1.
United States Army Reserve
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The United States Army Reserve is the federal reserve force of the United States Army. Together, the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard constitute the Army element of the Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces. On 30 June 2016, Lieutenant General Charles D. Luckey became the 33rd Chief of Army Reserve, on 23 April 1908 Congress created the Medical Reserve Corps, the official predecessor of the Army Reserve. This organization provided a pool of trained Reserve officers and enlisted men for use in war. The Organized Reserve included the Officers Reserve Corps, Enlisted Reserve Corps, the Organized Reserves were redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps. Recognizing the importance of the Organized Reserve to the World War II effort, Congress authorized retirement, a tentative troop basis for the Organized Reserve Corps, prepared in March 1946, outlined 25 divisions, three armored, five airborne, and 17 infantry. These divisions and all other Organized Reserve Corps units were to be maintained in one of three categories, labeled Class A, Class B, and Class C. The troop basis listed nine divisions as Class A, nine as Class B, eventually the War Department agreed and made the appropriate changes. Although the dispute over Class A units lasted several months, the War Department proceeded with the reorganization of the Organized Reserve Corps divisions during the summer of 1946. That all divisions were to begin as Class C units, progressing to the categories as men and equipment became available. Also, the War Department wanted to take advantage of the pool of trained reserve officers, by that time Army Ground Forces had been reorganized as an army group headquarters that commanded six geographic armies. The armies replaced the nine areas of the prewar era. The First United States Army declined to support a division. After the change, the Organized Reserve Corps had four airborne, the Second Army insisted upon the number 80 for its airborne unit because the division was to be raised in the prewar 80th Divisions area, not that of the 99th. Finally, the 103rd Infantry Division, organized in 1921 in New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona, was moved to Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, a major problem in forming divisions and other units in the Organized Reserve Corps was adequate housing. While many National Guard units owned their own armories, some dating back to the nineteenth century, although the War Department requested funds for needed facilities, Congress moved slowly in response. During the summer and fall of 1951 the six army commanders in the United States, staff agencies, the army commanders urged that all divisions in the Organized Reserve Corps be infantry divisions because they believed that the reserves could not adequately support armored and airborne training. They thought thirteen, rather than twelve, reserve divisions should be maintained to provide a geographic distribution of the units
2.
Fort Knox
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Fort Knox is a United States Army post in Kentucky south of Louisville and north of Elizabethtown. The 109,000 acre base covers parts of Bullitt, Hardin and it currently holds the Army Human Resources Center of Excellence to include the Army Human Resources Command, United States Army Cadet Command and the United States Army Accessions Command. For 60 years, Fort Knox was the home of the U. S. Army Armor Center and the U. S. Army Armor School, and was used by both the Army and the Marine Corps to train crews on the M1 Abrams main battle tank. The history of the U. S. Armys Cavalry and Armored forces, the fort is best known as the site of the United States Bullion Depository, which is used to house a large portion of the United States official gold reserves. The United States Department of the Treasury has maintained the Bullion Depository on the post since 1937 and this facility is operated solely by the Treasury Department. Parts of the base in Hardin and Meade counties form a census-designated place, the George S. Patton Museum and Center of Leadership at Fort Knox includes an exhibit highlighting leadership issues that arose from the attacks of September 11,2001, which includes two firetrucks. One of them, designated Foam 161, was partially charred and melted in the attack upon the Pentagon. S. military to die in the attacks of September 11,2001. In 2012, the U. S. Army Armor School was relocated to The Maneuver Center of Excellence at FT Benning, fortifications were constructed near the site in 1861, during the Civil War when Fort Duffield was constructed. Fort Duffield was located on what was known as Muldraugh Hill on a point overlooking the confluence of the Salt and Ohio Rivers. The area was contested by both Union and Confederate forces, bands of organized guerrillas frequently raided the area during the war. John Hunt Morgan the 2nd Kentucky Cavalry for the Confederate Army raided the area before staging his famous raid on Indiana, after the war, the area now occupied by the Army was home to various small communities. In October 1903, military maneuvers for the Regular Army and the National Guards of several states were held at West Point, Kentucky, in April 1918, field artillery units from Camp Zachary Taylor arrived at West Point for training. 20,000 acres near the village of Stithton were leased to the government, the new camp was named after Henry Knox, the Continental Armys chief of artillery during the Revolutionary War and the countrys first Secretary of War. The camp was extended by the purchase of a further 40,000 acres in June 1918, the building program was reduced following the end of the war and reduced further following cuts to the army in 1921 after the National Defense Act of 1920. The camp was greatly reduced and became a semi-permanent training center for the 5th Corps Area for Reserve Officer training, the National Guard, for a short while, from 1925 to 1928, the area was designated as Camp Henry Knox National Forest. It was used by the Kentucky Air National Guard for several years after the war until they relocated to Standiford Field in Louisville, the airfield is still in use by the United States Army Aviation Branch. Hatfield ordered its release after the D-Day Landings on September 19,1944, in 1931 a small force of the mechanized cavalry was assigned to Camp Knox to use it as a training site. The camp was turned into a permanent garrison in January 1932, the 1st Cavalry Regiment arrived later in the month to become the 1st Cavalry Regiment
3.
