1.
Deer
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Deer are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the deer and the chital, and the Capreolinae, including the elk, reindeer, the Western roe deer. Female reindeer, and male deer of all species, grow, in this they differ from permanently horned antelope, which are in the same order, Artiodactyla. The musk deer of Asia and water chevrotain of tropical African and Asian forests are not usually regarded as true deer and form their own families, Moschidae and Tragulidae, respectively. Deer appear in art from Palaeolithic cave paintings onwards, and they have played a role in mythology, religion and their economic importance includes the use of their meat as venison, their skins as soft, strong buckskin, and their antlers as handles for knives. Deer hunting has been a sport since at least the Middle Ages. Deer live in a variety of biomes, ranging from tundra to the tropical rainforest, while often associated with forests, many deer are ecotone species that live in transitional areas between forests and thickets and prairie and savanna. The majority of deer species inhabit temperate mixed deciduous forest, mountain mixed coniferous forest, tropical seasonal/dry forest. Clearing open areas within forests to some extent may actually benefit deer populations by exposing the understory and allowing the types of grasses, weeds, additionally, access to adjacent croplands may also benefit deer. However, adequate forest or brush cover must still be provided for populations to grow, however, fallow deer have been introduced to South Africa. There are also species of deer that are highly specialized, and live almost exclusively in mountains, grasslands, swamps. Some deer have a distribution in both North America and Eurasia. Examples include the caribou that live in Arctic tundra and taiga and moose that inhabit taiga, huemul deer of South Americas Andes fill the ecological niches of the ibex and wild goat, with the fawns behaving more like goat kids. Mountain slope habitats vary from moist coniferous/mixed forested habitats to dry forests with alpine meadows higher up. The foothills and river valleys between the mountain provide a mosaic of cropland and deciduous parklands. The rare woodland caribou have the most restricted range living at altitudes in the subalpine meadows. Elk and mule deer both migrate between the alpine meadows and lower coniferous forests and tend to be most common in this region, elk also inhabit river valley bottomlands, which they share with White-tailed deer. They also live in the aspen parklands north of Calgary and Edmonton, the adjacent Great Plains grassland habitats are left to herds of elk, American bison, and pronghorn antelope
2.
Bullet
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The word bullet is a firearm term. A bullet is a projectile expelled from the barrel of a firearm, the term is from Middle French and originated as the diminutive of the word boulle which means small ball. Bullets are made of a variety of materials and they are available singly as they would be used in muzzle loading and cap and ball firearms, as part of a paper cartridge, and much more commonly as a component of metallic cartridges. Bullets are made in a numbers of styles and constructions depending on how they will be used. Many bullets have specialized functions, such as hunting, target shooting, training, defense, a bullet is not a cartridge. In paper and metallic cartridges a bullet is one component of the cartridge, bullet sizes are expressed by their weight and diameter in both English and Metric measurement systems. For example.22 caliber 55 grain bullets or 5. 56mm 55 grain bullets are the same caliber, the word bullet is often used colloquially to refer to a cartridge, which is a combination of the bullet, paper or metallic case/shell, powder, and primer. This use of bullet, when cartridge is intended, leads to confusion when the components of a cartridge are discussed or intended, the bullets used in many cartridges are fired at a muzzle velocity faster than the speed of sound. Meaning they are supersonic and thus can travel a substantial distance, bullet speed through air depends on a number of factors such as barometric pressure, humidity, air temperature, and wind speed. Subsonic cartridges fire bullets slower than the speed of sound and so there is no sonic crack and this means that a subsonic cartridge such as.45 ACP can be effectively suppressed to be substantially quieter than a supersonic cartridge such as the.223 Remington. Bullets do not normally contain explosives, but damage the target by impact. The first use of gunpowder in Europe was recorded in 1247 and it had been used in China for hundreds of years. Later in 1364 hand cannon appeared, early projectiles were made of stone. Stone was used in cannon and hand cannon, in cannon it was eventually found that stone would not penetrate stone fortifications which gave rise to the use of heavier metals for the round projectiles. Hand cannon projectiles developed in a similar following the failure of stone from siege cannon. The first recorded instance of a ball from a hand cannon penetrating armor occurred in 1425. In this photograph of shot retrieved from the wreck of the Mary Rose which was sunk in 1545, the round shot are clearly of different sizes and some are stone while others are cast iron. The development of the hand culverin and matchlock arquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles, bullet is derived from the French word boulette, which roughly means little ball
3.
.243 Winchester
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The.243 Winchester is a popular sporting rifle cartridge. Initially designed as a target/varmint round, it may be used for such as coyote, blacktail deer, whitetail deer, mule deer, pronghorn. It can also be used against larger animals such as black bear or elk but is said to be too light for such large animals. Rounds of at least 90 grains are better suited for hunting larger animals while rounds less than 90 grains are more suitable for varmints, the.243 is based on a necked down.308 cartridge case. It is very popular with shooters, Metallic Silhouette, and long range shooters, because of its accuracy. This cartridge was first introduced in 1955 for the Winchester Model 70 bolt-action and Model 88 lever-action sporting rifles, just about every major manufacturer offers rifles chambered in.243. Its predecessor in the Winchester lineup, the very similar, the Winchester round remains available today whereas the. No military is known to designate this round for service. In a non-sporting context, bolt-action rifles chambered for the.243 were utilized by the Los Angeles Police Departments Special Weapons And Tactics unit during its early years. A specialist 115 grain projectile can move up to 3150fps from a 28 inch barrel, P. O. Ackley created an improved version of this cartridge called the.243 Winchester Improved. Like other improved cartridges, this created a steeper shoulder and blew the sides out, giving about 10% more powder capacity, both versions of the.243 cartridge are good for hunting deer. The.243 produces a velocity of 2,960 feet per second with a 100-grain projectile from a 24-inch barrel, commercially loaded.243 ammunition is available with bullet weight ranging from 55 grains up to 115 grains. Twist rate of the barrel is the deciding factor in which bullets to use,1,10 being the most popular as it is sufficient to stabilize up to 100-gr. However, for VLD -profile and bullets heavier than 100 grs, a 1,8 or 1,7 is necessary
4.
