1.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
2.
Internet
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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
3.
Kiwi (people)
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Kiwi is the nickname used internationally for people from New Zealand, as well as being a relatively common self-reference. The name derives from the kiwi, a bird, which is native to. Unlike many demographic labels, its usage is not considered offensive, it is viewed as a symbol of pride. In the early 1900s New Zealanders—including soldiers and the All Blacks—were referred to as En Zeds, Fernleaves and this usage was still in place near the end of World War I. However, although New Zealand soldiers were described as Diggers or Pig Islanders. The kiwi had appeared on military badges since the South Canterbury Battalion used it in 1886, Kiwi came to mean first the men of New Zealand regiments and then all New Zealanders. Many troops stayed in Europe for months or years until transport home could be arranged, the Oxford English Dictionary gives the first use of the Kiwi to mean New Zealander in 1918, in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force Chronicles. The nickname Kiwis for New Zealand servicemen eventually became common usage in all war theatres, following World War II the term was gradually attributed to all New Zealanders and today, throughout the world they are referred to as Kiwis, as well as often referring to themselves that way. Spelling of the word Kiwi, when used to describe the people, is often capitalised, the birds name is spelt with a lower-case k and, being a word of Māori origin, normally stays as kiwi when pluralised. Thus, two Kiwis refers to two people, whereas two kiwi refers to two birds and this linguistic nicety is well exemplified by the BNZ Save the Kiwi Conservation Trust, which uses the slogan Kiwis saving kiwi. kiwi, an internet domain name
4.
ICANN
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ICANN performs the actual technical maintenance work of the central Internet address pools and DNS root zone registries pursuant to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority function contract. The numbering facilities ICANN manages include the Internet Protocol address spaces for IPv4 and IPv6, ICANN also maintains registries of Internet Protocol identifiers. ICANN was created on September 18,1998, and incorporated on September 30,1998 and it is headquartered in the Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles. In 1997 Postel testified before Congress that this had come about as a task to this research work. The Information Sciences Institute was funded by the U. S. Department of Defense, as was SRI Internationals Network Information Center, which also performed some assigned name functions. As the Internet grew and expanded globally, the U. S. Department of Commerce initiated a process to establish a new organization to perform the IANA functions. The proposed rule making, or Green Paper, was published in the Federal Register on February 20,1998, NTIA received more than 650 comments as of March 23,1998, when the comment period closed. ICANN was formed in response to this policy, ICANN managed the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority under contract to the United States Department of Commerce and pursuant to an agreement with the IETF. ICANN was incorporated in California on September 30,1998, with entrepreneur and it is a nonprofit public benefit corporation organized under the California Nonprofit Public Benefit Corporation Law for charitable and public purposes. ICANN was established in California due to the presence of Jon Postel, ICANN formerly operated from the same Marina del Rey building where Postel formerly worked, which is home to an office of the Information Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California. However, ICANNs headquarters is now located in the nearby Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles and they were also required to be financially independent from ICANN. On July 26,2006, the United States government renewed the contract with ICANN for performance of the IANA function for a one to five years. The context of ICANNs relationship with the U. S. government was clarified on September 29,2006 when ICANN signed a new Memorandum of Understanding with the United States Department of Commerce and this document gave the DOC oversight over some of the ICANN operations. During July 2008, the DOC reiterated a statement that it has no plans to transition management of the authoritative root zone file to ICANN. The letter also stresses the separate roles of the IANA and VeriSign, on September 30,2009, ICANN signed an agreement with the DOC that confirmed ICANNs commitment to a multistakeholder governance model, but did not remove it from DOC oversight and control. On March 10,2016, ICANN and the DOC signed a historic, culminating agreement to finally remove ICANN and IANA from the control, on October 1,2016, ICANN was freed from U. S. government oversight. During September and October 2003, ICANN played a role in the conflict over VeriSigns wild card DNS service Site Finder. After an open letter from ICANN issuing an ultimatum to VeriSign, later endorsed by the Internet Architecture Board, after this action, VeriSign filed a lawsuit against ICANN on February 27,2004, claiming that ICANN had exceeded its authority
5.
