1.
J/Z (New York City Subway service)
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The J Nassau Street Local/Express and Z Nassau Street Express are two rapid transit services in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Their route emblems, or bullets, are colored terra cotta brown since they use the BMT Nassau Street Line in Lower Manhattan, on weekdays, trains run express in each peak direction in Brooklyn between Myrtle Avenue and Marcy Avenue, bypassing three stations. During rush hours also in the direction, the J and Z form a skip-stop pair between Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport and Myrtle Avenue. At all other times, the J serves every station on its entire route, the Jamaica Line – then known as the Broadway Elevated – was one of the original elevated lines in Brooklyn, completed in 1893 from Cypress Hills west to Broadway Ferry in Williamsburg. It was then a line, with a single local service between the two ends, and a second east of Gates Avenue, where the Lexington Avenue Elevated merged. This second service later became the 12, and was eliminated on October 13,1950 with the abandonment of the Lexington Avenue el, the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation numbered its services in 1924, and the Canarsie and Jamaica services became 14 and 15. Both ran express during rush hours in the direction west of East New York. Express trains would stop at Myrtle Avenue, Essex Street and Canal Street. Additional 14 trains, between Eastern Parkway or Atlantic Avenue on the Canarsie Line and Manhattan provided rush-hour local service on Broadway, the Atlantic Avenue trips remained, and rush-hour trains continued to serve Rockaway Parkway, though they did not use the Broadway express tracks. The 14 was later cut back to only rush-hour service, on the Manhattan end, the first extension was made on September 16,1908, when the Williamsburg Bridge subway tracks opened. Broadway and Canarsie trains were extended to the new Essex Street terminal, when the BMT Nassau Street Line was completed on May 30,1931, the 15 was extended to Broad Street, and the 14 was truncated to Canal Street. Some 14 trains began terminating at Crescent Street on the Jamaica Line in 1956, manhattan–bound rush hour skip-stop service between Jamaica and East New York was implemented on June 18,1959, with trains leaving 168th Street on weekdays between 7 AM and 8,30 AM. Express 15 trains served A stations, while the morning 14 became the Jamaica Local, Express 15 trains continued to run express between Eastern Parkway and Canal Street, making only stops at Myrtle Avenue, Essex Street, and Canal Street. The BMT Jamaica services retained their numbers until November 1967, the 15 became the QJ, and the 14 became the JJ. When the Chrystie Street Connection opened on November 26,1967, the two local services - the JJ and KK - were combined as the JJ, but without any major routing changes. This was an extension of a former rush-hour RR service, and thus ran towards Jamaica in the morning, the next change was made on July 1,1968, when the Chrystie Street Connection tracks to the Williamsburg Bridge opened. The MM was an alternative to the KK as a local to 57th Street/6th Avenue. The RJ was eliminated, being cut back to an RR variant, less than two months later, on August 18, the QJ was extended to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue
2.
New York City Subway
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Opened in 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the worlds oldest public transit systems, one of the worlds most used metro systems, and the metro system with the most stations. It offers service 24 hours per day, every day of the year, the New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world by number of stations, with 472 stations in operation. Stations are located throughout the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Port Authority Trans-Hudson and the AirTrain JFK, in Manhattan and Queens respectively, accept the subways MetroCard but are not operated by the MTA and do not allow free transfers. Another mass transit service that is not operated by the MTA, the system is also one of the worlds longest. Overall, the system contains 236 miles of routes, translating into 665 miles of track. In 2015, the subway delivered over 1.76 billion rides, averaging approximately 5.7 million daily rides on weekdays and a combined 5.9 million rides each weekend. Of the systems 25 services,22 of them pass through Manhattan, the exceptions being the G train, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, and the Rockaway Park Shuttle. Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated, on embankments, or in open cuts, in total, 40% of track is not underground despite the subway moniker. Many lines and stations have both express and local services and these lines have three or four tracks. Normally, the two are used for local trains, while the inner one or two are used for express trains. Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations, alfred Ely Beach built the first demonstration for an underground transit system in New York City in 1869 and opened it in February 1870. The tunnel was never extended for political and financial reasons, although extensions had been planned to take the tunnel southward to The Battery, the Great Blizzard of 1888 helped demonstrate the benefits of an underground transportation system. A plan for the construction of the subway was approved in 1894, the first underground line of the subway opened on October 27,1904, almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line. The fare was $0.05 and on the first day the trains carried over 150,000 passengers, the oldest structure still in use opened in 1885 as part of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line in Brooklyn and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line. The oldest right-of-way, which is part of the BMT West End Line near Coney Island Creek, was in use in 1864 as a railroad called the Brooklyn, Bath. By the time the first subway opened, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, the city built most of the lines and leased them to the companies. This required it to be run at cost, necessitating fares up to double the five-cent fare popular at the time, in 1940, the city bought the two private systems. Some elevated lines ceased service immediately while others closed soon after, integration was slow, but several connections were built between the IND and BMT, these now operate as one division called the B Division
3.
