1.
2000s (decade)
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The 2000s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,2000, and ended on December 31,2009. The growth of the Internet contributed to globalization during the decade, in the English-speaking world, a name for the decade was never universally accepted in the same manner as for decades such as the 80s, the 90s, etc. Orthographically, the decade can be written as the 2000s or the 00s, some people read 2000s as two-thousands, and thus simply refer to the decade as the Two-Thousands, the Twenty Hundreds, or the Twenty-ohs. Some read it as the 00s, while others referred to it as the Zeros, on January 1,2000, the BBC listed the noughties, as a potential moniker for the new decade. This has become a name for the decade in the UK and Australia. Others have advocated the term the aughts, a widely used at the beginning of the 20th century for its first decade. The American Dialect Society holds an annual poll for word of the year. For 2009, the winner in the least likely to succeed category was Any name of the decade 2000–2009, such as, Noughties, Aughties, Oughties, etc. When the 20- is dropped, the years within the decade are usually referred to as starting with an oh. The option aught-seven, for reason, has never caught on idiomatically. When the 20- is retained, two options are available in speech, both of which have idiomatic currency, two thousand seven in American English or twenty-oh-seven, during the 2000s decade, it was more common to hear the first pattern than the second. The War on Terror and War in Afghanistan began after the September 11 attacks in 2001, the International Criminal Court was formed in 2002. A United States-led coalition invaded Iraq, and the Iraq War led to the end of Saddam Husseins rule as Iraqi President, Al-Qaeda and affiliated Islamist militant groups performed terrorist acts throughout the decade. These acts included the 2004 Madrid train bombings, 7/7 London bombings in 2005, the European Union expanded its sanctions amid Irans failure to comply with its transparency obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and United Nations resolutions. Additional armed conflict occurred in the Middle East, including between Israel and Hezbollah, then with Israel and Hamas, cooperative international rescue missions by many countries from around the world helped in efforts by the most affected nations to rebuild and recover from the devastation. An enormous loss of life and property came in 2005. The resulting political fallout was severely damaging to the George W. Bush administration because of its failure to act promptly and effectively. In 2008, Barack Obama was elected President of the United States, the campaigns were launched by the United States, with support from NATO and other allies, following the September 11,2001 attacks that were carried out by al-Qaeda
2.
1900s (decade)
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The 1900s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1900, and ended on December 31,1909. The term nineteen-hundreds can also equally be used for the years 1900–1999, the Edwardian era covers a similar span of time. There are several varieties of how individual years of the decade are pronounced in English. Using 1906 as an example, they are nineteen-oh-six, nineteen-six, which variety is most prominent depends somewhat on global region and generation. In American English, nineteen-oh-six is the most common, nineteen-six is less common, nineteen-ought-six is recognized, the strength of the comedic effect diminished during the aughts of the next century, as the public grew used to questioning how to refer to an ohs or aughts decade. Russo-Japanese War establishes the Empire of Japan as a world power, battle of Riyadh was a minor battle of the Unification of Saudi Arabia. Battle of Dilam was a battle of the Unification War between Rashidi and Saudi rebels. First Saudi–Rashidi War was engaged between the Saudi loyal forces of the newborn Emirate of Riyadh versus the Emirate of Hail, demand for Home Rule for Ireland Herero and Namaqua Genocide in German South-West Africa. January 1,1901, British colonies in Australia federate, forming the Commonwealth of Australia May 20,1902 — Cuba gains independence from the United States, june 7,1905 — The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence. October 5,1908 — Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, April 19,1902 — A magnitude 7.5 earthquake rocks Guatemala, killing 2,000. May 8,1902 — In Martinique, Mount Pelée erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre, April 7,1906 — Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples. September 18,1906 — A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong, January 14,1907 — An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000. December 28,1908 — An earthquake and tsunami destroys Messina, Sicily and Calabria, April 26,1900 — The Great Lumber Fire of Ottawa–Hull kills 7 and leaves 15,000 homeless. The fire began on a wharf and spread to the adjacent piers, warehouses, may 3,1901 — The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, FL, USA. July 10,1902 – The Rolling Mill Mine disaster in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, August 10,1903 — Paris Métro train fire. December 30,1903 — A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago, February 7,1904 — The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, USA destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. June 15,1904 — A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York Citys East River kills 1,021, june 28,1904 — The Danish ocean liner SS Norge runs aground and sinks close to Rockall, killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants. January 22,1906 — The SS Valencia strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, the 1900s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts, July 29,1900 — King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci
3.