Chief warrant officer
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In the United States Armed Forces Chief Warrant Officers are actual officers, not NCOs like other NATO forces. In the Canadian Armed Forces, a warrant officer or CWO is the most senior non-commissioned member rank for army. Its equivalent rank for navy personnel is chief petty officer 1st class, the French language form of chief warrant officer is adjudant-chef. A CWO is senior to the rank of warrant officer. Cadets Canada uses the ranks of petty officer 1st class, chief warrant officer. This organizations uniforms use a coat of arms insignia as the Canadian Armed Forces. The insignia lacks the annulus, from 1985 changes, behind the bearing the motto of the Order of Canada. It also differs from both the 1957 and 1985 versions through a lack of compartment and mantling, CWOs are generally initially addressed as Chief Warrant Officer, and thereafter as Sir or Maam by subordinates, and as Mr. or Ms. by commissioned officers. If they hold the appointment of regimental sergeant-major, they may also be addressed as RSM by the commanding officer, in the RCN, CWOs are never addressed as Chief, this being a form of address reserved for chief petty officers. Civilians can address them as Chief Warrant Officer or CWO or Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms, conversely, it is not impossible for an army CWO or navy CPO1 to be the squadron CWO of a Royal Canadian Air Force squadron. Senior appointments for chief warrant officers and chief petty officers 1st class entitle the incumbents to wear a rank badge or an addition to the rank badge. They are as follows, The coat of arms over the insignia of the badge of the Canadian Armed Forces. This appointment is given to CWO assigned to commanders at the base, brigade, wing, a formation chief warrant officer would typically be seen with a colonel or brigadier-general, but may occasionally be seen with a lieutenant-colonel or major-general. The coat of arms with a wreath of laurel wrapped around the base, a command chief warrant officer would be seen with a major-general or lieutenant-general. CWOs generally mess and billet with warrant officers and with sergeants. Their mess on military bases or installations are named the Warrant Officers. Although NCMs, CWOs generally wear the accoutrements of commissioned officers, for example, officer cap badge, waistcoat instead of cummerbund with mess dress. The רב-נגד Rav nagad, a Chief Warrant Officer is the most senior non-commissioned officers rank in the Israel Defense Forces, because the IDF is an integrated force, they have a unique rank structure
4.
