing career, she appeared as Candice Valentine in Girls on Top with Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders. She emigrated from the United Kingdom to the United States where she starred in her own television comedy series, The Tracey Ullman Show. She later produced programmes for HBO, including Tracey Takes On. for which she garnered numerous awards and her sketch comedy series, Tracey Ullmans State of the Union, ran from 2008 to 2010 on Showtime. She has also appeared in feature films. Ullman was the first British woman to be offered her own sketch show in both the United Kingdom and the United States. Since 2016, she stars in her own BBC sketch comedy show Tracey Ullmans Show, Ullman is currently the richest female British comedian and the third richest British comedian overall. She is also the second richest British actress, Tracey Ullman was born Trace Ullman in Slough, Buckinghamshire, the younger of two daughters, to Dorin and Antony John Ullman. Her mother was British, with Roma ancestry, and her father was a Roman Catholic Pole, on the subject of the spelling of her name, My real name is Trace Ullman, but I added the y. My mother said it was spelled the American way, but I dont think she can spell, I always wanted a middle name. My mum used to me it was Mary but I never believed her. I looked on my birth certificate and I didnt have one, Antony Ullman served in the Polish Army and was evacuated from Dunkirk in 1940. He subsequently worked as a solicitor, a salesman. He also brokered marriages and translated among the émigré Polish community, Dorin recognized their younger daughters talents early on and encouraged her to perform. When that happens to you as a child, you can face anything, Youre always waiting for the other shoe to drop. If something great happens, youre like, Wow, thats great that happened, the most disappointing thing happened when you were younger Youre just braver and if good things happen youre really grateful. After died, our fortunes came and went because Mum couldn’t speak Polish and had to give up the business, Mother Dorin would go on to take a host of odd jobs. My mother was always doing things like driving parts around for a garage, all covered in oil
24.
You Broke My Heart in 17 Places
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You Broke My Heart in 17 Places is the debut studio album by singer-actress-comedian Tracey Ullman released in 1983. It peaked at number 14 on the UK album chart and number 34 on the Billboard 200 in the U. S. in the spring of 1984, the album consists of covers, such as Move Over Darling and Blondies Presence Dear. They Dont Know—originally written, recorded and released by singer Kirsty MacColl—became Ullmans biggest hit and it reached #8 on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100, and #2 in the UK. The songs music video included an appearance by Paul McCartney
25.
Annie Lennox
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Ann Annie Lennox, OBE is a Scottish singer, songwriter, political activist and philanthropist. With a total of eight Brit Awards, including Best British Female Artist six times and she has also been named the Brits Champion of Champions. Lennox embarked on a career in 1992 with her debut album, Diva. To date, she has released six studio albums and a compilation album. Aside from her eight Brit Awards, she has collected four Grammy Awards. In 2002, Lennox received a Billboard Century Award, the highest accolade from Billboard Magazine. In 2004, she won both the Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Into the West, written for the soundtrack to the feature film The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King. In addition to her career as a musician, Lennox is also a political and social activist, notable for raising money and awareness for HIV/ AIDS as it affects women and children in Africa. In 2011, Lennox was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II for her tireless charity campaigns, on 4 June 2012 she performed at the Queens Diamond Jubilee Concert in front of Buckingham Palace. Lennox performed the song Little Bird during the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London on 12 August 2012, Lennox has been named The Greatest White Soul Singer Alive by VH1 and one of The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time by Rolling Stone. In 2012, she was rated No.22 on VH1s 100 Greatest Women in Music and she has earned the distinction of most successful female British artist in UK music history due to her commercial success since the early 1980s. As of June 2008, including her work within Eurythmics, Lennox had sold over 80 million records worldwide, Annie Lennox was born on Christmas Day 1954 in Summerfield Maternity hospital, Aberdeen, the daughter of Dorothy and Thomas Allison Lennox. In the 1970s, Lennox won a place at the Royal Academy of Music in London and she lived on a student grant and worked at part-time jobs for extra money. Lennox was unhappy during her time at the Royal Academy and spent her time wondering what direction she could take. Lennoxs flute teachers final report stated, Ann has not always sure of where to direct her efforts. She is very, very able, however, two years later, Lennox reported to the Academy, I have had to work as a waitress, barmaid, and shop assistant to keep me when not in musical work. She also played and sang with a few bands, such as Windsong, during the period of her course, in 2006, the academy made her an honorary Fellow. Lennox also was made a Fellow of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music, in 1976, Lennox was flautist with a band called Dragons Playground, leaving before they appeared on TVs New Faces
26.
