1.
PubChem
–
PubChem is a database of chemical molecules and their activities against biological assays. The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information, a component of the National Library of Medicine, PubChem can be accessed for free through a web user interface. Millions of compound structures and descriptive datasets can be downloaded via FTP. PubChem contains substance descriptions and small molecules with fewer than 1000 atoms and 1000 bonds, more than 80 database vendors contribute to the growing PubChem database. PubChem consists of three dynamically growing primary databases, as of 28 January 2016, Compounds,82.6 million entries, contains pure and characterized chemical compounds. Substances,198 million entries, contains also mixtures, extracts, complexes, bioAssay, bioactivity results from 1.1 million high-throughput screening programs with several million values. PubChem contains its own online molecule editor with SMILES/SMARTS and InChI support that allows the import and export of all common chemical file formats to search for structures and fragments. In the text search form the database fields can be searched by adding the name in square brackets to the search term. A numeric range is represented by two separated by a colon. The search terms and field names are case-insensitive, parentheses and the logical operators AND, OR, and NOT can be used. AND is assumed if no operator is used, example,0,5000,50,10 -5,5 PubChem was released in 2004. The American Chemical Society has raised concerns about the publicly supported PubChem database and they have a strong interest in the issue since the Chemical Abstracts Service generates a large percentage of the societys revenue. To advocate their position against the PubChem database, ACS has actively lobbied the US Congress, soon after PubChems creation, the American Chemical Society lobbied U. S. Congress to restrict the operation of PubChem, which they asserted competes with their Chemical Abstracts Service
2.
ChemSpider
–
ChemSpider is a database of chemicals. ChemSpider is owned by the Royal Society of Chemistry, the database contains information on more than 50 million molecules from over 500 data sources including, Each chemical is given a unique identifier, which forms part of a corresponding URL. This is an approach to develop an online chemistry database. The search can be used to widen or restrict already found results, structure searching on mobile devices can be done using free apps for iOS and for the Android. The ChemSpider database has been used in combination with text mining as the basis of document markup. The result is a system between chemistry documents and information look-up via ChemSpider into over 150 data sources. ChemSpider was acquired by the Royal Society of Chemistry in May,2009, prior to the acquisition by RSC, ChemSpider was controlled by a private corporation, ChemZoo Inc. The system was first launched in March 2007 in a release form. ChemSpider has expanded the generic support of a database to include support of the Wikipedia chemical structure collection via their WiChempedia implementation. A number of services are available online. SyntheticPages is an interactive database of synthetic chemistry procedures operated by the Royal Society of Chemistry. Users submit synthetic procedures which they have conducted themselves for publication on the site and these procedures may be original works, but they are more often based on literature reactions. Citations to the published procedure are made where appropriate. They are checked by an editor before posting. The pages do not undergo formal peer-review like a journal article. The comments are moderated by scientific editors. The intention is to collect practical experience of how to conduct useful chemical synthesis in the lab, while experimental methods published in an ordinary academic journal are listed formally and concisely, the procedures in ChemSpider SyntheticPages are given with more practical detail. Comments by submitters are included as well, other publications with comparable amounts of detail include Organic Syntheses and Inorganic Syntheses
3.
Chemical formula
–
These are limited to a single typographic line of symbols, which may include subscripts and superscripts. A chemical formula is not a name, and it contains no words. Although a chemical formula may imply certain simple chemical structures, it is not the same as a full chemical structural formula. Chemical formulas can fully specify the structure of only the simplest of molecules and chemical substances, the simplest types of chemical formulas are called empirical formulas, which use letters and numbers indicating the numerical proportions of atoms of each type. Molecular formulas indicate the numbers of each type of atom in a molecule. For example, the formula for glucose is CH2O, while its molecular formula is C6H12O6. This is possible if the relevant bonding is easy to show in one dimension, an example is the condensed molecular/chemical formula for ethanol, which is CH3-CH2-OH or CH3CH2OH. For reasons of structural complexity, there is no condensed chemical formula that specifies glucose, chemical formulas may be used in chemical equations to describe chemical reactions and other chemical transformations, such as the dissolving of ionic compounds into solution. A chemical formula identifies each constituent element by its chemical symbol, in empirical formulas, these proportions begin with a key element and then assign numbers of atoms of the other elements in the compound, as ratios to the key element. For molecular compounds, these numbers can all be expressed as whole numbers. For example, the formula of ethanol may be written C2H6O because the molecules of ethanol all contain two carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom. Some types of compounds, however, cannot be written with entirely whole-number empirical formulas. An example is boron carbide, whose formula of CBn is a variable non-whole number ratio with n ranging from over 4 to more than 6.5. When the chemical compound of the consists of simple molecules. These types of formulas are known as molecular formulas and condensed formulas. A molecular formula enumerates the number of atoms to reflect those in the molecule, so that the formula for glucose is C6H12O6 rather than the glucose empirical formula. However, except for very simple substances, molecular chemical formulas lack needed structural information, for simple molecules, a condensed formula is a type of chemical formula that may fully imply a correct structural formula. For example, ethanol may be represented by the chemical formula CH3CH2OH
4.
