1.
Arabic
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Arabic is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. Arabic is also the language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six languages of the United Nations. The modern written language is derived from the language of the Quran and it is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the language of 26 states. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the standards of Quranic Arabic. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics. As a result, many European languages have borrowed many words from it. Many words of Arabic origin are found in ancient languages like Latin. Balkan languages, including Greek, have acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has also borrowed words from languages including Greek and Persian in medieval times. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to the Northwest Semitic languages, the Ancient South Arabian languages, the Semitic languages changed a great deal between Proto-Semitic and the establishment of the Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include, The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation into a past tense, the conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation into a present tense. The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms, the development of an internal passive. These features are evidence of descent from a hypothetical ancestor. In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside of the Ancient South Arabian family were spoken and it is also believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hijaz, Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages, in Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested
2.
Internationalized domain name
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These writing systems are encoded by computers in multi-byte Unicode. Internationalized domain names are stored in the Domain Name System as ASCII strings using Punycode transcription, internationalized domain names can only be used with applications that are specifically designed for such use, they require no changes in the infrastructure of the Internet. IDN was originally proposed in December 1996 by Martin Dürst and implemented in 1998 by Tan Juay Kwang and Leong Kok Yong under the guidance of Tan Tin Wee. After much debate and many competing proposals, a system called Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications was adopted as a standard, in IDNA, the term internationalized domain name means specifically any domain name consisting only of labels to which the IDNA ToASCII algorithm can be successfully applied. In March 2008, the IETF formed a new IDN working group to update the current IDNA protocol, in May 2010 the first IDN ccTLD were installed in the DNS root zone. Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications is a defined in 2003 for handling internationalized domain names containing non-ASCII characters. These names either are Latin letters with diacritics or are written in languages or scripts which do not use the Latin alphabet, Arabic, Hangul, Hiragana and Kanji for instance. Although the Domain Name System supports non-ASCII characters, applications such as e-mail, IDNA specifies how this conversion between names written in non-ASCII characters and their ASCII-based representation is performed. An IDNA-enabled application is able to convert between the internationalized and ASCII representations of a domain name and it uses the ASCII form for DNS lookups but can present the internationalized form to users who presumably prefer to read and write domain names in non-ASCII scripts such as Arabic or Hiragana. Applications that do not support IDNA will not be able to handle domain names with non-ASCII characters, but will still be able to access such domains if given the ASCII equivalent. ICANN issued guidelines for the use of IDNA in June 2003, several other top-level domain registries started accepting registrations in 2004 and 2005. IDN Guidelines were first created in June 2003, and have been updated to respond to phishing concerns in November 2005, mozilla 1.4, Netscape 7.1, Opera 7.11 were among the first applications to support IDNA. A browser plugin is available for Internet Explorer 6 to provide IDN support, Internet Explorer 7.0 and Windows Vistas URL APIs provide native support for IDN. The conversions between ASCII and non-ASCII forms of a name are accomplished by algorithms called ToASCII and ToUnicode. These algorithms are not applied to the name as a whole. For example, if the name is www. example. com, then the labels are www, example. ToASCII or ToUnicode are applied to each of three separately. The details of these two algorithms are complex, and are specified in RFC3490, the following gives an overview of their function
3.