1800s (decade)
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The 1800s decade lasted from January 1,1800, to December 31,1809. French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe by the end of the decade, on 9 November 1799, Napoleon overthrew the French government, replacing it with the Consulate, in which he was First Consul. On 2 December 1804, after an assassination plot, he crowned himself Emperor. On 2 December 1805, Napoleon defeated a numerically superior Austro-Russian army at Austerlitz, forcing Austrias withdrawal from the coalition and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806, a Fourth Coalition was set up, on 14 October Napoleon defeated the Prussians at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, marched through Germany, the Treaties of Tilsit divided Europe between France and Russia and created the Duchy of Warsaw. The War of the Fifth Coalition, fought in the year 1809, pitted a coalition of the Austrian Empire, major engagements between France and Austria, the main participants, unfolded over much of Central Europe from April to July, with very high casualty rates. After much campaigning in Bavaria and across the Danube valley, the war ended favorably for the French after the struggle at Wagram in early July. End of the White Lotus Rebellion, an uprising against the Qing Dynasty in China, beginning of the Russo-Turkish War between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The First Barbary War is fought between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa, the Fulani War is fought in present-day Nigeria and Cameroon. The First Serbian Uprising marks the first time in 300 years Serbia perceives itself an independent state, haiti gains independence from France on January 1,1804. This decade marked the height of the Atlantic slave trade to the United States, during the period of 1798 and 1808, approximately 200,000 slaves were imported from Africa to the United States. Still, the abolitionist movement began to ground in this period. Britain enacted the Slave Trade Act 1807, which barred the trade of slaves in Great Britain, the United States enacted a similar ban in 1808. However, Napoleon revoked the French Empires ban on slavery with the Law of 20 May 1802. 1801 Under the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801, Washington, D. C. a new planned city, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. 1803 United States doubles its size with territories gained from Napoleon Bonaparte in the Louisiana Purchase and this decade contained some of the earliest experiments in electrochemistry. In 1800 Alessandro Volta constructed a voltaic pile, the first device to produce an electric current. Napoleon, informed of his works, summoned him in 1801 for a performance of his experiments
4.
1700s (decade)
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January 26 – At approximately 9 p. m. the Cascadia earthquake occurred with an estimated moment magnitude of 8. 7–9.2. This megathrust earthquake ruptured about 1,000 kilometers of the Cascadia Subduction Zone, February 3 – The Lesser Great Fire destroys a substantial part of central Edinburgh, Scotland. February 12 – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia by Denmark, Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland, Swedens ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the Swedish Meteor. February 27 – Island of New Britain discovered by William Dampier in the western Pacific, March 1 – Protestant Germany and Denmark–Norway adopt the Gregorian calendar. March 1, March 11, February 29 – Swedish calendar adopted, early March – William Congreves comedy The Way of the World is first performed in London. March 25 – Treaty of London signed between France, England and Holland, april – Fire destroys many buildings in Gondar, the capital of Ethiopia, including two in the palace complex. May 5 Within a few days of John Drydens death, his last written work is performed as part of Vanbrughs version of The Pilgrim, William Penn begins monthly meetings for blacks advocating emancipation. July 11 – The Prussian Academy of Sciences is founded with Gottfried Leibniz as president, summer – Charles XII of Sweden counter-attacks his enemies by invading Zealand, assisted by an Anglo-Dutch naval squadron under Sir George Rooke, rapidly compelling the Danes to submit to peace. August 18 – Peace of Travendal concluded between the Swedish Empire, Denmark–Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal, on the same day, Augustus II, King of Poland, and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, enter the war against Sweden. Late summer – A Russian army invades Swedish Estonia and besieges the town of Narva, November 1 – Charles II, last Spanish king of the House of Habsburg, dies insane at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid leaving no children. November 15 – Louis XIV accepts the Spanish crown on behalf of his grandson Philip of Anjou, November 18 – Battle of Olkieniki, Lithuanian Civil War, victory for the anti-Sapieha coalition. November 23 – Pope Clement XI succeeds Pope Innocent XII as the 243rd pope, November 30 – Battle of Narva in Estonia. Having led his army of 8,000 on a march from Denmark to Estonia. December 28 – Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester, is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, mission San Xavier del Bac is founded in New Spain near Tucson, as a Spanish Roman Catholic mission. An inventory made for the Medici family of Florence is the first documentary evidence for a piano, an English translation of the novel Don Quixote, translated from the original by many hands and published by Peter Motteux, begins publication in London. While popular among readers, it eventually come to be known as one of the worst translations of the novel. The value of sales of English manufactured products to the Atlantic economy is £3.9 million, date – Lions become extinct in Libya
5.