Jmol
–
Jmol is computer software for molecular modelling chemical structures in 3-dimensions. Jmol returns a 3D representation of a molecule that may be used as a teaching tool and it is written in the programming language Java, so it can run on the operating systems Windows, macOS, Linux, and Unix, if Java is installed. It is free and open-source software released under a GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.0, a standalone application and a software development kit exist that can be integrated into other Java applications, such as Bioclipse and Taverna. A popular feature is an applet that can be integrated into web pages to display molecules in a variety of ways, for example, molecules can be displayed as ball-and-stick models, space-filling models, ribbon diagrams, etc. Jmol supports a range of chemical file formats, including Protein Data Bank, Crystallographic Information File, MDL Molfile. There is also a JavaScript-only version, JSmol, that can be used on computers with no Java, the Jmol applet, among other abilities, offers an alternative to the Chime plug-in, which is no longer under active development. While Jmol has many features that Chime lacks, it does not claim to reproduce all Chime functions, most notably, Chime requires plug-in installation and Internet Explorer 6.0 or Firefox 2.0 on Microsoft Windows, or Netscape Communicator 4.8 on Mac OS9. Jmol requires Java installation and operates on a variety of platforms. For example, Jmol is fully functional in Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera, Google Chrome, fast and Scriptable Molecular Graphics in Web Browsers without Java3D
5.
Simplified molecular-input line-entry system
–
The simplified molecular-input line-entry system is a specification in form of a line notation for describing the structure of chemical species using short ASCII strings. SMILES strings can be imported by most molecule editors for conversion back into two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional models of the molecules, the original SMILES specification was initiated in the 1980s. It has since modified and extended. In 2007, a standard called OpenSMILES was developed in the open-source chemistry community. Other linear notations include the Wiswesser Line Notation, ROSDAL and SLN, the original SMILES specification was initiated by David Weininger at the USEPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division Laboratory in Duluth in the 1980s. The Environmental Protection Agency funded the project to develop SMILES. It has since modified and extended by others, most notably by Daylight Chemical Information Systems. In 2007, a standard called OpenSMILES was developed by the Blue Obelisk open-source chemistry community. Other linear notations include the Wiswesser Line Notation, ROSDAL and SLN, in July 2006, the IUPAC introduced the InChI as a standard for formula representation. SMILES is generally considered to have the advantage of being slightly more human-readable than InChI, the term SMILES refers to a line notation for encoding molecular structures and specific instances should strictly be called SMILES strings. However, the term SMILES is also used to refer to both a single SMILES string and a number of SMILES strings, the exact meaning is usually apparent from the context. The terms canonical and isomeric can lead to confusion when applied to SMILES. The terms describe different attributes of SMILES strings and are not mutually exclusive, typically, a number of equally valid SMILES strings can be written for a molecule. For example, CCO, OCC and CC all specify the structure of ethanol, algorithms have been developed to generate the same SMILES string for a given molecule, of the many possible strings, these algorithms choose only one of them. This SMILES is unique for each structure, although dependent on the algorithm used to generate it. These algorithms first convert the SMILES to a representation of the molecular structure. A common application of canonical SMILES is indexing and ensuring uniqueness of molecules in a database, there is currently no systematic comparison across commercial software to test if such flaws exist in those packages. SMILES notation allows the specification of configuration at tetrahedral centers, and these are structural features that cannot be specified by connectivity alone and SMILES which encode this information are termed isomeric SMILES
6.
International Chemical Identifier
–
Initially developed by IUPAC and NIST from 2000 to 2005, the format and algorithms are non-proprietary. The continuing development of the standard has supported since 2010 by the not-for-profit InChI Trust. The current version is 1.04 and was released in September 2011, prior to 1.04, the software was freely available under the open source LGPL license, but it now uses a custom license called IUPAC-InChI Trust License. Not all layers have to be provided, for instance, the layer can be omitted if that type of information is not relevant to the particular application. InChIs can thus be seen as akin to a general and extremely formalized version of IUPAC names and they can express more information than the simpler SMILES notation and differ in that every structure has a unique InChI string, which is important in database applications. Information about the 3-dimensional coordinates of atoms is not represented in InChI, the InChI algorithm converts input structural information into a unique InChI identifier in a three-step process, normalization, canonicalization, and serialization. The InChIKey, sometimes referred to as a hashed InChI, is a fixed length condensed digital representation of the InChI that is not human-understandable. The InChIKey specification was released in September 2007 in order to facilitate web searches for chemical compounds and it should be noted that, unlike the InChI, the InChIKey is not unique, though collisions can be calculated to be very rare, they happen. In January 2009 the final 1.02 version of the InChI software was released and this provided a means to generate so called standard InChI, which does not allow for user selectable options in dealing with the stereochemistry and tautomeric layers of the InChI string. The standard InChIKey is then the hashed version of the standard InChI string, the standard InChI will simplify comparison of InChI strings and keys generated by different groups, and subsequently accessed via diverse sources such as databases and web resources. Every InChI starts with the string InChI= followed by the version number and this is followed by the letter S for standard InChIs. The remaining information is structured as a sequence of layers and sub-layers, the layers and sub-layers are separated by the delimiter / and start with a characteristic prefix letter. The six layers with important sublayers are, Main layer Chemical formula and this is the only sublayer that must occur in every InChI. The atoms in the formula are numbered in sequence, this sublayer describes which atoms are connected by bonds to which other ones. Describes how many hydrogen atoms are connected to each of the other atoms, the condensed,27 character standard InChIKey is a hashed version of the full standard InChI, designed to allow for easy web searches of chemical compounds. Most chemical structures on the Web up to 2007 have been represented as GIF files, the full InChI turned out to be too lengthy for easy searching, and therefore the InChIKey was developed. With all databases currently having below 50 million structures, such duplication appears unlikely at present, a recent study more extensively studies the collision rate finding that the experimental collision rate is in agreement with the theoretical expectations. Example, Morphine has the structure shown on the right, as the InChI cannot be reconstructed from the InChIKey, an InChIKey always needs to be linked to the original InChI to get back to the original structure
7.
