1.
The Hague
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The Hague is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands, and the capital city of the province of South Holland. With a population of 520,704 inhabitants and more than one million including the suburbs, it is the third-largest city of the Netherlands. The Rotterdam The Hague Metropolitan Area, with a population of approximately 2.7 million, is the 12th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country. Located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation. The Hague is the seat of the Dutch government, parliament, the Supreme Court, and the Council of State, but the city is not the capital of the Netherlands, which constitutionally is Amsterdam. King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands plans to live at Huis ten Bosch and works at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague, the Hague is also home to the world headquarters of Royal Dutch Shell and numerous other major Dutch companies. The Hague originated around 1230, when Count Floris IV of Holland purchased land alongside a pond, in 1248, his son and successor William II, King of the Romans, decided to extend the residence to a palace, which would later be called the Binnenhof. He died in 1256 before this palace was completed but parts of it were finished by his son Floris V, of which the Ridderzaal and it is still used for political events, such as the annual speech from the throne by the Dutch monarch. From the 13th century onwards, the counts of Holland used The Hague as their administrative centre, the village that originated around the Binnenhof was first mentioned as Haga in a charter dating from 1242. In the 15th century, the smarter des Graven hage came into use, literally The Counts Wood, with connotations like The Counts Hedge, s-Gravenhage was officially used for the city from the 17th century onwards. Today, this name is used in some official documents like birth. The city itself uses Den Haag in all its communication and their seat was located in The Hague. At the beginning of the Eighty Years War, the absence of city walls proved disastrous, in 1575, the States of Holland even considered demolishing the city but this proposal was abandoned, after mediation by William of Orange. From 1588, The Hague also became the seat of the government of the Dutch Republic, in order for the administration to maintain control over city matters, The Hague never received official city status, although it did have many of the privileges normally granted only to cities. In modern administrative law, city rights have no place anymore, only in 1806, when the Kingdom of Holland was a puppet state of the First French Empire, was the settlement granted city rights by Louis Bonaparte. After the Napoleonic Wars, modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands were combined in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands to form a buffer against France, as a compromise, Brussels and Amsterdam alternated as capital every two years, with the government remaining in The Hague. After the separation of Belgium in 1830, Amsterdam remained the capital of the Netherlands, when the government started to play a more prominent role in Dutch society after 1850, The Hague quickly expanded. The growing city annexed the rural municipality of Loosduinen partly in 1903, the city sustained heavy damage during World War II
2.
Marc Okrand
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Marc Okrand is an American linguist, well known as the creator of the Klingon language. Okrand worked with Native American languages and he earned a bachelors degree from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1970. He taught undergraduate courses at the University of California, Santa Barbara, from 1975 to 1978, before taking a post doctoral fellowship at the Smithsonian in Washington. After that, Okrand took a job at the National Captioning Institute, the WSC planned to stage an evening of Shakespeare in Klingon in 2010. In 2001, Okrand created the Atlantean language for the Disney film Atlantis, while coordinating closed captioning for the Oscars award show in 1982, Okrand met the producer for the movie Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan. His first work was dubbing in Vulcan language dialogue for Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan and he was later also hired for the 2009 Star Trek film in their use of the Romulan and Vulcan languages. He also created a Klingon dialogue for the 2009 movie, and he was also involved in Star Trek Into Darkness, but only during post-production. He has also co-authored the libretto of an opera in the Klingon language, ’u’ and he speaks Klingon, but notes that others have attained greater fluency
3.
Star Trek
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Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise based on the television series created by Gene Roddenberry. The first television series, simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series, debuted in 1966 and it followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk and his crew aboard the starship USS Enterprise, an exploration vessel. The Star Trek canon of the franchise include The Original Series, a series, four spin-off television series, its film franchise. In creating Star Trek, Roddenberry was inspired by the Horatio Hornblower novels, the satirical book Gullivers Travels and these adventures continued in the short-lived Star Trek, The Animated Series and six feature films. The adventures of The Next Generation crew continued in four feature films. In 2009, the franchise underwent a reboot set in an alternate timeline, or Kelvin Timeline. This film featured a new cast portraying younger versions of the crew from the show, their adventures were continued in the sequel film. The thirteenth film feature and sequel, Star Trek Beyond, was released to coincide with the franchises 50th anniversary, a new Star Trek TV series, titled Star Trek, Discovery, will premiere in May 2017 on the digital platform CBS All Access. Star Trek has been a phenomenon for decades. Fans of the franchise are called Trekkies or Trekkers, the franchise spans a wide range of spin-offs including games, figurines, novels, toys, and comics. Star Trek had an attraction in Las Vegas that opened in 1998. At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world, the series has its own full-fledged constructed language, Klingon. Several parodies have been made of Star Trek, in addition, viewers have produced several fan productions. As of July 2016, the franchise had generated $10 billion in revenue, Star Trek is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction. The franchise is also noted for its civil rights stances. The Original Series included one of televisions first multiracial casts, Star Trek references can be found throughout popular culture from movies such as the submarine thriller Crimson Tide to the animated series South Park. As early as 1964, Gene Roddenberry drafted a proposal for the series that would become Star Trek
4.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
5.
Klingon language
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The Klingon language is the constructed language spoken by the fictional Klingons in the Star Trek universe. Described in the 1985 book The Klingon Dictionary by Marc Okrand and deliberately designed to sound alien, the languages basic sound, along with a few words, was first devised by actor James Doohan and producer Jon Povill for Star Trek, The Motion Picture. That film marked the first time the language had been heard on screen, in all previous appearances, Klingons spoke in English. Klingon was subsequently developed by Okrand into a full-fledged language, fords 1984 Star Trek novel The Final Reflection, and appears in other Star Trek novels by Ford. A shorthand version of what had previously been termed Klingonaase, and later adopted under the name by tlhIngan Hol itself, is called battle language. The Klingon Christmas Carol play is the first production that is primarily in Klingon, the opera ’u’ is entirely in Klingon. A small number of people are capable of conversing in Klingon and its vocabulary, heavily centered on Star Trek-Klingon concepts such as spacecraft or warfare, can sometimes make it cumbersome for everyday use. Although mentioned in the original Star Trek series episode The Trouble with Tribbles, the Klingon language first appeared on-screen in Star Trek, The Motion Picture. According to the actor who spoke the lines, Mark Lenard, James Doohan recorded the lines he had written on a tape, Okrand enlarged the lexicon and developed a grammar based on Doohans original dozen words. The language appeared intermittently in later films featuring the original cast, Two non-canon dialects of Klingon are hinted at in the novelization of Star Trek III, The Search for Spock, as Saavik speaks in Klingon to the only Klingon officer aboard Cpt. Kruges starship after his death, as the survivors of the Enterprises self-destruction transport up from the crumbling Genesis Planet to the Klingon ship. The surviving officer, Maltz, states that he speaks the Rumaiy dialect, while Saavik is speaking to him in the Kumburan dialect of Klingon, per Maltzs spoken reply to her. A small number of characters were later depicted in Star Trek as having learned to speak Klingon, notably Jean-Luc Picard. Worf would later reappear among the characters in Star Trek, Deep Space Nine and BElanna Torres. The pilot episode of the prequel series Star Trek, Enterprise, Broken Bow, however, Klingon as described on television is often not entirely congruous with the Klingon developed by Okrand. Hobbyists around the world have studied the Klingon language, four Klingon translations of works of world literature have been published, ghIlghameS, Hamlet, paghmo’ tIn mIS and pIn’a’ qan paQDI’norgh. In the bonus material on the DVD, screenwriter Nicholas Meyer, the Klingon Language Institute exists to promote the language. CBS Television Studios owns the copyright on the dictionary and other canonical descriptions of the language
6.
Glottal stop
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The glottal stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʔ⟩, using IPA, this sound is known as a glottal plosive. In English, the glottal stop occurs as an open juncture, for most US English speakers, a glottal stop is used as an allophone of /t/ between a vowel and m or a syllabic n except in slow speech. In British English, the stop is most familiar in the Cockney pronunciation of butter as buer. The non-phonemic glottal stop always occurs before isolated or initial vowels, features of the glottal stop, Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely. Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibration of the cords, necessarily so, because the vocal cords are held tightly together. It is a consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds. Although this segment is not a phoneme in English, it is present phonetically in nearly all dialects of English as an allophone of /t/ in the syllable coda. Speakers of Cockney, Scottish English and several other British dialects also pronounce an intervocalic /t/ between vowels as in city. In Received Pronunciation, a stop is inserted before a tautosyllabic voiceless stop, e. g. sto’p, tha’t, kno’ck, wa’tch, also lea’p, soa’k, hel’p. In many languages that do not allow a sequence of vowels, such as Persian, there are intricate interactions between falling tone and the glottal stop in the histories of such languages as Danish, Chinese and Thai. In many languages, the intervocalic allophone of the glottal stop is a creaky-voiced glottal approximant. These are only known to be contrastive in one language, Gimi, in the traditional Romanization of many languages, such as Arabic, the glottal stop is transcribed with an apostrophe, ⟨’⟩, and this is the source of the IPA character ⟨ʔ⟩. In Malay the glottal stop is represented by the letter ⟨k⟩, in Võro, other scripts also have letters used for representing the glottal stop, such as the Hebrew letter aleph ⟨א⟩, and the Cyrillic letter palochka ⟨Ӏ⟩ used in several Caucasian languages. In Tundra Nenets it is represented by the letters apostrophe ⟨ʼ⟩, in Japanese, glottal stops occur at the end of interjections of surprise or anger, and are represented by the character ⟨っ⟩. In the graphic representation of most Philippine languages, the stop has no consistent symbolization
7.