Rapid transit
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Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains and they are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land, variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn. The worlds first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a railway in 1863. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, china has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world. The worlds longest single-operator rapid transit system by length is the Shanghai Metro. The worlds largest single rapid transit service provider by both length of revenue track (665 miles and number of stations is the New York City Subway. The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Subway, Metro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. One of these terms may apply to a system, even if a large part of the network runs at ground level. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway, in the US, underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, whereas the term metro is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area. In that vein, Chicagos commuter rail system, serving the area, is called Metra. Exceptions in naming rapid transit systems are Washington DCs subway system the Washington Metro, Los Angeles Metro Rail, and the Miami Metrorail, the opening of Londons steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant, experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam, in 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Both railways were merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset, budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services, hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems
4.
Jamaica Avenue
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Jamaica Avenue is a major avenue in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, New York, in the United States. Jamaica Avenues western end is at Broadway and Fulton Street, as a continuation of East New York Avenue and its eastern end is at the city line in Bellerose, Queens, where it becomes Jericho Turnpike to serve the rest of Long Island. Jamaica Avenue was part of a trail for tribes from as far away as the Ohio River. It was in 1655 that the first settlers paid the Native Americans with two guns, a coat, and some powder and lead, for the land lying between the old trail and Beaver Pond, later, Baisley Pond. Dutch Director-General Peter Stuyvesant dubbed the area Rustdorp in granting the 1656 land patent, the English, who took control of the colony in 1664, renamed the little settlement Jameco, for the Jameco Native Americans. In the early 19th century the old road through Jamaica Pass was the Brooklyn Ferry Road, late in the century the portion west of Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street, and the eastern portion Jamaica Avenue. The part of Jamaica Avenue that runs through the heart of Jamaica, Queens is an important shopping street, prices are said to be low, in an exciting market place atmosphere. It is also the center of the former village with several city landmarks including the King Manor. Jamaica Avenue is also the shopping street for many other neighborhoods it runs through as well, including Woodhaven, Richmond Hill. Jamaica Avenue is the point of many newer streets in Queens, such as Myrtle Avenue, Metropolitan Avenue, Hempstead Avenue, Guy R. Brewer Boulevard, Farmers Boulevard. Many bus lines run down Jamaica Avenue, most notably the Q56, Q110, the BMT Jamaica Line runs above Jamaica Avenue through the Cypress Hills section of Brooklyn along with Woodhaven and Richmond Hill. The Jamaica Bus Depot and East New York Bus Depot are located near the avenue, Jamaica Avenue, from Alabama Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn to the Nassau County line, is 10.9 miles long. The Jamaica Center – Parsons/Archer subway terminal with its bus station is a major transport hub. A Walk down Jamaica Avenue Photoessay Jamaica Plank Road - Jamaica Avenue
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Queens
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Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population, with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U. S. state of New York, behind the borough of Brooklyn. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York Citys boroughs, if each of New York Citys boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nations fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse area in the world. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and it was named after the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It became a borough of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City It is home to JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, causing the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country, attractions in Queens include Flushing Meadows Park, Citi Field, the US Open tennis tournament, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack. European colonization brought Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherland colony, First settlements occurred in 1635 followed by early colonizations at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen in 1643. Other early settlements included Newtown and Jamaica, however, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitutions provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens, originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was a county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1,1683. The county was named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time, the county was founded alongside Kings County, and Richmond County. On October 7,1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined, Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island. On December 3,1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county, Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown
6.
