1.
Regulation of therapeutic goods
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The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction. In some countries, such as the United States, they are regulated at the level by a single agency. In other jurisdictions they are regulated at the level, or at both state and national levels by various bodies, as is the case in Australia. The role of therapeutic goods regulation is designed mainly to protect the health, regulation is aimed at ensuring the safety, quality, and efficacy of the therapeutic goods which are covered under the scope of the regulation. In most jurisdictions, therapeutic goods must be registered before they are allowed to be marketed, there is usually some degree of restriction of the availability of certain therapeutic goods depending on their risk to consumers. Therapeutic goods in Australia are regulated by the Therapeutic Goods Administration, there are 5 main categories, Normal Medicines - Cough, cold and fever medicines, antiseptics, vitamins and others. Sold freely in pharmacies and some large supermarkets, red Stripe Medicines - These medicines are sold only with medical prescription. Antibiotics, Anti allergenics, Anti inflammatories, and other medicines, in Brazil, governmental control is loose on this type, it is not uncommon to buy this type of prescription medicine over the counter without a prescription. Red Stripe Psychoactive Medicines - These medicines are only with a Special Control white medical prescription with carbon copy. The original must be retained by the pharmacist after the sale, Drugs include anti-depressants, anti-convulsants, some sleep aids, anti-psychotics and other non-habit-inducing controlled medicines. Though some consider them habit inducing, anabolic steroids are also regulated under this category, black Stripe Medicines - These medicines are sold only with the Blue B Form medical prescription, which is valid for 30 days and must be retained by the pharmacist after the sale. Includes sedatives, some anorexic inducers and other habit-inducing controlled medicines, includes amphetamines and other stimulants, opioids and other strong habit-forming controlled medicines. In Canada, regulation of goods are governed by the Food and Drug Act. In addition, the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act requires additional regulatory requirements for controlled drugs, the regulation of drugs in Burma is governed by the Food and Drug Administration and Food and Drug Board of Authority. The regulation of drugs in China is governed by the China Food, Medicines for Human Use in the United Kingdom are regulated by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. The availability of drugs is regulated by classification by the MHRA as part of marketing authorisation of a product, Medicines in the Republic of Ireland are regulated according to the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 1988. Controlled drugs are divided into five categories based on their potential for misuse, cD1, cannabis, lysergamide, coca leaf, etc. Use prohibited except in limited circumstances where a license has been granted, CD2, amphetamine, methadone, morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, tapentadol, etc
2.
PubChem
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PubChem is a database of chemical molecules and their activities against biological assays. The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information, a component of the National Library of Medicine, PubChem can be accessed for free through a web user interface. Millions of compound structures and descriptive datasets can be downloaded via FTP. PubChem contains substance descriptions and small molecules with fewer than 1000 atoms and 1000 bonds, more than 80 database vendors contribute to the growing PubChem database. PubChem consists of three dynamically growing primary databases, as of 28 January 2016, Compounds,82.6 million entries, contains pure and characterized chemical compounds. Substances,198 million entries, contains also mixtures, extracts, complexes, bioAssay, bioactivity results from 1.1 million high-throughput screening programs with several million values. PubChem contains its own online molecule editor with SMILES/SMARTS and InChI support that allows the import and export of all common chemical file formats to search for structures and fragments. In the text search form the database fields can be searched by adding the name in square brackets to the search term. A numeric range is represented by two separated by a colon. The search terms and field names are case-insensitive, parentheses and the logical operators AND, OR, and NOT can be used. AND is assumed if no operator is used, example,0,5000,50,10 -5,5 PubChem was released in 2004. The American Chemical Society has raised concerns about the publicly supported PubChem database and they have a strong interest in the issue since the Chemical Abstracts Service generates a large percentage of the societys revenue. To advocate their position against the PubChem database, ACS has actively lobbied the US Congress, soon after PubChems creation, the American Chemical Society lobbied U. S. Congress to restrict the operation of PubChem, which they asserted competes with their Chemical Abstracts Service
3.
Chemical formula
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These are limited to a single typographic line of symbols, which may include subscripts and superscripts. A chemical formula is not a name, and it contains no words. Although a chemical formula may imply certain simple chemical structures, it is not the same as a full chemical structural formula. Chemical formulas can fully specify the structure of only the simplest of molecules and chemical substances, the simplest types of chemical formulas are called empirical formulas, which use letters and numbers indicating the numerical proportions of atoms of each type. Molecular formulas indicate the numbers of each type of atom in a molecule. For example, the formula for glucose is CH2O, while its molecular formula is C6H12O6. This is possible if the relevant bonding is easy to show in one dimension, an example is the condensed molecular/chemical formula for ethanol, which is CH3-CH2-OH or CH3CH2OH. For reasons of structural complexity, there is no condensed chemical formula that specifies glucose, chemical formulas may be used in chemical equations to describe chemical reactions and other chemical transformations, such as the dissolving of ionic compounds into solution. A chemical formula identifies each constituent element by its chemical symbol, in empirical formulas, these proportions begin with a key element and then assign numbers of atoms of the other elements in the compound, as ratios to the key element. For molecular compounds, these numbers can all be expressed as whole numbers. For example, the formula of ethanol may be written C2H6O because the molecules of ethanol all contain two carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom. Some types of compounds, however, cannot be written with entirely whole-number empirical formulas. An example is boron carbide, whose formula of CBn is a variable non-whole number ratio with n ranging from over 4 to more than 6.5. When the chemical compound of the consists of simple molecules. These types of formulas are known as molecular formulas and condensed formulas. A molecular formula enumerates the number of atoms to reflect those in the molecule, so that the formula for glucose is C6H12O6 rather than the glucose empirical formula. However, except for very simple substances, molecular chemical formulas lack needed structural information, for simple molecules, a condensed formula is a type of chemical formula that may fully imply a correct structural formula. For example, ethanol may be represented by the chemical formula CH3CH2OH
4.
Jmol
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Jmol is computer software for molecular modelling chemical structures in 3-dimensions. Jmol returns a 3D representation of a molecule that may be used as a teaching tool and it is written in the programming language Java, so it can run on the operating systems Windows, macOS, Linux, and Unix, if Java is installed. It is free and open-source software released under a GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.0, a standalone application and a software development kit exist that can be integrated into other Java applications, such as Bioclipse and Taverna. A popular feature is an applet that can be integrated into web pages to display molecules in a variety of ways, for example, molecules can be displayed as ball-and-stick models, space-filling models, ribbon diagrams, etc. Jmol supports a range of chemical file formats, including Protein Data Bank, Crystallographic Information File, MDL Molfile. There is also a JavaScript-only version, JSmol, that can be used on computers with no Java, the Jmol applet, among other abilities, offers an alternative to the Chime plug-in, which is no longer under active development. While Jmol has many features that Chime lacks, it does not claim to reproduce all Chime functions, most notably, Chime requires plug-in installation and Internet Explorer 6.0 or Firefox 2.0 on Microsoft Windows, or Netscape Communicator 4.8 on Mac OS9. Jmol requires Java installation and operates on a variety of platforms. For example, Jmol is fully functional in Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera, Google Chrome, fast and Scriptable Molecular Graphics in Web Browsers without Java3D
5.