First sergeant
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First Sergeant is typically a senior non-commissioned officer rank, used in many countries. In NATO armed forces the rank is on OR8 level, First Sergeant is a specialist in the Singapore Armed Forces. First sergeants are the most senior of the specialists, ranking above second sergeants. The rank insignia for a First Sergeant features the three chevrons pointing down shared by all specialists, and two chevrons pointing up, in combat units, First Sergeants are very often platoon sergeants, or given the responsibility for independently operating detachments of support weapons. They are often given instructional billets as well in training schools, First sergeants normally answer to the company sergeant major, assisting the latter in the mentorship, guidance and command of the more junior specialists who are section commanders. In the United States, a First Sergeant generally serves as the enlisted advisor of a unit, such as a company, battery, troop. Historically, the rank of “First Sergeant” has existed in the American Army since 1781, previously, under the tables of organization approved by the Continental Congress in 1776 and 1779, there were four and three sergeants, respectively, authorized in each company. The sergeants were numbered in order of seniority and the “First Sergeant” was simply the senior sergeant in the company, in 1833, First Sergeant, along with orderly sergeant, became separate pay grades, ranking below Sergeants Major and quartermaster sergeants but above sergeants. In the United States Army, the rank of first sergeant is an E-8 paygrade rank above the rank of sergeant first class and it is equal in grade to master sergeant, although the two ranks have different responsibilities. Both ranks are identical with three chevrons up and three curved stripes underneath down known as three up and three down, though the first sergeant has the diamond in the middle. A first sergeant is generally senior to a sergeant in leadership matters. The rank is abbreviated as 1SG in the Army, a promotable sergeant first class or a master sergeant may be selected for promotion to or appointment as a first sergeant and may assume the duty. Upon reassignment to a non first sergeant billet, the soldier reverts to their rank of master sergeant. CSMs have expanded administrative duties, and less direct leadership duty requirements with enlisted, in the Bundeswehr, the German Army, the first sergeant is called father of the unit, a concept also in place in the US Army. They are sometimes referred to as second hat because the Company Commander may entrust them with important responsibilities, even one of the companys lieutenants. First sergeants handle the leadership and professional development of their soldiers, especially the non-commissioned officer development, First sergeants are the first step in disciplinary actions such as an Article 15 proceeding. A first sergeant may place a soldier under arrest and on restriction to quarters in certain cases, logistics are a specific first sergeants end issue. It is often said that a commanding officer commands a company-level unit, many units are directly impacted by the strength of the first sergeant
5.
81st Infantry Division (United States)
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The 81st Infantry Division was an infantry division of the United States Army that was mobilized for service in both World War I and World War II. The division was inactivated in 1965 and remains on the inactive list of the United States Army, the 81st Infantry Division “Wildcats” was organized as a National Division of the United States Army in August 1917 during World War I at Camp Jackson, South Carolina. The division was organized with a small cadre of Regular Army officers. After organizing and finishing training, the 81st Division deployed to Europe, elements of the 81st Division first saw limited action by defending the St. Dié sector in September and early October. After relief of mission, the 81st Division was attached to the American First Army in preparation for the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. After the cessation of hostilities, the 81st Division remained in France until May 1919, after which the division was shipped back to the United States, the 81st Infantry Division was reactivated for World War II service in June 1942 at Camp Rucker, Alabama. As in World War I, the division was filled primarily with inducted men, the division trained at locations in Tennessee, Arizona and California before embarking for Hawaii in June 1944. After completion of amphibious and jungle training, the 81st Infantry Division departed for Guadalcanal in August 1944, there the division was attached to the III Marine Amphibious Corps reserve. In September 1944 the 321st Infantry Regiment of the 81st Infantry Division performed a landing on Angaur Island as part of the operations to secure the Palau Islands chain. After finishing the battle of Angaur, the 81st Infantry Division was ordered to assist the 1st Marine Division in their efforts to seize Peleliu, the 81st Infantry Division eventually relieved the 1st Marine Division, and assumed command of combat operations on Peleliu. The 81st Infantry Division remained engaged in the Battle of Peleliu until the end of organized Japanese resistance on 18 January 1945, in early February 1945, the 81st Infantry Division sailed to New Caledonia to rest and refit. In May 1945, the 81st Infantry Division was deployed to the Philippines to take part in mopping up operations on Leyte Island, after the end of World War II, the 81st Infantry Division deployed to Aomori Prefecture in Japan as part of the Allied occupation force. The 81st Infantry Division was inactivated in Japan on 30 January 1946, on 10 November 1947, the 81st Infantry Division was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve Corps with the division headquarters at Atlanta, Georgia. Under War Department guidelines, the 81st was organized as a Class C reserve unit with 60% of the officer cadre. In the event of a mobilization, the division would expand to wartime strength with called up reservists. However, during the 1950s and 60s, the 81st Infantry Division was not called up for service during the Korean War or Berlin Crisis, inactivated at Hoboken, New Jersey on 11 June 1919. Activated,15 June 1942, Camp Rucker, Alabama, awards, DSC-7, DSM-2, SS-281, LM-7, SM-40, BSM-658, AM-15. Commanders, Maj. Gen. Gustave H. Franke, Maj. Gen. Paul J. Mueller, inactivated,30 January 1946 in Japan
6.