Organic compound
–
An organic compound is virtually any chemical compound that contains carbon, although a consensus definition remains elusive and likely arbitrary. Organic compounds are rare terrestrially, but of importance because all known life is based on organic compounds. The most basic petrochemicals are considered the building blocks of organic chemistry, for historical reasons discussed below, a few types of carbon-containing compounds, such as carbides, carbonates, simple oxides of carbon, and cyanides are considered inorganic. The distinction between organic and inorganic compounds, while useful in organizing the vast subject of chemistry. Organic chemistry is the science concerned with all aspects of organic compounds, Organic synthesis is the methodology of their preparation. The word organic is historical, dating to the 1st century, for many centuries, Western alchemists believed in vitalism. This is the theory that certain compounds could be synthesized only from their classical elements—earth, water, air, vitalism taught that these organic compounds were fundamentally different from the inorganic compounds that could be obtained from the elements by chemical manipulation. Vitalism survived for a while even after the rise of modern atomic theory and it first came under question in 1824, when Friedrich Wöhler synthesized oxalic acid, a compound known to occur only in living organisms, from cyanogen. A more decisive experiment was Wöhlers 1828 synthesis of urea from the inorganic salts potassium cyanate, urea had long been considered an organic compound, as it was known to occur only in the urine of living organisms. Wöhlers experiments were followed by others, in which increasingly complex organic substances were produced from inorganic ones without the involvement of any living organism. Even though vitalism has been discredited, scientific nomenclature retains the distinction between organic and inorganic compounds, still, even the broadest definition requires excluding alloys that contain carbon, including steel. The C-H definition excludes compounds that are considered organic, neither urea nor oxalic acid is organic by this definition, yet they were two key compounds in the vitalism debate. The IUPAC Blue Book on organic nomenclature specifically mentions urea and oxalic acid, other compounds lacking C-H bonds but traditionally considered organic include benzenehexol, mesoxalic acid, and carbon tetrachloride. Mellitic acid, which contains no C-H bonds, is considered an organic substance in Martian soil. The C-H bond-only rule also leads to somewhat arbitrary divisions in sets of carbon-fluorine compounds, for example, CF4 would be considered by this rule to be inorganic, whereas CF3H would be organic. Organic compounds may be classified in a variety of ways, one major distinction is between natural and synthetic compounds. Another distinction, based on the size of organic compounds, distinguishes between small molecules and polymers, natural compounds refer to those that are produced by plants or animals. Many of these are extracted from natural sources because they would be more expensive to produce artificially
8.
Anabolic steroid
–
They are anabolic and increase protein within cells, especially in skeletal muscles. The word anabolic, referring to anabolism, comes from the Greek ἀναβολή anabole and they are one of three types of sex hormone agonists, the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone. Health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of AAS and these effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels, acne, high blood pressure, liver damage, and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart. Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular size reduction may also be caused by AAS and their use is referred to as doping and banned by most major sporting bodies. For many years, AAS have been by far the most detected doping substances in IOC-accredited laboratories, in countries where AAS are controlled substances, there is often a black market in which smuggled, clandestinely manufactured or even counterfeit drugs are sold to users. AAS have largely replaced in this setting by synthetic protein hormones that selectively stimulate growth of blood cell precursors. Growth stimulation, AAS can be used by pediatric endocrinologists to treat children with growth failure, however, the availability of synthetic growth hormone, which has fewer side effects, makes this a secondary treatment. Stimulation of appetite and preservation and increase of mass, AAS have been given to people with chronic wasting conditions such as cancer. Induction of male puberty, Androgens are given to many boys distressed about extreme delay of puberty, Testosterone is now nearly the only androgen used for this purpose and has been shown to increase height, weight, and fat-free mass in boys with delayed puberty. Male contraception, in the form of testosterone enanthate, potential for use in the near-future as a safe, reliable, stimulation of lean body mass and prevention of bone loss in elderly men, as some studies indicate. Hormone replacement for men with low levels of testosterone, also effective in improving libido for elderly males, most steroid users are not athletes. Between 1 million and 3 million people are thought to have misused AAS in the United States, another study found that non-medical use of AAS among college students was at or less than 1%. According to a recent survey,78, the same study found that individuals using AAS for non-medical purposes had a higher employment rate and a higher household income than the general population. AAS users tend to be disillusioned by the portrayal of AAS as deadly in the media, according to one study, AAS users also distrust their physicians and in the sample 56% had not disclosed their AAS use to their physicians. A recent study has shown that long term AAS users were more likely to have symptoms of muscle dysmorphia. A recent study in the Journal of Health Psychology showed that many believed that steroids used in moderation were safe. AAS have been used by men and women in different kinds of professional sports to attain a competitive edge or to assist in recovery from injury. These sports include bodybuilding, weightlifting, shot put and other track and field, cycling, baseball, wrestling, mixed martial arts, boxing, football, such use is prohibited by the rules of the governing bodies of most sports
9.