Richmond Hill, Queens
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Richmond Hill is a racially and culturally integrated urban neighborhood in southwestern Queens County, a borough of New York City. It abuts Kew Gardens, Jamaica, Ozone and South Ozone Park, the neighborhood is split between Queens Community Board 9 and 10. Richmond Hill is known as Little Guyana, for its large Guyanese immigrant population, as well as Little Punjab, many residents own their own homes, and some rent out apartments in them. There are also some apartment buildings. Commercial strips along Jamaica and Liberty Avenue contain mixed use buildings, a Long Island Railroad spur and yard provides freight access for business at Jamaica Avenue and Lefferts Boulevard. The ZIP code for Richmond Hill is 11418 and for South Richmond Hill it is 11419. Richmond Hill is located between Kew Gardens and Forest Park to the north, Jamaica and South Jamaica to the east, South Ozone Park to the south, and Woodhaven and Ozone Park to the west. Its western boundary north of Atlantic Avenue is formed by the LIRRs abandoned Rockaway Beach Branch, south of Atlantic, the southern border extends to around 103rd Avenue or Liberty Avenue. The Van Wyck Expressway abuts the eastern end of the community, the portion of the neighborhood south of Atlantic Avenue is also known as South Richmond Hill. The hill referred to as Richmond Hill is a created by debris. Prior to European colonization, the land was occupied by the Rockaway Native American group, in 1660, the Welling family purchased land in what was then the western portion of the colonial town of Rustdorp. The land would become the Welling Farm, while Rustdorp would be renamed Jamaica under British rule in 1664. The Battle of Long Island, one of the bloodiest battles of the Revolutionary War, was fought in 1776 along the ridge in present-day Forest Park, protected by its thickly wooded area, American riflemen used guerrilla warfare tactics to attack and defeat the advancing Hessians. One of the sites that would make up modern Richmond Hill, in January 1853, a Farming community was established on the south side of Jamaica Avenue between 110th and 112th Streets, known as Clarenceville. This land was purchased from the Welling estate, Richmond Hills name was inspired either by a suburban town near London or by Edward Richmond, a landscape architect in the mid-19th century who designed much of the neighborhood. The tract extended as far north as White Pot Road near modern Queens Boulevard, The area reminded Man of the London suburb, mans sons would later found the nearby Kew Gardens neighborhood from the northern portion of the land. Streets, schools, a church, and a railroad were built in Richmond Hill over the next decade, the streets were laid down to match the geography of the area. The development of area was facilitated by the opening of two railroad stations, by 1872, a post office was established in the neighborhood, while the Clarenceville neighborhood was merged into Richmond Hill
7.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
8.
B Division (New York City Subway)
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The New York City Subways B Division consists of the lines that operate with lettered services, as well as the Franklin Avenue and Rockaway Park Shuttles. These lines and services were operated by the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, B Division rolling stock is wider, longer, and heavier than those of the A Division, measuring 10 or 9.75 ft by 60 or 75 ft. The two former systems are sometimes referred to as the BMT Division and IND Division. A large system of elevated railways in Brooklyn was formed by 1908 by the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, crossing the Brooklyn Bridge, with the Dual Contracts, signed in 1913, the BRT acquired extensions outward into Queens, as well as through Lower and Midtown Manhattan. The BRT became the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation in 1923 after a bankruptcy, the Independent Subway System was created by the city in the 1920s and 1930s as a third system operated by the city, competing with the BMT and Interborough Rapid Transit Company. The city took over operations of the BMT and IRT in 1940, since the original IRT tunnels were smaller, it has remained a separate division to this day. IND services were labeled on maps and signs starting with the opening of the first line in 1932. Six letters - A to F - were assigned to the services, sorted by the north terminal and midtown line. G and H were assigned to lesser services, which did not enter Manhattan, the following labels were used from 1940 to 1967, Until 1954 and 1955, when the Culver Ramp and 60th Street Tunnel Connection opened, the BMT and IND trackage was not connected. Beginning in 1924, BMT services were designated by number, the city assigned letters - generally following the IND pattern of double letters for local services - in the early 1960s to prepare for the 1967 Chrystie Street Connection. Only Southern Division routes were labeled on maps, but all services except remnants of the old els were assigned letters, * Unofficially signed as M, in 1967, the Culver and Franklin Shuttles became SS - the standard shuttle designation - and the Myrtle Local was labeled MJ. The 1967 opening of the Chrystie Street Connection resulted in a number of changes
9.