Chris Stein
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Christopher Chris Stein is the co-founder and guitarist of the new wave band Blondie. He is also a producer and performer for the soundtrack of the hip hop film, Wild Style. Steins photography was published most recently in September 2014 by Rizzoli International in his book, Chris Stein / Negative, Me, Blondie, Stein also ran the Animal Records label between 1982 and 1984. In 1983, Stein was diagnosed with pemphigus vulgaris, an autoimmune disease of the skin. Stein had developed a form of the disease, and was able to control it with a program of steroids. As of 2016, he was touring and recording with Blondie. Stein is Jewish and was born to Jewish parents in Brooklyn, while in Blondie, Stein and Harry maintained a romantic relationship but never married. In 1989, the couple went their ways but have continued to work together on a professional basis. Stein was co-host of TV Party, a television cable TV show in New York City. In 1999, Stein married the actress Barbara Sicuranza, and they have two daughters, Akira and Valentina, list of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Chris Stein official website Blondie official website International Pemphigus Foundation Rednight. net
27.
Dutch Top 40
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The Dutch Top 40 is a weekly music chart compiled by Stichting Nederlandse Top 40. It started as a program titled Veronica Top 40, on the offshore station Radio Veronica in 1965. It remained The Veronica Top 40 until 1974, when the station was forced to stop broadcasting, joost den Draaijer was the initiator of the top 40 in the Netherlands. On January 2,1965, the first Top 40 was compiled, in 1974, the Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 bought the Top 40 and named it De Nederlandse Top 40. Currently, Radio 538 is airing the Dutch Top 40 on radio, jeroen Nieuwenhuize presents the program every Friday afternoon from 14.00 until 18.00. As of February 2014 the chart is a combination of airplay, streaming, the more often a song gets played on the radio, the higher its place in the Top 40. For year end chart positions, #1 position gets 40 points and this way you just count up all numbers and sort them from most points till least points. There is a set of rules, of some have existed since 1972. Some of these have been criticised as a hindrance, singles must remain minimal two weeks in the chart. If a single officially no longer belongs in the top 40, example, Missy Elliotts Lose Control, Remained two weeks on #40 in the chart, because it did not sell enough and also wasnt played enough on the radio. Singles that highly change position upwards are noted as having superstip status and these singles are not allowed to fall down in chart position the following week. Recent example, Guus Meeuwis Ik Wil Dat Ons Land Juicht, The song entered the chart at #11, the following week it was meant to drop in chart position, but remained on the #5 position. The following two weeks, it went from #5 to #39, because of this rule, this single is the biggest fall down in the Dutch Top 40. However this is not always the case, sometimes singles with a superstip do drop for some reason Re-entry only takes place when the single re-enters within the top 30, if differently, these re-entried singles are ignored. Example, Racoon recently re-entered the Dutch Top 40 at #31 though with the song Love You More, singles with double A-side are noted separately in the top 40, due the different number of airplay the two songs get. Example, Robbie Williams first single off his 2005 album Intensive Care was Tripping with the B-side being Make Me Pure, while Tripping topped the chart by peaking at #1, Make Me Pure peaked at #15 in the Top 40. This is a listing of significant achievements and milestones based upon the Dutch Top 40 charts. & Pharrell Williams — Blurred Lines Avicii — Wake Me Up Clean Bandit featuring Jess Glynne — Rather Be OMI — Cheerleader 10 weeks Heintje — Ich bau dir ein Schloß4 Non Blondes — Whats Up
28.
