1.
Political criticism
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Political criticism is criticism that is specific of or relevant to politics, including policies, politicians, political parties, and types of government. There has been controversy over the relevance and importance of political criticism in civilizations, advocates argue that political discussion creates and promotes the variety of opinions necessary for a true democracy. The American constitution is often pointed to as support for the belief, critics of this philosophy argue that the general public lacks the resources and capability to conceive opinions that are educated enough to be taken seriously. There are many methods used throughout history of promoting political opinions, some of the most common include the following, Throughout history one of the most influential methods of promoting political opinions has been literary. It is from this correlation between books and politics that the phrase, the pen is mightier than the sword, derives, since their development in this past century, both television and films have often had far-reaching political effects throughout the world. Influential films and television events include Countdown with Keith Olbermann, Citizen Kane, the works of Walt Disney, like literature, a movie or television event has the capacity to have emotional impact on its viewers, making it an invaluable tool for politics. Political cartoons are infamous for their ability to promote political views through satirical means, any bias in these mediums alters peoples impressions of current events into different understandings and opinions than those that may have been chosen with more accurate information. With the recent invention of the Internet, political criticism has been extended to anyone with a connection to the World Wide Web. The many means of exchanging ideas, including blogs and internet forums, has extended the political debate to anyone that cares to contribute and this ability and speed that which ideas can flow has literally changed the way that political parties stay connected to constituents
2.
4chan
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4chan is an English-language imageboard website. Users generally post anonymously, with the most recent posts appearing above the rest, 4chan is split into various boards with their own specific content and guidelines. Registration is not required, nor is it possible, launched on October 1,2003, the site was modeled on Japanese imageboards, particularly 2chan. 4chans first boards were originally used for posting pictures and discussing manga. The site has linked to Internet subcultures and activism, most notably Anonymous. 4chan users have been responsible for the formation or popularization of Internet memes such as lolcats, Rickrolling, Chocolate Rain, Pedobear, the sites Random board, also known as /b/, was the first board to be created, and is the one that receives the most traffic. As its name suggests, the Random board has minimal rules on posted content, gawker once jokingly claimed that reading /b/ will melt your brain. The sites anonymous community and culture have often provoked media attention, for media planners, this enterprise is further proof that creativity is everywhere and new media is less accessible to advertisement agencies. The Guardian once summarized the 4chan community as lunatic, juvenile brilliant, ridiculous, the activity of 4chan takes place on message boards and imageboards. The website is split into six categories, Japanese culture, Interests, Creative, Adult, Other, and Misc. These provide for on-topic boards to discuss anime, manga, technology, sport, photography, music, hentai, torrents, travel, physical fitness, as well as a random board. 4chan originally hosted discussion boards on a domain called world4ch. The site has had at least one employee, a programmer whom 4chans founder Christopher Poole met via online Tetris, as of 2011, the /b/, /v/, /a/, and /s/ boards were respectively the sites first, second, third, and fourth most popular boards. 4chan is one of the Internets most trafficked imageboards, according to the Los Angeles Times, 4chans Alexa rank is generally around 700, though it has been as high as number 56 at times. It is provided to its users free of charge and consumes an amount of bandwidth, as a result. Poole acknowledges that donations alone cannot keep the site online, so he has turned to advertising to make ends meet. However, the content hosted on 4chan has deterred businesses who do not want to be associated with the sites content. In January 2009, Poole signed a new deal with a company, in February 2009, he was $20,000 in debt
3.
News
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News is information about current events. Common topics for news reports include war, government, politics, education, health, the environment, economy, business, government proclamations, concerning royal ceremonies, laws, taxes, public health, criminals, have been dubbed news since ancient times. Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news, technological and social developments, often driven by government communication and espionage networks, have increased the speed with which news can spread, as well as influenced its content. The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper, the English word news developed in the 14th century as a special use of the plural form of new. In Middle English, the equivalent word was newes, like the French nouvelles, jessica Garretson Finch is credited with coining the phrase current events while teaching at Barnard College in the 1890s. As its name implies, “news” typically connotes the presentation of new information, the newness of news gives it an uncertain quality which distinguishes it from the more careful investigations of history or other scholarly disciplines. News conspicuously describes the world in the present or immediate past, to make the news, an ongoing process must have some “peg”, an event in time which anchors it to the present moment. Relatedly, news often addresses aspects of reality which seem unusual, deviant, hence the famous dictum that “Dog Bites Man” is not news, but “Man Bites Dog” is. Another corollary of the newness of news is that, as new technology enable new media to disseminate news more quickly, according to some theoretical and understandings, news is whatever the news industry sells. Journalism, broadly understood along the lines, is the act or occupation of collecting and providing news. From a commercial perspective, news is simply one input, along with paper necessary to prepare a product for distribution. A news agency supplies this resource “wholesale” and publishers enhance it for retail, most purveyors of news value impartiality, neutrality, and objectivity, despite the inherent difficulty of reporting without political bias. Perception of these values has changed greatly over time as sensationalized tabloid journalism has risen in popularity, News is also sometimes said to portray the truth, but this relationship is elusive and qualified. Paradoxically, another property commonly attributed to news is sensationalism, the focus on. Thus news is not unrelated to gossip, the human practice of sharing information about other humans of mutual interest. A common sensational topic is violence, hence another news dictum, “if it bleeds, newsworthiness is defined as a subject having sufficient relevance to the public or a special audience to warrant press attention or coverage. In some countries and at points in history, what news media. Many news values seem to be common across cultures, people seem to be interested in news to the extent which it has a big impact, describes conflicts, happens nearby, involves well-known people, and deviates from the norms of everyday happenings
4.
