1.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
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Following ICANNs transition to a global multistakeholder governance model, the IANA functions were transferred to Public Technical Identifiers, an affiliate of ICANN. In addition, five regional Internet registries delegate number resources to their customers, local Internet registries, Internet service providers, a local Internet registry is an organization that assigns parts of its allocation from a regional Internet registry to other customers. Most local Internet registries are also Internet service providers, IANA is broadly responsible for the allocation of globally unique names and numbers that are used in Internet protocols that are published as Request for Comments documents. These documents describe methods, behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to the working of the Internet, IANA maintains a close liaison with the Internet Engineering Task Force and RFC Editorial team in fulfilling this function. IANA is responsible for assignment of Internet numbers which are numerical identifier assigned to an Internet resource or used in the protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. Examples include IP addresses and autonomous system numbers, IANA delegates allocations of IP address blocks to regional Internet registries. Each RIR allocates addresses for a different area of the world, collectively the RIRs have created the Number Resource Organization formed as a body to represent their collective interests and ensure that policy statements are coordinated globally. The RIRs divide their allocated address pools into smaller blocks and delegate them to Internet service providers, since the exhaustion of the Internet Protocol Version 4 address space, no further IPv4 address space is allocated by IANA. IANA administers the data in the root nameservers, which form the top of the hierarchical Domain name system tree and this task involves liaising with top-level domain operators, the root nameserver operators, and ICANNs policy making apparatus. IANA administers many parameters of IETF protocols, examples include the names of uniform resource identifier schemes and character encodings recommended for use on the Internet. This task is performed under the oversight of the Internet Architecture Board, on March 26,1972, Vint Cerf and Jon Postel at UCLA called for establishing a socket number catalog in RFC322. Network administrators were asked to submit a note or place a call, describing the function. This catalog was published as RFC433 in December 1972. In it Postel first proposed a registry of assignments of port numbers to network services, calling himself the czar of socket numbers. The first reference to the name IANA in the RFC series is in RFC1083, published in December,1988 by Postel at USC-ISI, there was widespread dissatisfaction with this concentration of power in one company, and people looked to IANA for a solution. Postel wrote up a draft on IANA and the creation of new top level domains and he was trying to institutionalize IANA. In retrospect, this would have been valuable, since he died about two years later. Jon Postel managed the IANA function from its inception on the ARPANET until his death in October 1998, by his almost 30 years of selfless service, Postel created his de facto authority to manage key parts of the Internet infrastructure
2.
Internet Engineering Task Force
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The Internet Engineering Task Force develops and promotes voluntary Internet standards, in particular the standards that comprise the Internet protocol suite. It is a standards organization, with no formal membership or membership requirements. All participants and managers are volunteers, though their work is funded by their employers or sponsors. Each working group has a chairperson, along with a charter that describes its focus, and what. It is open to all who want to participate, and holds discussions on a mailing list or at IETF meetings. Rough consensus is the basis for decision making. There are no formal voting procedures, because the majority of the IETFs work is done via mailing lists, meeting attendance is not required for contributors. Each working group is intended to work on its topic. In some cases, the WG will instead have its charter updated to take on new tasks as appropriate, the working groups are organized into areas by subject matter. Current areas are Applications, General, Internet, Operations and Management, Real-time Applications and Infrastructure, Routing, Security, each area is overseen by an area director, with most areas having two co-ADs. The ADs are responsible for appointing working group chairs, the area directors, together with the IETF Chair, form the Internet Engineering Steering Group, which is responsible for the overall operation of the IETF. The IETF is overseen by the Internet Architecture Board, which oversees its external relationships, the IAB is also jointly responsible for the IETF Administrative Oversight Committee, which oversees the IETF Administrative Support Activity, which provides logistical, etc. support for the IETF. The IAB also manages the Internet Research Task Force, with which the IETF has a number of cross-group relations. A Nominating Committee of ten randomly chosen volunteers who participate regularly at meetings is vested with the power to appoint, reappoint, and remove members of the IESG, IAB, IASA, and the IAOC. To date, no one has been removed by a NomCom, although people have resigned their positions. Because the IETF itself does not have members, nor is it an organization per se, IETF activities are funded by meeting fees, meeting sponsors and by the Internet Society via its organizational membership and the proceeds of the Public Interest Registry. In December 2005 the IETF Trust was established to manage the copyrighted materials produced by the IETF, the first IETF meeting was attended by 21 U. S. -government-funded researchers on 16 January 1986. It was a continuation of the work of the earlier GADS Task Force, representatives from non-governmental entities were invited to attend starting with the fourth IETF meeting in October 1986
3.
