1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Paolo Nutini
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Paolo Giovanni Nutini is a Scottish singer, songwriter and musician from Paisley. Nutinis debut album, These Streets, peaked at three on the UK Albums Chart. Its follow-up, Sunny Side Up, debuted at one on the UK Albums Chart. Both albums have been certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. After 5 years, Nutini released his studio album, Caustic Love. The album received reviews from music critics. Caustic Love debuted at one on the UK Album Charts and was certified platinum by the BPI in June 2014. In late July 2014, he was referred to by the BBC as arguably Scotlands biggest musician right now, Nutini was born in Paisley, Scotland and has a younger sister. His father, Alfredo, is a Scot of Italian descent while his mother and he was expected to follow his father into the family fish and chip shop business. He was first encouraged to sing by his grandfather, Giovanni Jackie Nutini, and a teacher at his school, St Andrews Academy. Nutini left school to work as a roadie and to sell t-shirts for Scottish band Speedway and he spent three years learning the music business and performing live. He later worked as a hand at Glasgows Park Lane Studio. It was here, where he started demo-ing songs, writing with Jim Duguid and the drummer of Speedway. His big chance came when his family member signed him up to his first live show 102.5 Clyde 1 for David Sneddons return to his home town of Paisley at the beginning of 2003. Sneddon was delayed, and as the winner of a pop quiz. The favourable reaction of the crowd impressed another member of the audience, Brendan Moon, Mike Bawden continues to manage Nutini. At 17, Nutini moved to London and performed regularly at The Bedford pub in Balham with local Singer/Songwriter Charlie Wallis. Other radio and live appearances followed, including two live acoustic spots on Radio London, The Hard Rock Cafe, and support slots for The Rolling Stones, Amy Winehouse, Nutini became known for singing with his eyes closed during his entire performances
3.
Sunny Side Up (Paolo Nutini album)
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Sunny Side Up is the second studio album by Scottish singer and songwriter Paolo Nutini, released on 29 May 2009 in Ireland and 1 June 2009 in the United Kingdom. Nutini and his band, The Vipers, toured the United States briefly before a UK tour prior to the albums release, the album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart. Nutini recorded the album himself with his band The Vipers, with Ethan Johns contributing mixing, the album features guest appearances from trombonist Rico Rodriguez and. uestlove. The album was the eighth best-selling album in the United Kingdom of 2009, on 3 January 2010, Sunny Side Up topped the UK Albums Chart for a second time, making it the first number-one album in the United Kingdom of 2010 and the decade. On 19 February 2010, Colin Farrell presented Nutini with Best International Album for Sunny Side Up at the 2010 Meteor Awards, on 20 May 2010, Sunny Side Up won Best Album at the Ivor Novello Awards. The album was nominated for MasterCard British Album at the 2010 BRIT Awards, the first single from the album was Candy, which reached No.19 on the UK Singles Charts. The song is Nutinis third highest peak to date, after Last Request, the second single was Coming Up Easy, reaching No.62 on the UK Singles Chart. The song became his lowest charting single to date, spending just one week within the top 75, the third single to be released was Pencil Full of Lead. The song was released on 2 November 2009 and peaked at No.17 on the UK Singles Charts and it is his second highest chart success and the biggest hit single from Sunny Side Up, spending 21 weeks inside the top 75. The fourth single from the album was 10/10, the song was released on 11 January 2010 as a digital download only single. Once 10/10 was released, the song debuted at No.100 on the UK Singles Charts and it spent a total of six weeks inside the top 75. The album received a critical reception. Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph was also positive, stating his joyous second album organically blends soul, country, folk and it was described by The Guardians Caroline Sullivan as not bad, with opening track 10/10 described as jaunty enough to make you retch. Graeme Thomson of The Observer saw the album as an attempt by Nutini at rebranding himself as a hybrid of John Martyn, Otis Redding. The album performed well on the Irish Albums Chart, debuting at number two behind Eminems new album before rising to the top of the charts the week after. All tracks written by Paolo Nutini, except where noted
4.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
5.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
6.
