1.
Karl Schwarzschild Observatory
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The Karl Schwarzschild Observatory is a German astronomical observatory in Tautenburg near Jena, Thuringia. It was founded in 1960 as an institute of the former German Academy of Sciences at Berlin and named in honour of the astronomer. In 1992, the institute was re-established as Thuringian State Observatory, the observatory has the largest telescope located in Germany, which is also the largest Schmidt camera in the world. Made by VEB Zeiss Jena, this instrument is known as 2m Alfred Jensch Telescope, though its mirror is 2 metres in diameter, the telescopes aperture is 1. 34m. The observatory has observed several exoplanets and brown dwarfs, as around the stars HD8673,30 Arietis,4 Ursae Majoris, the observatory also host an International station for the interferometric radio telescope LOFAR. Alfred Jensch Bernhard Schmidt Official website Interview with director on ESAs plans for finding Earth-like planets
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Hans Rosenthal
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Hans Rosenthal was a radio editor, director, and one of the most popular German radio and television hosts of the 1970s and 1980s. Rosenthal grew up in a Jewish family on Winsstraße No,63, in the Prenzlauer Berg district of Berlin. His childhood was marked by an aggressive antisemitic atmosphere, the result of rising German Nazism and his father died of kidney failure in 1937, after he had lost his job at Deutsche Bank AG. When his mother died of cancer in 1941, Hans. Starting in 1940, Hans was forced to participate in unfree labour, while his brother was deported, after the war, Rosenthal began an apprenticeship as an assistant director at Berliner Rundfunk, a public broadcaster. He became chief entertainment editor and soon began hosting his own radio shows, Allein gegen alle, Wer fragt. Das klingende Sonntagsrätsel, Spaß muß sein, Opas Schlagerfestival, Da ist man sprachlos, Die Rückblende, the most popular of these, the TV show Dalli, Dalli, aired 153 times from 1971 to 1986. Celebrities had to compete in several fast-paced quiz rounds and games of skill, even today, Rosenthal is known in Germany for his catchphrase Sie sind der Meinung, das war. When he thought something impressive had been done, the TV audience then answered Spitze. at which point Rosenthal would jump into the air. Because he was not tall, he was referred to affectionately as Hänschen Rosenthal. He was a member of the Central Council of Jews in Germany from the 1960s onwards and he often took his vacation in Utersum on the island of Föhr, of which he was eventually made an honorary citizen. From 1965 until 1973 Rosenthal was chairman of the Tennis Borussia Berlin football club, Rosenthal started a foundation called Schnelle Hilfe in Akuter Not. In 1980, Rosenthal published his autobiography Zwei Leben in Deutschland, in 1986, along with Paul Spiegel, he started an international media agency, which promoted actors, TV presenters and artists. In the same year Rosenthal fell ill with cancer and was no longer able to work as a TV host. He died in 1987 in Berlin, aged 61, Schwarzkopf u. Schwarzkopf, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-89602-307-1 Michael Schäbitz, Paul Spiegel, Curth Flatow, Hans Rosenthal. Deutschlands unvergessener Quizmaster, bewusster, stolzer Jude
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Minor planet
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A minor planet is an astronomical object in direct orbit around the Sun that is neither a planet nor exclusively classified as a comet. Minor planets can be dwarf planets, asteroids, trojans, centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, as of 2016, the orbits of 709,706 minor planets were archived at the Minor Planet Center,469,275 of which had received permanent numbers. The first minor planet to be discovered was Ceres in 1801, the term minor planet has been used since the 19th century to describe these objects. The term planetoid has also used, especially for larger objects such as those the International Astronomical Union has called dwarf planets since 2006. Historically, the asteroid, minor planet, and planetoid have been more or less synonymous. This terminology has become complicated by the discovery of numerous minor planets beyond the orbit of Jupiter. A Minor planet seen releasing gas may be classified as a comet. Before 2006, the IAU had officially used the term minor planet, during its 2006 meeting, the IAU reclassified minor planets and comets into dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. Objects are called dwarf planets if their self-gravity is sufficient to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium, all other minor planets and comets are called small Solar System bodies. The IAU stated that the minor planet may still be used. However, for purposes of numbering and naming, the distinction between minor planet and comet is still used. Hundreds of thousands of planets have been discovered within the Solar System. The Minor Planet Center has documented over 167 million observations and 729,626 minor planets, of these,20,570 have official names. As of March 2017, the lowest-numbered unnamed minor planet is 1974 FV1, as of March 2017, the highest-numbered named minor planet is 458063 Gustavomuler. There are various broad minor-planet populations, Asteroids, traditionally, most have been bodies in the inner Solar System. Near-Earth asteroids, those whose orbits take them inside the orbit of Mars. Further subclassification of these, based on distance, is used, Apohele asteroids orbit inside of Earths perihelion distance. Aten asteroids, those that have semi-major axes of less than Earths, Apollo asteroids are those asteroids with a semimajor axis greater than Earths, while having a perihelion distance of 1.017 AU or less. Like Aten asteroids, Apollo asteroids are Earth-crossers, amor asteroids are those near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it
