1.
Israel Internet Association
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Israel Internet Association is a non-profit organization and. il country code top level domains registry, It is managed by seven volunteer board members. It was the organization in the world to be accepted as a chapter of the Internet Society. It is also a member of the RIPE NCC Regional Internet Registry, in addition to managing. il registry the association is also responsible for managing the Israeli Internet Exchange and hosts a DNS root server duplicate at its facilities
2.
Israel
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Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. The country contains geographically diverse features within its small area. Israels economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, in 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, next year, the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and it extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Israels occupation of the Palestinian territories is the worlds longest military occupation in modern times, efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed, the population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2017 to be 8,671,100 people. It is the worlds only Jewish-majority state, with 74. 8% being designated as Jewish, the countrys second largest group of citizens are Arabs, at 20. 8%. The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins, other minorities include Arameans, Armenians, Assyrians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Circassians, Maronites and Samaritans. Israel also hosts a significant population of foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia, including illegal migrants from Sudan, Eritrea. In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish, Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature, Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016. The country benefits from a skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the third highest in Asia, in the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett. The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel. The name Israel in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. The earliest known artifact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt. The area is known as the Holy Land, being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam
3.
Country code
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Country codes are short alphabetic or numeric geographical codes developed to represent countries and dependent areas, for use in data processing and communications. Several different systems have developed to do this. The term country code frequently refers to international dialing codes, the E.164 country calling codes and this standard defines for most of the countries and dependent areas in the world, a two-letter a three-letter, and a three-digit numeric code. For more applications see ISO 3166-1 alpha-2. S. government and in the CIA World Factbook, on September 2,2008, FIPS 10-4 was one of ten standards withdrawn by NIST as a Federal Information Processing Standard. GOST7.164 international telephone dialing codes, list of country calling codes with 1-3 digits and these prefixes are legally administered by the national entity to which prefix ranges are assigned. Diplomatic license plates in the United States, assigned by the U. S. State Department, north Atlantic Treaty Organisation used two-letter codes of its own, list of NATO country codes. They were largely borrowed from the FIPS 10-4 codes mentioned below, in 2003 the eighth edition of the Standardisation Agreement adopted the ISO3166 three-letter codes with one exception. The following can represent countries, The initial digits of International Standard Book Numbers are group identifiers for countries, areas, the first three digits of GS1 Company Prefixes used to identify products, for example, in barcodes, designate numbering agencies. A comparison with ISO, IFS and others with notes United Nations Region Codes
4.
Root name server
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A root name server is a name server for the root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. It directly answers requests for records in the zone and answers other requests by returning a list of the authoritative name servers for the appropriate top-level domain. The use of anycast addressing permits the actual number of root server instances to be much larger, the DNS is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource participating in the Internet. The top of hierarchy is the root domain. The root domain does not have a name and its label in the DNS hierarchy is an empty string. All fully qualified domain names on the Internet can be regarded as ending with this empty string for the root domain, and therefore ending in a full stop character, e. g. www. example. com. This is generally implied rather than explicit, as modern DNS software does not actually require that the terminating dot be included when attempting to translate a name to an IP address. The root domain contains all top-level domains of the Internet, as of July 2015, it contains 1058 TLDs, including 730 generic top-level domains and 301 country code top-level domains in the root domain. In addition, the ARPA domain is used for technical name spaces in the management of Internet addressing, a TEST domain is used for testing internationalized domain names. When a computer on the Internet needs to resolve a domain name, a resolver breaks the name up into its labels from right to left. The first component is queried using a server to obtain the responsible authoritative server. Queries for each label return more specific name servers until a name server returns the answer of the original query. In practice, most of this information does not change very often over a period of hours, DNS lookups to the root name servers may therefore be relatively infrequent. A survey in 2003 reports that only 2% of all queries to the servers were legitimate. Incorrect or non-existent caching was responsible for 75% of the queries,12. 5% were for unknown TLDs, 7% were for lookups using IP addresses as if they were domain names, some misconfigured desktop computers even tried to update the root server records for the TLDs. A similar list of observed problems and recommended fixes has been published in RFC4697, there are 13 logical root name servers specified, with logical names in the form letter. root-servers. net, where letter ranges from a to m. The choice of thirteen name servers was made because of limitations in the original DNS specification, technically however, fourteen name servers fit into an IPv4 packet. The addition of IPv6 addresses for the name servers requires more than 512 bytes
Israel
