1.
Black comedy
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Black comedy or dark comedy is a comic style that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo. Literary critics have associated black comedy and black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Black comedy corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor. The term black humor was coined by the Surrealist theorist André Breton in 1935 while interpreting the writings of Jonathan Swift. Bretons preference was to some of Swifts writings as a subgenre of comedy and satire in which laughter arises from cynicism and skepticism. Scholars have associated black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Breton coined the term for his book Anthology of Black Humor, in which he credited Jonathan Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, and included excerpts from 45 other writers. This victims suffering is trivialized, which leads to sympathizing with the victimizer, as found in the social commentary. Black humor is also related to that of the grotesque genre. Breton identified Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, particularly in his pieces Directions to Servants, A Modest Proposal, A Meditation Upon a Broom-Stick, the terms black comedy or dark comedy have been later derived as alternatives to Bretons term. Bruce Jay Friedman, in his anthology entitled Black Humor, imported the concept of comedy to the United States. He labeled many different authors and works with the idea, arguing that they shared the literary genre. The Friedman label came to prominence in the 1950s and 1960s, early American writers who employed black humor were Nathanael West and Vladimir Nabokov. In 1965 a mass-market paperback titled Black Humor, was released and this was one of the first American anthologies devoted to the conception of black humor as a literary genre, the publication also sparked nationwide interest in black humor. Among the writers labeled as black humorists by journalists and literary critics are Roald Dahl, Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut, Warren Zevon, John Barth, Joseph Heller, popular themes of the genre include violence, discrimination, disease, sexuality, religion and barbarism. Comedians, like Lenny Bruce, that since the late 1950s have been labeled for using sick comedy by mainstream journalists, have also labeled with black comedy. By contrast, blue comedy focuses more on crude topics such as nudity, sex, in obscene humor, much of the humorous element comes from shock and revulsion, while black comedy might include an element of irony, or even fatalism. For example, the black comedy self-mutilation appears in the English novel Tristram Shandy. Tristram, five years old at the time, starts to urinate out of a window for lack of a chamber pot. The sash falls and circumcises him, his family reacts with both chaotic action and philosophic digression, cringe comedy Comedy horror Macabre Off-color humor
2.
Horror fiction
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Horror is a genre of fiction which is intended to, or has the capacity to frighten, scare, disgust, or startle their readers or viewers by inducing feelings of horror and terror. Literary historian J. A. Cuddon has defined the horror story as a piece of fiction in prose of variable length, which shocks or even frightens the reader, or perhaps induces a feeling of repulsion or loathing. It creates an eerie and frightening atmosphere, Horror is frequently supernatural, though it can be non-supernatural. Often the central menace of a work of fiction can be interpreted as a metaphor for the larger fears of a society. The genre of horror has ancient origins with roots in folklore and religious traditions, focusing on death, the afterlife, evil, the demonic and these were manifested in stories of beings such as witches, vampires, werewolves and ghosts. 18th century Gothic horror drew on these sources with the seminal and controversial The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole and this marked the first incorporated elements of the supernatural instead of pure realism. In fact, the first edition was published disguised as a medieval romance from Italy discovered and republished by a fictitious translator. Once revealed as contemporary, many found it anachronistic, reactionary, or simply in poor taste — but it proved to be immediately popular. That first novel of Gothic horror inspired such works as Vathek by William Beckford, A Sicilian Romance, The Mysteries of Udolpho and The Italian by Ann Radcliffe and The Monk by Matthew Lewis. A significant amount of fiction of this era was written by women and marketed at a female audience. The Gothic tradition blossomed into the modern readers call horror literature in the 19th century. Each of these novels and novellas created an icon of horror seen in modern re-imaginings on the stage. The proliferation of periodicals, as early as the turn of the century. One writer who specialized in fiction for mainstream pulps such as All-Story Magazine was Tod Robbins, whose fiction dealt with themes of madness. Later, specialist publications emerged to give horror writers an outlet, including Weird Tales, influential horror writers of the early 20th century made inroads in these mediums. Early cinema was inspired by aspects of horror literature, and early horror cinema started a strong tradition of horror films. This imagery made these comics controversial, and as a consequence they were frequently censored, many modern novels claim an early description of the living dead in a precursor to the modern zombie tale, including Dennis Wheatleys Strange Conflict, H. P. Lovecraft stories such as Cool Air, In The Vault, richard Mathesons novel I Am Legend would also influence an entire genre of apocalyptic zombie fiction emblematic of the films of George A. Romero
3.
Ron Perlman
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Ronald N. Ron Perlman is an American actor and voice actor. His mother, Dorothy, was an employee, and his father, Bertram Bert Perlman, was a jazz drummer. Perlman said in 1988, It was not a bad childhood, I was terribly overweight as a young kid, and it was sort of a low self image. He cited this experience as one thing that attracts him to roles where he portrays these sorts of deformed people who are very endearing, Perlman is of Hungarian Jewish and Polish Jewish descent. His parents are Jewish, and he had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony, Perlman attended George Washington High School and Lehman College in 1971, which did not have a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Theatre available at that time. He has said that he and his father were close and that it was his father, after seeing Perlman in a college production of Guys and Dolls. Perlman later said, So, he gave me permission to be an actor, Perlman attended the University of Minnesota, where he graduated with a masters degree in theater arts in 1973. Perlman started his career as a actor, appearing in various productions. Annaud later revealed that when he contacted Perlman to ask him about playing Salvatore in The Name of the Rose and this earned him a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series in 1989. He went on to roles in many films and television series throughout the 1980s and 1990s as well as the 2000s. His appearances in television series include Highlander, The Series, The Outer Limits, The Magnificent Seven, and Hand of God and he played his first leading film role in 1995, when he played One in Jean-Pierre Jeunet and Marc Caros French-language The City of Lost Children. In 2003, Perlman starred in a commercial for Stella Artois beer and this commercial, which was called Devils Island, won a Silver Award at the 2003 British Advertising Awards. He got another leading role in 2004 when he played the title role in the comic book adaptation Hellboy. Perlman reprised his role as Hellboy in the straight to DVD animated features Hellboy, Sword of Storms and Hellboy, Blood and Iron as well as Hellboy II, The Golden Army, released on July 11,2008. In 2008, Perlman joined the cast of the TV show Sons of Anarchy on FX playing Clay Morrow, Perlman is known for playing roles that require extensive make-up, some to the point where his entire body is covered or his face requires full facial prosthetics. Moreau where he plays a half man/half animal, Star Trek, Nemesis in which he is the Reman viceroy. He even gave his Beauty and The Beast co-star Armin Shimerman advice when Shimerman was going to be in full-facial prosthetics guest-starring as a Ferengi on Star Trek, The Next Generation. Perlman also has a career as a voice actor in addition to his onscreen acting, having portrayed characters in numerous video games
4.