BMT Jamaica Line
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The Jamaica Line is an elevated rapid transit line of the B Division of the New York City Subway, in Brooklyn and Queens, New York City, United States. It runs from the Williamsburg Bridge southeast over Broadway to East New York, Brooklyn, in western Jamaica, the line goes into a tunnel, becoming the lower level of the Archer Avenue Line in central Jamaica. The J and Z trains serve the length of the Jamaica Line. However, NYCTs railroad directions, which are north and south, replaced the BMTs west and east railroad directions and this reclassification resulted in services which ran through the BMT Nassau Street Line to Downtown Brooklyn having two south ends. To eliminate any confusion, the directions of train services in the division were switched. The Jamaica Line includes a variety of structures, the original BMT Jamaica Line started from Broadway Ferry, Brooklyn. The line was two tracks, and connected with Marcy Avenue, from the west and this section, which was called the Broadway Spur, has a short, but easily seen remnant west and south of where the line curves toward the Williamsburg Bridge. From Alabama Avenue to just before the current Cypress Hills station, the Jamaica Line operates on the oldest elevated structure in New York City, a steel-reinforced cast iron line opened in 1893. Interestingly enough, east of Broadway Junction, a third middle trackway exists, between Crescent Street station and Cypress Hills, the line runs on an S-curve, turning north from Fulton Street onto Crescent Street, then east onto Jamaica Avenue. The curves are at nearly 90-degree angles, forcing trains to reduce speed to 15 miles per hour in order to traverse them. The line east of Cypress Hills is known as the Jamaica Avenue Line, four curves on the line, including the two on the Jamaica Avenue S-curve, rank among the 30 sharpest curves in the subway system. The Union Elevated Railroad, leased to the Brooklyn Elevated Railroad and this was a branch of the existing Lexington Avenue Elevated, which then ended at Van Siclen Avenue, Broadway trains ran between Driggs and Van Siclen Avenues. A popular free transfer was available at Gates Avenue to Lexington Avenue trains towards Downtown Brooklyn, the Broadway Elevated was extended to Broadway Ferry on July 14,1888. This extension incorporated portions of the recently demolished Park Avenue Elevated, a connection to the Williamsburg Bridge was established in 1908, rendering the two westernmost stations on the Broadway Ferry Branch obsolete by July 3,1916. The eastern extension along Jamaica Avenue to 168th Street was opened on July 3,1918, joint service with the Long Island Rail Roads Atlantic Branch existed between Norwood Avenue and Crescent Street stations with a connection built at Chestnut Street in Brooklyn. This allowed BRT trains to access the Rockaways and Manhattan Beach, by the time the Independent Subway System extended the Queens Boulevard Line along Hillside Avenue in Jamaica in 1937, residents became dissatisfied with the Jamaica El. In the mid-1960s, after the 1940 consolidation of the BMT with the IRT and IND, however, the city was hit by a major financial crisis during the mid-1970s delaying the completion and opening of the new line. Regardless of these circumstances, the three easternmost stations were closed on September 10,1977, with most of that segment of the line being demolished in 1985
10.
MTA Regional Bus Operations
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Both NYCT and MaBSTOA operate service pursuant to a lease agreement with the City of New York. MTABC operates service pursuant to an agreement with the City of New York under which all expenses of MTABC and this brought almost all bus transportation in New York City under its control. After the bus mergers were completed in 2006, the MTA then moved to streamline its operations through consolidation of management function, MTA Regional Bus also included the MTA Long Island Bus division until January 2012, when its services were transferred to a private operator by Nassau County. Other changes have included eliminating the MTA Bus call center, folding it into that of MTA New York City Transit, Regional Bus Operations is currently only used in official documentation, and not publicly as a brand. The seven former companies were, Command Bus Company, Inc. Green Bus Lines, Queens Surface Corp. and Triboro Coach Corp. The most common scheme is a blue stripe across the sides of the bus against a white base, with no colors on the front or back. From 1977 until late 2007, the livery was a full all-around stripe with a rear, and until late 2010. Buses operated in Select Bus Service bus rapid transit service are wrapped with a light blue-and-white wrap below the windows. In spring 2016, a new livery was introduced based on blue, light blue, and gold, with a mostly blue front and sides, a light blue and gold wave. Access-A-Ride paratransit services are provided by independent contractors, using vehicles owned by the MTA. In addition, MTA Regional Bus Operations operated bus and paratransit service in Nassau County under the name