100th Infantry Division (United States)
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The 100th Division is an infantry division of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Knox, Kentucky. It currently serves as a training command of the United States Army Reserve. Throughout its long history, the division has taken on numerous roles, serving as the 100th Infantry Division until the 1950s, the division then briefly became the 100th Airborne Division before becoming the 100th Division. Since this transformation, the division has taken on numerous training roles for other Army units. It was activated in mid 1918, too late to join the fighting in World War I, the division is best known for its exploits during World War II as the 100th Infantry Division. Fighting in the European Theater, the division advanced through France and Germany through the end of the war, World War II would be the only war the division would fight in before taking on its role as a training unit. The 100th Division was first constituted on 12 July 1918 in the National Army and it was organized in October of that year at Camp Bowie, Texas. Each brigade commanded around 8,000 soldiers, the division then began preparations to deploy to Europe and join the American Expeditionary Forces in combating the Central Powers during World War I. Before the division could deploy, though, the war ended on 11 November 1918, the 100th Division then began demobilization as part of the post-war drawdown of the U. S. Army. It would remain on the U. S. Armys roll until November 1919, only two years later, in June 1921, the division was reconstituted with its headquarters in Wheeling, West Virginia. On 29 May 1923, the received its shoulder sleeve insignia. Through its interwar years, the division saw little service and its location was changed in 1924 to Huntington, West Virginia and was changed again in 1937 to Charleston, West Virginia. The 100th Infantry Division was reactivated in the active duty force on 15 November 1942 at Fort Jackson, enlisted personnel were primarily original members of the unit, fleshed out by fillers from the 76th Infantry Division. The Officers were mostly members of the unit, again fleshed out with fillers from the Organized Reserves, the commander of the 100th was Major General Withers A. Burress, one of only eleven generals who commanded their divisions for the entire war. From late 1943 to early 1944, the division trained in the mountains of Tennessee and was sent to Fort Bragg, North Carolina. While at Fort Bragg, Technical Sergeant Walter L, bull earned the first Expert Infantrymans Badge. The division sailed to Europe on 6 October of that year, the division arrived at Marseille, France on 20 October. It was made part of VI Corps of the Seventh United States Army, as soon as the division was prepared for combat, it began moving into the Meurthe-et-Moselle region, and sent its first elements into combat at St. Remy in the Vosges Mountains on 1 November 1944
7.
Non-commissioned officer
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A non-commissioned officer or noncommissioned officer is a military officer who has not earned a commission. Such is also called sub-officer in some countries, Non-commissioned officers, in the English-speaking world, usually obtain their position of authority by promotion through the enlisted ranks. In contrast, commissioned officers hold higher ranks than NCOs, have more legal responsibilities, are paid more, commissioned officers usually earn their commissions without having risen through the enlisted ranks. Mustang is a term in the United States Armed Forces used to refer to a commissioned officer who began his or her career as an enlisted service member. The NCO corps usually includes all grades of corporal and sergeant, in some countries, the naval equivalent includes some or all grades of petty officer, although not all navies class their petty officers as NCOs. There are different classes of non-commissioned officer, including junior non-commissioned officers, the non-commissioned officer corps is often referred to as the backbone of the armed services, as they are the primary and most visible leaders for most military personnel. Additionally, they are the leaders responsible for executing a military organizations mission. NCO training and education typically includes leadership and management as well as service-specific, senior NCOs are considered the primary link between enlisted personnel and the commissioned officers in a military organization. Their advice and guidance is important for junior officers, who begin their careers in a position of authority. In the Australian Army, Lance corporals and corporals are classified as junior NCOs, while sergeants, in the New South Wales Police Force, NCOs perform supervisory and coordination roles. The ranks of probationary constable through to leading senior constable are referred to as constables, all NCOs within the NSW Police are given a warrant of appointment under the Commissioners hand and seal. All officers within the Australian Defence Force Cadets are non-commissioned, ADFC officers are appointed by the Director-General of their respective branch. In the Canadian Forces, the Queens Regulations and Orders formally defined a non-commissioned officer as A Canadian Forces member holding the rank of Sergeant or Corporal. In the 1990s, the term non-commissioned member was introduced to all ranks in the Canadian Forces from recruit to chief warrant officer. In the Royal Canadian Navy, however, the definition of NCO reflects the international use of the term. Junior Non-commissioned officers mess and billet with privates and seamen, their mess is usually referred to as the junior ranks mess, as a group, NCOs rank above privates and below warrant officers. The term non-commissioned members includes these ranks, in the Finnish Defence Force, NCOs includes all ranks from corporal to sergeant major. Ranks of lance corporal and leading seaman are considered not to be NCO ranks and this ruling applies to all branches of service and also to the troops of the Border Guard
8.