FremantleMedia
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FremantleMedia Group Limited is a British international television content and production/distribution subsidiary of Bertelsmanns RTL Group, Europes largest TV, radio, and production company. Its world headquarters are located in London, early on, it merged with Germanys largest television production company, UFA. The company holds the rights to such as Lets Make a Deal, Family Feud. Fremantle also produced Temptation and an interactive gameshow Quizmania for ITV Play and they own the rights to most of the post 1948 Bob Hope film catalog that includes The Seven Little Foys, The Lemon Drop Kid, and Son of Paleface. They were also the distributors of the television series Baywatch, currently, they hold rights to the game Brain Wall, more commonly known as Hole in the Wall in over 20 countries. In other countries, they own the rights to Betty La Fea in Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, Sara in Belgium. FremantleMedia also holds international rights to the Threes Company franchise. The company also owns the catalog of the American TV production company Reeves Entertainment. FremantleMedia bought a share of the Canadian video game development company Ludia in October 2010. The Pet Collective was Launched online in April 2012, and is a producer of animal-friendly content that celebrates the connection between animals and their human companions. On January 30,2014, FremantleMedia was in negotiations to acquire rival All3Media, on March 26,2014, FremantleMedia acquired a 75% stake in 495 Productions, with an option to acquire the remaining 25% in the near future. FremantleMedias US production & distribution division is FremantleMedia North America,495 Productions has specialized in developing programs. In November 2011, it was announced that FremantleMedia were to reorganise the British operations from 1 January 2012, talkback Thames brand would be split into four different labels within the newly created FremantleMedia UK production arm, Boundless for factual programming. FremantleMedias old Website FremantleMedias 2nd original website FremantleMedias original Website FremantleMedias website FremantleMedia Australias website
5.
1080i
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1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors
6.
1000 Ways to Lie
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1000 Ways to Lie was a special and satire of the television series 1000 Ways to Die. It recreates intricate lies that people have told, as well as how and it also includes interviews with experts who describe the science behind each lie. The special aired on Spike on March 3,2010, names have been changed to protect the guilty. and the gullible. Do not attempt to try ANY of the actions depicted, YOU CAN BE ARRESTED AND/OR PROSECUTED. The disclaimer then cuts to animation while the voice-over reads Everybody lies, and everybody gets lied to. We lie to get ahead, we lie to get the girl, and to keep our secrets. Whether motivated by greed, ego, or criminal intent, just when you think youve heard it all, official website 1000 Ways to Lie at the Internet Movie Database
7.
Anthology series
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An anthology series is a radio or television series that presents a different story and a different set of characters in each episode or season/series. Some anthology series, such as Studio One, began on radio, many popular old-time radio programs were anthology series. On some series, such as Inner Sanctum Mysteries, the constant was the host. One of the earliest such programs was The Collier Hour, broadcast on the NBC Blue Network from 1927 to 1932, as radios first major dramatic anthology, it adapted stories and serials from Colliers Weekly in a calculated move to increase subscriptions and compete with The Saturday Evening Post. Weird The Haunting Hour The Sealed Book Mystery in the Air The Weird Circle Quiet, the stars would own the studio and the program, as Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz had done successfully with Desilu studio. Powell had intended for the program to feature himself, Charles Boyer, Joel McCrea, when Russell and McCrea backed out, David Niven came on board as the third star. The fourth star was initially a guest star, CBS liked the idea, and Four Star Playhouse made its debut in fall of 1952. It ran on alternate weeks only during the first season, alternating with Amos n Andy and it was successful enough to be renewed and became a weekly program from the second season until the end of its run in 1956. Ida Lupino was brought on board as the de facto fourth star, though unlike Powell, Boyer, American television networks would sometimes run summer anthology series which consisted of unsold television pilots. Beginning in 1971, the long-run Masterpiece Theatre drama anthology series brought British productions to American television. k. a. Billy Roses Playbill Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre The Bold Ones Broadway Television Theatre Buick-Electra Playhouse Cameo Theatre Camera Three The Campbell Playhouse, Campbell Soundstage and Campbell Summer Soundstage Cavalcade of America CBS Playhouse CBS Summer Playhouse CBS Television Workshop CBS Workshop, a. k. a. CBS Repertoire Workshop Celanese Theatre Celebrity Playhouse Center Stage Cheer Television Theatre The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre a. k. a, Chevrolet on Broadway Chevron Hall of Stars Chevron Theatre Climax. Gruen Guild Theatre The Gulf Playhouse Hallmark Hall of Fame Hollywood Opening Night Hollywood Premiere Theatre, Hollywood Theatre Time International Playhouse John Waters Presents Movies That Will Corrupt You The Joseph Cotten Show, a. k. a. k. a. Max Liebman Presents Medallion Theatre, a. k. a, grimms Fairy Tale Classics Happily Ever After, Fairy Tales for Every Child The Harveytoons Show KaBlam. Late Night, Black and White Legends of Bikini Bottom Liquid Television The Looney Tunes Show Mickey Mouse Works Mickeys Mouse Tracks O Canada Off the Air Oh Yeah. Cartoons The Pink Panther Show The Popeye Show The Porky Pig Show Princes et princesses Random. M. k. a. Terribles House of Horrible The Eddie Cantor Comedy Theatre El Chapulín Colorado Ripping Yarns George Burns Comedy Week Good Heavens Human Remains Inside No. k. a. k. a. k. a. k. a, orson Welles Great Mysteries Out of the Fog Panic. Way of Life Family Theater Insight Lamp Unto My Feet Look Up, the Fisher Family Alcoa Presents, One Step Beyond Amazing Stories American Horror Story Are You Afraid of the Dark. L. k. a
8.
Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
9.
Urban legend
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These legends can be used for entertainment purposes, as well as for semi-serious explanations for random events such as disappearances and strange objects. Despite its name, an urban legend does not necessarily originate in an urban area, rather, the term is used to differentiate modern legend from traditional folklore of pre-industrial times. For this reason, sociologists and folklorists prefer the contemporary legend. Because people frequently allege that such tales happened to a friend of a friend, Urban legends are spread by any media, including newspapers, e-mail and social media. In America in 1938 a radio dramatization of The War of the Worlds supposedly caused mass panic, in 2005, a widespread legend claimed that a large percentage of people have a biological father who is not their assumed father. Some urban legends have passed through the years only minor changes to suit regional variations. More recent legends tend to reflect modern circumstances, like the story of people ambushed and anesthetized, who awaken minus one kidney, the term urban legend, as used by folklorists, has appeared in print since at least 1968. Jan Harold Brunvand, professor of English at the University of Utah, many urban legends are framed as complete stories with plot and characters. The compelling appeal of an urban legend is its elements of mystery, horror. Often they serve as cautionary tales, some urban legends are morality tales that depict someone, usually a child, acting in a disagreeable manner, only to wind up in trouble, hurt, or dead. As Jan Brunvand points out antecedent legends including some of the motifs, themes, the teller of an urban legend may claim it happened to a friend, which serves to personalize, authenticate and enhance the power of the narrative while distancing the teller. Many urban legends depict horrific crimes, contaminated foods, or other situations which would affect many people. Anyone believing such stories might feel compelled to warn loved ones, not seldom, news organizations, school officials and even police departments have issued warnings concerning the latest threat. A fax received at the Nassau County, Florida fire department was forwarded to police, even the Minister of Defence for Canada was taken in by the same legend, he forwarded an urgent security warning to all Ontario Members of Parliament. Many urban legends are essentially extended jokes, told as if they were true events, persistent urban legends often maintain a degree of plausibility, for instance a serial killer deliberately hiding in the back seat of a car. One such example since the 1970s has been the rumor that the Procter & Gamble Company was associated with Satan-worshippers because of details within its nineteenth-century trademark. The legend interrupted the companys business to the point that it stopped using the trademark, the coinage leads in turn to the terms FOAFlore and FOAFtale. Here the authors make a connection between urban legends and popular folklore, such as Grimms Fairy Tales where similar themes and motifs arise
10.