Domain Name System
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The Domain Name System is a hierarchical decentralized naming system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities, by providing a worldwide, distributed directory service, the Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality of the Internet, that has been in use since 1985. The Domain Name System delegates the responsibility of assigning domain names, Network administrators may delegate authority over sub-domains of their allocated name space to other name servers. This mechanism provides distributed and fault tolerant service and was designed to avoid a large central database. The Domain Name System also specifies the technical functionality of the service that is at its core. It defines the DNS protocol, a specification of the data structures and data communication exchanges used in the DNS. Historically, other directory services preceding DNS were not scalable to large or global directories as they were based on text files. The Internet maintains two principal namespaces, the domain name hierarchy and the Internet Protocol address spaces, the Domain Name System maintains the domain name hierarchy and provides translation services between it and the address spaces. Internet name servers and a communication protocol implement the Domain Name System, a DNS name server is a server that stores the DNS records for a domain, a DNS name server responds with answers to queries against its database. The most common types of stored in the DNS database are for Start of Authority, IP addresses, SMTP mail exchangers, name servers, pointers for reverse DNS lookups. As a general purpose database, the DNS has also used in combating unsolicited email by storing a real-time blackhole list. The DNS database is stored in a structured zone file. An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the book for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, the name www. example. com translates to the addresses 93.184.216.119 and 2606,2800,220, 6d, 26bf,1447,1097. Unlike a phone book, DNS can be updated, allowing a services location on the network to change without affecting the end users. Users take advantage of this when they use meaningful Uniform Resource Locators, an important and ubiquitous function of DNS is its central role in distributed Internet services such as cloud services and content delivery networks. When a user accesses a distributed Internet service using a URL and this process of using the DNS to assign proximal servers to users is key to providing faster and more reliable responses on the Internet and is widely used by most major Internet services. The DNS reflects the structure of administrative responsibility in the Internet, each subdomain is a zone of administrative autonomy delegated to a manager
4.
Internet
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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
5.
ICANN
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ICANN performs the actual technical maintenance work of the central Internet address pools and DNS root zone registries pursuant to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority function contract. The numbering facilities ICANN manages include the Internet Protocol address spaces for IPv4 and IPv6, ICANN also maintains registries of Internet Protocol identifiers. ICANN was created on September 18,1998, and incorporated on September 30,1998 and it is headquartered in the Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles. In 1997 Postel testified before Congress that this had come about as a task to this research work. The Information Sciences Institute was funded by the U. S. Department of Defense, as was SRI Internationals Network Information Center, which also performed some assigned name functions. As the Internet grew and expanded globally, the U. S. Department of Commerce initiated a process to establish a new organization to perform the IANA functions. The proposed rule making, or Green Paper, was published in the Federal Register on February 20,1998, NTIA received more than 650 comments as of March 23,1998, when the comment period closed. ICANN was formed in response to this policy, ICANN managed the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority under contract to the United States Department of Commerce and pursuant to an agreement with the IETF. ICANN was incorporated in California on September 30,1998, with entrepreneur and it is a nonprofit public benefit corporation organized under the California Nonprofit Public Benefit Corporation Law for charitable and public purposes. ICANN was established in California due to the presence of Jon Postel, ICANN formerly operated from the same Marina del Rey building where Postel formerly worked, which is home to an office of the Information Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California. However, ICANNs headquarters is now located in the nearby Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles and they were also required to be financially independent from ICANN. On July 26,2006, the United States government renewed the contract with ICANN for performance of the IANA function for a one to five years. The context of ICANNs relationship with the U. S. government was clarified on September 29,2006 when ICANN signed a new Memorandum of Understanding with the United States Department of Commerce and this document gave the DOC oversight over some of the ICANN operations. During July 2008, the DOC reiterated a statement that it has no plans to transition management of the authoritative root zone file to ICANN. The letter also stresses the separate roles of the IANA and VeriSign, on September 30,2009, ICANN signed an agreement with the DOC that confirmed ICANNs commitment to a multistakeholder governance model, but did not remove it from DOC oversight and control. On March 10,2016, ICANN and the DOC signed a historic, culminating agreement to finally remove ICANN and IANA from the control, on October 1,2016, ICANN was freed from U. S. government oversight. During September and October 2003, ICANN played a role in the conflict over VeriSigns wild card DNS service Site Finder. After an open letter from ICANN issuing an ultimatum to VeriSign, later endorsed by the Internet Architecture Board, after this action, VeriSign filed a lawsuit against ICANN on February 27,2004, claiming that ICANN had exceeded its authority
6.