Ska
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Ska is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae. Ska combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and it is characterized by a walking bass line accented with rhythms on the off-beat. Ska developed in Jamaica in the 1960s when Prince Buster, Clement Coxsone Dodd, some suggest ska dates to earlier times, however. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with British mods, later it became popular with many skinheads. There are multiple theories about the origins of the word ska, ernest Ranglin claimed that the term was coined by musicians to refer to the skat. skat. skat. Ranglin asserted that the difference between R&B and ska beats is that the former goes chink-ka and the latter goes ka-chink, a further theory is that it derives from Johnsons word skavoovie, with which he was known to greet his friends. Jackie Mittoo insisted that the called the rhythm Staya Staya. Dominos rhythm, accentuating the offbeat as in the song Be My Guest, was a particular influence, to meet the demand for that music, entrepreneurs such as Prince Buster, Coxsone Dodd, and Duke Reid formed sound systems. Drums kept 4/4 time and the drum was accented on the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase. The snare would play side stick and accent the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase, the upstroke sound can also be found in other Caribbean forms of music, such as mento and calypso. One theory about the origin of ska is that Prince Buster created it during the recording session for his new record label Wild Bells. The session was financed by Duke Reid, who was supposed to get half of the songs to release, the guitar began emphasizing the second and fourth beats in the bar, giving rise to the new sound. The drums were taken from traditional Jamaican drumming and marching styles, to create the ska beat, Prince Buster essentially flipped the R&B shuffle beat, stressing the offbeats with the help of the guitar. The first ska recordings were created at facilities such as Studio One and WIRL Records in Kingston, Jamaica with producers such as Dodd, Reid, Prince Buster, and Edward Seaga. Until Jamaica ratified the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and this created a large number of cover songs and reinterpretations. One such cover was Millie Smalls version of the R&B/shuffle tune, Smalls rhythmically similar version, released in 1964, was Jamaicas first commercially successful international hit. With over seven million copies sold, it one of the best selling reggae/ska songs of all time. The Wailers covered The Beatles And I Love Her, and radically reinterpreted Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone and they also created their own versions of Latin-influenced music from artists such as Mongo Santamaria
7.
Atlantic Records
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Atlantic Recording Corporation is an American major record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. In 2004, Atlantic Records and its sister label Elektra Records merged into Atlantic Records Group, craig Kallman is currently the chairman of Atlantic Records. Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14,2006, the brothers had become ardent fans of jazz and rhythm & blues music, amassing a collection of over 15,00078 RPM records. He convinced the family dentist, Dr Vahdi Sabit, to invest $10,000 and recruited Herb Abramson, Abramson had worked as a part-time A&R manager/producer for the jazz label National Records, signing Big Joe Turner and Billy Eckstine. He founded Jubilee Records in 1946, but had no interest in its most successful artists, so, in September 1947, he sold his share in Jubilee to his partner, Jerry Blaine, and invested $2500 in the new Atlantic label. When interviewed in 2009 she attributed her reputation to the companys chronic cash-flow shortage, most of the problems we had with artists were that they wanted advances, and that was very difficult for us. We were undercapitalized for a long time, the labels original office in the Ritz Hotel, Manhattan proved too expensive so they relocated to an $85 per month room in the Hotel Jefferson. In its early years Atlantic focused principally on modern jazz although it released some country and western and spoken word recordings. The union action forced Atlantic to use almost all its capital to cut and stockpile enough recordings to last through the ban, Ertegun and Abramson spent much of the late 1940s and early 1950s scouring nightclubs in search of talent. Ertegun composed many songs under the alias A, in early 1949 a New Orleans distributor phoned Ertegun trying to obtain Stick McGhees Drinking Wine, Spo-Dee-O-Dee, which was unavailable due to the closure of McGhees previous label. Ertegun knew Sticks younger brother Brownie McGhee, with whom Stick happened to be staying, so he contacted the McGhee brothers, Ertegun asked about artists royalties, which he paid, which surprised Columbia executives, who did not, which scuttled the deal. On the recommendation of broadcaster Willis Conover, Ertegun and Abramson went to see Ruth Brown at the Crystal Caverns club in Washington and she was badly injured in a car accident en route to New York but Atlantic supported her for nine months and then signed her. Her first release for the label So Long, cut at her second Atlantic session on May 25,1949 with the Eddie Condon band, was a major hit, reaching #6 on the R&B chart. Brown went on to more than eighty songs for the label, becoming the most prolific. So significant was Browns success to Atlantics fortunes that the label became known colloquially as The House That Ruth Built. The Clovers Dont You Know I Love You became the labels first R&B #1 in September 1951 and she hit #1 again in March–April 1952 with 5-10-15 Hours. After she left the label in 1961 Browns fortunes declined rapidly - within a few years was reduced to working as a cleaner and bus-driver to support her children. Brown eventually received a payment of $20,000 and founded a charity
8.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
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Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
10.