1600s (decade)
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January 1 – Scotland adopts January 1 as New Years Day. January – Sebald de Weert makes the first definite sighting of the Falkland Islands, february 17 – Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake for heresy in Rome. February 19 – Huaynaputina volcano in Peru undergoes a catastrophic eruption, March 20 – Linköping Bloodbath, Public execution by decapitation of five Swedish nobles and de facto deposition of the Polish–Swedish King Sigismund III Vasa as ruler of Sweden. April 19 - First Dutch ship ever to arrive in Japan, the ship, called Liefde, anchored in Sashifu, in the Bungo area. July 2 – Battle of Nieuwpoort in the Eighty Years War between the Dutch and the Spanish. August 5 – The brothers Alexander Ruthven and John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie, are killed during an attempt to kidnap or murder King James VI of Scotland at their home. October 21 – Battle of Sekigahara in Japan, granting Tokugawa Ieyasu nominal control over the whole country, December 31 – East India Company granted a Royal Charter in the Kingdom of England on trades in Asia Sumo wrestling becomes a professional sport in Japan. William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream is first performed and his play The Merchant of Venice is published, William Gilbert publishes De Magnete, which describes the Earths magnetic field and is the beginning of modern Geomagnetism. Fabritio Carosos Nobiltà de dame is published, Ulster chieftains, with the lead of Hugh ONeill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, resist the English reconquest of Ireland. A Persian embassy arrives in Prague and meets with Rudolf II, Martin Möller is appointed chief pastor of Görlitz. The Lutheran orthodox campaign intensifies to reinforce the Book of Concord, thessaly Rebellion January 17 – Treaty of Lyon, France gains Bresse, Bugey and Gex from Savoy, ceding Saluzzo in exchange. February 8 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, longtime favorite of Queen Elizabeth I of England, rebels against the queen, february 25 – Robert Devereux is beheaded. Spring – Possible first performance of William Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet, December 24 – The Battle of Kinsale ends the siege of Kinsale, Ireland. Dutch troops attack the Portuguese in Malacca, the Jesuit Matteo Ricci becomes the first European to enter the Forbidden City in Beijing, China, during the Ming dynasty. A bad harvest occurs in the Tsardom of Russia, due to a rainy summer, Russian famine of 1601–03 killed about two million people By 1601 - Martin Möller is accused of Crypto-Calvinism. The Battle of Seaton is fought, february 2 – First known production of William Shakespeares comedy Twelfth Night, in London. March 20 – The United East India Company is established by the United Provinces States-General in Amsterdam, may 15 – English explorer Bartholomew Gosnold becomes the first European at Cape Cod. June – James Lancasters East India Company fleet arrives at Achin, having defeated Portugals ally, the ruler is happy to do business, and Lancaster seizes a large Portuguese galleon and loots it
6.
1400s (decade)
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January – Henry IV of England quells the Epiphany Rising and executes the Earls of Kent, Huntingdon and Salisbury and the Baron le Despencer for their attempt to have Richard II restored as king. February – Henry Percy leads English incursions into Scotland, february 14 – The deposed Richard II of England dies by means unknown in Pontefract Castle. It is likely that King Henry IV ordered his death by starvation to prevent further uprisings, Hồ Quý Ly subsequently changes the countrys name to Đại Ngu. May – Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg is declared as a rival to King of the Romans Wenceslaus, however, Frederick is murdered shortly after. August The English occupy Edinburgh in Scotland but fail to capture Edinburgh Castle, the princes of the German states vote to depose Wenceslaus as King of the Romans due to his weak leadership and mental illnesses. August 21 – Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, is elected as King of the Romans, september 16 – Owain Glyndŵr is proclaimed Prince of Wales by his followers and begins attacking English strongholds in north-east Wales. December – Manuel II Palaiologos becomes the only Byzantine Emperor ever to visit England, Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria. Much of the inhabitants are subsequently massacred by Timurs troops. Timur conquers the Empire of The Black Sheep Turkomans, in present-day Azerbaijan, Black Sheep ruler Qara Yusuf and Jalayirid Sultan Ahmad flee and take refuge with the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I. In modern-day Korea, King Jeongjong of Joseon abdicates in fear of an attack by his ambitious younger brother, Prince Parameswara establishes the Malacca Sultanate in present-day western Malaysia and northern Sumatra. Hananchi succeeds Min as King of Hokuzan in modern-day north Okinawa, wallachia resists an invasion by the Ottomans. A Wallachian army captures Iuga and makes Alexandru cel Bun the Prince of Moldavia, the Haasts eagle and Moa are both driven to extinction by Māori hunters. The Mississippian culture starts to decline, Europe is reported to have around 52 million inhabitants. The House of Medici becomes powerful in Florence, newcastle upon Tyne is created a county corporate by Henry IV of England. Jean Froissart completes his Chronicles detailing the events of the 14th Century in France, january 6 – Rupert, King of Germany, is crowned King of the Romans at Cologne. March 2 – William Sawtrey, a Lollard, is the first person to be burned at the stake at Smithfield, march 13 – The Samogitians, supported by Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania, rebel against the Teutonic knights and burn two castles. Vytautas is granted increased autonomy by King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania union, march 24 – Turko-Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. June The English Pale in Ireland reduced to Dublin, County Kildare, County Louth, Timur raids the city of Baghdad in the Jalayirid Empire
7.