Racism
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Racism is discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity. Today, the use of the term racism does not easily fall under a single definition, the Holocaust is the classic example of institutionalized racism which led to the death of millions of people based on their race. Ethnicity is often used in a close to one traditionally attributed to race. Therefore, racism and racial discrimination are often used to describe discrimination on an ethnic or cultural basis, according to a United Nations convention on racial discrimination, there is no distinction between the terms racial and ethnic discrimination. Racist ideology can become manifest in many aspects of social life, Racism can be present in social actions, practices, or political systems that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices. Associated social actions may include nativism, xenophobia, otherness, segregation, hierarchical ranking, supremacism, in the 19th century, many scientists subscribed to the belief that the human population can be divided into races. The term racism is a noun describing the state of being racist, the origin of the root word race is not clear. Linguists generally agree that it came to the English language from Middle French, a recent proposal is that it derives from the Arabic ras, which means head, beginning, origin or the Hebrew rosh, which has a similar meaning. Early race theorists generally held that some races were inferior to others and these early theories guided pseudo-scientific research assumptions, the collective endeavors to adequately define and form hypotheses about racial differences are generally termed scientific racism. To date, there is evidence in human genome research indicating that race can be defined in such a way as to be useful in a genetic classification of humans. An entry in the Oxford English Dictionary defines racialism simply as An earlier term than racism, but now superseded by it. The revised Oxford English Dictionary cites the shortened term racism in a quote from the year,1903. It was first defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as he theory that human characteristics and abilities are determined by race. Additionally, the Oxford English Dictionary records racism as a synonym of racialism, as its history indicates, popular use of the word racism is relatively recent. The word came into usage in the Western world in the 1930s, when it was used to describe the social and political ideology of Nazism. It is commonly agreed that racism existed before the coinage of the word, garner summarizes different existing definitions of racism and identifies three common elements contained in those definitions of racism. First, a historical, hierarchical power relationship between groups, second, a set of ideas about racial differences, and, third, the UDHR was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. They are born equal in dignity and rights and all form a part of humanity
5.
Neo-Nazism
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Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II social or political movements seeking to revive the far-right tenets of Nazism. The term neo-Nazism can also refer to the ideology of these movements, Neo-Nazism borrows elements from Nazi doctrine, including ultranationalism, racism, ableism, xenophobia, homophobia, antiziganism, antisemitism, and initiating the Fourth Reich. Holocaust denial is a feature, as is incorporation of Nazi symbols. Neo-Nazi activity is a phenomenon, with organized representation in many countries. In some European and Latin American countries, laws have been enacted that prohibit the expression of pro-Nazi, racist, Many Nazi-related symbols are banned in European countries in an effort to curtail neo-Nazism. The major postwar far-right party was the Austrian National Democratic Party, until it was banned in 1988 for violating Austrias anti-Nazi legislation, the Freedom Party of Austria served as a shelter for ex-Nazis almost from its inception. In 1980, scandals undermined Austrias two main parties, and the economy stagnated, jörg Haider became leader of the FPÖ and offered partial justification for Nazism, calling its employment policy effective. Professor Ali Mazrui, however, identified the FPÖ as neo-Nazi in a BBC world lecture, Haider, who in 2005 left the Freedom Party and formed the Alliance for Austrias Future, was killed in a traffic accident in October,2008. Barbara Rosenkranz, the Freedom Partys candidate for the Austrian presidential election,2010, is controversial for having made allegedly pro-Nazi statements, Rosenkranz is married to Horst Rosenkranz, a key member of a banned neo-Nazi party, who is known for