Unicode
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Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the worlds writing systems. As of June 2016, the most recent version is Unicode 9.0, the standard is maintained by the Unicode Consortium. Unicodes success at unifying character sets has led to its widespread, the standard has been implemented in many recent technologies, including modern operating systems, XML, Java, and the. NET Framework. Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings, the most commonly used encodings are UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2. UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character, all of which have the same values in both UTF-8 and ASCII encoding, and up to four bytes for other characters. UCS-2 uses a 16-bit code unit for each character but cannot encode every character in the current Unicode standard, UTF-16 extends UCS-2, using one 16-bit unit for the characters that were representable in UCS-2 and two 16-bit units to handle each of the additional characters. Many traditional character encodings share a common problem in that they allow bilingual computer processing, Unicode, in intent, encodes the underlying characters—graphemes and grapheme-like units—rather than the variant glyphs for such characters. In the case of Chinese characters, this leads to controversies over distinguishing the underlying character from its variant glyphs. In text processing, Unicode takes the role of providing a unique code point—a number, in other words, Unicode represents a character in an abstract way and leaves the visual rendering to other software, such as a web browser or word processor. This simple aim becomes complicated, however, because of concessions made by Unicodes designers in the hope of encouraging a more rapid adoption of Unicode, the first 256 code points were made identical to the content of ISO-8859-1 so as to make it trivial to convert existing western text. For other examples, see duplicate characters in Unicode and he explained that he name Unicode is intended to suggest a unique, unified, universal encoding. In this document, entitled Unicode 88, Becker outlined a 16-bit character model, Unicode could be roughly described as wide-body ASCII that has been stretched to 16 bits to encompass the characters of all the worlds living languages. In a properly engineered design,16 bits per character are more than sufficient for this purpose, Unicode aims in the first instance at the characters published in modern text, whose number is undoubtedly far below 214 =16,384. By the end of 1990, most of the work on mapping existing character encoding standards had been completed, the Unicode Consortium was incorporated in California on January 3,1991, and in October 1991, the first volume of the Unicode standard was published. The second volume, covering Han ideographs, was published in June 1992, in 1996, a surrogate character mechanism was implemented in Unicode 2.0, so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits. The Microsoft TrueType specification version 1.0 from 1992 used the name Apple Unicode instead of Unicode for the Platform ID in the naming table, Unicode defines a codespace of 1,114,112 code points in the range 0hex to 10FFFFhex. Normally a Unicode code point is referred to by writing U+ followed by its hexadecimal number, for code points in the Basic Multilingual Plane, four digits are used, for code points outside the BMP, five or six digits are used, as required. Code points in Planes 1 through 16 are accessed as surrogate pairs in UTF-16, within each plane, characters are allocated within named blocks of related characters
7.
ASCII
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ASCII, abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices, most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although they support many additional characters. ASCII was developed from telegraph code and its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6,1960, the first edition of the standard was published in 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting of lists, and added features for other than teleprinters. Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart above. The characters encoded are numbers 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, basic punctuation symbols, control codes that originated with Teletype machines, for example, lowercase j would become binary 1101010 and decimal 106. ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters,33 are non-printing control characters that affect how text and space are processed and 95 printable characters, of these, the IANA encourages use of the name US-ASCII for Internet uses of ASCII. The ASA became the United States of America Standards Institute and ultimately the American National Standards Institute, there was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet. The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting, the X3 committee made other changes, including other new characters, renaming some control characters and moving or removing others. ASCII was subsequently updated as USAS X3. 4-1967, then USAS X3. 4-1968, ANSI X3. 4-1977 and they proposed a 9-track standard for magnetic tape, and attempted to deal with some punched card formats. The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems, like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols. This allows digital devices to communicate each other and to process, store. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters,10 numerical digits, ITA2 were in turn based on the 5-bit telegraph code Émile Baudot invented in 1870 and patented in 1874. The committee debated the possibility of a function, which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is reliable for data transmission. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code, the committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal
8.