Simplified molecular-input line-entry system
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The simplified molecular-input line-entry system is a specification in form of a line notation for describing the structure of chemical species using short ASCII strings. SMILES strings can be imported by most molecule editors for conversion back into two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional models of the molecules, the original SMILES specification was initiated in the 1980s. It has since modified and extended. In 2007, a standard called OpenSMILES was developed in the open-source chemistry community. Other linear notations include the Wiswesser Line Notation, ROSDAL and SLN, the original SMILES specification was initiated by David Weininger at the USEPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division Laboratory in Duluth in the 1980s. The Environmental Protection Agency funded the project to develop SMILES. It has since modified and extended by others, most notably by Daylight Chemical Information Systems. In 2007, a standard called OpenSMILES was developed by the Blue Obelisk open-source chemistry community. Other linear notations include the Wiswesser Line Notation, ROSDAL and SLN, in July 2006, the IUPAC introduced the InChI as a standard for formula representation. SMILES is generally considered to have the advantage of being slightly more human-readable than InChI, the term SMILES refers to a line notation for encoding molecular structures and specific instances should strictly be called SMILES strings. However, the term SMILES is also used to refer to both a single SMILES string and a number of SMILES strings, the exact meaning is usually apparent from the context. The terms canonical and isomeric can lead to confusion when applied to SMILES. The terms describe different attributes of SMILES strings and are not mutually exclusive, typically, a number of equally valid SMILES strings can be written for a molecule. For example, CCO, OCC and CC all specify the structure of ethanol, algorithms have been developed to generate the same SMILES string for a given molecule, of the many possible strings, these algorithms choose only one of them. This SMILES is unique for each structure, although dependent on the algorithm used to generate it. These algorithms first convert the SMILES to a representation of the molecular structure. A common application of canonical SMILES is indexing and ensuring uniqueness of molecules in a database, there is currently no systematic comparison across commercial software to test if such flaws exist in those packages. SMILES notation allows the specification of configuration at tetrahedral centers, and these are structural features that cannot be specified by connectivity alone and SMILES which encode this information are termed isomeric SMILES
6.
International Chemical Identifier
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Initially developed by IUPAC and NIST from 2000 to 2005, the format and algorithms are non-proprietary. The continuing development of the standard has supported since 2010 by the not-for-profit InChI Trust. The current version is 1.04 and was released in September 2011, prior to 1.04, the software was freely available under the open source LGPL license, but it now uses a custom license called IUPAC-InChI Trust License. Not all layers have to be provided, for instance, the layer can be omitted if that type of information is not relevant to the particular application. InChIs can thus be seen as akin to a general and extremely formalized version of IUPAC names and they can express more information than the simpler SMILES notation and differ in that every structure has a unique InChI string, which is important in database applications. Information about the 3-dimensional coordinates of atoms is not represented in InChI, the InChI algorithm converts input structural information into a unique InChI identifier in a three-step process, normalization, canonicalization, and serialization. The InChIKey, sometimes referred to as a hashed InChI, is a fixed length condensed digital representation of the InChI that is not human-understandable. The InChIKey specification was released in September 2007 in order to facilitate web searches for chemical compounds and it should be noted that, unlike the InChI, the InChIKey is not unique, though collisions can be calculated to be very rare, they happen. In January 2009 the final 1.02 version of the InChI software was released and this provided a means to generate so called standard InChI, which does not allow for user selectable options in dealing with the stereochemistry and tautomeric layers of the InChI string. The standard InChIKey is then the hashed version of the standard InChI string, the standard InChI will simplify comparison of InChI strings and keys generated by different groups, and subsequently accessed via diverse sources such as databases and web resources. Every InChI starts with the string InChI= followed by the version number and this is followed by the letter S for standard InChIs. The remaining information is structured as a sequence of layers and sub-layers, the layers and sub-layers are separated by the delimiter / and start with a characteristic prefix letter. The six layers with important sublayers are, Main layer Chemical formula and this is the only sublayer that must occur in every InChI. The atoms in the formula are numbered in sequence, this sublayer describes which atoms are connected by bonds to which other ones. Describes how many hydrogen atoms are connected to each of the other atoms, the condensed,27 character standard InChIKey is a hashed version of the full standard InChI, designed to allow for easy web searches of chemical compounds. Most chemical structures on the Web up to 2007 have been represented as GIF files, the full InChI turned out to be too lengthy for easy searching, and therefore the InChIKey was developed. With all databases currently having below 50 million structures, such duplication appears unlikely at present, a recent study more extensively studies the collision rate finding that the experimental collision rate is in agreement with the theoretical expectations. Example, Morphine has the structure shown on the right, as the InChI cannot be reconstructed from the InChIKey, an InChIKey always needs to be linked to the original InChI to get back to the original structure
7.
Psychedelic drug
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A psychedelic drug is a drug whose primary action is to alter cognition and perception, typically by agonising serotonin receptors. The psychedelic experience is often compared to forms of consciousness such as trance, meditation, yoga, religious ecstasy, dreaming. With a few exceptions, most psychedelic drugs fall into one of the three following families of compounds, tryptamines, phenethylamines, and lysergamides. Many psychedelic drugs are illegal worldwide under the UN conventions unless used in a medical or religious context, despite these regulations, recreational use of psychedelics is common. The word was coined in 1956 by British psychiatrist, Humphry Osmond, the spelling loathed by American ethnobotanist, Richard Schultes, aldous Huxley had suggested to Humphry Osmond in 1956 his own coinage phanerothyme. Recently, the term entheogenic has come into use to denote the use of drugs in a religious/spiritual/mystical context. Psychedelics have a history of traditional use in medicine and religion. In this context, they are known as entheogens. Native American practitioners using mescaline-containing cacti have reported success against alcoholism, ayahuasca, which contains the powerful psychedelic DMT, is used in Peru and other parts of South America for spiritual and physical healing as well as in religious festivals. Classical or serotonergic psychedelics include LSD, psilocin, mescaline, and this class of psychedelics includes the classical hallucinogens, including the lysergamides like LSD and LSA, tryptamines like psilocybin and DMT, and phenethylamines like mescaline and 2C-B. Many of these psychedelics cause remarkably similar effects, despite their different chemical structure, however, many users report that the three families have subjectively different qualities in the feel of the experience, which are difficult to describe. At lower doses, these include sensory alterations, such as the warping of surfaces, shape suggestibility, users often report intense colors that they have not previously experienced, and repetitive geometric shapes are common. Higher doses often cause intense and fundamental alterations of sensory perception, some compounds, such as 2C-B, have extremely tight dose curves, meaning the difference between a non-event and an overwhelming disconnection from reality can be very slight. There can be substantial differences between the drugs, however. The empathogen-entactogens are phenethylamines of the MDxx class such as MDMA, MDEA and their effects are characterized by feelings of openness, euphoria, empathy, love, heightened self-awareness, and by mild audio and visual distortions. Their adoption by the subculture is probably due to the enhancement of the overall social and musical experience. Certain dissociative drugs acting via NMDA antagonism are known to produce what some might consider psychedelic effects, the main differences between dissociative psychedelics and serotonergic hallucinogens are that the dissociatives cause more intense derealization and depersonalization. For example, ketamine produces sensations of being disconnected from ones body, salvia divinorum is a dissociative that is sometimes classified as an atypical psychedelic
8.