Official Charts Company
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The OCC is operated jointly by the British Phonographic Industry and the Entertainment Retailers Association. Since 1 July 1997, CIN and then the OCC have compiled the official charts, prior to this date, the charts were produced by a succession of market research companies, beginning with the British Market Research Bureau in 1969, and later by Gallup. All of the OCCs charts are published weekly on Friday nights, from 3 August 1969 until 5 July 2015, the chart week ran from Sunday to Saturday. Genre-specific charts include UK Dance Chart, UK Indie Chart, UK R&B Chart, UK Rock Chart, the Scottish Singles and Albums Charts ― and the former Welsh Singles and Albums Chart ― appears in listings within the Official Charts Company. It is a regional listing reflecting how sales towards the UK Singles Chart, the Welsh Singles and Album Chart served the same purpose in Wales. It also charts the UK DVD Chart and UK Budget Album Chart, while their music charts are now Friday to Thursday, their video charts remain Sunday to Saturday. On 5 September 2008, the Official UK Charts Company rebranded itself as the Official Charts Company and it later dropped the word Company and became just Official Charts. From May 2012, a new chart was launched – the Official Streaming Chart and this counts audio streams from streaming services Spotify, Deezer, Blinkbox Music, Napster, amongst others. In April 2015, the UKs first vinyl record chart was launched by the Official Charts Company due to the surge of interest in the sector. The chart was launched following the growth of the sector in the UK for the year in a row. Beginning in 2017 the Official Charts Company changed its methodology for calculating the Top 40, prior to January 2017,100 streams counted as one sale of a song. From January onward, the ratio became 150,1, UK Albums Chart UK Singles Chart UK Video Charts UK Singles Downloads Chart UK Album Downloads Chart British Phonographic Industry Official Charts Company website
29.
Debbie Harry
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Deborah Ann Debbie Harry is an American singer-songwriter and actress best known as the lead singer of the new wave band Blondie. She recorded several worldwide number one singles with Blondie during the 1970s and 1980s and she is sometimes considered the first rapper to chart at number one in the United States owing to her work on Rapture. She has also had success as a solo artist before reforming Blondie in the late 1990s and her acting career spans over 60 film roles and numerous television appearances. Deborah Harry was born in Miami, Florida, and then adopted at three months of age by Richard Smith and Catherine Harry, gift shop proprietors in Hawthorne and she attended Hawthorne High School, where she graduated in 1963. She graduated from Centenary College in Hackettstown, New Jersey, with an Associate of Arts degree in 1965, before starting her singing career, she moved to New York City in the late 1960s and worked as a secretary at BBC Radios office there for one year. Later, she was a waitress at Maxs Kansas City, a dancer in a Union City, New Jersey discothèque. In the late 1960s, Harry began her career as a backing singer for the folk rock group the Wind in the Willows. The group also recorded an album, it was never released. In 1974, Harry joined the Stilettoes with Elda Gentile and Amanda Jones and her eventual boyfriend and Blondie guitarist, Chris Stein, joined the band shortly after. After leaving the Stilettoes, Harry and Stein formed Angel and the Snake with Tish Bellomo, shortly thereafter, Harry and Stein formed Blondie, naming it after the term of address men often called Harry when she bleached her hair blonde. Members of Blondie quickly became regulars at Maxs Kansas City and CBGB in New York City, after a debut album in 1976, commercial success followed in the late 1970s to the early 1980s, first in Australia and Europe and then in the United States. In 1989 and 2010 interviews, Harry claimed that during the early 1970s she had lured into a car driven by serial killer Ted Bundy while in New York City. Snopes. com noted that Ann Rule, an author of a book on Bundy, while leading Blondie, Harry and Stein became partners in life as well as musically. In the mid 1980s, she took a few years off to care for Stein while he suffered with pemphigus, Stein and Harry broke up in the 1980s but continued to work together. In a 2014 Daily Mail interview, Harry confirmed rumors that she has had relationships with women. She had made remarks in previous interviews. With her distinctive features and two-tone bleached-blonde hair, Harry quickly became a punk icon. Her look was popularized by the bands early presence in the music video revolution of the era
30.