Domain Name System
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The Domain Name System is a hierarchical decentralized naming system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities, by providing a worldwide, distributed directory service, the Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality of the Internet, that has been in use since 1985. The Domain Name System delegates the responsibility of assigning domain names, Network administrators may delegate authority over sub-domains of their allocated name space to other name servers. This mechanism provides distributed and fault tolerant service and was designed to avoid a large central database. The Domain Name System also specifies the technical functionality of the service that is at its core. It defines the DNS protocol, a specification of the data structures and data communication exchanges used in the DNS. Historically, other directory services preceding DNS were not scalable to large or global directories as they were based on text files. The Internet maintains two principal namespaces, the domain name hierarchy and the Internet Protocol address spaces, the Domain Name System maintains the domain name hierarchy and provides translation services between it and the address spaces. Internet name servers and a communication protocol implement the Domain Name System, a DNS name server is a server that stores the DNS records for a domain, a DNS name server responds with answers to queries against its database. The most common types of stored in the DNS database are for Start of Authority, IP addresses, SMTP mail exchangers, name servers, pointers for reverse DNS lookups. As a general purpose database, the DNS has also used in combating unsolicited email by storing a real-time blackhole list. The DNS database is stored in a structured zone file. An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the book for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, the name www. example. com translates to the addresses 93.184.216.119 and 2606,2800,220, 6d, 26bf,1447,1097. Unlike a phone book, DNS can be updated, allowing a services location on the network to change without affecting the end users. Users take advantage of this when they use meaningful Uniform Resource Locators, an important and ubiquitous function of DNS is its central role in distributed Internet services such as cloud services and content delivery networks. When a user accesses a distributed Internet service using a URL and this process of using the DNS to assign proximal servers to users is key to providing faster and more reliable responses on the Internet and is widely used by most major Internet services. The DNS reflects the structure of administrative responsibility in the Internet, each subdomain is a zone of administrative autonomy delegated to a manager
4.
Internet
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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
5.
IPv4
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Internet Protocol version 4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol. It is one of the protocols of standards-based internetworking methods in the Internet. It still routes most Internet traffic today, despite the deployment of a successor protocol. IPv4 is described in IETF publication RFC791, replacing an earlier definition, IPv4 is a connectionless protocol for use on packet-switched networks. It operates on a best effort delivery model, in that it does not guarantee delivery and these aspects, including data integrity, are addressed by an upper layer transport protocol, such as the Transmission Control Protocol. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits the space to 4294967296 addresses. IPv4 reserves special address blocks for private networks and multicast addresses, IPv4 addresses may be represented in any notation expressing a 32-bit integer value. They are most often written in the notation, which consists of four octets of the address expressed individually in decimal numbers. For example, the quad-dotted IP address 192.0.2.235 represents the 32-bit decimal number 3221226219, which in hexadecimal format is 0xC00002EB. This may also be expressed in dotted hex format as 0xC0. 0x00. 0x02. 0xEB, or with octal byte values as 0300.0000.0002.0353. In the original design of IPv4, an IP address was divided into two parts, the identifier was the most significant octet of the address, and the host identifier was the rest of the address. The latter was called the rest field. This structure permitted a maximum of 256 network identifiers, which was found to be inadequate. To overcome this limit, the most-significant address octet was redefined in 1981 to create network classes, the revised system defined five classes. Classes A, B, and C had different bit lengths for network identification, the rest of the address was used as previously to identify a host within a network, which meant that each network class had a different capacity for addressing hosts. Class D was defined for multicast addressing and Class E was reserved for future applications, starting around 1985, methods were devised to subdivide IP networks. One method that has proved flexible is the use of the subnet mask. CIDR was designed to permit repartitioning of any address space so that smaller or larger blocks of addresses could be allocated to users, the hierarchical structure created by CIDR is managed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority and the regional Internet registries
6.