1-Testosterone
–
It was legally sold online in the United States until 2005, when it was reclassified as a Schedule III drug. A2006 study determined that 1-testosterone has a high androgenic and anabolic potency even without being metabolized, 1-Testosterone binds in a manner that is highly selective to the androgen receptor and has a high potency to stimulate AR-dependent transactivation. Doping with 1-testosterone can be detected in urine samples using gas chromatography, two prohormones of 1-testosterone are 1-androstenediol and 1-androstenedione, the latter of which may be synthesized from stanolone acetate. Mesabolone is a made from 1-T. 1-T also is known to be used to synthesize mestanolone and metenolone
10.
Internet
–
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
11.
Dietary supplement
–
A dietary supplement is intended to provide nutrients that may otherwise not be consumed in sufficient quantities. Supplements as generally understood include vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids, or amino acids, U. S. authorities define dietary supplements as foods, while elsewhere they may be classified as drugs or other products. There are more than 50,000 dietary supplements available, more than half of the U. S. adult population consume dietary supplements with most common ones being multivitamins. These products are not intended to prevent or treat any disease and in some circumstances are dangerous, for those who fail to consume a balanced diet, the agency says that certain supplements may have value. Most supplements should be avoided, and usually people should not eat micronutrients except people with clearly shown deficiency and those people should first consult a doctor. An exception is vitamin D, which is recommended in Nordic countries due to weak sunlight, the product is labeled as a dietary supplement. In the United States, the FDA has different monitoring procedures for substances depending on whether they are presented as drugs, food additives, food, or dietary supplements. Dietary supplements are eaten or taken by mouth, and are regulated in United States law as a type of rather than a type of drug. The intended use of dietary supplements is to ensure that a person gets enough essential nutrients, Dietary supplements should not be used to treat any disease or as preventive healthcare. An exception to this recommendation is the use of vitamins. Supplements may create harm in several ways, including over-consumption, particularly of minerals, the products may also cause harm related to their rapid absorption in a short period of time, quality issues such as contamination, or by adverse interactions with other foods and medications. There are many types of dietary supplements, Vitamin is an organic compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, thus, the term is conditional both on the circumstances and on the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid is a vitamin for humans, supplementation is important for the treatment of certain health problems but there is little evidence of benefit when used by those who are otherwise healthy. Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds composed of amine and carboxylic acid functional groups, the key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. Amino acids can be divided into three categories, essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids, and conditional amino acids, essential amino acids cannot be made by the body, and must be supplied by food. Non-essential amino acids are made by the body from essential amino acids or in the breakdown of proteins. Conditional amino acids are not essential, except in times of illness, stress
12.
Structural isomer
–
Structural isomerism, or constitutional isomerism, is a form of isomerism in which molecules with the same molecular formula have bonded together in different orders, as opposed to stereoisomerism. There are multiple synonyms for constitutional isomers, three categories of constitutional isomers are skeletal, positional, and functional isomers. Positional isomers are also called regioisomers, in chain isomerism, or skeletal isomerism, components of the skeleton are distinctly re-ordered to create different structures. Pentane exists as three isomers, n-pentane, isopentane and neopentane, in position isomerism a functional group or other substituent changes position on a parent structure. In the table below, the group can occupy three different positions on an n-pentane chain forming three different compounds. Many aromatic isomers exist because substituents can be positioned on different parts of the benzene ring, only one isomer of phenol or hydroxybenzene exists but cresol or methylphenol has three isomers where the additional methyl group can be placed on three different positions on the ring. Xylenol has one group and two methyl groups and a total of 6 isomers exist. Functional isomers are structural isomers that have the molecular formula. These groups of atoms are called groups, functionalities. Another way to say this is that two compounds with the molecular formula, but different functional groups, are functional isomers. For example, cyclohexane and 1-hexene both have the formula C6H12 and these two are considered functional group isomers because cyclohexane is a cycloalkane and hex-1-ene is an alkene. For two molecules to be functional isomers, they must contain key groups of atoms arranged in particular ways, some of the best examples come from organic chemistry. Depending on how the atoms are arranged, it can represent two different compounds dimethyl ether CH3-O-CH3 or ethanol CH3CH2-O-H, dimethyl ether and ethanol are functional isomers. The carbon chain-oxygen-carbon chain functionality is called an ether, the carbon chain-oxygen-hydrogen functionality is called an alcohol. If the functionalities stay the same, but their locations change, 1-Propanol and 2-propanol are structural isomers, but they are not functional isomers. The functional group is present in both of these compounds, but they are not the same, while some chemists use the terms structural isomer and functional isomer interchangeably, not all structural isomers are functional isomers. Functional isomers are most often identified in chemistry using infrared spectroscopy, infrared radiation corresponds to the energies associated primarily with molecular vibration. The alcohol functionality has a very distinct vibration called OH-stretch that is due to hydrogen bonding, all alcohols in liquid and solid form absorb infrared radiation at certain wavelengths
13.