Long Island Bus until December 31,2011 and this service was operated by the MTA under an agreement with Nassau County, who owned its facilities and equipment. In 2011, the MTA asked Nassau County to provide funding for Long Island Bus than they were at the time. The county refused to provide funding, and the MTA voted to end operation of the system at the end of 2011. The county then decided to hire Veolia Transportation, a transportation company. Eventually all of these routes were transferred to private management, another city acquisition was the Bridge Operating Company, which ran the Williamsburg Bridge Local trolley, acquired in 1921 by the DP&S. Unlike the other lines, this one remained city-operated, and was replaced by the B39 bus route on December 5,1948, on February 23,1947, the Board of Transportation took over the Staten Island bus network of the Isle Transportation Company. The final Brooklyn trolleys were the Church Avenue Line and McDonald Avenue Line, discontinued on October 31,1956, though the privately operated Queensboro Bridge Local remained until 1957. Thus, in the late 1950s, the city operated all local service in Staten Island and Brooklyn, about half the service in Queens
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Q56 (New York City bus)
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a number of bus routes in Queens, New York, United States, under two different public brands. Some of them are the descendants of streetcar lines. This table gives details for the routes prefixed with Q—in other words, routes marked with an asterisk run 24 hours a day. The full route is shown except for branching, when the MTA discontinued some routes on June 27,2010, operators of commuter vans, also known as dollar vans, were allowed to take over certain discontinued routes. In Queens, these routes were the Q74 and Q79, in December 2011, City Councilman Leroy Comrie pushed the city to create designated bus stops for the dollar van services to alleviate traffic and interference of dollar vans with MTA buses. These dollar van stops for drop off and pick ups now includes the corner of 153rd Street, below are the list of former Queens bus routes, including the previous route designations of current routes. Several route numbers for NYCTA buses in Queens and other boroughs were changed on July 1,1974, most of the former routes are operated by NYCTA, some were operated by private companies in Queens. Media related to Buses in Queens, New York City at Wikimedia Commons MTA NYC Transit - Bus Service Queens Bus Map and Service Guide Northeast Queens Bus Study – MTA
12.
Elevated railway
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An elevated railway is a rapid transit railway with the tracks above street level on a viaduct or other elevated structure. The railway may be standard gauge, narrow gauge, light rail, monorail, Elevated railways are usually used in urban areas where there would otherwise be a large number of level crossings. Most of the time, the tracks of elevated railways that run on steel viaducts can be seen from street level, the earliest elevated railway was the London and Greenwich Railway on a brick viaduct of 878 arches, built between 1836 and 1838. The first 2.5 miles of the London and Blackwall Railway was also on a viaduct, during the 1840s there were other schemes for elevated railways in London which did not come to fruition. From the late 1860s elevated railways became popular in US cities, the New York West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway operated with cable cars from 1868 to 1870, thereafter locomotive-hauled. This was followed by the Manhattan Railway in 1875, the South Side Elevated Railroad, Chicago, the Chicago transit system itself is known as L, short for elevated. The Berlin Stadtbahn is also mainly elevated, the first electric elevated railway was the Liverpool Overhead Railway, which operated through Liverpool docks from 1893 until 1956. In London, the Docklands Light Railway is an elevated railway that opened in 1987 and. The trains are driverless and automatic, another modern elevated railway is Tokyos driverless Yurikamome line, opened in 1995. Most monorails are elevated railways, such as the Disneyland Monorail System, the Tokyo Monorail, the Sydney Monorail, the KL Monorail, the Las Vegas Monorail, many maglev railways are also elevated. During the 1890s there was some interest in railways, particularly in Germany, with the Schwebebahn Dresden. H-Bahn suspension railways were built in Dortmund and Düsseldorf airport,1975, the Memphis Suspension Railway opened in 1982. Shonan Monorail and Chiba Urban Monorail in Japan, despite their names, are suspension railways too, People mover or automated people mover is a type of driverless grade-separated, mass-transit system. The term is used only to describe systems that serve as loops or feeder systems. Similar to monorails, Bombardier Innovia APM technology uses only one rail to guide the vehicle along the guideway, aPMs are common at airports and effective at helping passengers quickly reach their gates. Elevator Grade separation Monorail Railway Rapid transit People mover Trackless
13.