Tryptamine
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It contains an indole ring structure, and is structurally similar to the amino acid tryptophan, from which the name derives. Tryptamine is found in trace amounts in the brains of mammals and is hypothesized to play a role as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter, similar to other trace amines, tryptamine binds to human trace amine-associated receptor 1 as an agonist. Tryptamine is the functional group in a set of compounds termed collectively substituted tryptamines. This set includes many biologically active compounds, including neurotransmitters and psychedelic drugs, the concentration of tryptamine in rat brains is about 3.5 pmol/g. Many plants contain small amounts of tryptamine and it is a feedstock for the metabolic pathways which influence plant growth and microbiome. For example, it is found as an intermediate in one biosynthetic pathway to the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid. Higher concentrations can be found in many Acacia species, Tryptamine is an agonist of hTAAR1. It acts as a serotonin receptor agonist and serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent, with a preference for evoking serotonin. Tryptamine has been shown to act as an inhibitor of serotonin N-acetyltransferase in mosquitoes. SNAT catalyzes the anabolic metabolism of serotonin into N-acetylserotonin, another neuromodulator, Tryptamine is rapidly metabolized by MAO-A and MAO-B, and for this reason, has a very short in vivo half-life. The Abramovitch–Shapiro tryptamine synthesis is a reaction for the synthesis of tryptamine. Phenethylamine Tryptamine FAQ Tryptamine Hallucinogens and Consciousness Tryptamind Psychoactives, reference site on tryptamine, Tryptamine entry in TiHKAL • info
9.
5-Methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine
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5-methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine, sometimes called Foxy, is a psychedelic tryptamine. 5-MeO-DiPT is orally active, and dosages between 6–20 mg are commonly reported, many users note an unpleasant body load accompanies higher dosages. 5-MeO-DiPT is also taken by insufflation, or sometimes it is smoked or injected, some users also report sound distortion, also noted with the related drug, DiPT. Erowid reports the effects, Mood lift, euphoria Intensification of tactile sensations, smell. The strongest receptor binding affinity for 5-MeO-DiPT is at the 5-HT1a receptor site, excessive doses have caused clinical intoxication, characterized by nausea, vomiting, agitation, hypotension, mydriasis, tachycardia and hallucinations, in a number of young adults. Rhabdomyolysis and renal failure occurred in one man and another one died 3–4 hours after an apparent rectal overdose. A 24-year-old man also died of this compound being administered into the colon, as of October 2015 5-MeO-DiPT is a controlled substance in China. On April 4,2003, the United States DEA added both 5-MeO-DiPT and AMT to Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act under emergency scheduling procedures, the drugs were officially placed into Schedule I on September 29,2004. Prior to its prohibition in the U. S. 5-MeO-DiPT was sold online alongside psychoactive analogues like DiPT, however, in July 2004, Operation Web Tryp was concluded, confirming that U. S. Federal law enforcement intends to prosecute sale of these analogs of 5-MeO-DiPT. 5-MeO-DiBF 5-MeO-DMT 5-MeO-DPT 5-MeO-AMT 5-MeO-MiPT DMT DPT AMT DIPT MIPT Official Ruling Placing 5-MeO-DIPT into Schedule I Erowid information on 5-MeO-DIPT, Erowid collection of rulings regarding constitutional and unconstitutional application of the analog act 5-MeO-DIPT entry in TiHKAL • info
10.
5-MeO-DMT
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5-MeO-DMT is a psychedelic of the tryptamine class. It is found in a variety of plant species, and a single psychoactive toad species. Like its close relatives DMT and bufotenin, it has used as an entheogen in South America. 5-MeO-DMT was first synthesized in 1936, and in 1959 it was isolated as one of the ingredients of Anadenanthera peregrina seeds used in preparing Yopo snuff. It is metabolized mainly by CYP2D6, 5-MeO-DMT is a sacrament of the Church of the Tree of Life. From approximately 1971 to the late 1980s, 5-MeO-DMT was discreetly available to its members, between 1970 and 1990 smoking of 5-MeO-DMT on parsley was probably one of the two most common forms of ingestion in the United States. 5-MeO-DMT is a derivative of DMT. Its pharmacological action is mainly through serotonin receptors, specifically, it shows high affinity for the 5-HT2 and 5-HT1A subtypes. Additional mechanisms of such as inhibition of monoamine reuptake may be involved also. As of October 2015, 5-MeO-DMT is a substance in China. As a structural analog of N, N-dimethyltryptamine, 5-MeO-DMT is a Schedule 9 prohibited substance under the Poisons Standard, 5-MeO-DMT has been controlled in Turkey since December 2013. 5-MeO-DMT was made a Schedule I controlled substance in January 2011, 4-MeO-DMT 5-MeO-AMT 5-MeO-DIPT 5-EtO-DMT Dimemebfe List of entheogens TiHKAL #38 on Erowid and Erowids 5-MeO-DMT Vault 5-MeO-DMT Entry in TiHKAL • info PsychonautWikis 5-meo-dmt
11.
5-MeO-DPT
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5-MeO-DPT, is a psychedelic and entheogenic drug. The full chemical name is N--N-propylpropan-1-amine and it is classified as a tryptamine derivative. Little is known about the effects of 5-MeO-DPT, but the nature of the compound is probably comparable to 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, or DPT. However, the duration of the mentioned drugs vary considerably. 5-MeO-DPT is orally active, with 3-10 mg representing a fully effective dosage for most users, effects begin within three hours, and usually last 4 hours. 5-MeO-DET TiHKAL Entry on Erowid, mentioning 5-MeO-DPT 5-MeO-DPT on Erowid
12.