Dehydroepiandrosterone
–
Dehydroepiandrosterone, also known as androstenolone, is an endogenous steroid hormone. However, DHEA also has a variety of biological effects in its own right, binding to an array of nuclear and cell surface receptors. Exogenous dehydroepiandrosterone used as a medication is often called prasterone, in women with adrenal insufficiency and the healthy elderly there is insufficient evidence to support the use of DHEA. DHEA is sometimes used as an androgen in hormone replacement therapy for menopause, a long-lasting ester prodrug of DHEA, prasterone enanthate, is used in combination with estradiol valerate for this indication. DHEA is produced naturally in the body, but the long-term effects of its use are largely unknown. In the short term, several studies have noted few adverse effects, in a study by Chang et al. DHEA was administered at a dose of 200 mg/day for 24 weeks with slight androgenic effects noted, another study utilized a dose up to 400 mg/day for 8 weeks with few adverse events reported. A longer term study followed patients dosed with 50 mg of DHEA for 12 months with the number, another study delivered a dose of 50 mg of DHEA for 10 months with no serious adverse events reported. As a hormone precursor, there has been a smattering of reports of side effects caused by the hormone metabolites of DHEA. It is not known whether DHEA is safe for long-term use, some researchers believe DHEA supplements might actually raise the risk of breast cancer, prostate cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and stroke. DHEA may stimulate tumor growth in types of cancer that are sensitive to hormones, such as types of breast, uterine. DHEA may increase prostate swelling in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, high doses may cause aggressiveness, irritability, trouble sleeping, and the growth of body or facial hair on women. It also may stop menstruation and lower the levels of HDL, other reported side effects include acne, heart rhythm problems, liver problems, hair loss, and oily skin. It may also alter the bodys regulation of blood sugar, patients on hormone replacement therapy may have more estrogen-related side effects when taking DHEA. This supplement may also interfere with other medicines, and potential interactions between it and drugs and herbs are possible, DHEA is produced from cholesterol through two cytochrome P450 enzymes. Cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone by the enzyme P450 scc, then another enzyme, CYP17A1, converts pregnenolone to 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, regular exercise is known to increase DHEA production in the body. Calorie restriction has also shown to increase DHEA in primates. Some theorize that the increase in endogenous DHEA brought about by calorie restriction is partially responsible for the life expectancy known to be associated with calorie restriction
14.
Androsterone
–
Androsterone, or 5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one, is an endogenous steroid hormone, neurosteroid, and putative pheromone. It is a weak androgen with a potency that is approximately 1/7th that of testosterone, androsterone is a metabolite of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Androsterone is also known to be an inhibitory androstane neurosteroid, acting as an allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor. The unnatural enantiomer of androsterone is more potent as an allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors. Androsterones 3β-isomer is epiandrosterone, and its 5β-epimer is etiocholanolone and it was first isolated in 1931, by Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt and Kurt Tscherning. They distilled over 17,000 liters of urine, from which they got 50 milligrams of crystalline androsterone. Androsterone has been shown to occur in pine pollen and is well known in many animal species. Androsterone is found in the axilla and skin as well as in the urine. It may also be secreted by sebaceous glands. It is described as having an odor similar to that of androstenol. Androsterone has been found to affect behavior when smelled. Androsterone and its 5β-isomer, etiocholanolone, are produced in the body as metabolites of testosterone, testosterone is converted to 5α-dihydrotestosterone and 5β-dihydrotestosterone by 5α-reductase and 5β-reductase, respectively
15.
Epiandrosterone
–
Epiandrosterone, or isoandrosterone, also known as 3β-androsterone, 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, or 5α-androstan-3β-ol-17-one, is a steroid hormone with weak androgenic activity. It is a metabolite of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and it was first isolated in 1931, by Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt and Kurt Tscherning. They distilled over 17,000 litres of urine, from which they got 50 milligrams of crystalline androsterone. Epiandrosterone has been shown to occur in most mammals including pigs. Epiandrosterone is naturally produced by the enzyme 5α-reductase from the adrenal hormone DHEA, epiandrosterone can also be converted from the natural steroids androstanediol via 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase or from androstanedione via 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. 3β-Androstanediol Androstenol Androstenone Estratetraenol Simons RG, Grinwich DL, immunoreactive detection of four mammalian steroids in plants. Can J Bot 67, 288-296,1989 Janeczko A, Skoczowski A,2005,43, 71-9. Labrie F, Bélanger A, Labrie C, Candas B, Cusan L, Gomez 4. Bioavailability and metabolism of oral and percutaneous dehydroepiandrosterone in postmenopausal women,107, 57-69,2007 Uralets VP, Gillette PA. Over-the-counter delta5 anabolic steroids 5-androsen-3, 17-dione, 5-androsten-3beta, 17beta-diol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and 19-nor-5-androsten-3, 17-dione, excretion studies in men
16.