Libretto
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A libretto is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata or musical. The term libretto is also used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as the Mass, requiem and sacred cantata. Libretto, from Italian, is the diminutive of the word libro, sometimes other language equivalents are used for libretti in that language, livret for French works and Textbuch for German. A libretto is distinct from a synopsis or scenario of the plot, in that the libretto contains all the words and stage directions, while a synopsis summarizes the plot. The relationship of the librettist to the composer in the creation of a work has varied over the centuries, as have the sources. In the context of a modern English language musical theatre piece, Libretti for operas, oratorios and cantatas in the 17th and 18th centuries generally were written by someone other than the composer, often a well-known poet. Metastasio was one of the most highly regarded librettists in Europe and his libretti were set many times by many different composers. Another noted 18th-century librettist was Lorenzo Da Ponte, who wrote the libretti for three of Mozarts greatest operas, as well as for other composers. Eugène Scribe was one of the most prolific librettists of the 19th century, providing the words for works by Meyerbeer, Auber, Bellini, Donizetti, Rossini and Verdi. The French writers duo Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy wrote a number of opera and operetta libretti for the likes of Jacques Offenbach, Jules Massenet. Arrigo Boito, who wrote libretti for, among others, Giuseppe Verdi and Amilcare Ponchielli, the libretto is not always written before the music. Some composers wrote their own libretti, Richard Wagner is perhaps most famous in this regard, with his transformations of Germanic legends and events into epic subjects for his operas and music dramas. Hector Berlioz, too, wrote the libretti for two of his works, La Damnation de Faust and Les Troyens. Alban Berg adapted Georg Büchners play Woyzeck for the libretto of Wozzeck, sometimes the libretto is written in close collaboration with the composer, this can involve adaptation, as was the case with Rimsky-Korsakov and his librettist Belsky, or an entirely original work. In the case of musicals, the music, the lyrics, thus, a musical such as Fiddler on the Roof has a composer, a lyricist and the writer of the book. In rare cases, the composer writes everything except the dance arrangements - music, lyrics and libretto, Other matters in the process of developing a libretto parallel those of spoken dramas for stage or screen. A famous case of the latter is Wagners 1861 revision of the original 1845 Dresden version of his opera Tannhäuser for Paris, since the late 19th century some opera composers have written music to prose or free verse libretti. The libretto of a musical, on the hand, is almost always written in prose
8.
Kahless
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Kahless the Unforgettable is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. He is portrayed in Star Trek, The Original Series by Robert Herron and in Star Trek, Kahless is a messianic figure in Klingon history, who unified the Klingon people and became the first Klingon emperor. The Klingons’ most important symbol of leadership, Kahless said that Klingons should fight not just to shed blood, the story of Kahless is a cornerstone of Klingon mythology and religion. He fashioned the sword with his own hands, by dropping a lock of his hair into the lava from the Kristak Volcano and twisting it into a blade. Another epic story relates how Kahless fought his brother, Morath, for days and twelve nights because Morath had lied. Kahless is also said to have fought off an entire army single-handedly at Three Turn Bridge, despite the emphasis on his victories in battle, Kahless was not known as merely a great warrior, but also as a great lover. One day, five hundred warriors stormed the Great Hall at Qam-Chee, only the Emperor Kahless and the Lady Lukara stood their ground. Together, they fought through the night and one by one the attacking warriors fell, finally, after many hours, and with the Great Hall ankle-deep in blood, they emerged victorious, and made passionate love. So began the greatest romance in Klingon history, the ruse was scuttled by Worf, son of Mogh, who learned the truth and subsequently arranged for the new Kahless II to occupy a ceremonial position as a figurehead “emperor” in the Klingon Empire. An image of Kahless was encountered in the Star Trek episode The Savage Curtain, in the Excalbian Yarnek’s study of good versus evil, Kahless was one of the evil images alongside Zora, Colonel Phillip Green and Genghis Khan. Abraham Lincoln and Surak of Vulcan represented good and assisted Kirk, played by actor Robert Herron, this Kahless also appeared as the typical original series-era smooth forehead Klingon. The stories of Kahless are the origin myth of the Klingon people, passed down from generation to generation, these stories remind the Klingon people of their origin and identity. Klingons study these stories for all of their lives, many find new truths in every time. Many of these stories are held within the texts, a few exclusively. Nevertheless, they remain a part of Klingon lore. The following stories are portions and excerpts of song and lore surrounding the life of Kahless, Long ago, everyone took protection within the walls except one man who remained outside. Kahless went to him and asked what he was doing, I am not afraid, the man said. I will not hide my face behind stone and mortar, I will stand before the wind and make it respect me
9.
Klingon
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The Klingons are a fictional extraterrestrial humanoid warrior species in the science fiction franchise Star Trek. Klingons are recurring antagonists in the 1960s television series Star Trek, The Original Series, initially intended to be antagonists for the crew of the USS Enterprise, the Klingons became a close ally of humanity and the United Federation of Planets in Star Trek, The Next Generation. In the 1990s series Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, the United Federation of Planets briefly goes to war with the Klingons, later in that series, the two join together with the Romulans to fight the Dominion. As originally developed by screenwriter Gene L. Coon, Klingons were swarthy humanoids characterized mainly by prideful ruthlessness, totalitarian, and with a martial society relying on slave labor, they reflected analogies with both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Although Cold War tensions are apparent in the characterization, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry did not intend any explicit political parallels, among the elements created for the revised Klingons was a complete Klingon language, developed by Marc Okrand from gibberish suggested by actor James Doohan. Spoken Klingon has entered popular culture, even to the extent that the works of William Shakespeare, a dictionary, a book of sayings, and a cultural guide to the language have been published. According to Guinness World Records, Klingon is the worlds most popular language as measured by number of speakers. The Klingons were created by screenwriter Gene L. Coon, and they were named after Lieutenant Wilbur Clingan, who served with Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry in the Los Angeles Police Department. In the original series, Klingons were typically portrayed with bronze skin and facial hair suggestive of Asian people. The swarthy look of Klingon males was created with the application of shoe polish and long, thin moustaches, the overall look of the aliens, played by white actors, suggested orientalism, at a time when memories of Japanese actions during World War II were still fresh. The production crew never came to an agreement on the name Klingon, Coon was adamant about keeping the name, the Klingons took on the role of the Soviet Union in opposition to the United Federation of Planets playing the role of the United States. As such, they were portrayed as inferior to the crew of the Enterprise. While occasionally capable of honour, this depiction treated the Klingons as close to wild animals, overall, they were shown without redeeming qualities—brutish, scheming, and murderous. Klingons became the primary antagonists of the Enterprise crew, in part because the necessary to make Romulans was too time-consuming. For the first two seasons, no Klingon ships were seen despite being frequently mentioned and this was because of budget constraints— designer Matt Jefferies did not have the money to create a Klingon ship until the third season. When the episodes were remastered beginning in 2006, Klingon ships were digitally inserted into shots earlier than their original appearances, for Star Trek, The Motion Picture, the Klingons were retconned and their appearance and behavior radically changed. To give the aliens a more sophisticated and threatening demeanor, the Klingons were depicted with ridged foreheads, snaggled and prominent teeth, and a defined language and alphabet. Lee Cole, a designer, used red gels and primitive shapes in the design of Klingon consoles and ship interiors
10.