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Asteroid belt
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The asteroid belt is the circumstellar disc in the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter. It is occupied by numerous irregularly shaped bodies called asteroids or minor planets, the asteroid belt is also termed the main asteroid belt or main belt to distinguish it from other asteroid populations in the Solar System such as near-Earth asteroids and trojan asteroids. About half the mass of the belt is contained in the four largest asteroids, Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, the total mass of the asteroid belt is approximately 4% that of the Moon, or 22% that of Pluto, and roughly twice that of Plutos moon Charon. Ceres, the belts only dwarf planet, is about 950 km in diameter, whereas Vesta, Pallas. The remaining bodies range down to the size of a dust particle, the asteroid material is so thinly distributed that numerous unmanned spacecraft have traversed it without incident. Nonetheless, collisions between large asteroids do occur, and these can form a family whose members have similar orbital characteristics. Individual asteroids within the belt are categorized by their spectra. The asteroid belt formed from the solar nebula as a group of planetesimals. Planetesimals are the precursors of the protoplanets. Between Mars and Jupiter, however, gravitational perturbations from Jupiter imbued the protoplanets with too much energy for them to accrete into a planet. Collisions became too violent, and instead of fusing together, the planetesimals, as a result,99. 9% of the asteroid belts original mass was lost in the first 100 million years of the Solar Systems history. Some fragments eventually found their way into the inner Solar System, Asteroid orbits continue to be appreciably perturbed whenever their period of revolution about the Sun forms an orbital resonance with Jupiter. At these orbital distances, a Kirkwood gap occurs as they are swept into other orbits. Classes of small Solar System bodies in other regions are the objects, the centaurs, the Kuiper belt objects, the scattered disc objects, the sednoids. On 22 January 2014, ESA scientists reported the detection, for the first definitive time, of water vapor on Ceres, the detection was made by using the far-infrared abilities of the Herschel Space Observatory. The finding was unexpected because comets, not asteroids, are considered to sprout jets. According to one of the scientists, The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids. This pattern, now known as the Titius–Bode law, predicted the semi-major axes of the six planets of the provided one allowed for a gap between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
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Kirkwood gap
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A Kirkwood gap is a gap or dip in the distribution of the semi-major axes of the orbits of main-belt asteroids. They correspond to the locations of orbital resonances with Jupiter, for example, there are very few asteroids with semimajor axis near 2.50 AU, period 3.95 years, which would make three orbits for each orbit of Jupiter. Other orbital resonances correspond to orbital periods whose lengths are simple fractions of Jupiters, the weaker resonances lead only to a depletion of asteroids, while spikes in the histogram are often due to the presence of a prominent asteroid family. The orbital elements of the asteroids vary chaotically as a result, the 2,1 MMR has a few relatively stable islands within the resonance, however. These islands are depleted due to slow diffusion onto less stable orbits and this process, which has been linked to Jupiter and Saturn being near a 5,2 resonance, may have been more rapid when Jupiters and Saturns orbits were closer together. More recently, a small number of asteroids have been found to possess high eccentricity orbits which do lie within the Kirkwood gaps. Examples include the Alinda family and the Griqua family and these orbits slowly increase their eccentricity on a timescale of tens of millions of years, and will eventually break out of the resonance due to close encounters with a major planet. The most prominent Kirkwood gaps are located at mean orbital radii of,2.06 AU2.5 AU, home to the Alinda family of asteroids 2.82 AU2.95 AU3.27 AU, home to the Griqua family of asteroids. Weaker and/or narrower gaps are found at,1.9 AU2.25 AU2.33 AU2.71 AU3.03 AU3.075 AU3.47 AU3.7 AU. Orbital resonance Alinda family Griqua family Article on Kirkwood gaps at Wolframs scienceworld