Darwin Awards
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The Darwin Awards are a tongue-in-cheek honor, originating in Usenet newsgroup discussions around 1985. They recognize individuals who have contributed to human evolution by selecting themselves out of the gene pool via death or sterilization by their own actions. The project became more formalized with the creation of a website in 1993, the criterion for the awards states, In the spirit of Charles Darwin, the Darwin Awards commemorate individuals who protect our gene pool by making the ultimate sacrifice of their own lives. Darwin Award winners eliminate themselves in an idiotic manner, thereby improving our species chances of long-term survival. Accidental self-sterilization also qualifies, however, the notes, Of necessity. The candidate is disqualified, though, if innocent bystanders, who might have contributed positively to the pool, are killed in the process. The Darwin Awards books state that an attempt is made to disallow known urban legends from the awards, the Darwin Awards site does try to verify all submitted stories, but many similar sites, and the vast number of circulating Darwin awards emails, are largely fictional. The origin of the Darwin Awards can be traced back to posts on Usenet group discussions as early as 1985. This early post, on August 7,1985, describes the awards as being, style counts, not everyone who dies from their own stupidity can win. This early post cites an example of a person who pulled a vending machine over his head and was crushed to death trying to break into it and this story was later confirmed to be an urban legend by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. The official Darwin Awards website run by Northcutt does its best to all stories submitted, listing them as. Many of the viral emails circulating the Internet, however, are hoaxes, the website and collection of books were started in 1993 by Wendy Northcutt, who at the time was a graduate in molecular biology from the University of California, Berkeley. She went on to study neurobiology at Stanford University, doing research on cancer, in her spare time, she organized chain letters from family members into the original Darwin Awards website hosted in her personal account space at Stanford. She eventually left the bench in 1998 and devoted herself full-time to her website, by 2002, the website received 7 million page hits per month. She encountered some difficulty in publishing the first book, since most publishers would only offer her a deal if she agreed to remove the stories from the Internet, Northcutt refused to do so, saying, “It was a community. Even though it might have cost me a lot of money, the first book turned out to be a success, and was listed on The New York Times bestseller list for six months. Not all of the feedback from the stories Northcutt published was positive, one such person wrote, This is horrible. It has shocked our community to the core, the website also recognizes, with Honorable Mentions, individuals who survive their misadventures with their reproductive capacity intact
11.
Strike action
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Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances, Strikes became common during the Industrial Revolution, when mass labor became important in factories and mines. In most countries, strike actions were made illegal, as factory owners had far more power than workers. Most Western countries partially legalized striking in the late 19th or early 20th centuries, Strikes are sometimes used to pressure governments to change policies. Notable examples are the 1980 Gdańsk Shipyard or 1981 Warning Strike, official publications have typically used the more neutral words work stoppage or industrial dispute. The first historically certain account of action was towards the end of the 20th dynasty. The artisans of the Royal Necropolis at Deir el-Medina walked off their jobs because they had not been paid, the Egyptian authorities raised the wages. An early predecessor of the strike may have been the secessio plebis in ancient Rome. In the Outline Of History, H. G. Wells characterized this event as the strike of the plebeians, the plebeians seem to have invented the strike. The strike action became a feature of the political landscape with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. For the first time in history, large numbers of people were members of the working class, they lived in cities. By the 1830s, when the Chartist movement was at its peak, in 1842 the demands for fairer wages and conditions across many different industries finally exploded into the first modern general strike. Instead of being a spontaneous uprising of the masses, the strike was politically motivated and was driven by an agenda to win concessions. Probably as much as half of the industrial work force were on strike at its peak – over 500,000 men. The local leadership marshalled a growing working class tradition to organize their followers to mount an articulate challenge to the capitalist. Friedrich Engels, an observer in London at the time, wrote, by its numbers, this class has become the most powerful in England, the English proletarian is only just becoming aware of his power, and the fruits of this awareness were the disturbances of last summer. Karl Marx has condemned the theory of Proudhon criminalizing strike action in his work The Poverty of Philosophy, in 1937 there were 4,740 strikes in the United States. This was the greatest strike wave in American labor history, the number of major strikes and lockouts in the U. S. fell by 97% from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only 11 in 2010
12.
Myth
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A myth is any traditional story consisting of events that are ostensibly historical, though often supernatural, explaining the origins of a cultural practice or natural phenomenon. The word myth is derived from the Greek word mythos, which means story. Mythology can refer either to the study of myths, or to a body or collection of myths, myth can mean sacred story, traditional narrative or tale of the gods. A myth can also be a story to explain why something exists, human cultures usually include a cosmogonical or creation myth, concerning the origins of the world, or how the world came to exist. The active beings in myths are generally gods and goddesses, heroes and heroines, or animals, most myths are set in a timeless past before recorded time or beginning of the critical history. A myth can be a story involving symbols that are capable of multiple meanings, a myth is a sacred narrative because it holds religious or spiritual significance for those who tell it. Myths also contribute to and express a cultures systems of thought and values, myths are often therefore stories that are currently understood as being exaggerated or fictitious. According to Albert A. Anderson, a professor of philosophy, in these works, the term had several meanings, conversation, narrative, speech, story, tale, and word. Like the related term logos, mythos expresses whatever can be delivered in the form of words, Anderson contrasts the two terms with ergon, a Greek term for action, deed, and work. The term mythos lacks an explicit distinction between true or false narratives, in the context of the Theatre of ancient Greece, the term mythos referred to the myth, the narrative, the plot, and the story of a theatrical play. According to David Wiles, the Greek term mythos in this era covered an entire spectrum of different meanings, from undeniable falsehoods to stories with religious, according to philosopher Aristotle, the spirit of a theatrical play was its mythos. The term mythos was also used for the material of Greek tragedy. The tragedians of the era could draw inspiration from Greek mythology, David Wiles observes that modern conceptions about Greek tragedy can be misleading. It is commonly thought that the ancient audience members were familiar with the mythos behind a play. However, the Greek dramatists were not expected to faithfully reproduce traditional myths when adapting them for the stage and they were instead recreating the myths and producing new versions. Storytellers like Euripides relied on suspense to excite their audiences, in one of his works, Merope attempts to kill her sons murderer with an axe, unaware that the man in question is actually her son. According to an ancient description of reactions to this work. They rose to their feet in terror and caused an uproar, David Wiles points that the traditional mythos of Ancient Greece, was primarily a part of its oral tradition
13.