Cartridge (firearms)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
5.
Primer (firearms)
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In firearm ballistics, the primer is a component of pistol, rifle, and shotgun rounds. Early primers were simply the same black powder used to fire the weapon and this external powder was connected though a tube in the barrel that led to the main charge. As powder wont burn when wet, this led to difficulty, or even the inability, modern primers are shock sensitive chemicals. In smaller weapons the primer is usually integrated into the rear of a cartridge, in larger weapons like cannon the primer is a separate component placed inside the barrel to the rear of the main propellant charge. The first step to firing a firearm of any sort is igniting the propellant, the earliest firearms were cannons, which were simple closed tubes. There was an aperture, the touchhole, drilled in the closed end of the tube. This hole was filled with finely ground powder, which was ignited with a hot ember or torch. With the advent of firearms, this became an undesirable way of firing a gun. The first attempt to make the process of firing a small arm easier was the matchlock, the matchlock incorporated a lock that was actuated by a trigger, originally called a tricker. The lock was a lever which pivoted when pulled. The match was a burning fuse made of plant fibers that were soaked in a solution of nitrates, charcoal, and sulfur. This slow-match was ignited before the gun was needed, and it would slowly burn, after the gun was loaded and the touchhole primed with powder, the burning tip of the match was positioned so that the lock would bring it into contact with the touchhole. To fire the gun, it was aimed and the trigger pulled and this brought the match down to the touchhole, igniting the powder. With careful attention the slow-burning match could be burning for long periods of time. The next revolution in technology was the wheel-lock. It used a spring-loaded, serrated steel wheel which rubbed against a piece of iron pyrite, a key was used to wind the wheel and put the spring under tension. Once tensioned, the wheel was held in place by a trigger, when the trigger was pulled, the serrated edge of the steel rubbed against the pyrite, generating sparks. These sparks were directed into a pan, called the flash pan, the flashpan usually was protected by a spring-loaded cover that would slide out of the way when the trigger was pulled, exposing the powder to the sparks
6.
6mm Remington
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The 6mm Remington rifle cartridge, originally introduced in 1955 by Remington Arms Company as the.244 Remington, is based on a necked down.257 Roberts cartridge using a. 24/6mm bullet. Known for a combination of velocity, long range, and accuracy. When used in the less common earlier slow twist barrels, it offers exceptional range for varmint applications, by the early 1950s, there had been a significant amount of experimentation and wildcatting in developing the.24 caliber bullet as a dual purpose hunting round. Popular cartridges necked down for this included the.257 Roberts. Fred Huntington of RCBS had developed what was known as the.243 Rockchucker wildcat cartridge and this was a necked down.257 Roberts casing shooting a. 24/6mm bullet. Mike Walker, who had designed the Remington Model 722, productized Huntington’s wildcat cartridge. The existing Remington Model 722 was chambered for the new.244 cartridge with a 1 in 12-inch twist, Remington originally offered this cartridge with 75 grain bullets for varmints and 90 grain bullets for medium-sized big game such as deer and antelope. Remington determined that a 90 grain soft point.244 hunting bullet was well suited for medium-sized big game purposes, for the length and weight of its 90 grain soft point hunting bullet, Remington selected a 1 in 12-inch twist. By selecting the slowest twist possible, Remington was seeking to maximize velocity, range, public perception and understanding of ballistics in the 1950s did not agree with this approach. By 1958, Remington was obliged to increase the 722s twist to 1 in 9 inches, Remington continued to offer factory ammo in 75 and 90 grain bullets. Remington also added several other rifles chambered for the.244 cartridge including the Model 740, Model 742, Model 760, however, by 1962, presumably due to lack of sales, Remington no longer chambered rifles for.244. In 1963, on the heels of its successful first year launch of the new Remington Model 700 bolt action hunting rifle, the 700 continued with the 1 -9 inch twist and Remington also introduced new 6mm ammunition loaded with a 100 grain Cor-Lokt bullet. The new model could also shoot any.244 ammunition, previous Remington 722 rifles made after 1957 with 1 -9 inch twist could also shoot the newer 6mm 100 grain ammunition. The.244 Remington lagged in the marketplace of the mid-1950s, two commonly held explanations seek to explain the market success of the Winchester over the Remington cartridge. Even in present times, many mistakenly believe Remington originally developed and marketed the Model 722 in.244 primarily as a varmint rifle, while this lingering perception is not accurate, it does serve to underscore contributing factors to perceptions in the mid-1950s. As noted earlier, Remington developed two.244 loads, one using the heavier 90 grain specifically intended for medium-sized big game such as deer, a 1 in 12-inch twist was selected and used initially. Since the newly introduced.243 with its 100 grain bullet was also available in the market, likewise, the early Remington 722s often would not gyroscopically stabilize 100 grain Spitzer bullets depending on their length and the original slower twist. In December 1955, Guns Magazine writer, H and he went on to write With the 90 grain load, the 244 is a good deer cartridge and certainly effective on antelope and any lighter game