Gulf News
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Gulf News is a daily English language newspaper published from Dubai. Gulf News was first launched in tabloid format in 1978 by prominent UAE businessman Abdul Wahab Galadari, its offices were located on the Airport Road, in November 1984, three leading UAE businessmen, purchased the company and formed Al Nisr Publishing. The new owners of the paper were Obaid Humaid Al Tayer, Abdullah Al Rostamani, with the death of Abdullah Al Rostamani in 2006, his position on the board is held by a family nominee while the other directors remain. Under new ownership, Gulf News was relaunched on 10 December 1985 and was free to the public and it also became available in Pakistan from August 1988. In order to better local coverage for its readers, Gulf News opened various bureaus around the United Arab Emirates, the GCC. In November 1995 the width of the papers broadsheet pages were reduced by four centimetres, Al Nisr Publishing became a limited liability company with a share capital of Dh15 million on 26 May 1997. The first online edition of Gulf News was launched on 1 September 1996, the daily launched video news in its online edition in the second part of the 2000s, being among the first in the region. As of 2008 Abdul Hamid Ahmad was the editor-in-chief of the paper, Gulf News moved to its present headquarters on Sheikh Zayed Road in April 2000. The daily changed its format to berliner on 1 June 2012, Gulf News was the first newspaper in the region to promote the arts, culture, music and sport through sponsorship of events. In March 1989, The paper started the Gulf Business Awards in collaboration with DHL for the Best Chief Executive, Enterprise, the scheme was discontinued in 1996. The regionally famous Gulf News Fun Drive was started in March 1986, the 26th Fun Drive was held in December 2006 and saw 750 all-terrain vehicles with over 2,800 participants. An earlier Fun Drive was recorded in the Guinness Book of Records as being a significant first achievement, another major event is the $6 million Dubai World Cup horse race meeting, which comprises seven top quality races, and includes a race for Purebred Arabians. Gulf News sponsors the $2 million Dubai Golden Shaheen, a Group 1 sprint which one of the main attractions, Gulf News also sponsors an entire evening of horse racing at Nad Al Sheba, with each race being named after one of its titles. The paper also sponsors a number of major sports events in the UAE, as well as seminars. The ensuing moral panic resulted in a ban of the site by Etisalat by 4 July 2007. The newspaper won the Asia - Pacific award for best newspaper production in July 1990, however, The papers online version was the seventh mostly visited website among all online websites in the same ranking. Forbes Middle East named it as the third in the Arab world in the period from 31 August 2011 to 31 August 2012, in January 2009 they ran a column by Mohammad Abdullah Al Mutawa that claimed the holocaust was a lie. Today, the world stands as a witness to the fact that the Nazi holocaust was a mere lie
9.
.church
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. church is a generic top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It comes from the name church and is used by churches, congregations, ministries of religion. The church domain was entered into the DNS root on May 15,2014, holly Fileds, LLC c/o Donuts is the registry acting as the official technical administrator of the. church TLD. It is required by ICANN to sell names via registrars such as Godaddy, Network Solutions and this gTLD was approved by ICANN on 06 Feb 2014. List of Internet top-level domains Generic top-level domain ICANN Registry Listing Donuts registry
10.
.club
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. club, often stylized as. CLUB and sometimes dot-club, is a top-level domain. It was proposed in ICANNs new generic top-level domain program, and became available to the public on May 7,2014. Club Domains. In June 2013. Club Domains, LLC acquired the. club gTLD through an auction after raising $7 million from 27 individual investors. Colin Campbell, the chief executive officer, declined to reveal the final auction price. Club was the first new gTLD acquired via private auction, unsuccessful applicants competing for the gTLD were Donuts and the Merchant Law Group LLP. According to The Domains, Those now using a web address ending in. club include brands, celebrities, sports figures, innovative entrepreneurs and startups, associations, and clubs around the globe. Tens of thousands of clubs, business and individuals are using a. club address for their web presence, from Rotary Clubs, to school clubs. Prominent individuals using the extension include rapper 50 Cent, professional basketball player Tyler Johnson, and Indian cricket star Virat Kohli
11.