Science
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Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. The formal sciences are often excluded as they do not depend on empirical observations, disciplines which use science, like engineering and medicine, may also be considered to be applied sciences. However, during the Islamic Golden Age foundations for the method were laid by Ibn al-Haytham in his Book of Optics. In the 17th and 18th centuries, scientists increasingly sought to formulate knowledge in terms of physical laws, over the course of the 19th century, the word science became increasingly associated with the scientific method itself as a disciplined way to study the natural world. It was during this time that scientific disciplines such as biology, chemistry, Science in a broad sense existed before the modern era and in many historical civilizations. Modern science is distinct in its approach and successful in its results, Science in its original sense was a word for a type of knowledge rather than a specialized word for the pursuit of such knowledge. In particular, it was the type of knowledge which people can communicate to each other, for example, knowledge about the working of natural things was gathered long before recorded history and led to the development of complex abstract thought. This is shown by the construction of calendars, techniques for making poisonous plants edible. For this reason, it is claimed these men were the first philosophers in the strict sense and they were mainly speculators or theorists, particularly interested in astronomy. In contrast, trying to use knowledge of nature to imitate nature was seen by scientists as a more appropriate interest for lower class artisans. A clear-cut distinction between formal and empirical science was made by the pre-Socratic philosopher Parmenides, although his work Peri Physeos is a poem, it may be viewed as an epistemological essay on method in natural science. Parmenides ἐὸν may refer to a system or calculus which can describe nature more precisely than natural languages. Physis may be identical to ἐὸν and he criticized the older type of study of physics as too purely speculative and lacking in self-criticism. He was particularly concerned that some of the early physicists treated nature as if it could be assumed that it had no intelligent order, explaining things merely in terms of motion and matter. The study of things had been the realm of mythology and tradition, however. Aristotle later created a less controversial systematic programme of Socratic philosophy which was teleological and he rejected many of the conclusions of earlier scientists. For example, in his physics, the sun goes around the earth, each thing has a formal cause and final cause and a role in the rational cosmic order. Motion and change is described as the actualization of potentials already in things, while the Socratics insisted that philosophy should be used to consider the practical question of the best way to live for a human being, they did not argue for any other types of applied science
14.
Harry Houdini
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Harry Houdini was a Hungarian-American illusionist and stunt performer, noted for his sensational escape acts. He first attracted notice in vaudeville in the US and then as Harry Handcuff Houdini on a tour of Europe, where he challenged police forces to keep him locked up. Soon he extended his repertoire to include chains, ropes slung from skyscrapers, straitjackets under water, in 1904, thousands watched as he tried to escape from special handcuffs commissioned by Londons Daily Mirror, keeping them in suspense for an hour. Another stunt saw him buried alive and only just able to claw himself to the surface, while many suspected that these escapes were faked, Houdini presented himself as the scourge of fake spiritualists. As President of the Society of American Magicians, he was keen to uphold professional standards and he was also quick to sue anyone who imitated his escape stunts. Houdini made several movies, but quit acting when it failed to bring in money and he was also a keen aviator, and aimed to become the first man to fly a plane in Australia. Erik Weisz was born in Budapest to a Jewish family and his parents were Rabbi Mayer Sámuel Weisz and Cecília Steiner. Weisz arrived in the United States on July 3,1878, on the SS Fresia with his mother, the family changed their name to the German spelling Weiss, and Erik became Ehrich. The family lived in Appleton, Wisconsin, where his father served as Rabbi of the Zion Reform Jewish Congregation, according to the 1880 census, the family lived on Appleton Street. On June 6,1882, Rabbi Weiss became an American citizen, losing his tenure at Zion in 1887, Rabbi Weiss moved with Ehrich to New York City, where they lived in a boarding house on East 79th Street. He was joined by the rest of the family once Rabbi Weiss found permanent housing, as a child, Ehrich Weiss took several jobs, making his public début as a 9-year-old trapeze artist, calling himself Ehrich, the Prince of the Air. He was also a cross country runner in his youth. When Weiss became a magician he began calling himself Harry Houdini, after the French magician Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin. Weiss incorrectly believed that an i at the end of a name meant like in French, in later life, Houdini claimed that the first part of his new name, Harry, was an homage to Harry Kellar, whom he also admired. When he was a teenager, Houdini was coached by the magician Joseph Rinn at the Pastime Athletic Club, Houdini became an active Freemason and was a member of St. Cecile Lodge #568 in New York City. In 1918, he registered for service as Harry Handcuff Houdini. Houdini began his career in 1891, but had little success. He appeared in a tent act with strongman Emil Jarrow and he performed in dime museums and sideshows, and even doubled as The Wild Man at a circus
15.
Demon core
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The demon core was a 6. 2-kilogram, 89-millimetre-diameter subcritical mass of plutonium that was involved in two criticality accidents. After these incidents the spherical plutonium core was referred to as the demon core, the demon core was a solid 6. 2-kilogram 3. 5-inch-diameter sphere. It consisted of three parts, two plutonium-gallium hemispheres and a ring, designed to keep neutron flux from jetting out of the surface between the hemispheres during implosion. The core of the used in the Trinity nuclear test at the Alamogordo Bombing. Material for HS-7, R-3 was in the Los Alamos metallurgy section, the metallurgists used a plutonium-gallium alloy, which stabilized the δ phase allotrope of plutonium so it could be hot pressed into the desired spherical shape. As plutonium was found to corrode readily, the sphere was coated with nickel. On August 10, Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr. wrote to General of the Army George C and we have gained 4 days in manufacture and expect to ship the final components from New Mexico on August 12th or 13th. Marshall added an annotation, It is not to be released on Japan without express authority from the President, on August 13, the third bomb was scheduled. It was anticipated that it would be ready by August 16 to be dropped on August 19 and this was pre-empted by Japans surrender on August 15,1945, while preparations were still being made for it to be couriered to Kirtland Field. The third core remained at Los Alamos, the core, assembled, was designed to be at -5 cents, or 5 percent below critical mass. On August 21,1945, the core produced a burst of neutron radiation that led to Harry Daghlians death. Daghlian, a physicist, made a mistake while performing neutron reflector experiments on the core and he was working alone, a security guard, Private Robert J. Hemmerly, was seated at a desk 10 to 12 feet away. The core was placed within a stack of neutron-reflective tungsten carbide bricks, despite quick action in moving the brick off the assembly, Daghlian received a fatal dose of radiation. He died 25 days later from radiation poisoning. Slotin, who was leaving Los Alamos, was showing the technique to Alvin C, Graves, who would use it in a final test before the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests scheduled a month later at Bikini Atoll. It required the operator to place two half-spheres of beryllium around the core to be tested and manually lower the top reflector over the core via a hole on the top. As the reflectors were manually moved closer and farther away from each other, allowing them to close completely could result in the instantaneous formation of a critical mass and a lethal power excursion. Under Slotins unapproved protocol, the only thing preventing this was the blade of a straight screwdriver
16.