Pencil Full of Lead
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Pencil Full of Lead is a song by Scottish recording artist Paolo Nutini. The song was released in the United Kingdom on 2 November 2009 as the single from his second studio album. A music video of the song having been released on 20 October 2009, the song peaked at #17 on the UK Singles Chart and #33 on the Irish Singles Chart. The distinctive trumpet, including flutter-tonguing and wah-wah, is by Gavin Fitzjohn, Nutini also performed the song live at the Royal Albert Hall in November 2009 for Children in Need. The song was chosen as one of the Desert Island Discs of Len Goodman, angryape. com said, The fact Paolo Nutinis second album Sunny Side Up still resides in the UK top 10 five months after it was first released in June, speaks volumes. Without fear of sounding overly cheesy, its a timeless hit-in-the-making thatll still sound as feel-good in 30 years time, fraser McAlpine on the BBC Radio 1 Chart Blog wrote, This is a sentence everyone should carry round with them at all times. It would solve a lot of tedious chat using words like vintage and seminal and authentic, or cutting-edge and innovative, there are things which are good, and there are things which are not good, and that once said, is that. He does, however, mention having a full of lead. Either that or hes been sold a lot of lead-less pencils in his time, the music video for the song was added to YouTube on 20 October 2009. The video is set in a studio and opens with a view from the control room. The performance begins with a clay model of Nutini singing amongst an all-female band of real musicians. He starts to grope the band members and one of the dancers slaps him across the face, the music stops and an awkward pause ensues as the production staff assess the situation. One of the dancers flattens his hand under her foot, but escapes and runs away as the girls chase him, hitting a camera, the video ends with the women playing with the component clay parts of Nutini. The video ends with a mini-model of Nutini springing back to life from her hand, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
11.
Scream (Funk My Life Up)
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Scream is a song by British pop/rock singer Paolo Nutini. The song was released as the single from his third studio album. It was released in the United Kingdom on 28 January 2014 as a digital download, the song has peaked to number 12 on the UK Singles Chart and number 5 in Scotland. The song has charted in Belgium, New Zealand and Switzerland. A music video to accompany the release of Scream was first released onto YouTube on 10 March 2014 at a length of three minutes and nineteen seconds. The video was directed by Nez, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
12.
Coming Up Easy
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Coming Up Easy is the second single from Scottish singer/songwriter Paolo Nutinis second album, Sunny Side Up. The song was released on 10 August 2009 as a CD single,7 single and download single, Coming Up Easy is the second track on Nutinis second album Sunny Side Up. The song was co-written by Nutini and Matty Benbrook and it was produced by Ethan Johns. The songs content concentrates on Nutinis struggles with marijuana but Nutini has expressed that it can be listened to other perspectives. Nutini stated, Its about my own conflict I had about marijuana but you can hear it as a song about relationships and its about bad habits and breaking up, but I wanted to keep it positive. Paolos mesmerising and powerful voice has no equal, which is portrayed through the soulful swing of Coming Up Easy. While the BBC were less positive, This, while a song, is not one of the most precious treasures. Which makes it an odd choice for a single, the trouble is, the one thing Paolo should have maybe stopped himself from doing is the painstaking recreation of that big Jools Holland-approved 60s soul sound. 3/5 The Coming Up Easy music video was released on 28 July 2009, the video saw Nutini making friends with a giant bunny rabbit and heading down to the pub with him where they share a few pints, play darts and almost end up in a bar brawl. Coming Up Easy charted and peaked at number sixty-two in the UK Singles Chart, the song became Nutinis sixth consecutive top 75 hit in UK but remains his lowest peaking single to date. Video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
13.