IPv6 address
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An Internet Protocol Version 6 address is a numerical label that is used to identify a network interface of a computer or other network node participating in an IPv6 computer network. An IP address serves the purpose of identifying an individual network interface of a host, locating it on the network. For routing, IP addresses are present in fields of the packet header where they indicate source, IPv6 is the successor to the first addressing infrastructure of the Internet, Internet Protocol version 4. In contrast to IPv4, which defined an IP address as a 32-bit value, therefore, IPv6 has a vastly enlarged address space compared to IPv4. IPv6 addresses are classified by the primary addressing and routing methodologies common in networking, unicast addressing, anycast addressing, a unicast address identifies a single network interface. The Internet Protocol delivers packets sent to a unicast address to that specific interface, an anycast address is assigned to a group of interfaces, usually belonging to different nodes. A packet sent to an anycast address is delivered to just one of the interfaces, typically the nearest host. Anycast addresses cannot be identified easily, they have the format as unicast addresses. Almost any unicast address can be employed as an anycast address, a multicast address is also used by multiple hosts, which acquire the multicast address destination by participating in the multicast distribution protocol among the network routers. A packet that is sent to a multicast address is delivered to all interfaces that have joined the corresponding multicast group, IPv6 does not implement broadcast addressing. Broadcasts traditional role is subsumed by multicast addressing to the all-nodes link-local multicast group ff02,1, however, the use of the all-nodes group is not recommended, and most IPv6 protocols use a dedicated link-local multicast group to avoid disturbing every interface in the network. An IPv6 address consists of 128 bits, unicast and anycast addresses are typically composed of two logical parts, a 64-bit network prefix used for routing, and a 64-bit interface identifier used to identify a hosts network interface. The network prefix is contained in the most significant 64 bits of the address, the size of the routing prefix may vary, a larger prefix size means a smaller subnet id size. The bits of the subnet id field are available to the administrator to define subnets within the given network. A link-local address is based on the interface identifier. The prefix field contains the binary value 1111111010, the 54 zeroes that follow make the total network prefix the same for all link-local addresses, rendering them non-routable. Multicast addresses are formed according to several specific formatting rules, depending on the application, the prefix holds the binary value 11111111 for any multicast address. Currently,3 of the 4 flag bits in the flg field are defined, the 4-bit scope field is used to indicate where the address is valid and unique
7.
IPv6
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IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4, every device on the Internet is assigned a unique IP address for identification and location definition. With the rapid growth of the Internet after commercialization in the 1990s, by 1998, the Internet Engineering Task Force had formalized the successor protocol. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, theoretically allowing 2128, or approximately 3. 4×1038 addresses, the actual number is slightly smaller, as multiple ranges are reserved for special use or completely excluded from use. The total number of possible IPv6 addresses is more than 7. 9×1028 times as many as IPv4, the two protocols are not designed to be interoperable, complicating the transition to IPv6. However, several IPv6 transition mechanisms have been devised to permit communication between IPv4 and IPv6 hosts, IPv6 provides other technical benefits in addition to a larger addressing space. In particular, it permits hierarchical address allocation methods that facilitate route aggregation across the Internet, the use of multicast addressing is expanded and simplified, and provides additional optimization for the delivery of services. Device mobility, security, and configuration aspects have been considered in the design of the protocol, IPv6 was first formally described in Internet standard document RFC2460, published in December 1998. In addition to offering more addresses, IPv6 also implements features not present in IPv4 and it simplifies aspects of address assignment, network renumbering, and router announcements when changing network connectivity providers. It simplifies processing of packets in routers by placing the responsibility for packet fragmentation into the end points, Network security was a design requirement of the IPv6 architecture, and included the original specification of IPsec. IPv6 does not specify interoperability features with IPv4, but essentially creates a parallel, exchanging traffic between the two networks requires translator gateways employing one of several transition mechanisms, such as NAT64, or a tunneling protocol like 6to4, 6in4, or Teredo. Internet Protocol Version 4 was the first publicly used version of the Internet Protocol and it is currently described by IETF publication RFC791, which replaced an earlier definition. IPv4 included a system that used numerical identifiers consisting of 32 bits. These addresses are typically displayed in quad-dotted notation as decimal values of four octets, each in the range 0 to 255, thus, IPv4 provides an addressing capability of 232 or approximately 4.3 billion addresses. Address exhaustion was not initially a concern in IPv4 as this version was originally presumed to be a test of DARPAs networking concepts, during the first decade of operation of the Internet, it became apparent that methods had to be developed to conserve address space. The last unassigned top-level address blocks of 16 million IPv4 addresses were allocated in February 2011 by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority to the five regional Internet registries. However, each RIR still has available address pools and is expected to continue with standard address allocation policies until one /8 Classless Inter-Domain Routing block remains, after that, only blocks of 1024 addresses will be provided from the RIRs to a local Internet registry. This leaves African Network Information Center as the sole regional internet registry that is using the normal protocol for distributing IPv4 addresses
8.