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
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N, N-Dimethyltryptamine is a powerful psychedelic compound of the tryptamine family. It is a analog of serotonin and melatonin and a functional analog of other psychedelic tryptamines such as 4-AcO-DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-HO-DMT, psilocybin. Historically, it has been consumed by indigenous Amazonian cultures in the form of ayahuasca for divinatory and it was first synthesised in 1931, and in 1946, microbiologist Oswaldo Gonçalves de Lima discovered its natural presence in plants. In the 1960s, it was detected in mammalian organisms as well, DMT is known for its relatively short duration of action, intense effects and rapid onset. For that reason, DMT was known as a trip during the 1960s in the United States. DMT can be inhaled, injected, or orally ingested, and its effects depend on the dose, the effects last a short period of time,5 to 15 min. Longer effects can be achieved by oral ingestion, over 3 hours, DMT can produce psychedelic experiences involving euphoria and hallucinations. In most countries, DMT is illegal, the dependence potential of DMT and the risk of sustained psychological disturbance are minimal when used for religious ceremonies. DMT, like most psychedelics, is considered to be neither addictive, growth hormone blood levels rose equally in response to all doses of DMT, and melatonin levels were unaffected. Several scientific experimental studies have tried to measure subjective experiences of altered states of consciousness induced by drugs, here it is important to notice that in scientific studies measurements are conducted in laboratories under highly controlled and safe conditions. It appears that the set and setting have an influence, therefore if the drug is taken in different settings. In the 1990s, Strassman and his colleagues conducted a five year long DMT study at the University of New Mexico, the results provided insight about the quality of subjective psychedelic experiences. In this study received the DMT dosage intravenously via injection. Lower doses produced somaesthetic and emotional responses, but not hallucinogenic experiences, in contrary, higher doses researchers labeled as hallucinogenic that elicited intensely colored, rapidly moving display of visual images, formed, abstract or both. Comparing to other sensory modalities the most affected was visual domain, Strassman also stressed the importance of the context where drug has been taken. He claimed that DMT has no effects of itself, rather the context when. It appears that DMT can produce a hallucinogenic experience and it can induce a state or feeling to a person that she or he is able to communicate with other intelligent-life forms. High doses of DMT produce a state that involves sense of another intelligence that people sometimes describe as super-intelligent
13.
Dipropyltryptamine
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N, N-Dipropyltryptamine is a psychedelic drug belonging to the tryptamine family, first reported in 1973. It is found either as its hydrochloride salt or as an oily or crystalline base. It has not been found to occur naturally and it is a close structural homologue of dimethyltryptamine. Frequent physical effects are nausea, numbness of the tongue or throat, DPT changes Ehrlichs reagent violet and causes the marquis reagent to turn yellow. While dipropyltryptamine is chemically similar to dimethyltryptamine, its effects are markedly different. Also sometimes reported is a loss of ego boundary, for example, difficulty distinguishing other boundaries is common as well. For example, different colors may be difficult to distinguish, other sensory input may also become blended. A user may encounter the feeling of experiencing the life of someone else. One may have the experience of seeing the universe from different locations in space, visuals are often geometric, wavy, and/or spiraled. Other visual distortions and hallucinations tend to be experienced in the peripheral vision, the self or the environment may take on a stylized cartoon-like look or feel. Pleasant flashes of light and sparkles are also common, negative side effects of human consumption of this drug can include, increased heart rate, dizziness, and nausea. There is one associated with the use of dipropyltryptamine, which appears to have been the result of a fatal seizure caused by the drug itself. The dosage taken by the victim was unknown however the drug has never known to cause harm at usual doses so any fatality can be assumed to be a massive overdose. DPT is used as a sacrament by the Temple of the True Inner Light. The Temple believes DPT and other entheogens are physical manifestations of God, DPT is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom, making it illegal to possess or distribute. DPT is a Schedule I controlled substance in the state of Florida making it illegal to buy, sell, DPT is a Schedule I controlled substance in the state of Maine making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess in Maine. DPT is illegal in Sweden as of 26, TiHKAL entry DPT entry in TiHKAL • info A DPT Primer by Toad Erowid Experience Vault
14.
Alpha-Methyltryptamine
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α-Methyltryptamine is a psychedelic, stimulant, and entactogen drug of the tryptamine class. It was originally developed as an antidepressant by workers at Upjohn in the 1960s, αMT is tryptamine with a methyl substituent at the alpha carbon. This alpha substitution makes it a poor substrate for Monoamine_oxidase_A, thereby prolonging αMTs half-life, allowing it to reach the brain. Its chemical relation to tryptamine is analogous to that of amphetamine to phenethylamine, amphetamine being α-methylphenethylamine, αMT is closely related to the neurotransmitter serotonin which partially explains its mechanism of action. αMT acts as a relatively balanced reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent of the three monoamines, serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, and as a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist. αMT has been shown as an inhibitor of the enzyme monoamine oxidase in-vitro. In rats the potency of αMT as an MAO-A inhibitor in the brain was approximately equal to that of harmaline at equimolar doses, dexamphetamine did not enhance the 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced rise of serotonin at any level. A typical dose of harmaline for MAO inhibition is 150 mg, higher than any typical αMT dose so αMTs MAOI activity at typical doses will be significant, the danger rises exponentially as αMT doses approach 150 mg due to increased monoamine release and increased MAO inhibition. 2-Oxo-αMT, 6-hydroxy-αMT, 7-hydroxy-αMT and 1′-hydroxy-αMT were detected as metabolites of αMT in male Wistar rats, with 20–30 milligrams, euphoria, empathy, and psychedelic effects become apparent and can last as long as 12 hours. A dose exceeding 40 mg is generally considered as strong, in rare cases or extreme doses the duration of effects might exceed 24 hours. αMT in freebase form is reported by users to have been smoked, in spite of some reported experiential similarities to MDMA, the chemicals are structurally unrelated, αMT is a tryptamine while MDMA is a phenethylamine. Like many other serotonin releasing agents, αMTs analogue αET has been shown to produce long-lasting serotonergic neurotoxicity at very high doses and it is possible that αMT could cause the same neurotoxicity. The 5-Methoxy analogue, 5-MeO-αMT is schedule 9 in Australia and αMT would be controlled as an analogue of this, as of October 2015 αMT is a controlled substance in China. In Denmark, the Danish Minister for the Interior and Health placed αMT to their lists of controlled substances, canada has no mention of αMT in the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. However, αMT is on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals list of pre-registered substances as of March 2009, αMT is listed under the Narcotics Act in schedule 1 in Germany. αMT is placed under Austrian law Group 6, αMT was controlled on the Schedule C list in Hungary in 2013. αMT was placed in 2013 on the List of Hazardous Substances in Annex, αMT appeared on the Decree on Classification of Illicit Drugs in Slovenia. In Lithuania, αMT is controlled as a tryptamine derivative put under control in the 1st list of Narcotic Drugs, αMT was made illegal in the United Kingdom as of 7 January 2015, along with 5-MeO-DALT
15.