James Doohan
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James Montgomery Jimmy Doohan was a Canadian actor and voice actor best known for his role as Montgomery Scotty Scott in the television and film series Star Trek. He also made contributions behind the scenes, such as development of the Klingon. After the war, he had extensive experience performing in radio and television, Doohan was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the youngest of four children of Sarah Frances and William Patrick Doohan, who both emigrated from Bangor, County Down, Northern Ireland. His father, born in Belfast, was a pharmacist, veterinarian, and dentist, William Doohan owned a chemist shop in Main Street in Bangor, beside Trinity Presbyterian Church. Doohans father reportedly invented a form of high-octane gasoline in 1923. Doohans 1996 autobiography recounted his fathers serious alcoholism, Doohans paternal grandfather, Thomas Doohan, was Head Constable in the Royal Irish Constabulary. The family moved from Vancouver to Sarnia, Ontario, Doohan attended high school at the Sarnia Collegiate Institute and Technical School, where he excelled in mathematics and science. He enrolled in the 102nd Royal Canadian Army Cadet Corps in 1938, at the beginning of the Second World War, Doohan joined the Royal Canadian Artillery and was a member of the 14th Field Battery, 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. He was commissioned a lieutenant in the 14th Field Artillery Regiment of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and he was sent to England in 1940 for training. He first saw combat landing at Juno Beach on D-Day, shooting two snipers, Doohan led his men to higher ground through a field of anti-tank mines, where they took defensive positions for the night. The bullet to his chest was stopped by a cigarette case given to him by his brother. His right middle finger had to be amputated, something he would conceal during his career as an actor, all three Canadian RCAF squadrons were manned by artillery officer-pilots and accompanied by non-commissioned RCA and RCAF personnel serving as observers. Although he was never actually a member of the Royal Canadian Air Force, in the late spring of 1945, on Salisbury Plain north of RAF Andover, he slalomed a plane between telegraph poles to prove it could be done—earning himself a serious reprimand. After the war, Doohan moved to London, Ontario for further technical education, after hearing a radio drama that he knew he could do better, he recorded his voice at the local radio station, and learned about a drama school in Toronto. There he won a scholarship to the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City, where his classmates included Leslie Nielsen, Tony Randall. In 1946, he had roles for CBC radio, starting January 12. For several years, he shuttled between Toronto and New York as work demanded and he estimated he performed in over 4,000 radio programs and 450 television programs during this period, and earned a reputation for versatility. In the mid-1950s, he appeared as forest ranger Timber Tom in the Canadian version of Howdy Doody, coincidentally, fellow Star Trek cast member William Shatner appeared simultaneously as Ranger Bill in the American version
11.
Scotty (Star Trek)
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Montgomery Christopher Jorgensen Scotty Scott is a fictional character in the science fiction franchise Star Trek. Simon Pegg has assumed the character and appeared in the 2009 film Star Trek and its sequels, Star Trek Into Darkness, Chris Doohan, son of James Doohan, has taken on the role of Scotty in the popular web series, Star Trek Continues. Chris has also had roles in the J. J Abrams films Star Trek, the character almost did not make it to the show after series creator Gene Roddenberry sent Doohan a letter informing him, We dont think we need an engineer in the series. Only through the intervention of Doohans agent did the character remain, Doohan tried a variety of accents for the part and decided to use a Scottish accent on the basis that he thought Scottish people make the best engineers. Doohan himself chose Scottys first name, Montgomery, in honor of his maternal grandfather James Montgomery, in a third-season production memo, Roddenberry said Doohan is capable of handling anything we throw at him and that the dour Scot works better when being protective of the ships engines. Scotty spent part of his life in Aberdeen, Scotland, on March 3,2222, Doohan claimed to have based Scottys accent on an Aberdeen accent he once heard. Scottys technical knowledge and skill allow him to devise unconventional and effective solutions to dire problems. Scottys identity is connected to the Enterprise itself, and the character often takes a paternal attitude toward the ship. He is frequently the liaison between Captain James T. Kirks ambitious tactical plans and what is feasible in the realm of the starships capabilities. Scotty oversaw the Enterprises refit prior to the events of Star Trek, The Motion Picture, and is part of the crew when the Enterprise confronts Khan Noonien Singh in Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan. After Scotty was promoted to captain of engineering of the USS Excelsior in Star Trek III, The Search for Spock, he sabotages the new ship, Scotty joins Kirks crew aboard the USS Enterprise-A at the end of Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home. In Star Trek V, The Final Frontier, he helps Kirk, Spock and Dr. Leonard McCoy escape the brig, Scotty kills Colonel West before the latter can assassinate the Federation president in Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country. Scotty joins Kirk and Pavel Chekov for the USS Enterprise-Bs maiden voyage in Star Trek Generations, in September 2007, Paul McGillion auditioned for the Scotty role in the 2009 Star Trek movie and received James Doohans son Chris endorsement. However, Simon Peggs casting was announced on October 12,2007, with assistance from Spock Prime and James Kirk, he joins the Enterprise crew and becomes the ships chief engineer. Slate. com called Peggs performance of Scotty in the 2009 Star Trek film juicily comic. The character of Scotty has a role in the film Star Trek Beyond, in which he meets an alien woman named Jaylah, who leads him to the crashed Federation starship. Working together, the two make the ship again flightworthy and Scotty helps Jaylah to see the value of working together with a crew, following Doohans death, several Scottish towns campaigned to be named Scottys official birthplace. Scripts, production materials and Doohans family support Linlithgows claim to being Scottys birthplace, however, Scotty says in Wolf in the Fold that he is an old Aberdeen pub crawler, and Aberdeen city leaders proposed plans to erect a monument to the actor and character
12.
Star Trek: The Motion Picture
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Star Trek, The Motion Picture is a 1979 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. It is the first Star Trek film and stars the cast of the original 1966–1969 Star Trek television series, the film is set in the twenty-third century when a mysterious and immensely powerful alien cloud known as VGer approaches Earth, destroying everything in its path. Kirk resumes command of his previous starship—the recently refitted USS Enterprise—to lead it on a mission to save the planet, when the original television series was cancelled in 1969, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry lobbied Paramount to continue the franchise through a film. The success of the series in syndication convinced the studio to work on a feature film in 1975. A series of writers attempted to craft a suitably epic script, Paramount instead planned on returning the franchise to its roots with a new television series, Star Trek, Phase II. With the cancellation of Phase II, writers rushed to adapt its planned pilot episode, In Thy Image, constant revisions to the story and shooting script continued to the extent of hourly script updates on shooting dates. The Enterprise was modified inside and out, costume designer Robert Fletcher provided new uniforms, Jerry Goldsmith composed the score, beginning an association with Star Trek that would continue until 2002. The final production cost ballooned to approximately $46 million, the film earned $139 million worldwide, falling short of studio expectations but enough for Paramount to propose a cheaper sequel. Roddenberry was forced out of control for The Wrath of Khan. In 2001, Wise oversaw a directors cut for a special DVD release of the film, with remastered audio, tightened and added scenes, and new computer-generated effects. In 2273, a Starfleet monitoring station, Epsilon Nine, detects an alien force, hidden in a cloud of energy. The cloud destroys three of the Klingon Empires new Ktinga-class warships and the station en route. On Earth, the starship Enterprise is undergoing a refit, her former commanding officer, James T. Kirk, has been promoted to Admiral. Starfleet dispatches Enterprise to investigate the cloud entity as the ship is the one in intercept range. Kirk takes command of the ship citing his experience, angering Captain Willard Decker, testing of Enterprises new systems goes poorly, two officers, including the science officer, are killed by a malfunctioning transporter, and improperly calibrated engines almost destroy the ship. Kirks unfamiliarity with the new systems of the Enterprise increases the tension between him and first officer Decker, Enterprise intercepts the energy cloud and is attacked by an alien vessel within. A probe appears on the bridge, attacks Spock and abducts the navigator and she is replaced by a robotic replica, another probe sent by VGer to study the crew. Decker is distraught over the loss of Ilia, with whom he had a romantic history and he becomes troubled as he attempts to extract information from the doppelgänger, which has Ilias memories and feelings buried within
13.
Henri van Zanten
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Henri Carel van Zanten is a Dutch artist, based in Rotterdam. Van Zanten spent a part of his youth in Canada. Because of that he could adapt to new environments and languages. He studied Slavic linguistics under professor Karel van het Reve, Van Zanten was introduced to the Stanislavski method by Piet Eelvelt. His mentor was the Belgian theatre reformer Jan Decorte, since 1982 Van Zanten is active as an artist, actor and director. Because of the many art disciplines he engages himself in he calls himself an omni artist and he appeared as the Master of the Scream in ’u’, the first Klingon opera. Presenting ‘u’ at FedCon 2010 Henri van Zanten on Wikiquote Henri van Zanten on Galeries. nl
14.