1200s (decade)
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August 24 – After touring an army through Aquitaine to assert his right to it, John of England marries 12-year-old Isabella of Angoulême at Bordeaux. The Iroquois invade modern-day Ohio from the north, the University of Paris receives its charter, from Philip II of France. John, King of England, puts an embargo on wheat exported to Flanders and he also puts a levy of a fifteenth on the value of cargo exported to France, and disallows the export of wool to France without a special license. The levies are enforced in each port by at least six men, including one churchman, John also affirms this year, that judgements made by the court of Westminster are as valid as those made before the king himself or his chief justice. The town of Riga is chartered as a city by Albert of Buxhoeveden, Bishop of Livonia, boniface, Marquess of Montferrat is elected leader of the Fourth Crusade, after the death of Theobald III, Count of Champagne. Pope Innocent III supports Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor, against the rival Emperor, may 20 – An earthquake strikes in Syria. May – October – The Fourth Crusade gathers in Venice, july – John, King of England rescues his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, from near capture by the rebellious forces of Arthur I, Duke of Brittany. July 27 – Battle of Basian, Georgians defeat the Seljuqids of Rüm, august 1 – Arthur I, Duke of Brittany is captured in Mirebeau, north of Poitiers, during a battle with John, King of England. November 10–23 – Fourth Crusade – Siege of Zara, In the first major action of the Crusade and this is the first attack against a Catholic city by Catholic Crusaders. The Almohad fleet expels the Banu Ghaniya from the Balearic Islands, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword is founded, to support a crusade against the inhabitants of Medieval Livonia. Pope Innocent III reasserts his right to evaluate and crown the Holy Roman Emperor, in a letter to Berthold V, approximate date – The first jesters are hired in European courts. The Rueda Abbey is founded by Cistercians at Sástago, in the Kingdom of Aragon, minamoto no Sanetomo becomes shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate. April 16 – Philip II of France enters Rouen, leading to the unification of Normandy. William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber becomes the guardian of Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, the House of Burke is founded in Ireland. Battle of Basiani, The Georgians defeat a Muslim coalition, the Almohads begin the conquest of the Balearic Islands. The troops of the Fourth Crusade reach the Byzantine heartland, June 23 – The Fleet of the crusaders enters the Bosphorus, july 17 – The armies of the Fourth Crusade capture Constantinople by assault, the Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos flees from his capital into exile. August 1 – The Fourth Crusade elevates Alexios IV Angelos as Byzantine emperor, the returning pirates later skirmish with the German settlers of Riga, near Visby in Gotland. The first evidence is revealed, that the Temple in London is extending loans to the king of England, the sums remain relatively small, but are often used for critical operations, such as the ransoming of the king’s soldiers captured by the French
8.