publishing far-right books. Rosenkranz says she cannot detect anything dishonourable in her husbands activities, the volume Rechtsextremismus in Österreich seit 1945, issued by DÖW in 1979, listed nearly 50 active far right organizations in Austria. Their influence waned gradually, partly due to programs in secondary schools and universities which emphasized Austrian identity. Votes for the RFS, the Freedom Partys academic student organization, in the 1995 elections for the student representative body Österreichische Hochschülerschaft, the RFS got 4% of the vote. The FPÖ won 22% of the votes at the General Election in the same year, in 1993 Küssel was repeatedly convicted on charges of NS-Wiederbetätigung under the Austrian anti-Nazi law and sentenced to ten years in prison. The VAPO de facto disbanded in the course of the imprisonment of its leading figures, due to procedural errors Küssels sentence was revoked by the OGH and his trial was reheld in 1994 at the end of which he was sentenced to eleven years in prison. A Belgian neo-Nazi organization, Bloed, Bodem, Eer en Trouw, was created in 2004 after splitting from the international network. The group rose to prominence in September 2006, after 17 members were arrested under the December 2003 anti-terrorist laws and laws against racism, antisemitism. According to Justice Minister Laurette Onkelinx and Interior Minister Patrick Dewael, a police operation, which mobilized 150 agents, searched five military barracks as well as 18 private addresses in Flanders. They found weapons, munitions, explosives and a homemade bomb large enough to make a car explode, the leading suspect, B. T. was organizing the trafficking of weapons and was developing international links, in particular with the Dutch far-right movement De Nationale Alliantie
6.
Southern Poverty Law Center
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The Southern Poverty Law Center is an American nonprofit legal advocacy organization specializing in civil rights and public interest litigation. SPLC was founded by Morris Dees and Joseph J. Levin Jr. in 1971 as a civil law firm in Montgomery. Civil rights leader Julian Bond joined Dees and Levin and served as president of the board between 1971 and 1979, the SPLC originally advocated on civil rights issues. In 1979, it began a strategy of filing civil suits for monetary damages on behalf of the victims of violence from the Ku Klux Klan. The SPLC has provided information about hate groups to the Federal Bureau of Investigation and has worked in partnership with the bureau, the SPLCs first president was Julian Bond, who served until 1979 and then remained on the board of directors until his death in 2015. In 1979, Dees and the SPLC began monitoring far-right groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and they initiated civil suits against KKK chapters and similar organizations for monetary damages to gain justice on behalf of their victims. In 1981, the Center began its Klanwatch project to monitor the activities of the KKK and that project, now called Hatewatch, has been expanded to include seven other types of hate organizations. In July 1983, the SPLC headquarters was firebombed, destroying the building, as a result of the arson, Klansmen Joe M. Garner and Roy T. Downs Jr. along with Klan sympathizer Charles Bailey, pleaded guilty in February 1985 to conspiring to intimidate, oppress, the SPLC rebuilt its headquarters building from 1999 to 2001. In 1984, Dees became a target of The Order. By 2007, according to Dees, more than 30 people had been jailed in connection with plots to kill him or to blow up SPLC offices. In 1986, the legal staff of the SPLC, excluding Dees. In 1989, the Center unveiled its Civil Rights Memorial, which was designed by Maya Lin, the Centers Teaching Tolerance project was initiated in 1991. The SPLC dismissed the series as a hatchet job, in 1995, four white men were indicted for planning to blow up the SPLC. Some critics have alleged that the SPLC has used hyperbole and overstated the prevalence of hate groups to large amounts of money. The article claimed the SPLC spends twice as much on fund-raising – $5.76 million last year – as it does on legal services for victims of civil rights abuses and he criticized the high level of Dees compensation relative to other nonprofits. Silverstein said that more than 95% of hate crimes are committed by lone wolves without any connection to the groups the SPLC was tracking. In 2008, the SPLC and Dees were featured on National Geographics Inside American Terror explaining their litigation against several branches of the Ku Klux Klan, the Southern Poverty Law Center has initiated a number of civil cases seeking injunctive relief and monetary awards on behalf of its clients
7.