Taps
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Taps is a bugle call played at dusk, during flag ceremonies, and at military funerals by the United States armed forces. The official military version is played by a bugle or trumpet. It is also performed often at Boy Scout, Girl Scout, the tune is also sometimes known as Butterfields Lullaby, or by the first line of the lyric, Day Is Done. The duration may vary to some extent, the typical recording below is 59 seconds long, Taps is derived from the same source as Tattoo. Taps originates from the Dutch taptoe, meaning close the taps, an alternative explanation, however, is that it carried over from a term already in use before the American Civil War. Three single, slow drum beats were struck after the sounding of the Tattoo or Extinguish Lights and this signal was known as the Drum Taps, The Taps, or simply as Taps in soldiers slang. Within months Taps was used by both Union and Confederate forces and it was officially recognized by the United States Army in 1874. Taps concludes many military funerals conducted with honors at Arlington National Cemetery, the tune is also sounded at many memorial services in Arlingtons Memorial Amphitheater and at grave sites throughout the cemetery. Captain John Francis Tidball, West Point Class of 1848, started the custom of playing Taps at military funerals, in early July 1862 at Harrisons Landing, a corporal of Tidballs Battery A, 2nd U. S. Artillery, died. He was, Tidball recalled later, a most excellent man, Tidball wished to bury him with full military honors, but, for military reasons, he was refused permission to fire three guns over the grave. Tidball later wrote, The thought suggested itself to me to sound taps instead, the idea was taken up by others, until in a short time it was adopted by the entire army and is now looked upon as the most appropriate and touching part of a military funeral. As Tidball proudly proclaimed, Battery A has the honor of having introduced this custom into the service and it became a standard component to U. S. military funerals in 1891. Taps is sounded during each of the military wreath ceremonies conducted at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier every year, the ceremonies are viewed by many people, including veterans, school groups, and foreign officials. The melody of Taps is composed entirely from the notes of the C major triad. This is because the bugle, for which it is written, can play only the notes in the series of the instruments fundamental tone, a B-flat bugle thus plays the notes B-flat, D. Taps uses the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth partials, there is one original set of lyrics meant to accompany the music, written by Horace Lorenzo Trim, Several later lyrical adaptations have been created. There are several legends concerning the origin of Taps and that Daniel Butterfield composed Taps has been sworn to by numerous reputable witnesses including his bugler Norton, who first performed the tune. While scholars continue to debate whether or not the tune was original or based on an earlier melody, another, perhaps more historically verifiable, account of Taps first being used in the context of a military funeral involves John C
9.