1100s (decade)
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The Ancient Pueblo Peoples culture rises. Oraibi becomes and remains the first and oldest populated settlement in what today is the USA, the city of Cusco, Peru is founded. The Liao Dynasty crushes the Zubu, and takes their khan prisoner, Song Dynasty Chinas population reaches roughly 100 million. In the Song Dynasty capital of Kaifeng, the number of registered people within the walls is 1,050,000, Emperor Huizong of Song starts to rule in China. January – The Saljukid ruler Mahmud I is expelled from Bagdad by his brother Barkiyaruq, may or June – Raymond de Saint-Gilles sails to Byzantium to obtain the support of the emperor Alexios, in his attempt to seize Tripoli. August 1 – A Genoese fleets leaves Italy, to support the Crusaders effort to conquer the coastal cities, August – Battle of Melitene, Bohemond I of Antioch is captured by the Danishmends, leaving Tancred as regent of the Principality of Antioch for two years. August 20 – With the support of the Venetian fleet, the Crusaders under Tancred of Hauteville capture the city of Haifa. After a success over the Armenians of Cilicia and the Emirate of Aleppo, Baldwin of Bourcq becomes Count of Edessa, genoa, Venice and Pisa gain trading privileges from the Crusader states, in return for their service during the conquest of the coastal cities. August 2 – King William II of England dies in a accident in the New Forest. August 5 – Henry I of England is crowned King of England, the power of the new monarch is ill-assured, and to mollify the barons he has to grant them the Charter of Liberties, one of the first examples of a written constitution in Europe. September 16 – Battle of Malagon, The Almoravid army defeats Castellan troops, September 23 – Archbishop of Canterbury Anselm returns from exile, at the invitation of Henry I of England. October 18 – Peter I of Aragon conquers Barbastro from the hands of the Almoravids. November 18 – The Council of Poitier opens, but is soon closed by the duke of Aquitaine, William IX, as the bishops were about to excommunicate once more the king of France. December 25 – Philip I of France elevates his son to the government of the realm, in Iceland, the Althing decides that the laws should be transferred to a written form. Philip I of France conquers the Vexin area, and adds the city of Bourges, Dagobert of Pisa becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. At the death of antipope Clement III, supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor in Rome choose Theodoric as his successor, frederick I of Schwarzburg becomes archbishop of Cologne, and begins the construction of the castle of Volmarstein. The Stift St. Georgen Abbey is founded near Sankt Georgen am Längsee, the Diocese of Faroe is founded Checkers is invented. April – King Baldwin I of Jerusalem captures Arsuf and Caesarea, Crusade of 1101, A second wave of European crusaders attempts to cross Anatolia, to reach the Kingdom of Jerusalem
9.
1000s (decade)
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The 1000s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1,1000, and ended on December 31,1009. In continental Europe, the Holy Roman Empire established itself as the most powerful state, Otto III made a pilgrimage from Rome to Aachen and Gniezno, stopping at Regensburg, Meissen, Magdeburg, and Gniezno. The Congress of Gniezno was part of his pilgrimage, in Rome, he built the basilica of San Bartolomeo allIsola, to host the relics of St. Bartholomew. In France, Robert II, the son of Hugh Capet, was the first of the Capetian kings, the Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty was engaged in a long and hard war with the First Bulgarian Empire. At the same time, Byzantium was instrumental in the Christianization of the Kievan Rus, in Great Britain, a unified kingdom of England had developed out of the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In Scandinavia, Christianization was in its stages, with the Althingi of the Icelandic Commonwealth embracing Christianity in the year 1000. On September 9, King Olaf Tryggvason was defeated by an alliance of his enemies in the Battle of Svolder, sweyn I established Danish control over part of Norway. The Papacy during this time was in a period of decline, in known as the saeculum obscurum or pornocracy. Hungary was established in 1000 as a Christian state, in the next centuries, the Kingdom of Hungary became the pre-eminent cultural power in the Central European region. On December 25, Stephen I was crowned as the first King of Hungary in Esztergom, Sancho III of Navarre became King of Aragon and Navarre. It is believed that in or around this year, Norse explorer Leif Ericson became the first European to land in the Americas, the Château de Goulaine vineyard was founded in France. The Diocese of Kołobrzeg was founded, the archdiocese in Gniezno was founded, the first archbishop was Gaudentius, from Slavníks dynasty. The Bell foundry was founded in Italy by Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli, persia was a period of instability, with various polities seceding from Abassid rule, among whom the Ghaznavids would emerge as the most powerful. The Islamic world was reaching the peak of its scientific achievements. Ibn al-Haytham, Avicenna, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, and Abu al-Qasim, the Turkic migration by this time had reached Eastern Europe, and most of the Turkic tribes had been Islamized. Khazrun ben Falful, from the Maghrawa family Banu Khazrun, begins ruling Tripoli, March 17 – The Buddhist ruler of Butuan, in the Philippines, Sari Bata Shaja, makes the first tributary mission to China. Changbai Mountains volcano, located on the present-day Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, the Tao/Tayk region is annexed by the Byzantines, as the Theme of Iberia. Mahmud of Ghazni, Muslim leader of Ghazni, begins a series of raids into northern India, establishing the Ghaznavid Empire across most of todays Afghanistan, eastern Iran, jayapala suffers defeat from the Ghaznavid Empire, near Peshawar
10.