Side platform
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A side platform is a platform positioned to the side of a pair of tracks at a railway station, tram stop, or transitway. Dual side platform stations, one for direction of travel, is the basic station design used for double-track railway lines. Side platforms may result in a wider overall footprint for the station compared with a platform where a single width of platform can be shared by riders using either track. In some stations, the two platforms are connected by a footbridge running above and over the tracks. While a pair of platforms is often provided on a dual-track line. Where the station is close to a crossing the platforms may either be on the same side of the crossing road or alternatively may be staggered in one of two ways. With the near-side platforms configuration, each platform appears before the intersection, in some situations a single side platform can be served by multiple vehicles simultaneously with a scissors crossing provided to allow access mid-way along its length. Normally, the facilities of the station are located on the Up platform with the other platform accessed from a footbridge. However, in cases the stations main buildings are located on whichever side faces the town or village the station serves. Larger stations may have two platforms with several island platforms in between. Some are in a Spanish solution format, with two platforms and an island platform in between, serving two tracks
14.
111th Street (BMT Jamaica Line)
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111th Street is a skip-stop station on the BMT Jamaica Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 111th Street and Jamaica Avenue in Richmond Hill, Queens, the Z train bypasses the station when it operates. This elevated station was opened on May 28,1917 by the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad and it has three tracks and two side platforms. The center track dead ends at bumper blocks on both sides of the station and has connections to local tracks. It is only used for train storage and it was formerly used to turn trains for the BMT Lexington Avenue Elevated trains from 1917 until 1950. The track was used to store trains while the BMT Jamaica El was being torn down north of 121st Street. Both platforms have beige windscreens for their entire lengths and brown canopies with green frames, station signs are in the standard black with white lettering. The 1990 artwork here is called Five Points of Observation by Kathleen McCarthy and it resembles a human face when viewed from the street and is also featured on four other stations on the BMT Jamaica Line. The stations only entrance/exit is a station house beneath the tracks. Inside fare control, there is a staircase to each platform at their south ends. Outside fare control, there is a bank, token booth. This station formerly had another entrance/exit at the east end, the staircases going down to 113th Street were removed, but the elevated station house beneath the tracks and single staircase to each platform remain boarded up and intact. The station house is now used for storage and offices, 111th Street entrance from Google Maps Street View Platforms from Google Maps Street View
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121st Street (BMT Jamaica Line)
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121st Street is a skip-stop station on the elevated BMT Jamaica Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 121st Street and Jamaica Avenue in Queens, it is served by the Z train during rush hours in the peak direction, and by the J train at all other times. This elevated station was opened on July 3,1918 by the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad, the station has two tracks and two side platforms, with space for a center express track that was never added. This station has beige windscreens and green canopies and this is the easternmost station on the Jamaica Line. East of here, trains go underground to the BMT Archer Avenue Line, during construction of the Archer Avenue Line, this station was the terminal for the Jamaica Avenue El from April 15,1985, to December 10,1988. The remainder of the el was replaced by Q49 bus service until the Archer Avenue Line opened up, after reaching 121st Street, trains used the crossover to switch from the Jamaica-bound track to the Manhattan-bound one, where they would relay to the platform and begin service to Manhattan. The elevated structure between this station in the vicinity of 127th Street, and the now-demolished Metropolitan Avenue station was torn down to make way for the connecting ramps, the Manhattan-bound platform at this station is closed for renovation until Summer 2017. The full-time exit is at the west end of the station, one staircase from each platform leads to the mezzanine beneath the tracks. Outside of fare control, a pair of staircases lead down to either side of Jamaica Avenue on the west side of 121st Street, there is an additional un-staffed exit at the east end of the station leading to the west side of 123rd Street. This exit is split in due to the closed-off station house beneath the tracks. A single staircase from each platforms leads to a landing that contains a full-height turnstile before reaching the street stairs, the Manhattan-bound side is HEET turnstile access while the Jamaica-bound side is exit-only
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Woodhaven Boulevard (BMT Jamaica Line)
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Woodhaven Boulevard is an elevated station on the BMT Jamaica Line of the New York City Subway, located in Woodhaven, Queens. It is served by the J train at all times and the Z train during rush hours in the peak direction and this elevated station opened on May 28,1917, and has two tracks and two side platforms with space for a center track. Both platforms have windscreens and brown canopies with green roofs along the entire length except for a section at the west end. Here, there are only waist-high black steel fences and this station has provisions built in its structure to convert it into an express station, if the center third track was to be installed. The other station on the line that had such provisions was the now demolished Sutphin Boulevard station, the 1990 artwork here is called Five Points of Observation by Kathleen McCarthy. It affords a view of the street from the platforms and resembles a face when seen from the street and this artwork is also located on four other BMT Jamaica Line stations. This station has two entrances/exits, both of which are elevated station houses beneath the tracks that allow transfers between directions. The other station house is un-staffed, containing just two HEET turnstiles, a staircase to platform, and one staircase going down to the southwest corner of 95th Street. The Queens-bound staircases landing has an exit-only turnstile that allows passengers to exit the station without having to go through the station house
17.