Diisopropyltryptamine
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DiPT /ˈdɪptiː/ or N, N-diisopropyltryptamine /ˌdaɪˌaɪsoʊˌproʊpᵻlˈtrɪptəmiːn/ is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug of the tryptamine family that has a unique effect. While the majority of hallucinogens affect the sense, DiPT is primarily aural. It has been suggested that DiPT may have value to researchers of neurology due to its complex audio distorting effects, DiPT is a derivative of tryptamine formed by substituting isopropyl groups for the two hydrogen atoms attached to the non-aromatic nitrogen atom in the tryptamine molecule. Aside from these, the most prevalent non-auditory effect is inner ear pressure, unlike other psychedelics, users set and setting doesnt seem to influence what is experienced. There is much speculation as to the nature of DiPTs aural distortion, at lower dosages, it has been reported to have an effect similar to a flanging, or a phase shift. At medium and higher dosages, the effect of DiPT is typically a radical shift downward in perceived pitch and this shift tends to be nonlinear, in that the shift downwards varies in relation to the initial pitch. This can produce sounds and render music disharmonious. As is the case with many PiHKAL and TiHKAL drugs, it is Class A in the UK, some of the people arrested in Operation Web Tryp were selling DiPT. DiPT is a Schedule I controlled substance in the state of Florida making it illegal to buy, sell, DMT DPT 5-MeO-DMT 5-MeO-DPT 5-MeO-AMT 5-MeO-DiPT Erowids DiPT Vault TiHKAL entry DIPT entry in TiHKAL • info
16.
Hallucinogen
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A hallucinogen is a psychoactive agent which can cause hallucinations, perceptual anomalies, and other substantial subjective changes in thoughts, emotion, and consciousness. The common types of hallucinogens are psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants, although hallucinations are a common symptom of amphetamine psychosis, amphetamines are not considered hallucinogens, as they are not a primary effect of the drugs themselves. While hallucinations can occur when abusing stimulants, the nature of stimulant psychosis is not unlike delirium, a debate persists on criteria which would easily differentiate a substance which is psychedelic from one hallucinogenic. Sir Thomas Browne in 1646 coined the term hallucination from the Latin word alucinari meaning to wander in the mind, the term psychedelic is derived from the Ancient Greek words psychē and dēloun, or mind-revealing. A hallucinogen and a psychedelic may refer correctly to the same substance, hallucinations and psychedelia may both refer to the same aspects of subjective experience in a given instance. A hallucinogen in this sense refers to any substance which causes changes in perception or hallucinations. In contrast to Hollisters original criteria, adverse effects may predominate with some hallucinogens with this application of the term, the word psychedelic was coined to express the idea of a drug that makes manifest a hidden but real aspect of the mind. One explanatory model for the experiences provoked by psychedelics is the reducing valve concept, in this view, the drugs disable the brains filtering ability to selectively prevent certain perceptions, emotions, memories and thoughts from ever reaching the conscious mind. This effect has been described as mind expanding, or consciousness expanding, many designer drugs and research chemicals are hallucinogenic in nature, such as those in the 2C and NBOMe families. Dissociatives produce analgesia, amnesia and catalepsy at anesthetic doses, dissociative symptoms include the disruption or compartmentalization of. the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity or perception. p. 523 Dissociation of sensory input can cause derealization, the perception of the world as being dream-like or unreal. The primary dissociatives achieve their effect through blocking the signals received by the NMDA receptor set and include ketamine, methoxetamine, phencyclidine, dextromethorphan, however, dissociation is also remarkably administered by salvinorin As potent κ-opioid receptor agonism. Some dissociatives can have CNS depressant effects, thereby carrying similar risks as opioids, DXM in higher doses can increase heart rate and blood pressure and still depress respiration. Inversely, PCP can have unpredictable effects and has often been classified as a stimulant. While many have reported that they feel no pain while under the effects of PCP, DXM and Ketamine, this does not fall under the usual classification of anesthetics in recreational doses. Rather, true to their name, they process pain as a kind of far away sensation, pain, although present, becomes a disembodied experience, as for probably the most common dissociative, nitrous oxide, the principal risk seems to be due to oxygen deprivation. Injury from falling is also a danger, as nitrous oxide may cause loss of consciousness. Because of the level of physical activity and relative imperviousness to pain induced by PCP
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5-HT2A receptor
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The mammalian 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor that belongs to the serotonin receptor family and is a G protein-coupled receptor. This is the main excitatory receptor subtype among the GPCRs for serotonin, although 5-HT2A may also have an effect on certain areas such as the visual cortex. This receptor was first noted for its importance as a target of serotonergic psychedelic drugs such as LSD, later it came back to prominence because it was also found to be mediating, at least partly, the action of many antipsychotic drugs, especially the atypical ones. 5-HT2A may be a receptor for the spread of the human polyoma virus called JC virus. Downregulation of post-synaptic 5-HT2A receptor is an adaptive process provoked by chronic administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, deceased suicidal and otherwise depressed patients have had more 5-HT2A receptors than normal patients. These findings suggest that post-synaptic 5-HT2A overdensity is involved in the pathogenesis of depression, 5-HT2A is thought to correspond to what was originally described as D subtype of 5-HT receptors by Gaddum and Picarelli. Later it was shown that the 5-HT2 was very close to 5-HT1C and thus were clubbed together, thus the 5-HT2 receptor family is composed of three separate molecular entities, the 5-HT2A, the 5-HT2B and the 5-HT2C receptors. 5-HT2A is expressed throughout the central nervous system. It is expressed near most of the serotoninergic terminal rich areas, including neocortex, in the rat cerebellum, the protein has also been found in the Golgi cells of the granular layer, and in the Purkinje cells. In the periphery, it is expressed in platelets and many cell types of the cardiovascular system, in fibroblasts. Additionally, 5-HT2A mRNA expression has been observed in human monocytes, the 5-HT2A receptor is known primarily to couple to the Gαq signal transduction pathway. Upon receptor stimulation with agonist, Gαq and β-γ subunits dissociate to initiate downstream effector pathways, Gαq stimulates phospholipase C activity, which subsequently promotes the release of diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate, which in turn stimulate protein kinase C activity and Ca2+ release. Other 5-HT2A agonists like LSD also have potent anti-inflammatory effects against TNF-alpha-induced inflammation, activation of the 5-HT2A receptor in hypothalamus causes increases in hormonal levels of oxytocin, prolactin, ACTH, corticosterone, and renin. A very large family of derivatives from these three classes has been developed, and their structure-activity relationships have been extensively researched, agonists acting at 5-HT2A receptors located on the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells within regions of the prefrontal cortex are believed to mediate hallucinogenic activity. Newer findings reveal that psychoactive effects of classic psychedelics are mediated by the receptor heterodimer 5-HT2A–mGlu2, agonists enhance dopamine in PFC, enhances memory and plays an active role in attention and learning. O-4310, 5-HT2A selective, claimed to have 100x selectivity over 5-HT2C and be inactive at 5-HT2B PHA-57378, dual 5-HT2A / 5-HT2C agonist, anxiolytic effects in animal studies. 25C-NBOMe Methysergide, a congener of methylergonovine, used in treatment of migraine blocks 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors, oSU-6162 acts as a partial agonist at both 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptors 25CN-NBOH, 100x selectivity for 5-HT2A over 5-HT2C, 46x selectivity over 5-HT2B. Efavirenz, a drug, produces psychiatric side effects thought to be mediated by 5-HT2A