.church
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. church is a generic top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It comes from the name church and is used by churches, congregations, ministries of religion. The church domain was entered into the DNS root on May 15,2014, holly Fileds, LLC c/o Donuts is the registry acting as the official technical administrator of the. church TLD. It is required by ICANN to sell names via registrars such as Godaddy, Network Solutions and this gTLD was approved by ICANN on 06 Feb 2014. List of Internet top-level domains Generic top-level domain ICANN Registry Listing Donuts registry
9.
.club
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. club, often stylized as. CLUB and sometimes dot-club, is a top-level domain. It was proposed in ICANNs new generic top-level domain program, and became available to the public on May 7,2014. Club Domains. In June 2013. Club Domains, LLC acquired the. club gTLD through an auction after raising $7 million from 27 individual investors. Colin Campbell, the chief executive officer, declined to reveal the final auction price. Club was the first new gTLD acquired via private auction, unsuccessful applicants competing for the gTLD were Donuts and the Merchant Law Group LLP. According to The Domains, Those now using a web address ending in. club include brands, celebrities, sports figures, innovative entrepreneurs and startups, associations, and clubs around the globe. Tens of thousands of clubs, business and individuals are using a. club address for their web presence, from Rotary Clubs, to school clubs. Prominent individuals using the extension include rapper 50 Cent, professional basketball player Tyler Johnson, and Indian cricket star Virat Kohli
10.
.college
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. college is a generic-top-level domain used in the domain name system of the Internet. It was delegated to the Root Zone of the DNS on 10 April 2014, the. college back-end registry operations are provided by CentralNic. college is owned and operated by XYZ. COM LLC, located in Las Vegas and Santa Monica. The. college trademark-exclusive Sunrise phase began on March 17,2015, the. college Landrush phase, which was exclusively for educational institutions, opened on April 20,2015 and ran until September 22nd,2015. College launched into global General Availability on September 29,2015
11.
.eco
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Ecology is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is a field that includes biology, geography. Ecology includes the study of interactions that organisms have with other, other organisms. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities make up. Ecosystem processes, such as production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services. Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history and it is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function, Ecology is a human science as well. For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment out there and it is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living and non-living components of the planet, the word ecology was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel. Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics, ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory, the scope of ecology contains a wide array of interacting levels of organization spanning micro-level to a planetary scale phenomena. Ecosystems, for example, contain abiotic resources and interacting life forms, an ecosystems area can vary greatly, from tiny to vast. A single tree is of consequence to the classification of a forest ecosystem. Several generations of a population can exist over the lifespan of a single leaf. Each of those aphids, in turn, support diverse bacterial communities, biodiversity describes the diversity of life from genes to ecosystems and spans every level of biological organization. The term has several interpretations, and there are ways to index, measure, characterize
12.
.eus
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. eus is the top-level domain for the Basque language. In 2008, dotCYMRU, dotEUS, dotSCOT, and dotBZH formed ECLID, on 10 June 2013, ICANN approved the creation of the domain. However, use of the name was restricted until March–April 2014
13.
.info
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The domain name info is a generic top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. The name is derived from information, though registration requirements do not prescribe any particular theme, the info TLD was a response to ICANNs highly publicized announcement, in late 2000, of a phased release of seven new generic top-level domains. The event was the first addition of major gTLDs since the Domain Name System was developed in the 1980s, the seven new gTLDs, selected from over 180 proposals, were meant in part to take the pressure off the com domain. The info domain has been the most successful of the seven new domain names, ICANN and Afilias have also sealed an agreement for country names to be reserved by ICANN under resolution 01.92. Info is a domain, meaning that anyone can obtain a second-level domain under info for any purpose, similar to the com. This is in contrast to TLDs such as edu or coop, info is the only top-level domain that was explicitly created and chartered for unrestricted use, though various other TLDs became that way as a de facto situation. Info stands for information in about 37 languages, and is a neutral name, Afilias, the registry operator of both the info and aero top-level domains, has been aggressive in its marketing of the domain, with significant registrar incentives and outreach events. The info domain has been operated by Afilias since its creation, in 2003, it was the first gTLD domain to support IETF standards-based internationalized domain names. The launching of info involved a Sunrise Period for trademark owners, followed by an open to all
14.
.kaufen
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. kaufen is a proposed top-level domain in ICANNs New gTLD Program. The proposed application succeeded and was delegated to the Root Zone on 29 December 2013, global in scope, today a passionate group of millions of consumers and hundreds of thousands of organizations identify with this word. The mission and purpose of the. kaufen TLD is to establish an easily recognized and accessible namespace for the German-speaking portion of this large, the. kaufen TLD is proposed by United TLD Holdco Ltd
15.