.college
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. college is a generic-top-level domain used in the domain name system of the Internet. It was delegated to the Root Zone of the DNS on 10 April 2014, the. college back-end registry operations are provided by CentralNic. college is owned and operated by XYZ. COM LLC, located in Las Vegas and Santa Monica. The. college trademark-exclusive Sunrise phase began on March 17,2015, the. college Landrush phase, which was exclusively for educational institutions, opened on April 20,2015 and ran until September 22nd,2015. College launched into global General Availability on September 29,2015
12.
.eco
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Ecology is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is a field that includes biology, geography. Ecology includes the study of interactions that organisms have with other, other organisms. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities make up. Ecosystem processes, such as production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services. Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history and it is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function, Ecology is a human science as well. For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment out there and it is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living and non-living components of the planet, the word ecology was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel. Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics, ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory, the scope of ecology contains a wide array of interacting levels of organization spanning micro-level to a planetary scale phenomena. Ecosystems, for example, contain abiotic resources and interacting life forms, an ecosystems area can vary greatly, from tiny to vast. A single tree is of consequence to the classification of a forest ecosystem. Several generations of a population can exist over the lifespan of a single leaf. Each of those aphids, in turn, support diverse bacterial communities, biodiversity describes the diversity of life from genes to ecosystems and spans every level of biological organization. The term has several interpretations, and there are ways to index, measure, characterize
13.
.eus
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. eus is the top-level domain for the Basque language. In 2008, dotCYMRU, dotEUS, dotSCOT, and dotBZH formed ECLID, on 10 June 2013, ICANN approved the creation of the domain. However, use of the name was restricted until March–April 2014
14.
.info
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The domain name info is a generic top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. The name is derived from information, though registration requirements do not prescribe any particular theme, the info TLD was a response to ICANNs highly publicized announcement, in late 2000, of a phased release of seven new generic top-level domains. The event was the first addition of major gTLDs since the Domain Name System was developed in the 1980s, the seven new gTLDs, selected from over 180 proposals, were meant in part to take the pressure off the com domain. The info domain has been the most successful of the seven new domain names, ICANN and Afilias have also sealed an agreement for country names to be reserved by ICANN under resolution 01.92. Info is a domain, meaning that anyone can obtain a second-level domain under info for any purpose, similar to the com. This is in contrast to TLDs such as edu or coop, info is the only top-level domain that was explicitly created and chartered for unrestricted use, though various other TLDs became that way as a de facto situation. Info stands for information in about 37 languages, and is a neutral name, Afilias, the registry operator of both the info and aero top-level domains, has been aggressive in its marketing of the domain, with significant registrar incentives and outreach events. The info domain has been operated by Afilias since its creation, in 2003, it was the first gTLD domain to support IETF standards-based internationalized domain names. The launching of info involved a Sunrise Period for trademark owners, followed by an open to all
15.
.kaufen
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. kaufen is a proposed top-level domain in ICANNs New gTLD Program. The proposed application succeeded and was delegated to the Root Zone on 29 December 2013, global in scope, today a passionate group of millions of consumers and hundreds of thousands of organizations identify with this word. The mission and purpose of the. kaufen TLD is to establish an easily recognized and accessible namespace for the German-speaking portion of this large, the. kaufen TLD is proposed by United TLD Holdco Ltd
16.
.moe
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The domain name moe is a top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Its name comes from the Japanese slang word moe, indicating its purpose in the marketing of products or services deemed moe. Interlink began developing the moe top-level domain in 2012, on November 13,2013, ICANN and Interlink entered into a registry agreement under which Interlink operates the moe TLD. Interlink sponsored a contest held between April 11 and May 6,2014 to design the domains logo, the general registration period began on July 22,2014. 1&1 Internet SG 1API GMBH101 Domain, Inc, nom-IQ Limited CSC Corporate Domains, Inc. COREhub S. R. L Dynadot LLC Domaininfo AB Encirca EuroDNS S. A. Gabia Inc, gandi. net Gonbei Domain GoDaddy Host Europe Group Instra Corporation IP Mirror Pte Ltd. Key-Systems LLC Lexsynergy Limited Marcaria MarkMonitor Inc, nominate Name. com Namecheap Official website IANA. moe whois information. moe whois
17.