New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
14.
BBC Radio 1
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Radio 1 provides alternative genres after 7,00 pm, including electronic dance, hip hop, rock, indie or interviews. It was launched in 1967 to meet the demand for music generated by radio stations. Recently, the BBC claimed that it targets the 15–29 age group. BBC Radio 1 started 24-hour broadcasting on 1 May 1991, Radio 1 was established in 1967 as a successor to the BBC Light Programme, which had broadcast popular music and other entertainment since 1945. Radio 1 was conceived as a response to the popularity of offshore pirate radio stations such as Radio Caroline and Radio London. Radio 1 was launched at 7,00 am on Saturday 30 September 1967. The first words on Radio 1 – after a countdown by the Controller of Radios 1 and 2, Robin Scott, welcome to the exciting new sound of Radio 1. This was the first use of US-style jingles on BBC radio, the first complete record played on Radio 1 was Flowers in the Rain by The Move. The second single was Massachusetts by The Bee Gees, the breakfast show remains the most prized slot in the Radio 1 schedule, with every change of breakfast show presenter exciting considerable media interest. Despite this, it gained massive audiences, becoming the most listened to station in the world with audiences of over 10 million claimed for some of its shows, in the early-mid-1970s Radio 1 presenters were rarely out of the British tabloids, thanks to the Publicity Departments high-profile work. Alan Freemans Saturday Rock Show was voted Best Radio Show 5 years running by readers of a music publication. In his last few months as controller, Johnny Beerling commissioned a handful of new shows that in some set the tone for what was to come under Matthew Bannister. One of these Loudnproud was the UKs first national radio series aimed at a gay audience, far from being a parting quirk, the show was a surprise hit and led to the networks first coverage of the large outdoor Gay Pride event in 1994. Bannister took the reins fully in October 1993 and his aim was to rid the station of its Smashie and Nicey image and make it appeal to the under 25s. Although originally launched as a station, by the early 1990s. Many listeners rebelled as the first new DJs to be introduced represented a crossover from other parts of the BBC with Emma Freud, Evans was a popular but controversial presenter who was eventually sacked in 1997 after he demanded to present the breakfast show for only four days per week. Evans was replaced from 17 February 1997 by Mark and Lard – Mark Radcliffe and they were replaced by Zoë Ball and Kevin Greening eight months later in October 1997, with Greening moving on and leaving Ball as solo presenter. Documentaries like John Peels Lost in Music which looked at the influence that the use of drugs have had over popular musicians received critical acclaim but were slated inside Broadcasting House, later in the 1990s the Britpop boom declined, and manufactured chart pop came to dominate the charts
15.
BBC Radio 2
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BBC Radio 2 is one of the BBCs national radio stations and the most popular station in the United Kingdom. Much of its daytime playlist-based programming is best described as contemporary or AOR. Radio 2 broadcasts throughout the UK on FM between 88.1 and 90.2 MHz from studios in Wogan House, adjacent to Broadcasting House in central London. Programmes are relayed on radio via DAB, Sky, Cable TV, IPTV, Freeview, Freesat. The station was launched at 05,30 on 30 September 1967, the first show had started at 05,30 am but continued with Breakfast Special from Paul Hollingdale as Radio 1 split. In early years, much programming and music was common to stations, particularly on the shared FM frequency. Radio 2 became the first national 24-hour radio station in the UK in 1979, the stations policy remained stable with only minor changes until April 1986 when Frances Line, head of music, repositioned the station. She would become Controller in 1990, although popular with its target audience, the policy alienated many younger listeners who had listened to both Radio 1 and Radio 2 and the stations audience fell. It took another hit in 1990 when it lost its medium wave frequencies to a new network, BBC Radio 5, further blows were struck by the rise of album-rock commercial stations and gold spinoffs from Independent Local Radio stations playing classic pop and rock. With the stations audience in decline a change of emphasis was needed, Line was replaced by James Moir in 1996. Unlike the early-1990s repositioning of Radio 1 in which the BBC lost many well-known names, many former Radio 1 presenters stayed with the BBC, Radio 2 is now termed the nations favourite, a title the BBC formerly used for BBC Radio 1. As well as having most listeners nationally, it ranks first in regions above local radio stations. BBC Radio 2 played to 27% of the audience in 2006. In February 2007, Radio 2 recruited Jeff Smith, director of UK and International programming at Napster, Smith joined the network on 26 March. The licence fee funding of Radio 2, alongside Radio 1, is criticised by the commercial sector. In the first quarter of 2011, Radio 2 was part of a review conducted by John Myers. His role, according to Andrew Harrison, the executive of RadioCentre, was to identify both areas of best practice and possible savings. This coincided with the launch of a new jingle package produced by Godfrey in association with Wise Buddah Productions, Radio 2 has recently been running several pop-up DAB services to cover special events, the first being BBC Radio 2 Eurovision, providing coverage of the Eurovision Song Contest 2014
16.