PubMed Identifier
–
PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval, from 1971 to 1997, MEDLINE online access to the MEDLARS Online computerized database primarily had been through institutional facilities, such as university libraries. PubMed, first released in January 1996, ushered in the era of private, free, home-, the PubMed system was offered free to the public in June 1997, when MEDLINE searches via the Web were demonstrated, in a ceremony, by Vice President Al Gore. Information about the journals indexed in MEDLINE, and available through PubMed, is found in the NLM Catalog. As of 5 January 2017, PubMed has more than 26.8 million records going back to 1966, selectively to the year 1865, and very selectively to 1809, about 500,000 new records are added each year. As of the date,13.1 million of PubMeds records are listed with their abstracts. In 2016, NLM changed the system so that publishers will be able to directly correct typos. Simple searches on PubMed can be carried out by entering key aspects of a subject into PubMeds search window, when a journal article is indexed, numerous article parameters are extracted and stored as structured information. Such parameters are, Article Type, Secondary identifiers, Language, publication type parameter enables many special features. As these clinical girish can generate small sets of robust studies with considerable precision, since July 2005, the MEDLINE article indexing process extracts important identifiers from the article abstract and puts those in a field called Secondary Identifier. The secondary identifier field is to store numbers to various databases of molecular sequence data, gene expression or chemical compounds. For clinical trials, PubMed extracts trial IDs for the two largest trial registries, ClinicalTrials. gov and the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number Register, a reference which is judged particularly relevant can be marked and related articles can be identified. If relevant, several studies can be selected and related articles to all of them can be generated using the Find related data option, the related articles are then listed in order of relatedness. To create these lists of related articles, PubMed compares words from the title and abstract of each citation, as well as the MeSH headings assigned, using a powerful word-weighted algorithm. The related articles function has been judged to be so precise that some researchers suggest it can be used instead of a full search, a strong feature of PubMed is its ability to automatically link to MeSH terms and subheadings. Examples would be, bad breath links to halitosis, heart attack to myocardial infarction, where appropriate, these MeSH terms are automatically expanded, that is, include more specific terms. Terms like nursing are automatically linked to Nursing or Nursing and this important feature makes PubMed searches automatically more sensitive and avoids false-negative hits by compensating for the diversity of medical terminology. The My NCBI area can be accessed from any computer with web-access, an earlier version of My NCBI was called PubMed Cubby
17.
Androgen receptor
–
The androgen receptor is most closely related to the progesterone receptor, and progestins in higher dosages can block the androgen receptor. The main function of the receptor is as a DNA-binding transcription factor that regulates gene expression, however. Androgen regulated genes are critical for the development and maintenance of the male sexual phenotype, hence, testosterone is responsible primarily for the development of male primary sexual characteristics, whereas dihydrotestosterone is responsible for secondary male characteristics. Androgens cause slow epiphysis, or maturation of the bones, steroid users of teen age may find that their growth had been stunted by androgen and/or estrogen excess. People with too little sex hormones can be short during puberty, via the Androgen receptor, androgens play a key role in the maintenance of male skeletal integrity. The regulation of this integrity by androgen receptor signaling can be attributed to both osteoblasts and osteocytes, the primary mechanism of action for androgen receptors is direct regulation of gene transcription. The androgen receptor dimer binds to a sequence of DNA known as a hormone response element. Androgen receptors interact with proteins in the nucleus, resulting in up- or down-regulation of specific gene transcription. Up-regulation or activation of transcription results in increased synthesis of messenger RNA, one of the known target genes of androgen receptor activation is the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. Thus, changes in levels of proteins in cells is one way that androgen receptors control cell behavior. One function of receptor that is independent of direct binding to its target DNA sequence, is facilitated by recruitment via other DNA-binding proteins. One example is serum response factor, a protein that activates several genes that cause muscle growth, AR acetylation is induced by androgens and determines recruitment into chromatin. The AR acetylation site is a key target of NAD-dependent and TSA-dependent histone deacetylases, more recently, androgen receptors have been shown to have a second mode of action. As has been found for other steroid hormone receptors such as estrogen receptors. Androgen receptors interact with certain signal transduction proteins in the cytoplasm, Androgen binding to cytoplasmic androgen receptors can cause rapid changes in cell function independent of changes in gene transcription, such as changes in ion transport. In humans, the receptor is encoded by the AR gene located on the X chromosome at Xq11-12. The androgen insensitivity syndrome, formerly known as testicular feminization, is caused by a mutation of the receptor gene located on the X chromosome. The androgen receptor seems to affect neuron physiology and is defective in Kennedys disease, in addition, point mutations and trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms has been linked to a number of additional disorders
18.