200s (decade)
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Human population reaches about 257 million. Emperor Septimius Severus visits the provinces of Syria, Palestine, Palestine, benefiting from the benevolent policies of Severus, sees a significant economic revival. The province of Numidia is taken from the African proconsul and made an Imperial province, rudrasena I, Saka ruler of the Western Satrap dynasty, becomes king of Malwa in ancient India. Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats Yuan Shao in the Battle of Guandu, in Japan, Himiko, whose capital is situated in Yamatai, extends her authority over a number of clans. The Classic Age of Maya civilization begins, the Paracas culture in the Andes comes to an end. The Severan Tondo, depicting Septimius Severus, Julia Domna and their children Geta and Caracalla, from Fayum and it is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung. Jewish Eretz Yisraeli scholar Judah ha-Nasi compiles tracts of the Mishnah, Clement of Alexandria denounces the use of musical instruments to support human voices in Christian music. Lucius Annius Fabianus and Marcus Nonius Arrius Mucianus become Roman Consuls, Cao Cao defeats the rest of Yuan Shao forces at the Battle of Cangting. November – A flood in Edessa destroys a Christian church, killing over 2,000 people, osroene becomes the first state which adopts Christianity as its official religion. Emperor Septimius Severus returns to Rome after a five year absence, festivals are held to celebrate his six year reign. Severus undertakes changes in the government, giving the Roman army a dominant role, raising pay in the legions. Rome is a city of about 1.5 million citizens, its people housed mostly in 46,600 insulae or apartment blocks, each three to eight stories high, flimsily made of wood, brick or rubble. Some 400,000 slaves perform the work of Rome, with middle-class citizens often owning eight, the rich from 500 to 1,000. Free urban workers enjoy 17 to 18 hours of each day, with free admission to baths, sport events. Severus launches a campaign in Africa, Legio III Augusta under Quintus Anicius Faustus fights a guerrilla war against the Garamantes along the Limes Tripolitanus and they capture several settlements such as Cydamus, Gholaia and their capital Garama,600 km south of Lepcis Magna. The province of Numidia is enlarged, the Romans annex Castellum Dimmidi, Gemellae, an edict bans conversions to Christianity and all Christian propaganda. A Roman law bans female gladiators, Battle of Bowang, Liu Bei defeats Cao Caos forces under Xiahou Dun. Rome establishes medical licenses, awarded only to trained physicians who have passed examinations, medical societies and civic hospitals are set up, and laws are passed to govern the behavior of medical students
11.
100s (decade)
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Emperor Trajan and Sextus Julius Frontinus become Roman Consuls. Bricks become the building material in the Roman Empire. Pliny the Younger advances to consulship, giving his panegyric on Trajan in the process, the Roman Army reaches 300,000 soldiers. Titus Avidius Quietus rule as governor of Roman Britain ends, timgad, a Roman colonial town in North Africa is founded by Trajan. Trajan creates a policy intended to restore the former economic supremacy of Italy, the future emperor Hadrian marries Vibia Sabina. Lions became extinct in the Balkans in the AD 100s, paper is used by the general populace in China, starting around this year. The Kingdom of Himyarite is conquered by the Hadramaut, the Hopewell tradition begins in what is now Ohio c. this date. Teotihuacan, at the center of Mexico, reaches a population of 50,000, the Moche civilization emerges, and starts building a society in present-day Peru. In China, the wheelbarrow makes its first appearance, main hall, Markets of Trajan, Rome, is made. Appearance of the first Christian dogma and formulas regarding morality, the Gospel of John is widely believed to have been written around this date. The compilation of the Kama sutra begins in India, the Temple of the God of Medicine is built in Anguo, China. The Fourth Buddhist Council is convened c. this year, Emperor Trajan starts an expedition against Dacia, exceeding the limits of the Roman Empire set by Augustus. The Second Battle of Tapae is fought, epictetus writes and publishes The Discourses. Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus and Lucius Licinius Sura become Roman Consuls, Emperor Trajan returns to Rome after a successful campaign against Dacia, through which he reestablishes clear Roman sovereignty over king Decebalus. Trajan divides Pannonia into two provinces sometime between this year and 107, the port of Portus is enlarged. Having organised the territories of the Tarim basin, Chinese general Ban Chao retires to Luoyang, the presence of sugar in the urine is interpreted as a sign of illness in India. Emperor Trajan and Manius Laberius Maximus become Roman Consul, pliny the Younger becomes a member of the college of Augurs. Legio X Gemina moves to Vienna, where it remains until the 5th century, in Palmyra, Syria, a Temple of the Sun is erected to the god Baal
12.