Harry Daghlian
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Haroutune Krikor Harry Daghlian Jr. was a physicist with the Manhattan Project which designed and produced the atomic bombs that were used in World War II. He accidentally irradiated himself on August 21,1945, during a mass experiment at the remote Omega Site of the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico. Daghlian was irradiated as a result of a criticality accident that occurred when he dropped a tungsten carbide brick onto a 6.2 kg plutonium–gallium alloy bomb core. This core, subsequently nicknamed the demon core, was involved in the death of another physicist. Haroutune Krikor Daghlian Jr. of Armenian-American extraction, was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, on May 4,1921 and he had a sister, Helen, and a brother, Edward. Soon after his birth the family moved across state to the town of New London. He was educated at Harbor Elementary School, where he played violin in the school orchestra and this led him to transfer to the West Lafayette, Indiana, campus of Purdue University, which graduated him in 1942 with a bachelor of Science degree. He then commenced work on his doctorate, assisting Marshall Holloway with the cyclotrons, in 1944, while still a graduate student, he joined Otto Frischs Critical Assembly Group at the Los Alamos Laboratory of the Manhattan Project. The purpose of the reflector was to reduce the mass required for the plutonium core to attain criticality. He was moving the final brick over the assembly, but neutron counters alerted Daghlian to the fact that the addition of that brick would render the system supercritical, as he withdrew his hand, he inadvertently dropped the brick onto the center of the assembly. Since the assembly was nearly in the state, the accidental addition of that brick caused the reaction to go immediately into the prompt critical region of neutronic behavior. This resulted in a criticality accident, Daghlian reacted immediately after dropping the brick and attempted to knock the brick off the assembly without success. He was forced to part of the tungsten-carbide pile in order to halt the reaction. Daghlian was estimated to have received a dose of 510 rem of neutron radiation, despite intensive medical care, he developed symptoms of severe radiation poisoning and his mother and sister were flown out to care for him. He fell into a coma, and died 25 days after the accident and he was the first known fatality caused by a criticality accident. His body was returned to New London, where he was buried in Cedar Grove Cemetery, as a result of the incident, safety regulations for the project were scrutinized and revised. A special committee was established to any similar experiments and recommend appropriate safety procedures. Additionally, discussions and designs for remote-controlled test devices were initiated and these changes would not prevent another criticality accident from happening at Los Alamos the following year
17.
Katana
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Historically, katana were one of the traditionally made Japanese swords that were used by the samurai of ancient and feudal Japan. The katana is characterized by its appearance, a curved, single-edged blade with a circular or squared guard. These references to uchigatana and tsubagatana seem to indicate a different style of sword, the Mongol invasions of Japan faciliated a change in the designs of Japanese swords. Thin tachi and chokuto style blades were often unable to cut through the boiled leather armour of the Mongols, the evolution of the tachi into what would become the katana seems to have continued during the early Muromachi period. Starting around the year 1400, long swords signed with the signature were made. This was in response to samurai wearing their tachi in what is now called katana style, Japanese swords are traditionally worn with the signature facing away from the wearer. When a tachi was worn in the style of a katana, with the cutting edge up, the fact that swordsmiths started signing swords with a katana signature shows that some samurai of that time period had started wearing their swords in a different manner. The rise in popularity of katana amongst samurai came about due to the nature of close-combat warfare. The quicker draw of the sword was well suited to combat where victory depended heavily on short response times, the katana further facilitated this by being worn thrust through a belt-like sash with the sharpened edge facing up. Ideally, samurai could draw the sword and strike the enemy in a single motion, previously, the curved tachi had been worn with the edge of the blade facing down and suspended from a belt. The length of the katana blade varied considerably during the course of its history, in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, katana blades tended to have lengths between 70 and 73 centimetres. During the early 16th century, the average length dropped about 10 centimetres, by the late 16th century, the average length had increased again by about 13 centimetres, returning to approximately 73 centimetres. The katana was often paired with a smaller companion sword, such as a wakizashi, or it could also be worn with the tantō. The pairing of a katana with a sword is called the daishō. Only samurai could wear the daisho, it represented the social power, during the Meiji period, the samurai class was gradually disbanded, and the special privileges granted to them were taken away including the right to carry swords in public. The Haitōrei Edict in 1876 forbade the carrying of swords in public except for individuals, such as former samurai lords, the military. Skilled swordsmiths had trouble making a living during this period as Japan modernized its military, and many swordsmiths started making other items, such as equipment, tools. Military action by Japan in China and Russia during the Meiji period helped revive interest in swords, Japanese military swords produced between 1875 and 1945 are referred to as guntō
18.
Onesie (jumpsuit)
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Onesie /ˈwʌnzi/ in the 2000s has become a commonly used word for loose-fitting casual jumpsuits for adults, made of knit cotton, fleece, or chenille. They have gained significant popularity as stylish streetwear, in the UK and Australia, the onesie became very popular during the late 2000s and early 2010s as a street fashion. Onesie was originally a term for an infant bodysuit, probably derived from Onesies, the product was initially conceptualized and marketed by entrepreneur and musician, Steve Pandi, originally intended as a gimmick his rock band would wear during shows. Beginning in February 2001, onesies began regularly appearing on MadTV and CSI, in 2007 the companys adult onesie was a popular gift among celebrities when JumpinJammerz was included in the 2007 Academy Awards and Emmy Awards gifting events. By 2008 other companies began to replicate the onesie, again feeding into the craze, in 2009 a mix of onesies from different onesie producers appeared in a Saturday Night Live skit with James Franco. The European market also embraced the onesies and that same day, Jumpin Jammerz became the #1 search term on Google in the USA. In 2011, Goslings popularity began to rapidly and he was nominated for a Golden Globe. OnePiece opened flagship stores in a number of European national capitals, in a music video released for the song on August 29,2012, Macklemore wears a JumpinJammerz Batman onesie. As of May 5,2015, the video is the sites 18th most-watched video, in 2014 the onesie-wearing rap sensation won two Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song. Thrift Shop is the second independent song in history to achieve the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart,20 years after Lisa Loeb achieved comparable success. The term onesies is a name for infant bodysuits that is owned by the Gerber corporation. There is little in common between the infant onesies and an adult onesie, the former is usually sleeveless and legless, siren suit – The 1940s precursor to the Onesie. Union suit – One-piece underwear invented during the century and worn by cowboys. Kigurumi – Japanese suits which sometimes can have a similar look
19.
QVC
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QVC is an American cable, satellite and broadcast television network, and multinational corporation specializing in televised home shopping that is owned by Liberty Interactive. QVC was founded on June 13,1986 by Joseph Segel, one of the first brands to sign a two-year deal with QVC for its products was Sears. The corporation later set a new record for first full-year fiscal sales for a new company of $112 million. Initially broadcast live from 7,30 p. m. until midnight ET each weekday and all day on Saturdays and Sundays, QVC acquired its top competitor, the Cable Value Network, in 1989. The $380 million deal contributed to a loss of $17 million during the fiscal quarter. On February 2,1995, Comcast purchased a majority stake in QVC. That year, QVC kicked off the Quest for Americas Best,50 in 50 Tour, q2, a separate channel for more upscale shoppers, was founded in 1994 but abandoned in 1996. QVC. com was started in 1996 as iQVC, in 1998, two former hosts filed a class-action lawsuit against QVC, claiming that they were discriminated against by the shopping channel based on their race. The lawsuit went on to state that QVC refused to allow non-white hosts any permanent daytime/primetime spots, because of this, the non-white hosts were paid considerably less than the white hosts. In July 2003, Comcast sold its majority share to Liberty Media, on September 23,2007, QVC U. S. rebranded itself, changing its logo on-air and online. The rebranding was accompanied by a campaign with the tagline iQdoU. that had preceded the rebrand with billboards in major U. S. cities. Campaign also included a teaser website, on September 30,2010, at 11 p. m. QVC began broadcasting in Italy, both on satellite and through terrestrial television. In 2012, QVC partnered with China National Radio to take operations of its home shopping network. Its initial reach was reported to be 35 million households, in 2013, QVC partnered with Ion Media Networks to bring its programming to broadcast television, through Ion Television. The channel is also broadcast on digital subchannels of low-powered television stations in selected areas, the broadcast service is branded as QVC Over the Air, with an accompanying on-screen bug appearing on the lower right corner of the screen during the networks programming. On April 1,2017, QVC Plus was rebranded as QVC2, with live shows weekdays 6pm-midnight ET and weekends from 10am-3pm ET. The owner of television shopping network QVC announced it is paying $2.4 billion to buy Internet retailer Zulily, QVC HD is a high definition simulcast feed of QVC, which broadcasts in the 1080i resolution format
20.