Metro station
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A metro station or subway station is a railway station for a rapid transit system, which as a whole is usually called a Metro or Subway. The station provides a means for passengers to purchase tickets, access trains stopping at its platforms, the location of a metro station is carefully planned to provide easy access to important urban facilities such as roads, commercial centers, major buildings and other transport nodes. Most stations are located underground, with entrances/exits leading up to ground or street level, the bulk of the station typically positioned under land reserved for public thoroughfares or parks. This is especially important where the station is serving high-density urban precincts, in other cases, a station may be elevated above a road, or at ground level depending on the level of the train tracks. The physical, visual and economic impact of the station and its operations will be greater, planners will often take metro lines or parts of lines at or above ground where urban density decreases, extending the system further for less cost. Metros are most commonly used in cities, with great populations. Alternatively, a railway land corridor is re-purposed for rapid transit. At street level the logo of the company marks the entrances/exits of the station. Usually, signage shows the name of the station and describes the facilities of the station, often there are several entrances for one station, saving pedestrians from needing to cross a street and reducing crowding. A metro station typically provides ticket vending and ticket validating systems, the station is divided into an unpaid zone connected to the street, and a paid zone connected to the train platforms. The ticket barrier allows passengers with tickets to pass between these zones. The barrier may operated by staff or more typically with automated turnstiles or gates that open when a pass is scanned or detected. Some small metro systems dispense with paid zones and validate tickets with staff in the train carriages, access from the street to ticketing and the train platform is provided by stairs, concourses, escalators, elevators and tunnels. The station will be designed to minimise overcrowding and improve flow, permanent or temporary barriers may be used to manage crowds. Some metro stations have connections to important nearby buildings. Most jurisdictions mandate that people with disabilities must have unassisted use of the station and this is resolved with elevators, taking a number of people from street level to the unpaid ticketing area, and then from the paid area to the platform. In addition, there will be stringent requirements for emergencies, with lighting, emergency exits. Stations are a part of the evacuation route for passengers escaping from a disabled or troubled train
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Broad Street (BMT Nassau Street Line)
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Broad Street is a station on the BMT Nassau Street Line of the New York City Subway located at the intersection of Broad and Wall Streets in the Financial District of Manhattan. It serves as the terminal of the J train at all times. On March 19,1913, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company and the city signed Contract 4 of the Dual Contracts, most of the construction was completed by 1924, but the BMT Nassau Street Line was not yet completed. The BMT chairman Gerhard Dahl was persistent at requesting that the city build the line, once James Walker succeeded him as mayor, contracts for the project were awarded, with the portion south of Liberty Street being awarded to Moranti and Raymond. Work was projected to be completed in 39 months, and in March 1929, Nassau Street is only 34 feet wide, and the subway floor was only 20 feet below building foundations. As a result,89 buildings had to be underpinned to ensure that they would stay on their foundations, construction had to be done 20 feet below the active IRT Lexington Avenue Line. An area filled with quicksand with water, that used to belong to a spring, was found between John Street and Broad Street, construction was done at night so as to not disturb workers in the Financial District. The whole cost of the construction of the line was $10,072,000 for the 0.9 miles extension, or $2,068 a foot, the new line provided an additional ten percent capacity more than the existing service through DeKalb Avenue. Service on the Jamaica Line was extended to operate to this station, despite being actually located on Wall Street, this station was named after Broad Street. This station has two tracks and two side platforms, south of this station, there are two center stub tracks ending at bumper blocks used for laying-up and relaying trains. Further south, the two tracks of the BMT Nassau Street Line merge with the BMT Broadway Line via a flying junction as it enters the Montague Street Tunnel into Downtown Brooklyn. No regular service has used this connection since the M train was re-routed from the Nassau Street Line to the IND Sixth Avenue Line in June 2010. Trains terminate on the track, then continue to one of the two relay tracks before returning on the northbound track to start northbound service to northern Brooklyn. This station was renovated in the late 1990s and a design was added the platform walls. Beneath a small green and gold trim-line is a larger gold trim-line with a border and white B. The full-time entrance/exit is at the north end above the platforms, two staircases from each side go up to a mezzanine containing a turnstile bank and token booth. Outside of fare control, two street stairs go up to the corners of Wall and Broad Streets. The one outside of the New York Stock Exchange has been closed since the September 11,2001, attacks, the other two fare entrances/exits are un-staffed and at platform level