500s BC (decade)
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509 BC—Overthrow of Roman monarchy, and beginning of Republican period. Tarquinian conspiracy formed, but discovered and the conspirators executed, forces of Veii and Tarquinii, led by the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus defeated in the Battle of Silva Arsia by the Roman army. Consul Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first republican triumph on 1 March, September 13,509 BC—The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Romes Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September. 508 BC—War between Rome and Clusium 508 BC—War between Clusium and Aricia 508 BC—Office of Pontifex Maximus created in Rome and he creates the deme, a local unit to serve as the basis of his political system. Citizenship is tightly linked to the deme, for each deme keeps the roll of those within its jurisdiction and he groups all the demes into 10 tribes, which thus form the link between the demes and the central government. The central government includes an assembly of all citizens and a new council of 500 members and this is a very early form of democracy. 507 BC—Cleisthenes, Greek reformer, takes power and increases democracy,505 BC–504 BC—War between Rome and the Sabines. 503 BC-502 BC-The Latin towns of Pometia and Cora, with the assistance of the Aurunci, december 4,502 BC—Solar eclipse darkens Egypt 502 BC—Naxos rebels against Persian domination sparking the Ionian Revolt. 501 BC—Naxos is attacked by the Persian Empire,501 BC—In response to threats by the Sabines, Rome creates the office of dictator. 501 BC—Confucius is appointed governor of Chung-tu,501 BC—Gadir is captured by Carthage. 500 BC—Bantu-speaking people migrate into south-west Uganda from the west,500 BC—Refugees from Teos resettle Abdera. 500 BC—Darius I of Persia proclaims that Aramaic be the language of the western half of his empire. 500 BC—Signifies the end of the Nordic Bronze Age civilization in Oscar Montelius periodization system,500 BC—Foundation of first republic in Vaishali Bihar India. C.500 BC—She-Wolf, with late 15th century or early 16th century additions, is made and it is now kept at the Museo Capitolino in Rome. 500 BC—World population,100,000,00085,000,000 in Eastern hemisphere,15,000,000 in Western Hemisphere, C.500 BC—Vulca makes Apollo of Veii, from Portonaccio Temple. It is now kept at Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome, C.500 BC—Yayoi period starts in Ancient Japan. C.500 BC—Oldest known Zapotec writing,500 BC - The Olmecs establish Monte Albán, the sacred city, and continue building pyramids. The Gutaii tribe began around this time, in Middle and Southern Africa, C.500 BC—Heraclitus, Greek philosopher Mahavir, Last Tirthankar Siddharta Gautama, Founder of Buddhism c
13.
1300s BC (decade)
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Cecrops II, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 40 years and is succeeded by his son Pandion II. Pandion II was later driven into exile from Athens by the sons of Cecrops IIs brother Metion, Pandion II fled to Megara, where he married the Kings daughter and eventually inherited the throne. After his death, Pandion IIs sons returned to Athens and drove out the sons of Metion,1307 BC—Adad-nirari I becomes king of Assyria. 1306 BC —Horemheb becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt,1300 BC—Pangeng moved the capital of Shang Dynasty to Yin. c.1300 BC—Rise of the Urnfield culture. C.1300 BC—1312 BC—the revelation of the Torah to Moses occurred, C.1300 BC—Some people of Eastern Woodlands begin to build massive earthworks, mounds of earth and stone. Poverty Point, Louisiana is the earliest one, C.1300 BC–1200 BC—Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece, is built. Excavated by Christos Stamatakis in 1878, C.1300 BC–1200 BC—The palace at Pylos is built. C.1300 BC–1100 BC—Warrior vase, from Mycenae, Ancient Greece, is made and it is now at National Archaeological Museum of Athens
14.