.name
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The domain name is a generic top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is intended for use by individuals for representation of their name, nicknames, screen names, pseudonyms. The top-level domain was founded by Hakon Haugnes and Geir Rasmussen and initially delegated to Global Name Registry in 2001, verisign was the outsourced operator for. name since the. name launch in 2002 and acquired Global Name Registry in 2008. Subdomains of name may be registered at the second-level and the third-level and it is also possible to register an e-mail address of the form john@doe. name. Such a registration may require another address as destination, the second-level domain of third-level subdomains is shared, and may not be registered by individuals. When the TLD name was first launched, only third-level registrations, second-level registrations became available in January 2004. The original intended structure of domain names was first. last. name, the purpose of this sharing of second-level names was to ensure that the highest number of people possible could get an email address that included their last name. In November 2009, internationalized domain names available for second. IDNs are domain names that are represented by user applications in the character set of a language. The WHOIS service for name is available at the URL http, Domain name registrations are available from accredited ICANN registrars. In late September 2007, security researchers accused Global Name Registry of harboring hackers by charging fees per WHOIS lookup, the registry, however, offers unlimited free lookups through the free Extensive Whois access program. Domain name IANA. name whois information. name operator website. name Registry Agreement
18.
.net
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The domain name net is a generic top-level domain used in the Domain Name System of the Internet. However, restrictions were never enforced and the domain is now a general purpose namespace, as of 2015, it is the fourth most popular top-level domain, after. com. tk and. de. Verisign, the operator of net after acquiring Network Solutions, held a contract that expired on 30 June 2005. ICANN, the responsible for domain management, sought proposals from organizations to operate the domain upon expiration of the contract. Verisign regained the contract bid, and secured its control over the net registry for another six years, on 30 June 2011, the contract with Verisign was automatically renewed for another six years. This is because of an approved by the ICANN board. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars and internationalized domain names are also accepted, list of net accredited registrars net WhoIS netDomain Name suffixes
19.
.NGO and .ONG
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The domain names. ngo and. ong are generic top-level domains of the Domain Name System used in the Internet, sponsored and managed by the Public Interest Registry. The backend is provided by Afilias, in June 2011, ICANN expanded the internet’s naming system to allow applications for new top-level domain names. The Public Interest Registry declared publicly an interest in the. NGO domain in August 2011 and it also applied for an equivalent domain. ONG, which stands for “Organisation Non Gouvernementale” in French, and is also recognizable in Spanish, Italian and other romance languages. Unlike the. ORG domain. NGO will require validation of the registrant’s non-governmental status, non-governmental organizations told the Public Interest Registry they needed a closed domain that validated the legitimacy of websites accepting online donations to avoid fraud. The Public Interest Registry plans to use the funds from selling. NGO domains to develop an “NGO Community Program” to reach out to NGOs in developing nations. It also intends to create a service of NGOs to support their SEO and visibility. The new domains have been available since May 6,2015. When purchasing either. ngo or. ong, the other is automatically purchased at the same time
20.
.org
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The domain name org is a generic top-level domain of the Domain Name System used in the Internet. The name is truncated from organization and it was one of the original domains established in 1985, and has been operated by the Public Interest Registry since 2003. The domain was intended for non-profit entities, but this restriction was not enforced and has been removed. The domain is used by schools, open-source projects, and communities. The number of registered domains in org has increased from fewer than one million in the 1990s, the domain. org was one of the original top-level domains, with com, us, edu, gov, mil and net, established in January 1985. It was originally intended for organizations or organizations of a non-commercial character that did not meet the requirements for other gTLDs. The MITRE Corporation was the first group to register an org domain with mitre. org in July 1985, the TLD has been operated since January 1,2003 by Public Interest Registry, who assumed the task from VeriSign Global Registry Services, a division of Verisign. Registrations of subdomains are processed via accredited registrars worldwide, anyone can register a second-level domain within org, without restrictions. In some instances subdomains are being used also by commercial sites, in some cases subdomains have been created for crisis management. Some cities, among them Rybnitsa in Transnistria) also have org domain names, such second-level domains are usually named org or or. In 2009, the org domain consisted of more than 8 million registered domain names,8.8 million in 2010, the Public Interest Registry registered the ten millionth. ORG domain in June,2012. When the 9.5 millionth. org was registered in December 2011. org, the org domain registry allows the registration of selected internationalized domain names as second-level domains. For German, Danish, Hungarian, Icelandic, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, spanish IDN registrations have been possible since 2007. This allows the verification of the authenticity and integrity of DNS data by conforming DNS clients. As of June 23,2010, DNSSEC was enabled for individual second-level domains, the Public Interest Registry charges its accredited registrars US $7.70 for each domain name. The registrars may set their charges to end users without restrictions
21.