Shop at Home Network
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The Shop at Home Network was a television network in the United States. Before its acquisition by Jewelry Television in 2006, The E. W. Scripps Company owned and operated the network from 2002 until 2006, when the network temporarily ceased operations on June 21. In 2006, competitor Jewelry Television bought Shop at Home from owner The E. W. Scripps Company along with all of Shop at Homes assets, the network primarily focused on home shopping programming, as indicated by the name. During Scripps ownership, some of its programming was done in conjunction with other Scripps channels, Shop At Home the concept was started by Joe Overholt in the middle 1980s. Located in a mall just off of Interstate 40 in Newport Tn the original programs were taped in segments. The low budget production was aired over unused satellite transponders to an audience that of individual satellite dish owners and it soon became apparent that these inconsistent excursions would not a shopping channel make. After pulling together some very limited funding from a few local East Tennessee small business men, plans were being made to take the company public and without securing a means of distribution it would fail. An available for the right price transponder was located and an affiliate of Overholts entered into negotiations and after much legal and financial wrangling this most important asset was acquired. Homeowners many of whom had no access to cable and a number of off-air television channels were looking for a way to receive some of the same programs their urban cousins had access to. Since Overholt and a few others in the Knoxville area were in the process of pioneering the satellite to home backyard dish concept it was logical to search for the programming to go along with it. The first shopping channel had just appeared out of Florida, so the network was launched as a rival, the ability to reach this entertainment starved market was important to the fledgling experiment and this markets appreciation and monetary encouragement was key to SAHs progress. The cable lobby had portrayed back yard dish owners as pirates, the STAA and others made it public that offers had been made to the programmers to pay for the product being received but most programmers had refused the offer to pay. The STAA sought assistance from their representatives, of which Al Gore was one. Gore was conducting local town meetings and had a sympathetic ear for this ground roots movement from his constituents. A few months later when the STAA decided to bring the issues to dish owners they used the satellite signal to do so. From a rented studio in Nashville they hired a local MC to host a panel of experts in the field to answer questions, Gore was unable to attend in person but had pledged his support and participated in the event via telephone. In 1987 the company was taken public as Shop At Home because the stock symbol SAH was already registered, the IPO was a success and Shop At Home was born. Originally, Shop at Home was a shopping network based in Newport
21.
Computer-generated imagery
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The term CGI animation refers to dynamic CGI rendered as a movie. The term virtual world refers to agent-based, interactive environments, Computer graphics software is used to make computer-generated imagery for films, etc. Availability of CGI software and increased computer speeds have allowed artists and small companies to produce professional-grade films, games. This has brought about an Internet subculture with its own set of global celebrities, clichés, the evolution of CGI led to the emergence of virtual cinematography in the 1990s where runs of the simulated camera are not constrained by the laws of physics. Not only do animated images form part of computer-generated imagery, natural looking landscapes are generated via computer algorithms. A simple way to generate fractal surfaces is to use an extension of the triangular mesh method, relying on the construction of special case of a de Rham curve. The creation of a Brownian surface may be achieved not only by adding noise as new nodes are created, thus a topographical map with varying levels of height can be created using relatively straightforward fractal algorithms. Some typical, easy-to-program fractals used in CGI are the plasma fractal, modern architects use services from computer graphic firms to create 3-dimensional models for both customers and builders. These computer generated models can be accurate than traditional drawings. Architectural animation can also be used to see the relationship a building will have in relation to the environment. The rendering of architectural spaces without the use of paper and pencil tools is now an accepted practice with a number of computer-assisted architectural design systems. Architectural modeling tools allow an architect to visualize a space and perform walk-throughs in an interactive manner, Architectural modeling tools have now become increasingly internet-based. However, the quality of internet-based systems still lags behind those of sophisticated in-house modeling systems, in some applications, computer-generated images are used to reverse engineer historical buildings. Computer generated models used in animation are not always anatomically correct. However, organizations such as the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute have developed anatomically correct computer-based models, Computer generated anatomical models can be used both for instructional and operational purposes. To date, a body of artist produced medical images continue to be used by medical students, such as images by Frank H. Netter. However, a number of anatomical models are becoming available. A single patient X-ray is not a computer generated image, even if digitized, however, in applications which involve CT scans a three-dimensional model is automatically produced from a large number of single slice x-rays, producing computer generated image
22.
Pun
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The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play that exploits multiple meanings of a term, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. These ambiguities can arise from the use of homophonic, homographic, metonymic. A pun differs from a malapropism in that a malapropism is a variation on a correct expression. Puns may be regarded as in-jokes or idiomatic constructions, as their usage and meaning are specific to a particular language, Puns have a long history in human writing. Sumerian cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphs were originally based on punning systems, punning has been credited as the fundamental concept behind alphabets, writing, and even human civilization. Puns can be classified in various ways, including, The homophonic pun, walter Redfern exemplified this type with his statement, To pun is to treat homonyms as synonyms. For example, in George Carlins phrase Atheism is a non-prophet institution, similarly, the joke Question, Why do we still have troops in Germany. A homographic pun exploits words which are spelled the same but possess different meanings, because of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as heteronymic puns, an example that combines homophonic and homographic punning is Douglas Adamss line You can tune a guitar, but you cant tuna fish. Unless of course, you play bass, the phrase uses the homophonic qualities of tune a and tuna, as well as the homographic pun on bass, in which ambiguity is reached through the identical spellings of /ˈbeɪs/, and /ˈbæs/. Homonymic puns, another type, arise from the exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones. An adaptation of a joke repeated by Isaac Asimov gives us Did you hear about the little moron who strained himself while running into the screen door, playing on strained as to give much effort and to filter. A homonymic pun may also be polysemic, in which the words must be homonymic and also possess related meanings, however, lexicographers define polysemes as listed under a single dictionary lemma while homonyms are treated in separate lemmata. A compound pun is a statement that two or more puns. For example, a statement by Richard Whately includes four puns. Because he can eat the sand which is there, but what brought the sandwiches there. Why, Noah sent Ham, and his descendants mustered and bred and this pun uses sand which is there/sandwiches there, Ham/ham, mustered/mustard, and bred/bread. Similarly, the piano is not my forte links two meanings of the words forte and piano, one for the dynamic markings in music
23.