0s
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This article covers the first nine years of the Anno Domini era, which began on January 1st, AD1 and ended on December 31st, AD9. Tiberius, under order of Augustus, quells revolts in Germania, Gaius Caesar and Lucius Aemilius Paullus are appointed consuls. Gaius Caesar marries Livilla, daughter of Antonia Minor and Nero Claudius Drusus, Quirinius becomes a chief advisor to Gaius in Armenia. Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, whose father Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus had served as consul in 16 BC, areius Paianeius becomes Archon of Athens. Confucius is given his first royal title of Lord Baochengxun Ni, sapadbizes, Yuezhi prince and King of Kush, dies. The Kingdom of Aksum, centered in modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea, is founded and her son, Natakamani, becomes King of Kush. Moxos ceases to be a significant religious area in South America, the Teotihuacan culture in Mesoamerica begins. The Olmec 2 phase of the Olmec civilization begins, San Lorenzo, the poem Metamorphoses is written by Ovid. Birth of Jesus, as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar, however, most scholars think Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year,1 BC. Furthermore, most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius calculations authoritative, following the death of Lucius Caesar, Livia Drusilla persuades Augustus to allow her son Tiberius back into Rome as a private citizen, after six years in enforced retirement on Rhodes. Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of Parthia on the Euphrates, rather than invade, Gaius Caesar concludes peace with the Parthians—Parthia recognizes Roman claims to Armenia. Publius Alfenus Varus and Publius Vinicius become Roman Consuls, juba II of Mauretania joins Gaius Caesar in Armenia as a military advisor. It is during this period that he meets Glaphyra, a Cappadocian princess and the wife of Alexandros of Judea, a brother of Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Judea. Wang Mang begins a program of personal aggrandizement, restoring marquess titles to past imperial princes, restrictions are placed on the Emperors mother, Consort Wei and members of the Wei Clan. The first census is concluded in China after having begun the year before, the census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history. The Chinese census shows nearly one million living in Vietnam. The rule of emperor Augustus is renewed for a ten-year period, Augustus adopts his grandson, Gaius Caesar, with the expectation that he will succeed him. Gaius is made proconsul and is sent on a mission to the East
15.
0s BC
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This article concerns the period 9 BC –1 BC, the last nine years before the Anno Domini era, not the last ten years. Pannonia is incorporated in the Roman Empire as part of Illyria, the Ara Pacis, voted by the Senate four years earlier, is dedicated. Nero Claudius Drusus begins a campaign against the Marcomanni, but dies soon after a fall from his horse, tiberius Claudius Nero continues the conquest of Germania. King Maroboduus becomes ruler of the Marcomanni and fights against the Roman Empire expansion in Bohemia, arminius, son of a Cheruscan chieftain, is taken hostage to Rome where he receives a military education. After 20 years, Augustus initiated his second census of the Roman Empire, tiberius Claudius Nero and Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso are Roman Consuls. Augustus second census of the Roman Empire reported a total of 4,233,000 citizens, Emperor Augustus sent ferrets to the Balearic Islands to control the rabbit plagues. Tiberius Claudius Nero is sent to Armenia, then retires to Rhodes, – On the death of Herod the Great, there is unrest in his client kingdom of Judea. His son, Herod Archelaus, becomes the new ruler, Herod Antipas becomes tetrarch of Galilee and Perea. The Governor of Syria, Publius Quintilius Varus, assembles three of his four legions, including Legio X Fretensis, and marche down to Jerusalem from Antioch to restore order. King Maroboduus of the Marcomanni organized in the later known as Bohemia a confederation of Germanic tribes, with the Hermunduri, Lombards, Semnoni. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus commands the Roman army in Germania and crossed the Elbe and he builds the pontes longi over the marshes between the Rhine and the Ems. Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus, is exiled on charges of treason and adultery to Pandateria, the Aqua Alsietina Roman aqueduct is constructed. Phraates V becomes king of the Parthian Empire, after he, Emperor Augustus sent his stepson Gaius Caesar as army commander to the East and made a peace treaty with Phraates V on an island in the river Euphrates. Emperor, Ai of Han dies and is succeeded by his cousin Ping of Han, Wang Mang is appointed regent by the Grand Empress Dowager Wang. Former regent Dong Xian commits suicide, however, at least one scholar thinks Dionysius placed the incarnation of Jesus in the next year, AD1. Most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius calculations authoritative, themselves placing the event several years earlier, tigranes IV, King of Armenia, r. 12–1 BC Erato, Queen of Armenia, 8–5 BC,2 BC – AD2, AD 6–11 Artavasdes III, King of Armenia, r. 5–2 BC Ariobarzan of Atropatene, Client King of Armenia, r.1 BC – AD2 Chend Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, 32–7 BC Ai Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r