Water Mill, New York
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Water Mill is a hamlet of the Town of Southampton and census-designated place in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population of the CDP was 1,559 at the 2010 census, as of 2010, Water Mill was listed as the fourteenth most expensive ZIP code in the United States by Forbes. The median home price was $2,965,097, in 1644, England gave Edward Howell 40 acres of land near the new settlement of Southampton to build a mill for settlers to grind their grain into meal. It became a landmark, and people began referring to other settlements that popped up as east or west of the watermill, by the 1800s, the area was known as Water Mills and was later changed to Water Mill. Howells Water Mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, today, the hamlet boasts its status as the only settlement on the South Fork of Long Island with both a functioning watermill and windmill. Today Water Mill is a community of beautiful beaches, farms. Celebrities and public figures such as Richard Gere, Jennifer Lopez, Matt Lauer, Senator Frank Lautenberg, Steven Schwartzman, louise Fitzhughs young adult novel The Long Secret takes place in Water Mill. Water Mill is located at 40°550 North, 72°2050 West. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 12.0 square miles, of which 10.5 square miles is land and 1.5 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,724 people,722 households, the population density was 156.8 per square mile. There were 1,461 housing units at a density of 132. 9/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 95. 42% White,2. 49% African American,0. 70% Asian,0. 93% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 31% of the population. 25. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.85. In the CDP, the population was out with 20. 1% under the age of 18,4. 6% from 18 to 24,24. 0% from 25 to 44,31. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 46 years, for every 100 females there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.7 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $84,400, and the median income for a family was $84,272. Males had an income of $60,357 versus $39,167 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $59,987, about 4. 9% of families and 8. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 0% of those under age 18 and 2. 4% of those age 65 or over
15.
Dwingeloo Radio Observatory
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The Dwingeloo Radio Observatory is a single-dish radio telescope near the village of Dwingeloo in the northeastern Netherlands. Construction started in 1954, and the telescope was completed in 1956, the radio telescope has a diameter of 25 m and at the time of completion it was the largest radio telescope in the world. As of 2000, it was no longer in operation in an official capacity, since August 2009, the radio telescope has been national heritage site. The telescope dish was removed for restoration in June 2012, muller Radio Astronomy Station foundation restored the telescope to working order. The dish was remounted in November 2012, in this technique, radio wave signals are aimed at the Moon by one location, bounce off the Moons surface, and are detected by an antenna at a different location on Earth. The radio telescope is owned by ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, the site of the Dwingeloo Radio Observatory also houses most of the staff of ASTRON and a test site for LOFAR. Two galaxies are named after this telescope, Dwingeloo 1 and Dwingeloo 2, media related to Radiotelescoop Dwingeloo at Wikimedia Commons Westerhout, Gart. A survey of the radiation from the Galactic System at a frequency of 1390 Mc/s. Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands
16.
Radio telescope
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A radio telescope is a specialized antenna and radio receiver used to receive radio waves from astronomical radio sources in the sky in radio astronomy. Radio telescopes are typically large parabolic antennas similar to those employed in tracking and communicating with satellites and they may be used singly, or linked together electronically in an array. Unlike optical telescopes, radio telescopes can be used in the daytime as well as at night, Radio waves from space were first detected by engineer Karl Guthe Jansky in 1932 at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Holmdel, New Jersey using an antenna built to study noise in radio receivers. The first purpose-built radio telescope was a 9-meter parabolic dish constructed by radio amateur Grote Reber in his yard in Wheaton. The sky survey he did with it is considered the beginning of the field of radio astronomy. The first radio antenna used to identify an astronomical radio source was one built by Karl Guthe Jansky, Jansky was assigned the job of identifying sources of static that might interfere with radio telephone service. Janskys antenna was an array of dipoles and reflectors designed to receive short wave radio signals at a frequency of 20.5 MHz and it was mounted on a turntable that allowed it to rotate in any direction, earning it the name Janskys merry-go-round. It had a diameter of approximately 100 ft and stood 20 ft tall, by rotating the antenna, the direction of the received interfering radio source could be pinpointed. A small shed to the side of the antenna housed an analog recording system. Jansky finally determined that the faint hiss repeated on a cycle of 23 hours and 56 minutes and this period is the length of an astronomical sidereal day, the time it takes any fixed object located on the celestial sphere to come back to the same location in the sky. An amateur radio operator, Grote Reber, was one of the pioneers of what became known as radio astronomy and he built the first parabolic dish radio telescope, a 9 metres in diameter) in his back yard in Wheaton, Illinois in 1937. The range of frequencies in the spectrum that makes up the radio spectrum is very large. This means that the types of antennas that are used as radio telescopes vary widely in design, size, at wavelengths of 30 meters to 3 meters, they are generally either directional antenna arrays similar to TV antennas or large stationary reflectors with moveable focal points. Since the wavelengths being observed with these types of antennas are so long, at shorter wavelengths parabolic dish antennas predominate. The angular resolution of an antenna is determined by the ratio of the diameter of the dish to the wavelength of the radio waves being observed. This dictates the size a radio telescope needs for a useful resolution. Radio telescopes that operate at wavelengths of 3 meters to 30 cm are usually well over 100 meters in diameter, telescopes working at wavelengths shorter than 30 cm range in size from 3 to 90 meters in diameter. The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe mapped the Cosmic microwave background radiation in 5 different frequency bands, centered on 23 GHz,33 GHz,41 GHz,61 GHz, the worlds largest filled-aperture radio telescope is the Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope completed in 2016 by China
17.
Arcturus
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Arcturus, also designated Alpha Boötis, is the brightest star in the constellation of Boötes, the fourth-brightest in the night sky, and the brightest in the northern celestial hemisphere. Together with Spica and Denebola, Arcturus is part of the Spring Triangle asterism and, by extension, also of the Great Diamond along with the star Cor Caroli. It is 1.08 ±0.06 times as massive as the Sun, α Boötis is the stars Bayer designation. The traditional name Arcturus derives from Ancient Greek Ἀρκτοῦρος and means Guardian of the Bear, ultimately from ἄρκτος, bear and οὖρος, watcher and it has been known by this name since at least the time of Hesiod. This is a reference to its being the brightest star in the constellation of Boötes, which is next to the constellations of Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, in 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSNs first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included Arcturus for this star and it is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names. However, Alpha Centauri is a star, whose unresolved components to the naked eye are both fainter than Arcturus. This makes Arcturus the third-brightest individual star, just ahead of Alpha Centauri A, the French mathematician and astronomer Jean-Baptiste Morin observed Arcturus in the daytime with a telescope in 1635, and Arcturus has been seen at or just before sunset with the naked eye. Arcturus is visible from both Earths hemispheres as it is located 19° north of the celestial equator, the star culminates at midnight on 27 April, and at 9PM on June 10 being visible during the late northern spring or the southern autumn. From the northern hemisphere, a way to find Arcturus is to follow the arc of the handle of the Big Dipper. By continuing in this path, one can find Spica, Arc to Arcturus, ptolemy described Arcturus as subrufa, it has a B-V color index of +1.23, roughly midway between Pollux and Aldebaran. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 88.83 milliarcseconds as measured by the Hipparcos satellite, Arcturus is a type K0 III red giant star. With an absolute magnitude of −0.30 it is, together with Vega and Sirius, the lower output in visible light is due to a lower efficacy as the star has a lower surface temperature than the Sun. With a near-infrared J band magnitude of −2.2, only Betelgeuse, as a single star, the mass of Arcturus cannot be measured directly, but models suggest it is slightly larger than that of the Sun. It has likely exhausted the hydrogen from its core and is now in its active hydrogen shell burning phase and it will continue to expand before entering horizontal branch stage of its life cycle. They suggested that the most plausible explanation for the variability of Arcturus is stellar oscillations, asteroseismological measurements allow direct calculation of the mass and radius, giving values of 0.8 ±0.2 M☉ and 27.9 ±3.4 R☉. This form of modelling is still relatively inaccurate, but a check on other models. Astronomers term metals those elements with atomic numbers than helium
18.
Royal Conservatory of The Hague
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The Royal Conservatoire is a conservatoire in The Hague, providing higher education in music and dance. The conservatoire was founded by King William I in 1826, making it the oldest conservatoire in the Netherlands, the Bachelor Music course offers a range of study options. The starting point is a curriculum in the fields of Classical Music, Early Music, Singing/Vocal, Jazz, Composition, Sonology, Art of Sound. The Master Music course at the Royal Conservatoire covers a spectrum from performing musicians, creative, the three Master programmes at the Royal Conservatoire are Master of Music, Master of Sonology and Master of Opera. The Master in Opera is offered by the Dutch National Opera Academy, alongside education and production, research is one of the pillars of the Royal Conservatoire. The focus of research within the programmes is directed towards the artistic-musical and intellectual development of the students. In the Bachelor this involves the learning of research skills which a musician will require in their later music practice. These have relevance to the ability to reflect on the musician’s own speciality. Research in the Master course is more directed towards the conducting of a research project where the student specialises in their own field. The topics are usually related to the main subject, and are of importance both for artistic and intellectual development of the student as for the development of the field of study. The final PhD defense takes place at Leiden University through the Academy of Creative, just like with the Master course, the student’s own artistic practice is the central element in the PhD course. For a full list, see Category, Royal Conservatory of The Hague alumni and Category, official website Effects of the Bologna Declaration on Professional Music Training in Europe European Association of Conservatoires Image and Sound/ArtScience department website
19.