.aero
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. aero is a sponsored top-level domain used in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is the first sponsored top-level domain based on an industrial theme. The aero domain is reserved for companies, organizations, associations, government agencies and it was created in 2002 and is operated by SITA. SITA created and operates the Dot Aero Council, two-letter codes under. aero are reserved for airlines according to the IATA Airline Designators. While three-letter codes were reserved for airports, they were released for registration by the larger aviation. The aero top-level domain was approved in 2001 for a 5-year term expiring December 17,2006 as part of a proof-of-concept of new top-level domains. The agreement was extended in October 2006 for a term until June 17,2007. In 2009, SITA and ICANN completed a new 10-year sponsorship agreement for the operation of aero
22.
.asia
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. asia is the official designated regional domain extension for Asia and the Pacific. The. Asia web address was introduced to the public through a comprehensive launch involving a multiphased Sunrise and it became available on a first-come-first-served registration basis on March 26,2008. It offered businesses and individuals an opportunity to own and build on any. Asia domain before the TLD opened its doors to mass public registration, applicants were asked to submit a brief business plan for the domain of choice and make a marketing deposit of US$10,000. The full deposit was returned to successful applicants against proof of marketing attributed to the promotion of the built out. Asia website. The Pioneer Domains Program marks the first time ever a domain registry is opening its doors for domains based on the quality of proposals received for any name of choice. Similar programs were implemented by other domain launches since. Asia founded the first Pioneer Domains Program on July 20,2007 and it offered businesses and individuals an opportunity to own and build on any. Asia domain before the TLD opened its doors to mass public registration. Applicants were asked to submit a business plan for the domain of choice. The full deposit was returned to successful applicants against proof of marketing attributed to the promotion of the built out. Asia website. The Pioneer Domains Program marks the first time ever a domain registry is opening its doors for domains based on the quality of proposals received for any name of choice. Similar programs were implemented by other domain launches since, while the. Asia TLD aims to serve Asian communities worldwide as avowed on their website. Beyond the region itself. Asia appeals to Asian communities globally, including Asian Americans, Chinatowns, Korean Towns, Little Indias, the registry has adopted the boundaries as defined by ICANN for the Asia / Australia / Pacific region as a basis for its scope of eligibility. Every. Asia domain must be associated with a Charter Eligibility Contact to be eligible, allegations of insider trading and conflict of interest have been levelled at Pool. com, exclusive auction service provider for the. Asia Sunrise and Landrush. Mr Schreier specifies that he not have any ownership interest in the corporations involved. As of 15 May 2008, it is unclear whether Mr Schreier has control over the domains in question, if there is such an affiliation, it would almost certainly be illegal under Australian competition law. com. These claims would have been validated by the. ASIA validation partner and where multiple applications were received, over 10,000 domains were applied during the Sunrise and Landrush launch. Chinese, Japanese and Korean. Asia IDN domains started selling on a basis on June 21,2012. Asia plans to launch other Asian language IDN. Asia domains at a later date. The DotAsia Organisation, registry operator of the. Asia domain, is a not-for-profit, membership-based organization with a mandate to promote Internet development and adoption in Asia. DotAsia is headquartered in Hong Kong and formed as an open consortium of national / official top-level domain authorities around the region