4-Androstenediol
–
4-Androstenediol, also known as androst-4-ene-3β, 17β-diol, is an androstenediol that is converted to testosterone. The conversion rate is about 15. 76%, almost triple that of 4-androstenedione, there is also some conversion into estrogen, since testosterone is the metabolic precursor of the estrogens. 4-Androstenediol is closer to testosterone structurally than 5-androstenediol, and has androgenic effects and it has approximately 0. 5% and 0. 6% of the affinity of estradiol at the ERα and ERβ, respectively. Patrick Arnold holds a 1999 patent on Use of 4-androstenediol to increase testosterone levels in humans
19.
5-Androstenedione
–
5-Androstenedione is a prohormone of testosterone. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits its use in athletes, in the United States, it is a controlled substance. 5-Androstenedione is structurally similar to 4-androstenedione, with the exception of the position of a double bond. 4-Androstenedione is naturally produced in the body by the glands and gonads. In addition to testosterone, it is also a precursor of estrone and estradiol
20.
11-Ketotestosterone
–
11-Ketotestosterone is an oxidized form of testosterone that contains a keto group at the C11 position. It is related to adrenosterone, a found in trace quantities in humans. In fish, 11-ketotestosterone functions as the endogenous androgenic sex hormone, in midshipman fish, 11-ketotestosterone is not present in females or Type II Males — Type II Males reach sexual maturation later, are less territorial, and have higher testosterone than Type I Males. In mammals, 11-ketotestosterone has similar potency to testosterone as an androgen and it is synthesized from 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione and, to a lesser extent, 11-ketoandrostenedione. 11-Ketoandrostenedione has notably been sold online as a prohormone, usually under the name 11-oxoandrostenedione
21.
Androstenediol
–
Δ5-Diol is a direct metabolite of the most abundant steroid produced by the human adrenal cortex, DHEA. It is less androgenic than the compound, Δ4-androstenediol, and has been found to stimulate the immune system. When administered to rats, Δ5-diol, in vivo, has approximately 1. 4% of the androgenicity of DHEA,0. 54% of the androgenicity of androstenedione, Δ5-Diol possesses potent estrogenic activity, similarly to DHEA and 3β-androstanediol. It has approximately 6% and 17% of the affinity of estradiol at the ERα and ERβ, the value of Δ5-diol as a radiation countermeasure is based mainly on its stimulation of production of white blood cells and platelets. The clinical trials with rhesus monkeys was successful, according to the Hollis-Eden report, only 12. 5% of the 40 Neumune-treated animals died versus 32. 5% in the placebo group. Hollis-Eden had applied for a contract from the U. S. Government under the BioShield Request for Proposals for radiation countermeasures, after being encouraged for 2.5 years that Neumune was in the competitive range, on March 9,2007, the RFP was canceled by HHS. According to HHS, the product was no longer in the competitive range, as a result, Hollis-Eden has now withdrawn from the radiation countermeasure field. 3α-Androstanediol 3β-Androstanediol Regenerative Medicine - Official Hollis-Eden Pharmaceuticals website New Scientist article on AED as an anti-radiation sickness drug
22.
Androstenedione
–
In turn, Δ4-dione is also a precursor of dihydrotestosterone, estrogens such as estradiol and estrone, and the neurosteroid 3α-androstanediol. Δ4-Dione is the precursor of the androgen and estrogen sex hormones. Δ4-Dione can be biosynthesized in one of two ways, the primary pathway involves conversion of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to DHEA by way of 17, 20-lyase, with subsequent conversion of DHEA to Δ4-dione via the enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The secondary pathway involves conversion of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, most often a precursor to cortisol, to directly by way of 17. Thus,17, 20-lyase is required for the synthesis of Δ4-dione, Δ4-Dione is produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads. The production of adrenal Δ4-dione is governed by adrenocorticotrophic hormone, whereas production of gonadal Δ4-dione is under control by the gonadotropins, in premenopausal women, the adrenal glands and ovaries each produce about half of the total Δ4-dione. After menopause, Δ4-dione production is about halved, due primarily to the reduction of the steroid secreted by the ovary, nevertheless, Δ4-dione is the principal steroid produced by the postmenopausal ovary. Some Δ4-dione is also secreted into the plasma, and may be converted in peripheral tissues to testosterone, Δ4-Dione is converted to either testosterone or estrogen. In males, conversion of Δ4-dione to testosterone requires the enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, in females, Δ4-dione is released into the blood by theca cells. Conversion of Δ4-dione to estrogen requires the enzyme aromatase, Δ4-Dione is a substrate for estrogen production in granulosa cells which produce aromatase. Thus, theca cells and granulosa cells work together to form estrogens, levels are normally 30-200 ng/dL in females and 40-150 ng/dL in males. Androstanedione is a 5α-reduced metabolite of 4-androstenedione which serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the androgen, Δ4-Dione has been found to possess estrogenic actions, similarly to other DHEA metabolites. However, in contrast to 5-androstenediol, its affinity for the receptors is very low. In juveniles aged 6-8 years old, there is a rise in androstenedione secretion along with DHEA called adrenarche and this rise in androstenedione and DHEA is hypothesized to play a crucial role for learning social, cultural and ecological skills, such as the development and understanding of sexual attraction. Δ4-Dione was manufactured as a supplement, often called andro for short. Sports Illustrated credits Patrick Arnold for introducing Δ4-dione to the North American market, Andro was legal and able to be purchased over the counter, and, as a consequence, it was in common use in Major League Baseball throughout the 1990s by record-breaking sluggers like Mark McGwire. The supplement is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and from the Olympic Games, the International Olympic Committee in 1997 banned Δ4-dione and placed it under the category of androgenic-anabolic steroids. Δ4-Dione is banned by MLB, the NFL, USOC, NCA, barry R. McCaffrey, the director of the White Houses Office of National Drug Control Policy, attempted to determine whether Δ4-dione could be classified as an anabolic steroid in July 1999
23.