Clem Burke
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Clement Clem Burke is an American musician who is best known as the drummer for the band Blondie from 1975, shortly after the band formed, throughout the bands entire career. Burkes early experiences behind the drum kit began in the late 1960s and early 1970s as one of the members of Bayonnes premier cover bands, Total Environment. Burke also gained knowledge from his stint as a drummer in the famed Saint Andrew Bridgmen Drum. Recruited by Debbie Harry and Chris Stein when Blondie was first forming in 1974 and his style of playing was influenced by Hal Blaine, Keith Moon, Ringo Starr, and Earl Palmer. In 1987 he stood in as drummer for the Ramones for two gigs, on August 28 in Providence, Rhode Island, and August 29 in Trenton, New Jersey, after the sudden departure of Richie Ramone. On October 8,2004, he again played under the name Elvis Ramone, when he joined Tommy Ramone, C. J. Ramone. He has recorded and played live with Wanda Jackson and Nancy Sinatra, Burke also played on the Go-Gos member Kathy Valentines solo release, Light Years in 2005. He was inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2006 as a member of Blondie. In 2007, Burke joined Slinky Vagabond with David Bowie guitarist Earl Slick, Glen Matlock, in July 2011, Burke received an honorary doctorate from the University of Gloucestershire, as a result of the drumming project. In December 2011 he formed the band The International Swingers with Sex Pistols bass player Glen Matlock, guitarist James Stevenson of Generation X and singer Gary Twinn of Supernaut. About the same time he became a member of the Split Squad, participating in tours, appearances at SXSW festivals. In 2014, Burke was a member of the Empty Hearts. The bands self-titled first album was released August 5,2014, in 2015, via PledgeMusic, the band The International Swingers raised the money to record their first full-length self-titled album, The International Swingers. The album was recorded at Studio 606 in LA which is owned by the Foo Fighters and it was then mixed by Peter Walsh who has worked with Simple Minds, Pulp and most recently Scott Walker
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Matt Katz-Bohen
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Matthew Jeremy Matt Katz-Bohen is a songwriter, producer, and multi-instrumentalist. Since 2008, he has been the keyboardist for the rock band Blondie, Katz-Bohen was born in Manhattan, New York. He started playing piano and then guitar in elementary school and he then attended the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School in New York City, where he studied violin and composition. As a guitarist, Katz-Bohen has backed performers Boy George, Ashford & Simpson, Jody Watley, Lady Miss Kier, John Cameron Mitchell, Debbie Harry, the Toilet Böys, and Princess Superstar. As a keyboardist, in 2013 he performed on a single, Every Empire – Change In 2015, since 2015, he has served as substitute music director in the Broadway production of Hedwig And The Angry Inch, and performed in the production on both keys and guitar. With the production starting a national tour October 2016, Katz-Bohen assumes a new role as the Associate Conductor through the end of the tour in mid-2017. After Katz-Bohen met his wife, Laurel Barclay, in elementary school, they began composing and performing songs. Playing primarily in NYC, the couple performed under that name with a changing line-up of musicians through 1998, then in 1999, they changed the bands name to Daddy. Daddys members were Matt, Laurel, James Caputo, and Ben Ritter, ned Vizzini of the New York Press characterized their sound as, Cross David Bowie with Black Flag and Cabaret and you get NYCs own Daddy, of course. In 2005, Matt and Laurel won a SESAC Songwriters Hall of Fame Abe Olman scholarship award, Daddy often played the legendary Squeezebox parties, and in 2006–2007, toured the United States and Canada. GoonSquad was formed with Matt, Laurel, and Guy Furrow, in 2006, Katz-Bohen was frequently playing with Furrow at the night club Speed on 39th street. Furrow was the DJ and Katz-Bohen played guitar in the house band, different celebrities, artists and performers would come sing with the band. Katz-Bohen joined Blondie in 2008 for the Parallel Lines 30th Anniversary Tour, in he explains the circumstances that led to him meeting Blondie vocalist Debbie Harry, and soon afterwards being invited to join the band on keyboards. A complete listing of all the venues may be found in the Blondie Gig List. He also produced and wrote three songs for Blondies 2014 release of their tenth studio album, Blondie 4 Ever, A Rose by Any Name, Take Me in the Night. In a March 2014 interview with Blondie frontwoman Debbie Harry, she credits Katz-Bohen with making, onstage with Blondie, he uses a Roland Fantom-G, Dave Smith Prophet 08, Roland VK8, Propellerhead Reason, and Ableton Live. In addition to instruments, when producing, he favors the Roland Juno-106, Jupiter-6. With Guy Furrow, he co-produced and performed in Merry Effin Christmas In 2007 and they have known each other since age 12
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Tommy Kessler