Later... with Jools Holland
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With Jools Holland is a contemporary British music television show hosted by Jools Holland. A spin-off of The Late Show, it has been running in short series since 1992 and is a part of BBC Twos late-night line-up, the show is considered an institution, having notched up millions of fans around the world. It is currently broadcast in America on MTV Live, previously it has shown on Ovation, BBC America, Fuse. The Ovation and Fuse broadcasts leave out several performances to air commercials within a one-hour timeslot, the 200th programme was broadcast on 1 February 2008. The 250th edition was broadcast in September 2010, draws from a diverse palette of both popular and world music, and each show features around five bands with a variety of styles performing for each other and a small studio audience. Jools Holland introduces the show and interviews one or more of the performers, a unique feature is the short jam session that begins each show, involving all of his invited guests, along with Holland on piano. This beginning jam session also best shows the layout of the set – all the bands are arrayed in a circle with the audience filling in the gaps between them. On 1 April 2008, a new format was debuted, featuring a 30-minute, fully live show broadcast on a Tuesday, Later Live. with Jools Holland, followed by the original hour-long pre-recorded show, with Jools Holland, broadcast on a Friday. The Friday show features the recorded on a Tuesday as well as others recorded during the session for the live show. The HD broadcasts use Dolby Digital 5.1, which adds to the ambience of the studio environment. After the 2012 closure of BBC Television Centre, production from April 2013 moved to The Maidstone Studios, close to Hollands home in Cooling, occasional special editions of the show showcase a major artist under the Later. The bands in question play for the duration of the hour-long show, despite the different name, the show is still introduced by Jools Holland and takes place in a similarly set-up studio. The special episode featuring M People in 1998 was later released on video, also, a selection of the songs from the programme have been released on the limited edition of The Best of M People album and as a b-side to the single Dreaming. Special editions broadcast on New Years Eve each year are referred to as Jools Hollands Hootenanny and are advance-recorded, in 2003 a Spring Hootenanny was broadcast, which proved to be a one-off. Repeated excerpts from the show were broadcast under the title A Little Later as fill-in programmes on BBC HD and he also argued all the artists it breaks are essentially the same, MOR singer-songwriters. Executive producer Mark Cooper responded to this comment in 2013, claiming, we’re not thinking, Oh no, we’ve never had Def Leppard on, we owe them one. Cooper acknowledged that the series had not had much metal but denied accusations that it was snobby about pop acts. In 2000, the series was ranked at number 81 in the British Film Institutes list of the BFI TV100, numerous albums containing performances from the show have been released over the course of the shows run
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Jools Holland
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Julian Miles Jools Holland, OBE, DL is an English pianist, bandleader, singer, composer and television presenter. He was an member of the band Squeeze and his work has involved him with many artists including Sting, Eric Clapton, Mark Knopfler, George Harrison, David Gilmour, Magazine. Since 1992, he has hosted Later, with Jools Holland, a music-based show aired on BBC2, on which his annual show Hootenanny is based. Holland is an author and appears on television shows besides his own. In 2004, he collaborated with Tom Jones on an album of traditional R&B music. He also regularly hosts the weekly programme Jools Holland on BBC Radio 2, Holland played as a session musician before finding fame, and his first studio session was with Wayne County & the Electric Chairs in 1976 on their track Fuck Off. Holland began issuing records in 1978, his first EP being Boogie Woogie 78. He continued his career through the early 1980s, releasing an album. He branched out into TV, co-presenting the Newcastle-based TV music show The Tube with Paula Yates and he referred to this in his sitcom The Groovy Fellers with Rowland Rivron. In 1983 Holland played a piano solo on The Thes re-recording of Uncertain Smile for the album Soul Mining. In 1985, Squeeze unexpectedly regrouped including Holland as their keyboard player, Holland remained in the band until 1990, at which point he again departed Squeeze to resume his solo career as a musician and a TV host. In 1987, Holland formed the Jools Holland Big Band, which consisted of himself and this gradually became the 18-piece Jools Hollands Rhythm and Blues Orchestra. Between 1988 and 1990 he performed and co-hosted along with David Sanborn during the