Boldenone
–
Boldenone, also known as Δ1-testosterone, 1-dehydrotestosterone, or androsta-1, 4-dien-3-one-17β-ol, is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid and the 1-dehydrogenated analogue of testosterone. Boldenone itself has never been marketed, as a drug, it is used as boldenone undecylenate. The activity of boldenone is mainly anabolic, with a low androgenic potency, boldenone will increase nitrogen retention, protein synthesis, increases appetite and stimulates the release of erythropoietin in the kidneys. Boldenone was synthesized in an attempt to create a long-acting injectable methandrostenolone, boldenone acts similar to methandrostenolone with fewer adverse androgenic effects. Although commonly compared to nandrolone, boldenone lacks progesterone receptor interaction, boldenone is among the substances banned by Major League Baseball, as well as most other major athletic organizations. Abraham Almonte was suspended for 80 games before the 2016 season after testing positive for boldenone, stephan Bonnar and Josh Barnett, mixed martial arts fighters from the UFC and PRIDE Fighting Championships, have also tested positive for the banned substance. After the World Extreme Cagefighting show on January 20,2006 Muay Thai turned MMA fighter Kit Cope also tested positive for boldenone, following the Strikeforce card on June 22,2007 former PRIDE and UFC fighter Phil Baroni tested positive for boldenone, as well as stanozolol. At a K-1 WGP event in Las Vegas on August 17,2007 two fighters, Rickard Nordstrand and Zabit Samedov, both tested positive for boldenone, alexandre Franca Nogueira tested positive for boldenone in July 2008. Antonio Silva tested positive for boldenone after his July 26,2008 fight against Justin Eilers in the EliteXC promotion, Silva was suspended by the California State Athletic Commission for a year and fined $2500. Justin Charles, a minor league baseball player with the Florida Marlins. Jon Conway and Jeff Parke of the New York Red Bulls both tested positive for the substance in 2008 and were suspended 10 games and fined 10% of their annual income and they are also the first to abuse MLS drug policy. Leading horse trainer Gai Waterhouse was fined $10,000 after being found guilty on May 15,2008 of presenting a horse to the races with a substance in its system. Her horse Perfectly Poised was found to have traces of the banned substance boldenone in its system after finishing second at Canterbury in April 2007, quinbolone, the 17-cyclopentenyl enol ether of boldenone
24.
Boldione
–
Boldione, also known as androstadienedione or 1-dehydroandrostenedione, as well as 1, 4-androstadiene-3, 17-dione, is an important industrial precursor for various steroid hormones. In the United States the chemical is regulated as a Schedule III Controlled Substance, androstadienedione is an important industrial-scale precursor for a wide variety of steroid hormones within the estrane and androstane classifications. Androstadienedione is obtained in high yield from both plant and animal sterols by biotransformation, the chemical is a common byproduct derived from other processes. The product is produced in a single step via a simultaneous side-chain cleavage at the C17 position, in 2004 the United States Congress passed the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2005 which placed 36 steroids and over-the-counter prohormones into schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act. In this legislation boldenone was classified as a substance and boldione remained legal. In 2008, at the time of the proposal, these three substances were listed as ingredients in more than 58 dietary supplements which were available for purchase over the counter. Effective January 4,2010 these three chemicals, including boldione, were classified as Schedule III Controlled Substances and became illegal in the United States
25.
Clostebol
–
Clostebol, also known as 4-chlorotestosterone, usually as the ester clostebol acetate, is a synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid. Clostebol is the 4-chloro derivative of the hormone testosterone. The chlorination prevents conversion to dihydrotestosterone while also rendering the chemical incapable of conversion to estrogen, clostebol is a weak AAS with potential use as a performance enhancing drug. It is currently banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, oral Turinabol, combining the chemical structures of clostebol and dianabol, was widely used in the East German state-sponsored doping program. Clostebol acetate ointment has ophthalmological and dermatological use, a related anabolic steroid, methylclostebol, is a common additive in so-called dietary supplements, generally listed in the convoluted form 4-chloro-17α-methyl-androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one. In 2016, urinalysis resulted in Therese Johaug testing positive for clostebol, in the US, clostebol is listed as a Schedule III substance