Amsterdam
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Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper,1,351,587 in the urban area, the city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe. Amsterdams name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the citys origin around a dam in the river Amstel, during that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned, the 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered a world city by the Globalization. The city is also the capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the worlds 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit and 12th globally on quality of living for environment, the city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river, the earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27,1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks, the certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme. By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam, Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306, from the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League
20.
Zwolle
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Zwolle is the capital city and municipality of the province of Overijssel, Netherlands. It has a population around 125,000, archaeological findings indicate that the area surrounding Zwolle has been inhabited for a long time. A woodhenge that was found in the Zwolle-Zuid suburb in 1993 was dated to the Bronze Age period, during the Roman era, the area was inhabited by Salian Franks. The modern city was founded around 800 CE by Frisian merchants, the name Zwolle is derived from the word Suolle, which means hill. This refers to an incline in the landscape between the four rivers surrounding the city, IJssel, Vecht, Aa and Zwarte Water, the hill was the only piece of land that would remain dry during the frequent floodings of the rivers. Zwolle was established on that incline, a document mentions the existence of a parish church dedicated to St Michael. That church, the Grote or Sint Michaëlskerk, was renovated in the first half of the 15th century, the church contains a richly carved pulpit, the work of Adam Straes van Weilborch, some good carving and an exquisite organ. On August 31,1230, the bishop of Utrecht granted Zwolle city rights, Zwolle became a member of the Hanseatic league in 1294, and in 1361 joined the war between the Hanseatic League and Valdemar IV of Denmark. In the 1370 Treaty of Stralsund that ended the war, Zwolle was awarded a vitte, zwolles golden age came in the 15th century. Between 1402 and 1450, the citys Gross Regional Product multiplied by about six, in July 1324 and October 1361, regional noblemen set fire to Zwolle. In the 1324 fire, only nine buildings escaped the flames, Zwolle was also, with Deventer, one of the centers of the Brethren of the Common Life, a monastic movement. 5 km from Zwolle, on an eminence called the Agnietenberg, once stood the Augustinian convent in which Thomas à Kempis spent the greatest part of his life. At least as early as 1911, Zwolle had a trade by river, a large fish market. The more important industries comprised cotton manufactures, iron works, boat-building, dyeing and bleaching, tanning, rope-making, in World War II, Zwolle was single-handedly liberated from the Germans by Canadian soldier Léo Major. He was made a citizen of Zwolle in 2005 and a street is named for him. Citizens of Zwolle are colloquially known as Blauwvingers and this dates back to 1682, when the St Michaels church tower collapsed. The authorities were strapped for cash and saw no option but to sell the church bells to neighbouring city Kampen, to make sure that Kampen would not make too much profit from the deal, the local authorities asked a high price for the church bells. Kampen accepted, yet after the arrival of the bells it became clear, in revenge, Kampen paid in copper coins of four duiten
21.
Leidschendam
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Leidschendam is a town and former municipality in the province of South Holland of the Netherlands. Along with Voorburg and Stompwijk, it is part of the municipality Leidschendam-Voorburg, the towns name has been in use for centuries and refers to the lock in the Vliet, near the historic city of Leiden. The settlement on the Northern side of the lock was known as Veur and this recent date belies the long history of human habitation in this area, which predates the Roman occupation two thousand years ago. Important driver for the development of the area was the Vliet canal, ferrying people and goods through Holland in the Middle Ages, and even in Roman times. As elsewhere in Holland, windmills were constructed to power industry, such as a wheat grinding mill in 1594. Veur became an independent municipality in the time of the short-lived Batavian Republic, the Southern side of the Vliet was settled at a later date due to presence of extensive swamps. These were drained around 1200 by the Dutch counts, enabling the settlements of Stompwijk, subsequently the peat industry flourished, and about twenty windmills were constructed for water management. In 1811, Stompwijk and Veur were combined to form Leidschendam, a growing number of government and industrial activities and the associated housing demand transformed Veur from a rural into a suburban community. This led to a reorganization and the formation of Leidschendam. Both Leidschendam and Voorburg are now part of the agglomeration of the city of The Hague and are regarded as its suburbs. Stompwijk is still a village, located a few miles Northeast of Leidschendam. All three were combined into the municipality of Leidschendam-Voorburg in 2002 as an answer to a series of small annexations from surrounding municipalities made by The Hague, hans van der Sluijs has been mayor of Leidschendam-Voorburg since 2007. In 2002, the unemployment rate was 13. 1%, a large, semi-covered, shopping area, Leidsenhage, exists near the border with Voorburg. Leidsenhage contains a number of retailers, including large chains such as Albert Heijn, Vroom & Dreesmann. Drawing large numbers of people, the area is a point of road. Leidschendam also hosts the headquarters of Fugro, a company providing geotechnical. Leidschendam hosted the office of the countrys secret service, the AIVD. The building now hosts the UN Special Tribunal for Lebanon to try those suspected of assassinating former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri
22.
Rijeka
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Rijeka is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia. It is located on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and has a population of 128,624 inhabitants, the metropolitan area, which includes adjacent towns and municipalities, has a population of more than 240,000. According to the 2011 census data, the majority of its citizens are presently Croats, along with small numbers of Bosniaks, Italians. Rijeka is the city of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. The citys economy depends on shipbuilding and maritime transport. Rijeka hosts the Croatian National Theatre Ivan pl. Zajc, first built in 1765, as well as the University of Rijeka, founded in 1973, historically Fiumano served as a lingua franca for the many ethnicities inhabiting the multicultural port-town. In 2016, Rijeka was selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2020, alongside Galway, historically, Rijeka was also called Tharsatica, Vitopolis, or Flumen in Latin. The city is called Rijeka in Croatian, Reka in Slovene and it is called Fiume in Italian. All these names mean river in their respective languages, meanwhile, Hungarian has adopted the Italian name while in German the city has been called Sankt Veit am Flaum or Pflaum. The Bay of Rijeka, which is bordered by Vela Vrata, Srednja Vrata, the City of Rijeka lies at the mouth of river Rječina and in the Vinodol micro-region of the Croatian coast. Two important land transport routes start in Rijeka due to its location, the first route is to the Pannonian Basin given that Rijeka is located alongside the narrowest point of the Dinaric Alps. The other route, across Postojna Gate connects Rijeka with Slovenia, Italy, the city long retained its dual character. Pliny mentioned Tarsatica in his Natural History, in the time of Augustus, the Romans rebuilt Tharsatica as a municipium Flumen, situated on the right bank of small river Rječina. It became a city within the Roman Province of Dalmatia until the 6th century, after the 4th century Rijeka was rededicated to St. Vitus, the citys patron saint, as Terra Fluminis sancti Sancti Viti or in German Sankt Veit am Pflaum. From the 5th century onwards, the town was ruled successively by the Ostrogoths, the Byzantines, the Lombards, Croats settled the city starting in the 7th century giving it the Croatian name, Rika svetoga Vida. At the time, Rijeka was a feudal stronghold surrounded by a wall, at the center of the city, its highest point, was a fortress. In 799 Rijeka was attacked by the Frankish troops of Charlemagne and their Siege of Trsat was at first repulsed, during which the Frankish commander Duke Eric of Friuli was killed. However, the Frankish forces finally occupied and devastated the castle, while the Duchy of Croatia passed under the overlordship of the Carolingian Empire, from about 925, the town was part of the Kingdom of Croatia, from 1102 in personal union with Hungary
23.