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2C-B-FLY
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2C-B-FLY is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Aaron P. Monte, the full name of the chemical is 2-ethanamine. It has been subject to formal study, but its appearance as a designer drug has led the DEA to release analytical results for 2C-B-FLY. In theory, dihydrodifuran analogues of any of the 2Cx / DOx family of drugs could be made, the larger saturated hexahydrobenzodipyran ring derivatives have been referred to as butterfly compounds. The 8-bromo group can also be replaced by groups to give compounds such as TFMFly. A large number of symmetrical and unsymmetrical derivatives can be produced by using different combinations of ring systems, because the 2- and 5- positions are not equivalent, all unsymmetrical combinations also have two possible positional isomers, with different potencies at the various 5-HT2 subtypes. A large number of possible combinations have been synthesised and tested for activity, alexander Shulgin lists a dosage of 2C-B-FLY at 10 mg orally. 2C-B-FLY produces psychedelic effects that last 6–8 hours, or up to 12 hours in larger doses, the toxicity of 2C-B-FLY in humans is unknown. As of October 31st,2016, 2C-B-FLY is a substance in Canada. Http, //gazette. gc. ca/rp-pr/p2/2016/2016-05-04/html/sor-dors72-eng. php 2C-B-FLY is unscheduled and uncontrolled in the United States, however, it may fall under the scope of the Federal Analog Act if it is intended for human consumption given its similarity to 2C-B. 2C-B-FLY Entry at Erowid 2C-B-FLY Entry at Isomerdesign
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Dimemebfe
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Dimemebfe is a recreational drug and research chemical. It acts as an agonist for the 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 family of serotonin receptors and it is related in structure to the psychedelic tryptamine derivative 5-MeO-DMT, but with the indole nitrogen replaced by oxygen, making dimemebfe a benzofuran derivative. It is several times less potent as a serotonin agonist than 5-MeO-DMT and with more activity at 5-HT1A. Dimemebfe is a Schedule I controlled substance in the US state of Alabama
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Bromo-DragonFLY
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Bromo-DragonFLY is a psychedelic drug related to the phenethylamine family. Bromo-DragonFLY has a stereocenter and --bromo-DragonFLY is the active stereoisomer. Bromo-DragonFLY was first synthesized by Matthew Parker in the laboratory of David E. Nichols in 1998, as with the earlier and less potent dihydrofuran series of compounds nicknamed FLY, Bromo-DragonFLY was named after its superficial structural resemblance to a dragonfly. The hallucinogenic effect of bromo-DragonFLY is mediated by its agonist activity at the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor, the typical dose of Bromo-DragonFLY is not known, however it has varied from 500 μg to 1 mg. It has about 300 times the potency of mescaline, or 1/5 the potency of LSD and it has been sold in the form of blotters, similar to the distribution method of LSD, which has led to confusion, and reports of mistakenly consuming Bromo-DragonFly. It has a longer duration of action than LSD and can last for up to 2–3 days following a single large dose. Laboratory testing has confirmed that in October 2009, a batch of Bromo-Dragonfly was distributed, mislabeled as the related compound 2C-B-FLY and this mistake is believed to have contributed to several lethal overdoses and additional hospitalizations. The batch implicated in these deaths also contained significant synthesis impurities, vasoconstrictive action resulting from severe overdose of Bromo-DragonFLY is known to have caused tissue necrosis of the extremities in at least one case. Treatment was of limited efficacy in this case, although tolazoline is reportedly an effective treatment where available, overdose-associated disturbing experiences and health problems have been described. One case in 2008 in England involved inhalation of vomit, causing nearly fatal asphyxia, on October 3,2009, a 22-year-old male from Copenhagen died after ingesting Bromo-dragonfly. His friend described the trip saying, It was like being dragged to hell and it is the most evil Ive ever tried. On May 7,2011, in the United States, two adults died after overdosing on Bromo-DragonFLY, which they thought was 2C-E, and several others were hospitalized during the same incident. Because they took a dosage appropriate for 2C-E, those who took the drug received, in some cases, both deaths followed seizures, vomiting blood, and terrifying hallucinations. Several surviving victims are still suffering from its physical effects. Bromo-DragonFLY is listed as a Schedule I in Oklahoma, Schedule III as of Oct 122016. 2C-phenethylamines and their salts, derivatives, isomers and salts of derivatives and isomers that correspond to a definition that includes anything with a 2. This includes most 2C-s, DOx, TMA, Aleph, NBOMes, NBOHs, NBF, bk-2-C-B, 2C-B-Fly, Bromo-DragonFLY, Bromo-DragonFLY is widely reported by the media as being a class A drug. If the prosecution could demonstrate structural similarity in court, it would be considered a Class A substance and it is not explicitly named in the misuse of drugs act
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F-2 (drug)
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F-2, or 6--5-methoxy-2-methyl-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran, is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. F-2 was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, in his book PiHKAL, the minimum dosage is listed as 15 mg, and the duration unknown. F-2 produces few to no effects, very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of F-2. F-2 Entry in PiHKAL F-2 Entry in PiHKAL • info
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F-22 (psychedelic)
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F-22 is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. F-22 was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, in his book PiHKAL, the minimum dosage is listed as 15 mg, and the duration unknown. F-22 produces few to no effects, very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of F-22. F-22 Entry in PiHKAL F-22 Entry in PiHKAL • info
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AL-LAD