.moe
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The domain name moe is a top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Its name comes from the Japanese slang word moe, indicating its purpose in the marketing of products or services deemed moe. Interlink began developing the moe top-level domain in 2012, on November 13,2013, ICANN and Interlink entered into a registry agreement under which Interlink operates the moe TLD. Interlink sponsored a contest held between April 11 and May 6,2014 to design the domains logo, the general registration period began on July 22,2014. 1&1 Internet SG 1API GMBH101 Domain, Inc, nom-IQ Limited CSC Corporate Domains, Inc. COREhub S. R. L Dynadot LLC Domaininfo AB Encirca EuroDNS S. A. Gabia Inc, gandi. net Gonbei Domain GoDaddy Host Europe Group Instra Corporation IP Mirror Pte Ltd. Key-Systems LLC Lexsynergy Limited Marcaria MarkMonitor Inc, nominate Name. com Namecheap Official website IANA. moe whois information. moe whois
16.
.name
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The domain name is a generic top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is intended for use by individuals for representation of their name, nicknames, screen names, pseudonyms. The top-level domain was founded by Hakon Haugnes and Geir Rasmussen and initially delegated to Global Name Registry in 2001, verisign was the outsourced operator for. name since the. name launch in 2002 and acquired Global Name Registry in 2008. Subdomains of name may be registered at the second-level and the third-level and it is also possible to register an e-mail address of the form john@doe. name. Such a registration may require another address as destination, the second-level domain of third-level subdomains is shared, and may not be registered by individuals. When the TLD name was first launched, only third-level registrations, second-level registrations became available in January 2004. The original intended structure of domain names was first. last. name, the purpose of this sharing of second-level names was to ensure that the highest number of people possible could get an email address that included their last name. In November 2009, internationalized domain names available for second. IDNs are domain names that are represented by user applications in the character set of a language. The WHOIS service for name is available at the URL http, Domain name registrations are available from accredited ICANN registrars. In late September 2007, security researchers accused Global Name Registry of harboring hackers by charging fees per WHOIS lookup, the registry, however, offers unlimited free lookups through the free Extensive Whois access program. Domain name IANA. name whois information. name operator website. name Registry Agreement
17.
.net
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The domain name net is a generic top-level domain used in the Domain Name System of the Internet. However, restrictions were never enforced and the domain is now a general purpose namespace, as of 2015, it is the fourth most popular top-level domain, after. com. tk and. de. Verisign, the operator of net after acquiring Network Solutions, held a contract that expired on 30 June 2005. ICANN, the responsible for domain management, sought proposals from organizations to operate the domain upon expiration of the contract. Verisign regained the contract bid, and secured its control over the net registry for another six years, on 30 June 2011, the contract with Verisign was automatically renewed for another six years. This is because of an approved by the ICANN board. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars and internationalized domain names are also accepted, list of net accredited registrars net WhoIS netDomain Name suffixes
18.
.NGO and .ONG
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The domain names. ngo and. ong are generic top-level domains of the Domain Name System used in the Internet, sponsored and managed by the Public Interest Registry. The backend is provided by Afilias, in June 2011, ICANN expanded the internet’s naming system to allow applications for new top-level domain names. The Public Interest Registry declared publicly an interest in the. NGO domain in August 2011 and it also applied for an equivalent domain. ONG, which stands for “Organisation Non Gouvernementale” in French, and is also recognizable in Spanish, Italian and other romance languages. Unlike the. ORG domain. NGO will require validation of the registrant’s non-governmental status, non-governmental organizations told the Public Interest Registry they needed a closed domain that validated the legitimacy of websites accepting online donations to avoid fraud. The Public Interest Registry plans to use the funds from selling. NGO domains to develop an “NGO Community Program” to reach out to NGOs in developing nations. It also intends to create a service of NGOs to support their SEO and visibility. The new domains have been available since May 6,2015. When purchasing either. ngo or. ong, the other is automatically purchased at the same time
19.