Bat'leth
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The batleth is a double sided scimitar/hook sword/deer horn knives hybrid-edged weapon with a curved blade, four points and handholds on the back. It was designed and created by Star Trek, The Next Generation visual effects producer Dan Curry for the Star Trek franchise, Curry has called the batleth one of the iconic images associated with the show. It has spawned a smaller version, which known as the mekleth. Batleths have become a symbol of the franchise among fans and are occasionally referenced in other media. A batleth is a blade approximately 5 feet long, with two spiked protrusions at each end and three handholds along the back which can be used to twist and spin the blade rapidly. Dan Curry created the batleth in 1990 for Worf, a character played by Michael Dorn in Star Trek, Curry based it on the Chinese fighting crescent. Curry—a martial artist—also developed a style similar to tai chi chuan for the use of the weapon. In 1995, he developed a version of the batleth. He designed the weapon for Dorn to use when Worf joined the crew of Star Trek, mekleths are intended for one-handed use and shaped like a scimitar, it is about half the length of the full-size batleth. In Star Trek lore, the Klingon Kahless created the batleth around 625 A. D. According to Klingon mythology, he formed the blade by dropping a length of his hair into some lava from inside the Kristak Volcano, then cooling, shaping, and hardening it in the lake of Lursor. He then united QonoS, the Klingon homeworld by killing a tyrant named Molor with the weapon, the sword was later stolen by a species called the Hurq during their invasion of QonoS. The Sword of Kahless differs from normal batleths as it has five points and one handhold compared to four points, in the Klingon language, the batleth was originally referred to as batlhetlh, then was shortened to betleH. The word batleth means Sword of Honor, batleths are made of a reinforced metal called baakonite and are normally 116 centimetres long and weigh 5.3 kilograms. The batleth appeared in 29 television episodes across the Star Trek franchise in Star Trek, The Next Generation, Star Trek, Voyager, Star Trek, Deep Space Nine and Star Trek, the Batleth was also used in the 1994 film Star Trek Generations. The mekleth appeared in the television series Deep Space Nine and in the 1996 film Star Trek, the Sword of Kahless appeared in the 2000 video game Star Trek, Armada and normal batleths appeared in the 1996 video game Star Trek, Klingon. Some of the batleths uses were in the debut episode Reunion, Worf used a batleth to kill Duras—a Klingon who killed Worfs mate KEhleyr. The batleth is considered an image of the Star Trek universe
24.
Underworld
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The underworld or netherworld is an otherworld thought to be deep underground or beneath the surface of the world in most religions and mythologies. Typically it is a place where the souls of the departed go, chthonic is the technical adjective for things of the underworld. This list includes underworlds in mythology, with links to corresponding articles. This list includes rulers or guardians of the underworld in various mythologies, otherworld World Tree — A tree that connects the heavens, the earth, and the underworld in a number of spiritual belief systems
25.
Contralto
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A contralto is a type of classical female singing voice whose vocal range is the lowest female voice type. The contralto voice type is divided into the coloratura, lyric. Contralto is primarily meaningful only in reference to classical and operatic singing, the term contralto is only applied to female singers, men singing in a similar range are called countertenors. A true contralto is often regarded as the rarest of the female voices, some vocal theorists have found that the vocal folds are thicker than those present in other female voices. Studies have used cameras to photograph visible differences which are found in countertenors. The contralto has the lowest vocal range of the voice types. The contralto voice range is between tenor and mezzo-soprano, although tenors and baritones are usually male singers, some women can sing as low and are called female tenors or female baritones. With the exception of very rare female singers, such terms are usually informal, more formal terminology would be contralto profundo and contralto basso or oktavistka but these are not traditionally named among the fach system. Some of the rare contraltos that can sing the female equivalent of tenor and baritone include Zarah Leander, Ruby Helder, within the contralto voice type category are three generally recognized subcategories, coloratura contralto, lyric contralto, and dramatic contralto. Given its deviations from the norms, this voice type is quite rare. The lyric contralto voice is lighter than a dramatic contralto but not capable of the ornamentation and this class of contralto, lighter in timbre than the others, is the most common today and usually ranges from the E below middle C to the second G above middle C. The dramatic contralto is the deepest, darkest, and heaviest contralto voice, usually having a heavier tone, singers in this class are rare. True operatic contraltos are rare, and the operatic literature contains few roles written specifically for them, a common saying among contraltos is that they may play only witches, bitches, or britches. Examples of contralto roles in the operatic repertoire include the following. * indicates a role that may also be sung by a mezzo-soprano, category of contraltos List of operatic contraltos Fach, the German system for classifying voices Voice classification in non-classical music List of contraltos in non-classical music Coffin, Berton. Coloratura, Lyric and Dramatic Soprano, Vol.1, vocal Workouts for the Contemporary Singer. Media related to Contralto vocalists at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of Contralto at Wiktionary
26.
Baritone
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A baritone is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the bass and the tenor voice types. It is the most common male voice, the baritone voice type is generally divided into the baryton-Martin baritone, lyric baritone, Kavalierbariton, Verdi baritone, dramatic baritone, baryton-noble baritone, and the bass-baritone. The first use of the term baritone emerged as baritonans, late in the 15th century, at this early stage it was frequently used as the lowest of the voices, but in 17th-century Italy the term was all-encompassing and used to describe the average male choral voice. Baritones took roughly the range as it is today at the beginning of the 18th century. Indeed, many works of the 18th century have roles marked as bass that in reality are low baritone roles. Examples of this are to be found, for instance, in the operas, the greatest and most enduring parts for baritones in 18th-century operatic music were composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. They include Count Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro, Guglielmo in Così fan tutte, Papageno in The Magic Flute and these included the likes of Filippo Galli, Giovanni Inchindi, and Henri-Bernard Dabadie. The basse-taille and the bass were commonly confused because their roles were sometimes sung by singers of either actual voice part. The bel canto style of vocalism which arose in Italy in the early 19th century supplanted the castrato-dominated opera seria of the previous century and it led to the baritone being viewed as a separate voice category from the bass. More often than not, however, baritones found themselves portraying villains, the principal composers of bel canto opera are considered to be, Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti, Vincenzo Bellini, Giacomo Meyerbeer, and the young Giuseppe Verdi. Figaro in Il barbiere is often called the first true baritone role, however, Donizetti and Verdi in their vocal writing went on to emphasize the top fifth of the baritone voice, rather than its lower notes—thus generating a more brilliant sound. The major international baritone of the first half of the 19th century was the Italian Antonio Tamburini and he was a famous Don Giovanni in Mozarts eponymous opera as well as being a Bellini and Donizetti specialist. Commentators praised his voice for its beauty, flexibility and smooth tonal emission, Tamburinis range, however, was probably closer to that of a bass-baritone than to that of a modern Verdi baritone. His French equivalent was Henri-Bernard Dabadie, who was a mainstay of the Paris Opera between 1819 and 1836 and the creator of several major Rossinian baritone roles, including Guillaume Tell. Dabadie sang in Italy, too, where he originated the role of Belcore in Lelisir damore in 1832, the most important of Tamburinis Italianate successors were all Verdians. In France, Paul Barroilhet succeeded Dabadie as the Paris operas best known baritone, like Dabadie, he also sang in Italy and created an important Donizetti role, in his case, Alphonse in La favorite. Antonio Pini-Corsi was the standout Italian buffo baritone in the period between about 1880 and World War I, reveling in comic roles by Rossini, Donizetti and Paer. In 1893, he created the part of Ford in Verdis last opera, notable among their contemporaries were the cultured and technically adroit French baritones Jean Lassalle, Victor Maurel, Paul Lhérie, and Maurice Renaud
27.
Mezzo-soprano
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A mezzo-soprano or mezzo is a type of classical female singing voice whose vocal range lies between the soprano and the contralto voice types. The mezzo-sopranos vocal range extends from the A below middle C to the A two octaves above. In the lower and upper extremes, some mezzo-sopranos may extend down to the F below middle C, the mezzo-soprano voice type is generally divided into the coloratura, lyric, and dramatic mezzo-soprano. Mezzo-sopranos are well represented in music, early music. Some roles designated for lighter soubrette sopranos are sung by mezzo-sopranos, such roles include Despina in Mozarts Così fan tutte and Zerlina in his Don Giovanni. Mezzos sometimes play dramatic soprano roles such as Santuzza in Mascagnis Cavalleria rusticana, Lady Macbeth in Verdis Macbeth, the vocal range of the mezzo-sopranos lies between the soprano and the contralto voice types. Mezzo-sopranos generally have a heavier, darker tone than sopranos, the mezzo-soprano voice resonates in a higher range than that of a contralto. The terms Dugazon and Galli-Marié are sometimes used to refer to light mezzo-sopranos, usually men singing within the female range are called countertenors since there is a lighter more breathy tonal quality difference. Within the mezzo-soprano voice type category are three generally recognized subcategories, coloratura mezzo-soprano, lyric mezzo-soprano, and dramatic mezzo-soprano, a coloratura mezzo-soprano has a warm lower register and an agile high register. The roles they sing often demand not only the use of the register but also leaps into the upper tessitura with highly ornamented. They have a range from approximately the G below middle C to the B two octaves above middle C, some coloratura mezzo-sopranos can sing up to high C or high D, but this is very rare. What distinguishes these voices from being called sopranos is their extension into the register and warmer vocal quality. Although coloratura mezzo-sopranos have impressive and at times thrilling high notes, they are most comfortable singing in the middle of their range, many of the hero roles in the operas of Handel and Monteverdi, originally sung by male castrati, can be successfully sung today by coloratura mezzo-sopranos. Rossini demanded similar qualities for his heroines, and Vivaldi wrote roles frequently for this voice as well. Coloratura mezzo-sopranos also often sing lyric-mezzo-soprano roles or soubrette roles, coloratura mezzo-soprano roles in operas, The lyric mezzo-soprano has a range from approximately the G below middle C to the A two octaves above middle C. This voice has a smooth, sensitive and at times lachrymose quality. Lyric mezzo-sopranos do not have the agility of the coloratura mezzo-soprano or the size of the dramatic mezzo-soprano. The lyric mezzo-soprano is ideal for most trouser roles and this voice has less vocal facility than the coloratura mezzo-soprano
28.