Figure of speech
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A figure of speech or rhetorical figure is figurative language in the form of a single word or phrase. It can be a repetition, arrangement or omission of words with literal meaning. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity, however, clarity may also suffer from their use, as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity between literal and figurative interpretation. The earliest known text listing them, though not explicitly as a system, is the Rhetorica ad Herennium, of unknown authorship, quintillian then mentioned them in Institutio Oratoria. Philo of Alexandria also listed them as addition, subtraction, transposition, figures of speech come in many varieties. The aim is to use the language inventively to accentuate the effect of what is being said, a few examples follow, Around the rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran is an example of, where the consonant r is used repeatedly. Whereas, Sister Suzy sewing socks for soldiers is a form of alliteration called sibilance. Both are commonly used in poetry and she would run up the stairs and then a new set of curtains is a variety of zeugma called a syllepsis. Run up refers to ascending and also to manufacturing, the effect is enhanced by the momentary suggestion, through a pun, that she might be climbing up the curtains. The ellipsis or omission of the use of the verb makes the reader think harder about what is being said. Military Intelligence is an oxymoron is the use of direct sarcasm to suggest that the military would have no intelligence and this might be considered to be a satire and an aphorism. An Einstein is an example of synecdoche, as it uses a name to represent a class of people. I had butterflies in my stomach is a metaphor, referring to a feeling as if there were flying insects in ones stomach. To say it was like having some butterflies in my stomach would be a simile, because it uses the word like which is missing in the metaphor. That filthy place was really dirty is an example of tautology as there are the two words filthy and dirty having almost the same meaning and are repeated so as to make the more emphatic. Scholars of classical Western rhetoric have divided figures of speech into two categories, schemes and tropes. Schemes are figures of speech that change the ordinary or expected pattern of words, for example, the phrase, John, my best friend uses the scheme known as apposition. Tropes change the meaning of words
24.
Final Destination
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Final Destination is an American horror franchise composed of five films, comic books and novels. It is based on a spec script by Jeffrey Reddick, originally written for the X-Files television series. In addition to the films, a series was published throughout 2005 and 2006 by Black Flame. In the original Final Destination, high school student Alex Browning boards Volee Airlines Flight 180 with his classmates for a trip to Paris. Before take-off, Alex has a premonition that the plane explode in mid-air. Afterwards, the begin to die one by one through a series of bizarre accidents. Final Destination 2, picking up one year after the first film, features college student Kimberly Corman heading to Daytona Beach for spring break with her friends Shaina, Dano, en route, Kimberly has a premonition of a massive car pile-up on Route 23, killing everyone involved. While Officer Burke questions Kimberly, the pile-up occurs as she predicted, in the days following the accident, the survivors begin to die one by one in a series of bizarre accidents. After learning about the explosion of Flight 180, Kimberly teams up with Clear Rivers and this time the survivors are told that only new life can defeat Death, and they must stay alive long enough for Isabella to have her baby. As Wendy and her friends board the Devils Flight roller coaster, Wendy has a premonition that the ride will crash, when the survivors start to die one by one in a series of strange accidents, Wendy and Kevin set out to save those who remain. Most of their attempts are futile, with the exception of Julie and themselves, however, the three coincidentally cross paths five months later and are killed in a horrifying subway accident. In The Final Destination, college student Nick OBannon visits the McKinley Speedway for a break with his friends Lori Milligan, Janet Cunningham. While watching the race, Nick has a premonition that a car crash will send debris into the stands. Once again, the survivors are killed in a series of strange accidents except for Janet, two weeks later, Nick realizes the mall disaster vision was only meant to lead them to where Death wanted them to be. In Final Destination 5, Sam Lawton is on his way to a retreat with his colleagues. While they cross the North Bay Bridge, Sam has a premonition that the bridge will collapse, olivia and Dennis are killed before they have a chance to save themselves, but Nathan claims the lifespan of a co-worker when he accidentally causes his death in a warehouse accident. Peter attempts to kill Molly, jealous that she survived instead of Candice and he eventually gains the lifespan of an investigating agent, but is killed by Sam before he can kill Molly. Sam and Molly later board a plane to Paris, which is revealed to be Flight 180 from the first film
25.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
26.
TV.com
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TV. com is a website owned by CBS Interactive. The site covers television and focuses on English-language shows made or broadcast in Australia, Canada, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, the United States and the United Kingdom. Australia and UK versions of the website are available, at au. tv. com and uk. tv. com. CNET originally acquired the name in the mid-1990s to host a website for the companys technology-related TV shows. One of these shows was titled TV. com, the program, highlighting the best of the Internet for new and casual computer users, aired in U. S. syndication. CNET then acquired TV Tome, a television database. TV. com was launched a few months after that acquisition on June 1,2005, many of the features and content from the original TV Tome site were maintained in the new TV. com site. On May 15,2008, CBS formally announced its purchase of CNET Networks, TV. com continually looked at innovating the television-viewing experience by incorporating it with technology, as seen with the creation of WatchList. This service offered personalized TV listings influenced by user actions and social media, TV Tome was an American website devoted to documenting English-language television shows and their production. It was run by volunteer editors, with the assistance of user contributions, the site was founded by John Nestoriak III. The site had over 2,500 complete television series guides, over 3,500 developing television series guides, in addition to the television series guides, TV Tome had a forum for each television series, with information regarding episodes, their interpretation, and general discussions. A spin-off site, Movie Tome, was established in August 2003, a video game tome and a music tome were originally planned as well, but such plans were abandoned with the purchase of TV Tome and Movie Tome by CNET. On April 22,2005, TV Tome officially announced its acquisition by CNET, CNET reportedly bought TV Tome for US $5 million in January 2005. CNET announced plans to relocate the site to its TV. com domain, a preliminary version of the new site launched on June 1,2005 and on June 13,2005, the site was permanently redirected to TV. com with an entirely new layout. TV. com provides show descriptions, cast and crew listings, full episodes, clip length videos, discussion forums, episode guides may include synopsis information, a recap, credits, notes, trivia, quotes, and images provided by the networks. All textual information in the guides is user-generated, after a user earns a certain number of points, s/he becomes an editor for the guide and can moderate user submissions. The site provides actor guides that include actor bios, credits, trivia, like show pages, users can become editors for these guides after earning points by providing sourced content. The sites mobile application allows users to video content, including clips and full length episodes
27.
Viacom Media Networks
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Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks. The company was founded in 1984 after Warner Communications and American Express decided to divest the basic cable assets of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, renaming it as MTV Networks, Warner-Amex had originally created and owned Nickelodeon, MTV, VH1 and The Movie Channel. Viacom acquired 66% of the company in 1985 and then acquired the remaining interest in 1986 and it was then folded into Viacom International Inc. a subsidiary of Viacom Inc. and is no longer a distinct legal entity. Viacom Media Networks family of brands is divided into three sections, based on the type of programming and audiences they serve. All networks are simulcasted in high definition aside from the music networks. The company also owns internet properties, such as MTV News, MTV International, the company ran a virtual world system, Virtual MTV in the late 2000s. It formerly owned Neopets, Atom Entertainment, and other web properties before shutting them down or selling them to companies in the 2000s and 2010s. Viacom had a division called MTV Games, which used to publish the Rock Band and Dance Central series by Harmonix Music Systems. MTV Networks opened another game division called 345 Games in New York City, the Rock Band series and the Dance Central series will be published by other publishers. The first game published by 345 Games was Ugly Americans, Apocalypsegaddeon based on the Comedy Central TV series, recently,345 Games has announced a video game based on the popular MMA franchise, Bellator Fighting Championships. Viacom International Media Networks is a division of Viacom International and its headquarters are based in New York, London, Warsaw and Buenos Aires. It consists of 64 localized MTV channels, MTV Live HD, VH1, Nickelodeon, TMF, VIVA, Comedy Central, Game One, Nitrome Limited, Shockwave, Addicting Games, Atom Films and Xfire. S. Including MTV, Comedy Central and Nickelodeon are experiencing falls in viewership unlike other US broadcasters, MTV, Comedy Central and Nickelodeon are of most concern to investors
28.