.org
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The domain name org is a generic top-level domain of the Domain Name System used in the Internet. The name is truncated from organization and it was one of the original domains established in 1985, and has been operated by the Public Interest Registry since 2003. The domain was intended for non-profit entities, but this restriction was not enforced and has been removed. The domain is used by schools, open-source projects, and communities. The number of registered domains in org has increased from fewer than one million in the 1990s, the domain. org was one of the original top-level domains, with com, us, edu, gov, mil and net, established in January 1985. It was originally intended for organizations or organizations of a non-commercial character that did not meet the requirements for other gTLDs. The MITRE Corporation was the first group to register an org domain with mitre. org in July 1985, the TLD has been operated since January 1,2003 by Public Interest Registry, who assumed the task from VeriSign Global Registry Services, a division of Verisign. Registrations of subdomains are processed via accredited registrars worldwide, anyone can register a second-level domain within org, without restrictions. In some instances subdomains are being used also by commercial sites, in some cases subdomains have been created for crisis management. Some cities, among them Rybnitsa in Transnistria) also have org domain names, such second-level domains are usually named org or or. In 2009, the org domain consisted of more than 8 million registered domain names,8.8 million in 2010, the Public Interest Registry registered the ten millionth. ORG domain in June,2012. When the 9.5 millionth. org was registered in December 2011. org, the org domain registry allows the registration of selected internationalized domain names as second-level domains. For German, Danish, Hungarian, Icelandic, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, spanish IDN registrations have been possible since 2007. This allows the verification of the authenticity and integrity of DNS data by conforming DNS clients. As of June 23,2010, DNSSEC was enabled for individual second-level domains, the Public Interest Registry charges its accredited registrars US $7.70 for each domain name. The registrars may set their charges to end users without restrictions
20.
.aero
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. aero is a sponsored top-level domain used in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is the first sponsored top-level domain based on an industrial theme. The aero domain is reserved for companies, organizations, associations, government agencies and it was created in 2002 and is operated by SITA. SITA created and operates the Dot Aero Council, two-letter codes under. aero are reserved for airlines according to the IATA Airline Designators. While three-letter codes were reserved for airports, they were released for registration by the larger aviation. The aero top-level domain was approved in 2001 for a 5-year term expiring December 17,2006 as part of a proof-of-concept of new top-level domains. The agreement was extended in October 2006 for a term until June 17,2007. In 2009, SITA and ICANN completed a new 10-year sponsorship agreement for the operation of aero
21.
.asia
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. asia is the official designated regional domain extension for Asia and the Pacific. The. Asia web address was introduced to the public through a comprehensive launch involving a multiphased Sunrise and it became available on a first-come-first-served registration basis on March 26,2008. It offered businesses and individuals an opportunity to own and build on any. Asia domain before the TLD opened its doors to mass public registration, applicants were asked to submit a brief business plan for the domain of choice and make a marketing deposit of US$10,000. The full deposit was returned to successful applicants against proof of marketing attributed to the promotion of the built out. Asia website. The Pioneer Domains Program marks the first time ever a domain registry is opening its doors for domains based on the quality of proposals received for any name of choice. Similar programs were implemented by other domain launches since. Asia founded the first Pioneer Domains Program on July 20,2007 and it offered businesses and individuals an opportunity to own and build on any. Asia domain before the TLD opened its doors to mass public registration. Applicants were asked to submit a business plan for the domain of choice. The full deposit was returned to successful applicants against proof of marketing attributed to the promotion of the built out. Asia website. The Pioneer Domains Program marks the first time ever a domain registry is opening its doors for domains based on the quality of proposals received for any name of choice. Similar programs were implemented by other domain launches since, while the. Asia TLD aims to serve Asian communities worldwide as avowed on their website. Beyond the region itself. Asia appeals to Asian communities globally, including Asian Americans, Chinatowns, Korean Towns, Little Indias, the registry has adopted the boundaries as defined by ICANN for the Asia / Australia / Pacific region as a basis for its scope of eligibility. Every. Asia domain must be associated with a Charter Eligibility Contact to be eligible, allegations of insider trading and conflict of interest have been levelled at Pool. com, exclusive auction service provider for the. Asia Sunrise and Landrush. Mr Schreier specifies that he not have any ownership interest in the corporations involved. As of 15 May 2008, it is unclear whether Mr Schreier has control over the domains in question, if there is such an affiliation, it would almost certainly be illegal under Australian competition law. com. These claims would have been validated by the. ASIA validation partner and where multiple applications were received, over 10,000 domains were applied during the Sunrise and Landrush launch. Chinese, Japanese and Korean. Asia IDN domains started selling on a basis on June 21,2012. Asia plans to launch other Asian language IDN. Asia domains at a later date. The DotAsia Organisation, registry operator of the. Asia domain, is a not-for-profit, membership-based organization with a mandate to promote Internet development and adoption in Asia. DotAsia is headquartered in Hong Kong and formed as an open consortium of national / official top-level domain authorities around the region