1st Infantry Division (United States)
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The 1st Infantry Division is a combined arms division of the United States Army, and is the oldest continuously serving in the Regular Army. It has seen service since its organization in 1917 during World War I. It was officially nicknamed The Big Red One after its shoulder patch and is also nicknamed The Fighting First, however, the division has also received troop monikers of The Big Dead One and The Bloody First as puns on the respective officially-sanctioned nicknames. It is currently based at Fort Riley, Kansas, sibert, from Army units then in service on the U. S. -Mexico border and at various Army posts throughout the United States. The total authorized strength of this TO&E was 18,919 officers, George S. Frank W. Coe, who later served as Chief of Coast Artillery, was the divisions first chief of staff. The first units sailed from New York City and Hoboken, New Jersey on 14 June 1917, throughout the remainder of the year, the rest of the division followed, landing at St. Nazaire, France, and Liverpool, England. After a brief stay in rest camps, the troops in England proceeded to France, the last unit arrived in St. Nazaire 22 December. Upon arrival in France, the division, less its artillery, was assembled in the First training area, on 4 July, the 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry, paraded through the streets of Paris to bolster the sagging French spirits. At Lafayettes tomb, Captain C. E. Stanton of the 16th Infantry Regiment stepped forward and said, Lafayette, two days later,6 July, Headquarters, First Expeditionary Division was redesignated as Headquarters, First Division. The total authorized strength of this new TO&E was 27,120 officers, on the morning of 23 October, the first American shell of the war was fired toward German lines by a First Division artillery unit. Two days later, the 2nd Battalion of the 16th Infantry suffered the first American casualties of the war, by April 1918, the Germans had pushed to within 40 miles of Paris. In reaction to this thrust, the Big Red One moved into the Picardy Sector to bolster the exhausted French First Army, to the divisions front lay the small village of Cantigny, situated on the high ground overlooking a forested countryside. The 28th Infantry Regiment attacked the town, and within 45 minutes captured it along with 250 German soldiers and it was the first American victory of the war. The 28th was thereafter named the Black Lions of Cantigny, Soissons was taken by the First Division in July 1918. The Soissons victory was costly –700 men were killed or wounded, the First Infantry helped to clear the St. Mihiel salient by fighting continuously from 11 to 13 September 1918. The last major World War I battle was fought in the Meuse-Argonne Forest, the division advanced seven kilometers and defeated, in whole or part, eight German divisions. This victory was due to the efforts of George C. Marshall, who at the time was a captain in the 1st Division and organized soldiers movements, the war was over when the Armistice was signed
10.
25th Infantry Division (United States)
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The 25th Infantry Division is a U. S. Army division based in Hawaii. The division, which was activated on 1 October 1941 in Hawaii and its present deployment is composed of Stryker, light infantry, airborne, and aviation units. The 25th Division was formed from the 27th and 35th Infantry regiments of the original Hawaiian Division− a pre–Second World War square division composed of two brigades with four infantry regiments, the remaining units of the Hawaiian Division were reorganized as the 24th Infantry Division. These steps, part of the Triangular division organization, were undertaken to provide more flexibility with direct control of three regiments. Sources, Constituted 26 August 1941 in the Army of the United States as Headquarters, 25th Infantry Division, following intensive training, the 25th began moving to Guadalcanal,25 November 1942, to relieve Marines near Henderson Field. The threat of enemy attacks caused a temporary withdrawal, but Division elements under XIV Corps control relieved the 147th Infantry. The junction of these elements with Americal Division forces near the cape,5 February 1943, a period of garrison duty followed, ending 21 July, On that date, advance elements debarked on Munda, New Georgia. The 25th Infantry, under the Northern Landing Force, took part in the capture of Vella Lavella,15 August to 15 September 1943. Meanwhile, other elements landed on New Georgia, took Zieta, marched through jungle mud for 19 days, elements cleared Arundel Island,24 September 1943, and Kolombangara island with its important Vila Airport,6 October. Organized resistance on New Georgia ended,25 August, and the moved to New Zealand for rest and training. The 25th was transferred to New Caledonia,3 February-14 March 1944 and it drove across the Luzon Central Plain, meeting the enemy at Binalonan,17 January. Moving through the rice paddies, the 25th occupied Umingan, Lupao, on 21 February, the division began operations in the Caraballo Mountains. It fought its way along Highway No,5, taking Digdig, Putlan, and Kapintalan against fierce enemy counterattacks and took Balete Pass,13 May, and opened the gateway to the Cagayan Valley,27 May, with the capture of Santa Fe. Until 30 June, when the division was relieved, it carried out mopping-up activities, on 1 July, the division moved to Tarlac for training, leaving for Japan,20 September. It remained on duty in Japan for the next five years. Open warfare once again flared in Asia, now the primary area of concern. The North Korean military crossed the 38th parallel on that day in an attack on South Korea, acting under United Nations orders, the Tropic Lightning Division moved from its base in Japan to Korea between 5–18 July 1950. The division, then under the command of Major General William B, kean, successfully completed its first mission by blocking the approaches to the port city Pusan
United States Army Reserve