Viacom
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Viacom, Inc. is an American media conglomerate with interests primarily in cinema and cable television. It is currently the sixth largest broadcasting and cable company in terms of revenue—behind Comcast, The Walt Disney Company, Time Warner, and CBS Corporation. Voting control of Viacom is held by National Amusements, Inc. a privately owned theater company controlled by the billionaire Sumner Redstone, Redstone also holds – via National Amusements – a controlling stake in CBS Corporation. The current incarnation of Viacom was created on December 31,2005 as a spin-off from the incarnation of Viacom. CBS Corporation currently retains control of the broadcasting, TV production, subscription pay television and publishing assets. Predecessor firms of the original Viacom included Gulf+Western and Westinghouse Electric Corporation, in addition, the company was facing issues after MTV was banned from producing any more Super Bowl halftime shows after the Super Bowl Halftime Show controversy of 2004. Redstone was set to retire in the future, and a split was seen as a creative solution to the matter of replacing him. A new company, the present Viacom, was created and was headed by Freston and it comprises BET Networks, MTV Networks, and Paramount Pictures Corporation. In June 2005, Viacom announced its purchase of Neopets, a virtual pet website, along with GameTrailers, GoCityKids and that December, Paramount announced it would acquire DreamWorks. On February 1,2006, Paramount completed its acquisition of DreamWorks. On April 24, Viacom obtained Xfire, in August, just hours before announcing its most recent quarterly earnings, Viacom announced that it had acquired Atom Entertainment for $200 million. In September, Viacom acquired game developer Harmonix for $175 million, in February 2007, Viacom ordered leaked copyrighted video clips be taken off the videosharing service YouTube for copyright reasons. On February 21, Viacom publicly announced they would be offering free access to their own material through Silicon Valleys distributor Joost thanks to a thorough content licensing deal. All future Viacom content for India and new ventures such as a Hindi entertainment channel, on December 19,2007, Viacom signed a five-year, $500 million contract with Microsoft that included content sharing and advertisement. The deal allowed Microsoft to license many shows from Viacom owned cable television and film studios for use on Xbox Live, the deal also made Viacom a preferred publisher partner for casual game development and distribution through MSN and Windows. On the advertisement side of the deal, Microsofts Atlas ad-serving division became the provider of previously unsold advertising inventory on Viacom owned web sites. Also, Microsoft purchased a large amount of advertising on Viacom owned broadcasts, finally, Microsoft will also collaborate on promotions and sponsorships for MTV and BET award shows, two Viacom owned cable networks. On December 4,2008, Viacom announced layoffs of 850 personnel, at the end of the year, Time Warner Cable and Viacoms MTV Networks could not come to terms for the renewal of any Viacom channel beyond the end of year
29.
BET
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Black Entertainment Television is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the BET Networks division of Viacom. It is the most prominent television network targeting African American audiences, the channel has offices in Washington, D. C. New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago, programming on the network consists of original and acquired television series and theatrically and direct-to-video-released films. After stepping down as a lobbyist for the industry, Freeport. Johnson would soon acquire a loan for $15,000 and a $500,000 investment from media executive John Malone to start the network, the network, which was named Black Entertainment Television, launched on January 25,1980. Initially broadcasting for two hours a week as a block of programming on Nickelodeon, the lineup consisted of music videos. BET launched a program, BET News, in 1988. In 1996, the talk show BET Tonight debuted with Tavis Smiley as host, in 2001, in 1991, the network became the first black-controlled TV company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In 2001, the network lost its status as a business when it was bought by media conglomerate Viacom for $3 billion. In 2005, Johnson retired from the network, turning over his titles of president, by 2007, the network had launched two more music-oriented networks, BET Hip-Hop and BET Gospel. BETs president of entertainment Reginald Hudlin resigned from the network on September 11,2008 and he was then replaced by Stephen Hill, who is also executive vice president of music programming and talent. BET announced in March 2010 that Ed Gordon would return to the network to host a variety of news programs, original programming currently seen on BET include Real Husbands of Hollywood, and Being Mary Jane. By the early 2010s, the only regularly airing urban music video program on BET was 106 & Park, BET also airs a program block called BET Inspiration which features Christian programming. In the years after the cancellation of 106 & Park, would BET resume airing infomercials in early mornings and, in 2017, its Christian programming block changed its name to BET Rejoice. In addition, the channel broadcasts acquired television series, primarily in the form of sitcoms, drama series, feature films released theatrically and on home video are also aired on the channel, comprising much of its primetime and weekend schedule. The BET Walk of Fame Awards were established in 1995 by BET, the BET Awards were established in 2001 by the network to celebrate African Americans and other minorities in music, acting, sports and other fields of entertainment over the past year. The awards are presented annually and broadcast live on BET, BET commissioned Artist/Sculptor and Hip-Hop culture icon Carlos Mare139 Rodriguez to design the Award sculpture. Global promotion is provided by Kroszover Entertainment, the BET Honors were established in 2008 by the network to honor the lives and achievements of African-American luminaries
30.
BET Gospel
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BET Gospel is a television network in the United States that provides gospel and inspirational programming. The network, a spin-off of BET, mixes new and classic shows as well as original gospel-oriented programming, BET Gospel currently runs on an automated loop schedule. In 2016, the channel was updated and programming now consists of recent uplifting music videos, as well as gospel themed series and it officially launched on July 1,2002
31.
BET Her
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Centric is an American lifestyle cable television channel geared towards African-American women. A BET channel, it launched as BET on Jazz, showcasing jazz music-related programming. Centric is on DirecTV, Dish Network, Verizon FiOS, AT&T U-verse, Charter Spectrum, as of February 2015, approximately 51,829,000 American households receive Centric. BET on Jazz launched on the date of January 15,1996, in 2002, it was renamed BET Jazz. On March 1,2006, the network was re-branded as BET J, while jazz music still remained the stated primary focus, programming expanded to include a block of Caribbean programs as well as some R&B, neo soul, reggaetón and alternative hip hop. To a lesser extent, BET J also focused on go-go, electronica, on April 24,2009, BET announced it would rebrand BET J as Centric, which would be programmed as a general-interest adult African-American network. The rebrand allowed the channel to compete equally with TV One, the rebrand was complete on September 28,2009. On November 30,2014, Centric underwent another rebrand, becoming The First Network Designed for Black Women, a new logo was introduced and the Centic website was relaunched in March 2015. Centric Productions at the Internet Movie Database