GoDaddy
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GoDaddy Inc. is an American publicly traded Internet domain registrar and web hosting company. As of December 2014, GoDaddy served approximately 13 million customers and had 4,908 employees worldwide, the company is known for its advertising. It has been involved in controversies related to censorship. GoDaddy was founded in 1997 by Baltimore, Maryland, entrepreneur Bob Parsons, prior to GoDaddy, Parsons sold his financial software services company, Parsons Technology, Inc. to Intuit for $64m in 1994. Parsons came out of his retirement in 1997 to launch Jomax Technologies, GoDaddy received a strategic investment from top venture capital funds, KKR, Silver Lake, and Technology Crossover Ventures. In 1999, a group of employees at Jomax Technologies were brainstorming, an employee said, How about Big Daddy. However, the name had already been purchased. Parsons replied, How about Go Daddy, the name was available, so he bought it. Parsons said the company stuck with the name because it made people smile, the company changed its name branding from Go Daddy to GoDaddy in February 2006. In 2001, soon after Network Solutions was no longer the place to register a domain, GoDaddy was approximately the same size as competitors Dotster. In April 2005, GoDaddy became the largest ICANN-accredited registrar on the Internet, in July 2012, GoDaddy announced it would acquire Outright for an undisclosed amount. In August 2013, GoDaddy announced it would acquire Locu for $70 million, in September 2013, GoDaddy acquired domain marketplace Afternic from NameMedia. GoDaddy will also acquire domain parking service SmartName and business name generator NameFind, on October 15,2013, GoDaddy acquired web hosting service provider Media Temple. In a newsletter sent to its customers, Media Temple said that they will continue operating as an independent, in July 2014, GoDaddy acquired Canary, a small Cambridge-based smart calendar service. On August 20,2014, GoDaddy acquired Mad Mimi, a Brooklyn-based email marketing service, in April 2015 and November 2015, GoDaddy acquired the domain portfolios of Marchex and Worldwide Media respectively. On May 17,2016, GoDaddy acquired FreedomVoice for $42 million in cash, FreedomVoice is a provider of cloud-based VoIP phone systems across the United States. On December 6,2016, GoDaddy announced its acquisition of Host Europe Group, in 2013, GoDaddy was reported as the largest ICANN-accredited registrar in the world, at the size of four times their closest competitor. They also have a 270,000 square foot facility in Phoenix,2010 – BBB of Great Arizona Business Ethics Awards finalist
6.
.nz
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. nz is the Internet country code top-level domain for New Zealand. It is administered by InternetNZ through its subsidiary, NZRS Limited, with oversight, registrations are processed via authorised registrars. As of 31 December 2016 there were 669,714 registered. nz domains, as with many long-standing domain registries the registry was maintained informally for some time. The first formally recognised administrative organisation was the University of Waikato until the responsibility was delegated to InternetNZ when it was formed in 1995, prior to the current structure, the registry operator of. nz was Domainz. Historically, Domainz was a subsidiary of InternetNZ which also operated as a registrar, the final part of this transition process was the sale of Domainz to Melbourne IT in August 2003. From 1 April 2008 the Office of the Domain Name Commissioner became the Domain Name Commission Limited, unlike many other English-speaking countries, New Zealand uses govt instead of gov for government bodies, hence the second-level domain govt. nz. There are also sub-level domains unique to New Zealand, such as iwi. nz and the broader maori. nz, for Māori iwi and other organisations respectively, the following second-level domains are in use with their official descriptions. The government registrar, DNS. govt. nz controls registration, the. nz registry uses open source software, which is periodically published on SourceForge. The protocol was contemporary with EPP, and due to these design features is now being ratified as an internet RFC. The most popular registrar of. nz domain is Umbrellar Limited t/a Domain Agent with a share of 11. 73%. Currently around 10. 27% of the. nz internet is served via secured HTTPS protocol, apache is the most popular web server, serving 38. 90% of the. nz domains, followed by Nginx serving 24. 07% of the total. nz domains
New Zealand