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AL-LAD, also known as 6-allyl-6-nor-LSD, is a psychedelic drug and an analog of lysergic acid diethylamide. It is described by Alexander Shulgin in the book TiHKAL and it is synthesized starting from LSD as a precursor, using allyl bromide as a reactant. While AL-LAD has subtly different effects than LSD, and appears to be slightly shorter lasting, their potencies are similar, AL-LAD has a known but short and highly uncommon history of recreational human use, which originated in Ireland and the UK, but spread internationally. AL-LAD does not cause a change with the Marquis, Mecke or Mandelin reagents. AL-LAD is not scheduled by the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances, AL-LAD is possibly illegal in Latvia. Although it isnt specifically scheduled, it may be controlled as an LSD structural analog due to an amendment made on June 1,2015, AL-LAD is illegal in the UK. The UK Home office accepted this advice and announced a ban of the substance to be enacted on 6 January 2015 as part of The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 Order 2014, 1P-LSD ETH-LAD PRO-LAD LSZ Watts, V. J. Mailman, R. B. Lawler, C. P. Neve, K. A. Nichols, D. E. LSD and structural analogs, niwaguchi, T, Nakahara, Y, Ishii, H. Studies on lysergic acid diethylamide and related compounds, syntheses of various amide derivatives of norlysergic acid and related compounds. Pfaff, Xuemei Huang, Danuta Marona-Lewicka, Robert Oberlender and David E. Nichols, in, NIDA Research Monograph 146, Hallucinogens, An Update. P.52,1994, United States Department of Health, AL-LAD entry in TiHKAL AL-LAD entry in TiHKAL • info AL-LAD Thread at UKChemicalResearch. org
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ALD-52
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ALD-52, also known as 1-acetyl-LSD, is a chemical analogue of lysergic acid diethylamide. It was originally discovered by Albert Hofmann but was not widely studied until the rise in popularity of psychedelics in the 1960s, in Entry 26 of his compendium TiHKAL, which discussed LSD, Shulgin touched briefly on the subject of ALD-52. His writings are vague, second hand accounts, saying doses in the 50–175 µg range have resulted in various conclusions, one account found that there was less visual distortion than with LSD and it seemed to produce less anxiety and tenseness and that it was somewhat less potent. Another informant claimed it was effective in increasing blood pressure. Yet another informant could not tell them apart, human experiments have not been well documented. It is possible ALD-52 was the chemical in the Orange Sunshine variety of LSD that was widely available in California through 1968 and 1969. The Sonoma County underground chemistry lab of Tim Scully and Nicholas Sand was Orange Sunshines source and it was shut down by the police, and Scully was arrested and prosecuted. This resulted in the first drug analogue trial, where Scully claimed that he and his partners did nothing illegal, because they were producing ALD-52, Tim Scully has confirmed that the speculation above is incorrect. In a Reddit AMA with the director of the movie The Sunshine Makers, ALD52 was an ill-advised desperate defense strategy that failed miserably. The story of Orange Sunshine is complicated by the fact that The Brotherhood distributed LSD from more than one manufacturer as Orange Sunshine, nick and I made the original Orange Sunshine in Windsor. That was the last lab I worked in making LSD, ron Stark managed several LSD labs in Europe and most of his output was tableted and sold as Orange Sunshine. At least some of the LSD that his labs made was not pure, the UK Home office accepted this advice and announced a ban of the substance to be enacted on 6 January 2015 as part of The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 Order 2014. Lysergic acid diethylamide O-Acetylpsilocin AL-LAD ETH-LAD PRO-LAD 1P-LSD Entry #26 from TiHKAL everything2 Lycaeum White Light
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Ergometrine
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Ergometrine also known as ergonovine, is a medication used to cause contractions of the uterus to treat heavy vaginal bleeding after childbirth. It can be used either by mouth, by injection into a muscle and it begins working within 15 min when taken by mouth and is faster in onset when used by injection. Effects last between 45 and 180 minutes, common side effect include high blood pressure, vomiting, seizures, headache, and low blood pressure. Other serious side effects include ergotism and it was originally made from the rye ergot fungus but can also be made from lysergic acid. Due to it being possible to make lysergic acid diethylamide from ergometrine it is regulated and it is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the world is between 0.12 and 0.41 USD for an injectable dose and 0.01 USD for a pill as of 2014. In the United States it is about 1.75 USD per dose and it is usually combined with oxytocin as syntometrine. It can induce spasm of the coronary arteries and it is used to diagnose variant angina. An overdose produces a characteristic poisoning, ergotism or St. Anthonys fire, prolonged vasospasm resulting in gangrene and amputations, hallucinations and dementia, gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, are common. The drug is contraindicated in pregnancy, vascular disease, and psychosis, while it acts at alpha-adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonin receptors, it exerts on the uterus a powerful stimulant effect not clearly associated with a specific receptor type. The pharmacological properties of ergot were known and had been utilised by midwives for centuries, however, its abortifacient effects and the danger of ergotism meant that it was only prescribed cautiously, as in the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. Ergometrine was first isolated and obtained by the chemists C Moir, ergometrine is listed as Table I precursors under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, as possible precursor compound for LSD. As an N-alkyl derivative of lysergamide, ergometrine is also covered by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, effectively rendering it illegal in the United Kingdom
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ETH-LAD
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ETH-LAD, 6-ethyl-6-nor-lysergic acid diethylamide is an analogue of LSD. Its human psychopharmacology was first described by Alexander Shulgin in the book TiHKAL, ETH-LAD is a psychedelic drug similar to LSD, and is slightly more potent than LSD itself, with an active dose reported at between 20 and 150 micrograms. ETH-LAD has subtly different effects to LSD, described as less demanding, the UK Home office accepted this advice and announced a ban of the substance to be enacted on 6 January 2015 as part of The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 Order 2014. ETH-LAD is illegal in Switzerland as of December 2015, andrew J. Hoffman, David E. Nichols, Synthesis and LSD-like discriminative stimulus properties in a series of N-alkyl norlysergic acid N, N-diethylamide derivatives. Mailman, C. P. Lawler, K. A. Neve, D. E. Nichols, LSD and structural analogs, nakahara, H. Ishii, Studies on lysergic acid diethylamide and related compounds. Syntheses of various amide derivatives of norlysergic acid and related compounds,5, May 1976, p. 673–678, PMID987200. Pfaff, Xuemei Huang, Danuta Marona-Lewicka, Robert Oberlender and David E. Nichols, in, NIDA Research Monograph 146, Hallucinogens, An Update. P.52,1994, United States Department of Health, LSD AL-LAD PRO-LAD ETH-LAD entry in TIHKAL ETH-LAD entry in Isomerdesign
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6-Isopropyl-6-nor-lysergic acid diethylamide