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Tommy Kessler is an American guitarist from Springboro, Ohio, currently in the new wave Blondie. Kessler joined Blondie in April 2010, replacing guitarist Paul Carbonara who had left Blondie during the sessions for their studio album, Panic of Girls. Despite playing only on two songs Kessler was credited as a full member in the liner notes. Tommy Kessler also performs as a guitarist in the fictional 1980s rock band Arsenal in the Broadway musical, Rock of Ages and he has also been part of the band in the New York City performance of Blue Man Group since 2006. Tommy also mixes albums for other musicians and he mixed Joel Hoekstra 2015 release entitled Joel Hoekstras 13, Dying to Live. Http, //www. gigslutz. co. uk/interview-tommy-kessler-blondie/ Official website Rock of Ages Blondie
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Blondie (album)
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Blondie is the eponymous debut album by American new wave band Blondie, released in December 1976 on Private Stock Records. The first single X Offender was originally entitled Sex Offender but since radio stations would not play a song such a provocative title. After disappointing sales and poor publicity, the band ended their contract with Private Stock, Chrysalis re-released the album in September 1977, along with the single In the Flesh. The album reached #14 in Australia, where the band had already had a Top 3 hit with In the Flesh, the album also charted at #75 in the UK in early 1979, where the band had become immensely popular. The album was first digitally remastered by Chrysalis Records UK in 1994, in 2001, the album was again remastered and reissued, this time along with five bonus tracks. Out in the Streets, The Thin Line and Platinum Blonde are three of five tracks from a 1975 demo recorded by Alan Betrock, all five were first issued on the 1994 compilation The Platinum Collection, bonus track Platinum Blonde was the first song that Debbie Harry wrote. Original single versions of X Offender and In the Sun are both sides of Blondies first single, issued on Private Stock, and are different mixes from the album versions, the two Private Stock versions are both remastered from vinyl. Kevin Flaherty -2001 re-issue producer Alan Betrock - original producer of Out in the Streets, The Thin Line and Platinum Blonde
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Eat to the Beat
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Eat to the Beat is the fourth studio album by the American rock band Blondie. It was certified Platinum in the United States, where it spent a year on the Billboard album chart, although it peaked at No.17, it was one of Billboards top 10 albums of 1980. It also reached No.1 on the United Kingdom album chart in October 1979 and was certified Platinum by the BPI, the album includes a diverse range of styles as pop, punk, reggae, and funk as well as a lullaby. Three singles were released in the UK from this album, the Hardest Part was released as the second single from the album in the US instead of Union City Blue. An alternate mix of the track entitled The Stripped Down Motown Mix did however turn up on one of the remix singles issued by Chrysalis/EMI in the mid 1990s. Blondies first video album was produced in conjunction with this record and it was the first such project in rock music. Most of the songs were filmed in and around New York, the exception was the Union City Blue music video, each video was directed by David Mallet and produced by Paul Flattery. The video was available as a promotional VHS in 1979 and subsequently released on videocassette. Eat to the Beat was digitally remastered and reissued by EMI in 1994, and I was right there with them. We also had a title for the album at an early point, so we had a concept of sorts. I tried to have Debbie explain exactly what it meant to her, found their way to the studio and presented us with yet another obstacle. The more drugs, the more fights and it was becoming a real mess. The music was good but the group was showing signs of wear and tear, the meetings, the drugs, the partying and the arguments had beaten us all up, and it was hard to have a positive attitude when the project was finally finished. Was this the record that the public was waiting for, or was it just the waste of seven sick minds, I had never experienced this kind of emotional rollercoaster before, and I have never forgotten the sounds, smells and tastes that came with it. I guess that was what they meant, Eat to the Beat, the 2001 remaster was again reissued in 2007 without the four bonus tracks. Included instead was a DVD of the long-since deleted Eat to the Beat video album, originally released on Chrysalis Records Kevin Flaherty –2001 reissue producer Norman Seeff – cover photography and art direction
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Autoamerican