New Scientist
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New Scientist is a weekly English-language international science magazine, founded in 1956. Since 1996 it has run a website. Sold in retail outlets and on subscription, the magazine covers current developments, news, reviews and commentary on science and it also publishes speculative articles, ranging from the technical to the philosophical. A readers letters section discusses recent articles, and discussions take place on the website. New Scientist, based in London, publishes editions in the UK, the United States, the magazine was founded in 1956 by Tom Margerison, Max Raison and Nicholas Harrison as The New Scientist, with Issue 1 on 22 November, priced one shilling. The British monthly science magazine Science Journal, published 1965–71, was merged with New Scientist to form New Scientist, originally, the cover had a text list of articles rather than a picture. Pages were numbered sequentially for an entire volume, as is the norm for academic journals. Until the 1970s, colour was not used except for on the cover, from the beginning of 1961 The was dropped from the title. From 1965, the front cover was illustrated, since its first issue, New Scientist has written about the applications of science, through its coverage of technology. For example, the first issue included an article Where next from Calder Hall, on the future of nuclear power in the UK, a topic that it has covered throughout its history. In 1964 there was a regular Science in British Industry section with several items, an article in the magazines 10th anniversary issues provides anecdotes on the founding of the magazine. In 1970, the Reed Group, which went on to become Reed Elsevier, Reed retained the magazine when it sold most of its consumer titles in a management buyout to what is now IPC Media. The Grimbledon Down comic strip, by the renowned cartoonist Bill Tidy, issues of New Scientist from Issue 1 to the end of 1989 have been made free to read online. In the first half of 2013, the circulation of New Scientist averaged 125,172. While this was a 4. 3% reduction on the previous years figure, for the 2014 UK circulation fell by 3. 2% but stronger international sales, increased the circulation to 129,585. New Scientist currently contains the sections, Leader, News, Technology, Opinion, Features, CultureLab, Feedback, The Last Word. A Tom Gauld cartoon appears on the Letters page, there are 51 issues a year, with a Christmas and New Year double issue. The double issue in 2014 was the 3, 000th edition of the magazine, the Editor is Rowan Hooper, Editor-in-chief is Sumit Paul-Choudhury and Editor-at-Large is Jeremy Webb
29.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
30.
The Klingon Dictionary
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The Klingon Dictionary is a book by Marc Okrand describing the Klingon language. First published in 1985 and then again with an addendum in 1992, it includes pronunciation, grammar and it has sold more than three hundred thousand copies and has been translated into five languages. The book is a description of the grammar with a few examples for every rule and it is not suitable for active learning and practice of the language, because it does not contain any exercises. It has never intended as a learning book. Its source was intended as a guide for scriptwriters and actors and it was only later sold for merchandising for Star Trek fans. The dictionary is written from an in-universe perspective, after a brief introduction about the Klingon culture and also how the book has been written, the pronunciation of the Klingon letters is described. Instead of using symbols, the letters of the Latin alphabet are used. For instance q and Q are different sounds, and the combination ng is considered as one single letter. The largest part of the book is a description of the grammar, including briefly described rules sorted by type of words, the last part of the book contains a list of vocabulary with roughly 1,500 words, followed by a list of useful phrases. The addendum of 1992 contains some new details and a list of about 200 new words that appeared in or were created for later movies and in the TV series Star Trek. Since 2008 the book is available for E-book readers, in 2009, publisher Simon & Schuster introduced an iPhone application version of The Klingon Dictionary as part of three applications rolled into a Klingon Language Suite. The new digital format features a precise pronunciation guide, rules for use of affixes and suffixes. The dictionary was first translated into Portuguese and published in Brazil in 1995 and its title was simply Dicionário da língua klingon. The following translation was German in 1996 bearing the title Das offizielle Wörterbuch Klingonisch/Deutsch and that book contains many typos and incorrect translations, which can be misleading when learning the language. A revised version, corrected by Klingon teacher Lieven Litaer, was released in 2013, the Italian translation was published in 1998 by the Roman publisher Fanucci Editore and named Il dizionario Klingon-Italiano. In 2008 the dictionary was translated into Czech with the title Klingonský slovník, there is an online 1998–2009 Swedish translation, Klingonsk ordbok, to be found at the Klingonska Akademien website. In the season 2 episode The Panty Piñata Polarization of The Big Bang Theory, Klingon grammar Klingons The Klingon Way List of Star Trek reference books Alien language Klingon Language Institute Klingon Dictionary for iPhone
31.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
32.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
33.
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
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Star Trek, Deep Space Nine is a science fiction television series set in the Star Trek universe in the Milky Way galaxy, in the years 2369–2375. In contrast to other Star Trek TV shows, it takes place on a space station instead of a starship, so as not to have two series with starships in the same time period. The show is noted for its characters, original and complex plots, and religious themes. It often showcased darker themes, less physical exploration of space, and, in later seasons, DS9 premiered in 1993 and ran for seven seasons until 1999. The series was created by Rick Berman and Michael Piller at the request of Brandon Tartikoff, as overall head of Star Trek production, Berman served as executive producer for the seriess entire run. Piller initially served as executive producer and showrunner, but left the series in 1995 to manage Star Trek Voyager. Writer Ira Steven Behr was promoted by Berman to replace Piller as showrunner, in addition to Berman, Piller, and Behr, key writers included Robert Hewitt Wolfe, Ronald D. Moore, Peter Allan Fields, Bradley Thompson, David Weddle, Hans Beimler and René Echevarria. DS9 began while Star Trek, The Next Generation was still on the air, the stations first appearance in TNG was during the sixth-season episode Birthright. In addition, two Next Generation characters, Miles OBrien and Worf, became members of DS9. The station also appeared in the Star Trek, Voyager pilot episode, each DS9 episode began with the same opening sequence. A small comet is traveling through deep space, leaving an icy trail. As shuttle craft are seen moving about, the ends with the wormhole seen opening. DS9 centers on the formerly Cardassian space station Terok Nor, the station is renamed Deep Space Nine, and a Starfleet crew is assigned to manage it. Deep Space Nine and Bajor quickly become a center for exploration, interstellar trade, political maneuvering, Deep Space Nine becomes a key military base for the Federation in the Dominion War, and is assigned the starship USS Defiant to aid in its protection. While its predecessors tended to restore the status quo ante at the end of episode, allowing out-of-order viewing, DS9 contains story arcs that span episodes. One installment often builds upon earlier ones, with several cliffhanger endings, Michael Piller considered this one of the seriess best qualities, allowing repercussions of past episodes to influence future events and forcing characters to learn that actions have consequences. This trend was especially noticeable toward the finale, by which time the show was intentionally scripted as a serial. Unlike Star Trek, The Next Generation, interpersonal conflicts were prominently featured in DS9, in Pillers words, People who come from different places—honorable, noble people—will naturally have conflicts
34.
Star Trek: The Next Generation
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Star Trek, The Next Generation is an American science fiction television series in the Star Trek franchise created by Gene Roddenberry that ran between 1987 and 1994. Roddenberry, Maurice Hurley, Rick Berman, Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor served as producers at different times throughout its production. The series involves a starship named Enterprise and is set in the regions of the Milky Way galaxy. The first episode takes place in the year 2364,100 years after the start of the mission described in the original series. It features a new cast and a new starship Enterprise, the fifth to bear the name within the franchises storyline and these are the voyages of the starship Enterprise. Its continuing mission, to strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations. TNG premiered the week of September 28,1987, drawing 27 million viewers, in total,176 episodes were made, ending with the two-hour finale All Good Things. The week of May 23,1994, the series was broadcast in first-run syndication with dates and times varying among individual television stations. Three additional Star Trek spin-offs followed The Next Generation, Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, Star Trek, Voyager, and Star Trek, Enterprise. The series formed the basis for the seventh through to the tenth of the Star Trek films, and is also the setting of novels, comic books. In its seventh season, Star Trek, The Next Generation became the first, the series received a number of accolades including 19 Emmy Awards, two Hugo Awards, five Saturn Awards, and a Peabody Award. The series follows the adventures of a crew on board the starship USS Enterprise, the fifth Federation vessel to bear the name and registry. The series is set about 70 years after the mission of the original Enterprise crew under the command of James T. Kirk. Beverly Crusher, conn officer Lieutenant Geordi La Forge, and junior officer Lieutenant Worf, the death of Lieutenant Yar in the series first season prompts an internal shuffle of personnel, making Worf official chief of security. Geordi La Forge is promoted to engineer at the beginning of season 2. The series begins with the crew of the Enterprise-D put on trial by a nefarious, the god-like entity threatens the extinction of mankind for being a race of savages, forcing them to solve a mystery at nearby Farpoint Station to prove their worthiness to be spared. After successfully solving the mystery and avoiding disaster, the crew departs on its mission to explore strange new worlds. Subsequent stories focus on the discovery of new life and sociological and political relationships with alien cultures, several new species are introduced as recurring antagonists, including the Ferengi, the Cardassian, and the Borg
35.