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IP-LAD, known also as 6-isopropyl-6-nor-lysergic acid diethylamide, is an analogue of LAD developed by the team of David E. Nicols. In studies on mice, it was found to be approximately 40% the potency of LAD, compared to the 60% increase in potency seen with ETH-LAD and roughly equivalent potency in AL-LAD and PRO-LAD. Hoffman, A. J. Nichols, D. E. Synthesis and LSD-like discriminative stimulus properties in a series of N-alkyl norlysergic acid N, N-diethylamide derivatives
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Ergine
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Ergine, also known as d-lysergic acid amide and d-lysergamide, is an alkaloid of the ergoline family that occurs in various species of vines of the Convolvulaceae and some species of fungi. A traditional use of morning glory seeds by Mexican Native Americans was first described by Richard Schultes in 1941 in a report documenting their use going back to Aztec times. Ergine was assayed for human activity by Albert Hofmann in self-trials in 1947, intramuscular administration of a 500 microgram dose led to a tired, dreamy state, with an inability to maintain clear thoughts. After a short period of sleep the effects were gone, in 1956, the Central Intelligence Agency conducted research on the psychedelic properties of the ergine in the seeds of Rivea corymbosa, as Subproject 22 of MKULTRA. Shamanic stories say Ipomoea purpurea seeds, when swallowed or chewed, may incite a mild trip where synesthesia occurs, there are no laws against possession of ergine-containing seeds in the USA. However, possession of the compound without a prescription or DEA license would be prosecuted. Ergine has been found in concentrations of 20 µg/g dry weight in the grass Stipa robusta infected with an Acremonium endophytic fungus together with other ergot alkaloids. Ergine is a component of the contained in the Claviceps purpurea fungus which grows on the heads of infected rye grasses. There are no deaths associated directly with pharmacological causes of ergine, but rather due to self-harm, impaired judgement. One known case involves suicide after ingestion of morning glory seeds, another instance is a death due to falling off of a building after ingestion of Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds and alcohol. List of entheogenic/hallucinogenic species List of psychoactive plants Tlitliltzin Powell, William, smith, Sydney, Timmis, Geoffrey M.98. Ergine, a New Base obtained by the Degradation of Ergotoxine and Ergotinine. Hofmann, A. Teonanácatl and Ololiuqui, two ancient magic drugs of Mexico Bulletin on Narcotics 197113 Mixing the kykeon – P. Webster, ruck TiHKAL #26 LSA Vault – Erowid
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Lysergic acid diethylamide
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Lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as acid, is a psychedelic drug known for its psychological effects. This may include altered awareness of the surroundings, perceptions, and feelings as well as sensations and it is used mainly as a recreational drug and for spiritual reasons. LSD is typically either swallowed or held under the tongue and it is often sold on blotter paper, a sugar cube, or gelatin. However, adverse reactions such as anxiety, paranoia. LSD is in the ergoline family, LSD is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine, though it may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at low temperature. In pure form it is odorless and clear or white in color, as little as 20–30 micrograms can produce an effect. LSD was first made by Albert Hofmann in Switzerland in 1938 from ergotamine, the laboratory name for the compound was the acronym for the German Lyserg-säure-diäthylamid, followed by a sequential number, LSD-25. Hofmann discovered its properties in 1943. LSD was introduced as a medication under the trade-name Delysid for various psychiatric uses in 1947. In the 1950s, officials at the U. S, Central Intelligence Agency thought the drug might be useful for mind control and chemical warfare and tested the drug on young servicemen and students, and others without their knowledge. The subsequent recreational use by youth culture in the Western world as part of 1960s counterculture resulted in its prohibition, LSD currently has no approved uses in medicine. LSD is commonly used as a recreational drug, LSD is considered an entheogen because it can catalyze intense spiritual experiences, during which users may feel they have come into contact with a greater spiritual or cosmic order. Users sometimes report out of body experiences, in 1966, Timothy Leary established the League for Spiritual Discovery with LSD as its sacrament. LSD can cause pupil dilation, reduced appetite, and wakefulness, other physical reactions to LSD are highly variable and nonspecific, some of which may be secondary to the psychological effects of LSD. The most common immediate psychological effects of LSD are visual hallucinations and illusions, trips usually start within 20–30 minutes of taking LSD by mouth, peak three to four hours after ingestion, and last up to 12 hours. It is impossible to predict when a bad trip will occur, some users, including Albert Hofmann, report a strong metallic taste for the duration of the effects. LSD causes an animated experience of senses, emotions, memories, time. Generally beginning within 30 to 90 minutes after ingestion, the user may experience anything from subtle changes in perception to overwhelming cognitive shifts, changes in auditory and visual perception are typical
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Lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide
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The structure is similar to LSD, with the N, N- diethylamide group replaced by an N- amide in D-lysergic acid α-hydroxyethylamide. At doses of 50-100mg/kg it produced only this peculiar symptomatology, the mice stood upright and pressed on each others noses, in rabbits, and injection into the ear vein in doses of 0. 1-1mg/kg produced dilatation of the pupil, excitability or convulsions of a clinic type. The ears became pale and cold with intense vasoconstriction, the toxicity of the alkaloid to rabbits seemed to depend on its power of raising the body-temperature in this species. There was a satisfactory dose/response relationship, for ergometrine the minimum active dose by intravenous route was 0. 1-0.3 mg/kg and for the new alkaloid 0. 2-0. 5mg/kgm. Ergometrine was 1-2 times more potent than the new alkaloid, on the isolated seminal vesicles of the guinea pig, the new alkaloid was approximately 200 times less potent than ergotamine tartrate as an adrenergic blocking drug. Rabbits anaethetized with urethane supported doses of D-lysergic acid methyl carbinolamide which would have killed unanaesthetized animals, higher intravenous doses caused a sustained hypotension of long duration and a moderate decrease of heart-rate. The respiration of rabbits and cats was depressed by small doses of the new alkaloid, in cats,0. 01mg/kg of the new alkaloid caused broncho-constriction and contractions of the nictitating membrane of long duration. The new alkaloid have no action on isolated rabbit auricles at doses up to 100µg/ml, in summing up, the new naturally occurring alkaloid D-lysergic acid methyl carbinolamide has powerful ergometrine-like oxytocic action and weak ergotamine-like adrenergic blocking actions. It must be included, on the basis of pharmacological evidence, ergometrine, however, is less toxic and more active than the new alkaloid. Results suggest that it could have a lysergic acid diethylamide-like activity, one of the alkaloids in the seeds of Rivea corymbosa, Argyreia nervosa, and Ipomoea violacea are ergine and isoergine. The human activity of D-lysergic acid α-hydroxyethylamide is unknown, ergot - A Rich Source of Pharmacologically Active Substances by Albert Hofmann
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