White supremacy
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White supremacy has roots in scientific racism and often relies on pseudoscientific arguments. The term is typically used to describe a political ideology that perpetuates. Different forms of white supremacism put forth different conceptions of who is considered white, White supremacist groups have typically opposed people of color and Jews. White supremacy was dominant in the United States even after the American Civil War, in large areas of the U. S. this included the holding of non-whites in chattel slavery with four million denied freedom from bondage. The outbreak of the Civil War saw the desire to uphold white supremacy cited as a cause for state secession, in an editorial about Native Americans in 1890, author L. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, the denial of social and political freedom continued into the mid-20th century resulting in the Civil Rights Movement. On the U. S. immigration laws prior to 1965, many U. S. states banned interracial marriage through anti-miscegenation laws until 1967, when these laws were invalidated by the Supreme Court of the United States decision in Loving v. Virginia. Additionally, white leaders often viewed Native Americans as obstacles to economic and political progress with respect to the claims to land. The terms recent rise in popularity among leftist activists has been characterized by some as counterproductive, in an opinion piece in The Atlantic, Conor Friedersdorf has said that the usage of the term by activists creates confusion because it strays from the common definition. Nazism promoted the idea of a superior Germanic people or Aryan race in Germany during the early 20th century, gobineaus theories, which attracted a strong following in Germany, emphasized the existence of an irreconcilable polarity between Aryan or Germanic peoples and Jewish cultures. Many modern-day white supremacist groups around the world reuse Nazi symbolism, including the swastika, racial segregation in South Africa began in colonial times under the Dutch Empire, and continued when the British took over the Cape of Good Hope in 1795. Apartheid as an officially structured policy was introduced by the Afrikaner-dominated National Party after the election of 1948. Legislation divided inhabitants into four racial groups—black, white, coloured, and Indian, in 1970, the Afrikaner-run government abolished non-white political representation, and starting that year black people were deprived of South African citizenship. South Africa abolished apartheid in 1991, in Rhodesia, a predominantly white government issued its own unilateral declaration of independence from the United Kingdom during an unsuccessful attempt to avoid immediate majority rule. Neo-Nazi organisations embracing white-supremacist ideology are present in countries in the world. It has been claimed in 2007, that Russian Neo-Nazis accounted for half of the worlds total, White racial advantages occur both at a collective and an individual level. Legal scholar Frances Lee Ansley explains this definition as follows, By white supremacy I do not mean to allude only to the racism of white supremacist hate groups. Some anti-racist educators, such as Betita Martinez and the Challenging White Supremacy workshop, the term expresses historic continuities between a pre-African-American Civil Rights Movement era of open white supremacism and the current racial power structure of the United States
8.
The Daily Stormer
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The Daily Stormer is an American neo-Nazi and white supremacist news and commentary website. It is part of the alt-right movement and its editor is Andrew Anglin, who founded it on July 4,2013, as a faster-paced replacement for his previous website Total Fascism. The site is known for its use of Internet memes, which have been likened to the imageboard 4chan and cited as attractions for a younger, guest writers have included black hat hacker weev and 8chan founder Fredrick Brennan. The Daily Stormer orchestrates what it calls the Troll Army, which is involved in Internet trolling of figures with whom Anglin disagrees politically. Anglin told media and technology company Vocativ that he was liberal as a youth, Anglin studied at Columbus State Community College in 2003 and in 2008 he moved to the Philippines to teach English. In 2012, Anglin launched his first website, Adventure Quest 2012 and he described the aim of the site as to mend the wounds produced by modern society. And the reader transcend these physical bonds and reach total ascendancy, to mend these wounds, the world must learn to embrace diversity and color. He later studied Buddhism, Islam and 20th-century French philosophy before aligning himself with Neo-Nazism, in 2014, he stated that although he agreed with the central tenets of Nazism, he had reservations over reintroducing all aspects of Adolf Hitlers regime. Later in 2012, he launched his first far-right website, Total Fascism, feeling that it was not appealing to a younger demographic and had articles that were too long, Anglin launched The Daily Stormer on July 4,2013, with shorter articles and a more provocative style. The website is registered in the name of Anglins father Greg, Anglin said in March 2014 he spends 70 hours a week writing for the website, which is primarily funded through donations which he solicits regularly from site visitors. The older Anglin was protested by Anti-Racist Action for cashing his sons checks, do you really want to be standing there along side them facing lengthy jail terms. The Daily Stormer is one of the few free, and honest news outlets from which to get our information. Anglin told Mother Jones that he received donations from Silicon Valley, an investigative article by The Huffington Post in November 2016 analyzed his social media and concluded that he was living in Germany. The Daily Stormer takes its name from the Nazi Partys tabloid newspaper Der Stürmer and its publisher, Julius Streicher, was executed after the war for crimes against humanity. Anglin asserts that the purpose of The Daily Stormer is to provide a means to propagandize people … to get them to look at the world in a certain way. Headlines include All Intelligent People in History Disliked Jews and Adolf Hitler, the site bills itself as Americas #1 Most-Trusted Republican News Source. According to The Jewish Chronicle, The Daily Stormer posts hundreds of racist articles targeting black people, Muslims, the website offers pro-separatist coverage of the conflict in Eastern Ukraine, which Anglin considers the correct moral position. Anglin claimed in May 2016 that the traffic had doubled over the last six months