Wired (magazine)
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Wired is a monthly American magazine, published in print and online editions, that focuses on how emerging technologies affect culture, the economy, and politics. Owned by Condé Nast, it is headquartered in San Francisco, California, several spin-offs have been launched including, Wired UK, Wired Italia, Wired Japan and Wired Germany. In its earliest colophons, Wired credited Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan as its patron saint, from its beginning, the strongest influence on the magazines editorial outlook came from techno-utopian co-founder Stewart Brand and his associate Kevin Kelly. From 1998 to 2006, Wired magazine and Wired News had separate owners, however, Wired News remained responsible for republishing Wired magazines content online due to an agreement when Condé Nast purchased the magazine. In 2006, Condé Nast bought Wired News for $25 million, the founding designers were John Plunkett and Barbara Kuhr, beginning with a 1991 prototype and continuing through the first five years of publication, 1993–98. Wired, which touted itself as the Rolling Stone of technology, a great success at its launch, it was lauded for its vision, originality, innovation and cultural impact. In its first four years, the magazine won two National Magazine Awards for General Excellence and one for Design. The founding executive editor of Wired, Kevin Kelly, was an editor of the Whole Earth Catalog and the Whole Earth Review, six authors of the first Wired issue had written for Whole Earth Review, most notably Bruce Sterling and Stewart Brand. However, the first issue did contain a few references to the Internet, including online-dating and Internet sex, the last page, a column written by Nicholas Negroponte, was written in the style of an e-mail message, but contained obviously fake, non-standard email addresses. Wired was among the first magazines to list the email address of its authors and contributors, associate publisher Kathleen Lyman was brought on board to launch Wired with an advertising base of major technology and consumer advertisers. The magazine was followed by a companion website HotWired, a book publishing division, HardWired, a Japanese edition. Wired UK was relaunched in April 2009, in 1994, John Battelle, co-founding editor, commissioned Jules Marshall to write a piece on the Zippies. The cover story broke records for being one of the most publicized stories of the year and was used to promote Wireds HotWired news service, HotWired spawned websites Webmonkey, the search engine HotBot, and a weblog, Suck. com. In June 1998, the magazine launched an index, The Wired Index. The fortune of the magazine and allied enterprises corresponded closely to that of the dot-com bubble, in 1996, Rossetto and the other participants in Wired Ventures attempted to take the company public with an IPO. The initial attempt had to be withdrawn in the face of a downturn in the stock market, the second try was also unsuccessful. Rossetto and Metcalfe lost control of Wired Ventures to financial investors Providence Equity Partners in May 1998, Wired was purchased by Advance Publications, who assigned it to Advances subsidiary, New York-based publisher Condé Nast Publications. Wired survived the bubble and found new direction under editor-in-chief Chris Anderson in 2001
36.
Reuters
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Reuters /ˈrɔɪtərz/ is an international news agency headquartered in London, England. It is a division of Thomson Reuters, until 2008, the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company, Reuters Group plc, which was also a provider of financial market data. Since the acquisition of Reuters Group by the Thomson Corporation in 2008, Reuters transmits news in English, French, Arabic, Spanish, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Urdu, and Chinese. The Reuter agency was established in 1851 by Paul Julius Reuter in Britain at the London Royal Exchange, Paul Reuter worked at a book-publishing firm in Berlin and was involved in distributing radical pamphlets at the beginning of the Revolutions in 1848. Upon moving to England, he founded Reuters Telegram Company in 1851, headquartered in London, the company initially covered commercial news, serving banks, brokerage houses, and business firms. The first newspaper client to subscribe was the London Morning Advertiser in 1858, Reuters agency built a reputation in Europe and the rest of the world as the first to report news scoops from abroad. Reuters was the first to report Abraham Lincolns assassination in Europe, for instance, in 1872, Reuters expanded into the far east, followed by South America in 1874. Both expansions were made possible by advances in overland telegraphs and undersea cables, in 1883, Reuters began transmitting messages electrically to London newspapers. In 1923, Reuters began using radio to transmit news internationally, in 1925, The Press Association of Great Britain acquired a majority interest in Reuters, and full owners some years later. During the world wars, The Guardian reported that Reuters came under pressure from the British government to national interests. In 1941 Reuters deflected the pressure by restructuring itself as a private company, the new owners formed the Reuters Trust. In 1941, the PA sold half of Reuters to the Newspaper Proprieters Association, the Reuters Trust Principles were put in place to maintain the companys independence. At that point, Reuters had become one of the major news agencies. In 1961, Reuters scooped news of the erection of the Berlin Wall, in 1981, Reuters began making electronic transactions on its computer network, and afterwards developed a number of electronic brokerage and trading services. Reuters was floated as a company in 1984, when Reuters Trust was listed on the stock exchanges such as the London Stock Exchange. Reuters published the first story of the Berlin Wall being breached in 1989, share price grew during the dotcom boom, then fell after the banking troubles in 2001. In 2002, Brittanica wrote that most news throughout the world came from three major agencies, the Associated Press, Reuters, and Agence France-Presse, Reuters merged with Thomson Corporation in Canada in 2008, forming Thomson Reuters. In 2009, Thomson Reuters withdrew from the LSE and the NASDAQ, instead listing its shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange, the last surviving member of the Reuters family founders, Marguerite, Baroness de Reuter, died at age 96 on 25 January 2009
37.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
38.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
39.
Star Trek: The Original Series
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Star Trek is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that follows the adventures of the starship USS Enterprise and its crew. It later acquired the retronym of Star Trek, The Original Series to distinguish the show within the franchise that it began. The show is set in the Milky Way galaxy, roughly during the 2260s, the ship and crew are led by Captain James T. Kirk, first officer and science officer Spock, and chief medical officer Leonard McCoy. Shatners voice-over introduction during each episodes opening credits stated the purpose, Space. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission, to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before. The series was produced from September 1966 to December 1967 by Norway Productions and Desilu Productions, Star Trek aired on NBC from September 8,1966 to June 3,1969 and was actually seen first on September 6,1966, on Canadas CTV network. Star Treks Nielsen ratings while on NBC were low, and the network cancelled it after three seasons and 79 episodes. Several years later, the became a bona fide hit in broadcast syndication, remaining so throughout the 1970s, achieving cult classic status. The series contains significant elements of Space Western, as described by Gene Roddenberry, on March 11,1964, Gene Roddenberry, a long-time fan of science fiction, drafted a short treatment for a science-fiction television series that he called Star Trek. This was to be set on board a large interstellar spaceship S. S. Yorktown in the 23rd century, whose crew was dedicated to exploring a small portion of our galaxy. Some of the influences on his idea that Roddenberry noted included A. E. van Vogts tales of the spaceship Space Beagle, Eric Frank Russells Marathon series of stories, and the film Forbidden Planet. Roddenberry also drew heavily from C. S. Foresters Horatio Hornblower novels that depict a sea captain who exercises broad discretionary authority on distant sea missions of noble purpose. Roddenberry often humorously referred to Captain Kirk as Horatio Hornblower in Space, Roddenberry had extensive experience in writing for series about the Old West that had been popular television fare earlier in the 1960s and the 1950s. Armed with this background, the first draft deliberately characterizes the new show as Wagon Train to the stars. Like the familiar Wagon Train, each episode was to be an adventure story, set within the overarching structure of a continuing journey. With the notable exception of Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, all future television, in Roddenberrys original concept, the protagonist was Captain Robert April of the starship S. S. Yorktown. This character was developed into Captain Christopher Pike, first portrayed by Jeffrey Hunter, in April 1964, Roddenberry presented the Star Trek draft to Desilu Productions, a leading independent television production company. He met with Herb Solow, Desilus Director of Production, Solow saw promise in the idea and signed a three-year program-development contract with Roddenberry
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