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Autoamerican is the fifth studio album by the American rock band Blondie. It was released in November 1980 and reached #3 in the UK charts, #7 in the US, the album was a radical departure for the band, with opening track Europa setting the pace. The track is an instrumental overture featuring orchestral arrangements and ending with vocalist Debbie Harry declaiming a passage about automobile culture over an electronic soundtrack. The closing track, Follow Me, was a cover of a song from Alan Jay Lerner. Producer Mike Chapman insisted the band record in Los Angeles, guitarist Chris Stein lamented, Every day we get up, stagger into the blinding sun, drive past a huge Moon-mobile from some ancient sci-fi movie. Drummer Clem Burke welcomed the change, Autoamerican was fun and we got to spend two months in California. Im always up for a free ride, however, the band insisted on the cover artwork shot being from their hometown, posing on a roof near New Yorks Broadway and Eighth. The image was taken from a painting by artist Martin Hoffman. The band released two singles from album, The Tide Is High and Rapture. The Tide Is High hit number 1 in several countries, including the US, Rapture became the first rap song ever to reach number 1 on the singles chart in the US. Originally released on Chrysalis Records on November 14,1980, kevin Flaherty –2001 reissue producer
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The Hunter (Blondie album)
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The Hunter is the sixth studio album by American band Blondie, released in May 1982. It was Blondies last album of new material until 1999s No Exit and it was recorded in the fall of 1981 and January and February 1982. The Hunter is loosely a concept based on the theme, searching, pursuing. Tracks on the album include Jimmy Destris Motown pastiche Danceway, while Dragonfly has a theme to its lyrics about a race in space. The Beast deals with Deborah Harrys experiences of becoming a figure, I am the centre of attraction. The album concludes with a version of Smokey Robinsons The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game. The song For Your Eyes Only was originally written for the 1981 James Bond film of the same name, the producers of the film, however, favored a track composed by Bill Conti and Michael Leeson and asked Blondie to record that song instead. Blondie declined, the Conti/Leeson song was passed on to Sheena Easton, Blondie opted to release their song on The Hunter. Two singles were released from the album, Island of Lost Souls, Danceway was planned for release as a single in Canada but the single was withdrawn. In the liner notes to the 2001 reissue of The Hunter, producer Mike Chapman stated I knew that we were in a different, I could tell that things were different now, and I knew that this would be the last Blondie album. The album peaked at #9 in the UK, #15 in Australia, compared to Blondies three previous albums with Mike Chapman as producer, The Hunter proved to be a disappointment, both commercially and critically. Six months after its release, the band splintered, the summer Tracks Across America Tour 82 was set to promote the album, but turned out to be unsuccessful. The bands European tour which was due to follow in autumn was cancelled, the Hunter was digitally remastered and reissued by Chrysalis Records UK in 1994, and again by EMI-Capitol in 2001, both times with the 12 version of War Child as the only bonus track
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No Exit (Blondie album)
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No Exit is the seventh studio album by American rock band Blondie, released on February 15,1999, by Beyond Records. It was the bands first album in 17 years and features the UK number-one single Maria, as was customary for a Blondie album, No Exit dabbled in many genres, including pop, reggae, and hip hop. Mike Chapman, who had produced all but the first two of Blondies previous albums, produced some of the demos for the album, though final production of the album fell to Craig Leon. A cover of The Shangri-Las 1965 song Out in the Streets was also included on the album and it was originally recorded by the band in 1975 while they were trying to get a record deal. The demo version was first issued on EMIs 1994 anthology The Platinum Collection and was included on the 2001 remaster of the bands eponymous debut studio album. A huge comeback promotional tour was launched preceding the release of the album, No Exit reached number three on the UK Albums Chart, and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry for sales in excess of 100,000 copies. A second single, Nothing Is Real but the Girl, peaked at number 26 on the UK Singles Chart. The title track, No Exit, was released as a third single in Europe, and is a fusion of classical, hip hop and rock, and featured raps by Mobb Deep, Coolio, U-God. The album was released in editions in different countries with various bonus tracks. The album was reissued in 2001 along with all of Blondies other studio albums. Chris Stein commented on the title of the album in a 2004 interview, The title was taken from a Sartre play, I think thats probably what all these reality TV shows are about. Maybe we were a reality TV show before there was reality TV, notes On the 2001 reissue, tracks 15 to 17 are sequenced as one track with total duration 17,51. Credits adapted from the notes of No Exit
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