two seasons of the performance programme Sunday Night on NBC late-night television. Since 1992 he has presented the music programme Later, with Jools Holland, plus an annual New Years Eve Hootenanny. In 1996, Holland signed a contract with Warner Bros. Records, and his records are now marketed through Rhino Records, Holland has a touring band, the Rhythm and Blues Orchestra, which often includes singers Sam Brown and Ruby Turner and his younger brother, singer-songwriter and keyboard player, Christopher Holland. In January 2005 Holland and his band performed with Eric Clapton as the act of the Tsunami Relief Cardiff. On 4 June 2012, Holland performed at the Queens Diamond Jubilee Concert outside Buckingham Palace in London, also in June 2012, he presented a programme about the popular songs of London on BBC Two
18.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
19.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
20.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
21.
Official Charts Company
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The OCC is operated jointly by the British Phonographic Industry and the Entertainment Retailers Association. Since 1 July 1997, CIN and then the OCC have compiled the official charts, prior to this date, the charts were produced by a succession of market research companies, beginning with the British Market Research Bureau in 1969, and later by Gallup. All of the OCCs charts are published weekly on Friday nights, from 3 August 1969 until 5 July 2015, the chart week ran from Sunday to Saturday. Genre-specific charts include UK Dance Chart, UK Indie Chart, UK R&B Chart, UK Rock Chart, the Scottish Singles and Albums Charts ― and the former Welsh Singles and Albums Chart ― appears in listings within the Official Charts Company. It is a regional listing reflecting how sales towards the UK Singles Chart, the Welsh Singles and Album Chart served the same purpose in Wales. It also charts the UK DVD Chart and UK Budget Album Chart, while their music charts are now Friday to Thursday, their video charts remain Sunday to Saturday. On 5 September 2008, the Official UK Charts Company rebranded itself as the Official Charts Company and it later dropped the word Company and became just Official Charts. From May 2012, a new chart was launched – the Official Streaming Chart and this counts audio streams from streaming services Spotify, Deezer, Blinkbox Music, Napster, amongst others. In April 2015, the UKs first vinyl record chart was launched by the Official Charts Company due to the surge of interest in the sector. The chart was launched following the growth of the sector in the UK for the year in a row. Beginning in 2017 the Official Charts Company changed its methodology for calculating the Top 40, prior to January 2017,100 streams counted as one sale of a song. From January onward, the ratio became 150,1, UK Albums Chart UK Singles Chart UK Video Charts UK Singles Downloads Chart UK Album Downloads Chart British Phonographic Industry Official Charts Company website
22.
Rewind (Paolo Nutini song)
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Rewind is the third single from Scottish singer/songwriter Paolo Nutini, which was released on 4 December 2006. It was taken from his album, These Streets, and was the follow-up to his hits Last Request. The single missed the top 20 but gave him his third consecutive top 30 hit single on the UK Singles Chart, on 1 June 2008, it returned to the UK Singles Chart at number 98. The song was covered by fellow Scottish act The View on Radio 1s Live Lounge on 17 January 2007. It has been used on the series, CSI, Miami, The Hills, and Eli Stone. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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New Shoes (Paolo Nutini song)
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New Shoes is the fourth single from Paolo Nutinis debut album, These Streets. It is being used as the single for the US release of the album. It peaked at #108 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at #99 on the US Billboard Pop 100 chart, the song was used for a 2007 international ad campaign by Puma AG. Lena Meyer-Landrut covered this song on some editions of her album My Cassette Player, a live version is found on the platinum edition of her album Good News and on her DVD Good News Live. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Candy (Paolo Nutini song)
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Candy is a song from Paolo Nutini which was released on 18 May 2009. The song is the single from his second studio album Sunny Side Up. The single made the A list on Radio 2, the B list on Absolute Radio and the A list on Radio 1. It charted at 19 in the UK Singles Chart making it his third highest charting single behind Last Request and Pencil Full Of Lead, so far, in 2010, the song was covered by Welsh act Marina and the Diamonds on Dermot OLearys show on BBC Radio 2. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
25.
Caustic Love
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Caustic Love is the third studio album by Scottish singer-songwriter Paolo Nutini, released on 14 April 2014 by Atlantic Records. After releasing his critical and commercial successful album Sunny Side Up, in February 2011, Nutini began writing and recording the album Caustic Love, which was co-produced by Nutini with Dani Castelar. Upon release, Caustic Love was met with reviews from music critics. Commercially the album was a success, it debuted at one on the UK Albums Chart with 109,000 copies sold. It was also selected on December 8,2014 by Apple to become the Best Album in iTunes Best of 2014, the album was preceded by the single Scream, released as a digital download on 28 January 2014 and as a physical single on 30 March 2014. In May 2009, Nutini released his album, Sunny Side Up. It contained the singles, Candy, Coming Up Easy, Pencil Full of Lead, Sunny Side Up has also been certified five-times platinum by the BPI and was the eighth-biggest-selling album in the UK in 2009. In December 2013 he announced via social networks that his new album Caustic Love would be released in April 2014 - Friday 11 April in Ireland, as of February 2011, Paolo Nutini was in the studio working on new material. He toured for two years after the release of his studio album, followed by a hiatus from music in which he went home and spent a good few months partying there, then I detoxed. My writing used to come from a different place, I used to be more picky and there used to be a more pop sensibility to what I would naturally come up with. Scream was released as the lead single on 28 January 2014. A music video, directed by Nez, was released on YouTube on 10 March 2014, the song peaked at number 12 on the UK Singles Chart and number 5 in Scotland. The song has charted in Belgium and Switzerland. Initially a non-charting single in the Netherlands, the song Iron Sky was revived by radio station 3FM in early 2015 following the Paris shootings at the Charlie Hebdo offices on 7 January 2015. It was rush re-released as a single and only a week reached number 15 in 3FMs Mega Top 50 chart. Caustic Love received positive reviews music critics, holding a score of 79/100 on Metacritic, indicating. Caustic Love debuted at one on the Irish Albums Chart, outselling the same weeks number 2, The Vamps Meet the Vamps. The album held on to the top spot of the UK charts for a second week, the album would go on to spend a third week at number one, bringing its sales to 198,000 copies
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Paolo Nutini discography
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The discography of Paolo Nutini, a Scottish pop/rock singer, contains three studio albums, one live album, six extended plays, eight singles and ten music videos. Nutinis debut album, These Streets, was released by Atlantic Records in the United Kingdom in July 2006, the album peaked at number three on the UK Albums Chart and has been certified five-times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. The album also peaked within the top twenty on the Australian Album Chart, French Album Chart, Irish Albums Chart, Singles released from the album were, Last Request, Jenny Dont Be Hasty, Rewind and New Shoes. Last Request was the most successful, reaching number five on the UK Singles Chart, in May 2009, Nutini released his second album, Sunny Side Up, which debuted at number one in the UK and in Ireland. It contained the singles, Candy, Coming Up Easy, Pencil Full of Lead, Sunny Side Up has also been certified five-times platinum by the BPI and was the eighth biggest-selling album in the UK in 2009. Nutinis most recent album, Caustic Love, was released in April 2014, a single, Scream, was released in January 2014. Nutini is also known for his performances and numerous extended plays of some of his recordings. His first, the Live Sessions EP, was released in September 2006, a ^ New Shoes did not chart on the Italian Singles Chart, but it peaked at number 20 on the Italian FIMI Top Digital Downloads Chart in May 2007. General Specific Paolo Nutini Official website Paolo Nutini discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs Paolo Nutini at Musicbrainz