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Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad
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Starting in 1899, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company and Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation operated rapid transit lines in New York City — at first only elevated railways and later also subways. Until 1907, these lines were leased to the Brooklyn Heights Railroad, in 1907, the lease of the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad was canceled, and this company began to operate most of the rapid transit lines. When the New York City Board of Transportation took over the BMT in 1940, the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad was incorporated on January 30,1899, and acquired the property of the bankrupt Brooklyn Elevated Railroad on February 17. The BRT gained control a later, on March 25. The other elevated company in Brooklyn, the Kings County Elevated Railway, was sold under foreclosure to the BRT on July 6,1899, the lease to the Brooklyn Heights was canceled effective March 1,1907, after which the Brooklyn Union Elevated operated itself. At the same time, the lease of the ground-level Canarsie Railroad, the Sea Beach Railway and South Brooklyn Railway, which had been operated by the Brooklyn Heights as part of its elevated system, were released for independent operation. On November 30,1912, the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad, Canarsie Railroad, the New York Municipal Railway was incorporated on September 27,1912, in order to lease the BRT lines built by the city under Contract 4 of the Dual Contracts. This lease was made for 49 years from January 1,1917, Contract 4 elevated lines were completed above the West End tracks in 1917 and the Culver tracks in 1920, ending elevated operations on the surface. Despite being leased to the New York Municipal Railway, all the new lines were operated by the elevated company - the New York Consolidated Railroad. The remaining Contract 4 lines were soon completed. On June 1,1940, the New York City Board of Transportation took over operations, BMT services were assigned numbers in 1924, which appeared only on the fronts of trains and in schedules. In 1960, the New York City Transit Authority brought the BMT into the IND letter system, since then, many changes have been made, see the individual articles about the letters for more detail, and New York City Subway nomenclature for more general information. Terminals shown in the table below are pre-letters and this chart shows the letter code assigned to each BMT service in 1960, important changes happened on a few lines between then and when the letters were first publicly used. While the BMT number code was retired in the 1960s. For instance the BMT7 marker appeared on Franklin Avenue Shuttle trains as late as 1982, the BMTs predecessor BRT organized the rapid transit lines into two divisions, the Eastern Division and the Southern Division. When BMT service began on the Corona and Astoria Lines in 1923, when the dual-operated Queens lines were divided between the BMT and IRT in 1949, the Queens Division was dissolved. All the rest of the system are the Eastern Division except the Astoria and Flushing Lines, the Astoria Line has been part of the Southern Division since 1949, and the Flushing is no longer a BMT Line. Prior to Chrystie Street, operation of a service on both divisions was exceedingly rare, until the QJ and RJ services were introduced in 1967, there were some instances of joint trackage, mainly on the Nassau Street Line and approaching Brooklyn Bridge. Currently, there is no service operating on both divisions, current BMT lines in Manhattan are exclusively subway
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Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company
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The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company was a public transit holding company formed in 1896 to acquire and consolidate lines in Brooklyn and Queens, New York City, United States. It was a prominent corporation and industry using the single-letter symbol B on the New York Stock Exchange. It operated both passenger and freight services on its rapid transit, elevated and subway network, making it unique among the 3 companies which built. It became insolvent in 1919 and was restructured and released from bankruptcy as the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation in 1923 and it then acquired the Brooklyn, Queens County and Suburban Railroad leased on July 1,1898. A short piece of surface route of this railroad, near Coney Island Creek, is the oldest existing piece of rapid transit right-of-way in New York City, initially the surface and elevated railroad lines ran on steam power. Between 1893 and 1900 the lines were converted to electricity operation, an exception was the service on the Brooklyn Bridge. BRT opened its first short segment, consisting only of an underground terminal at the foot of the Williamsburg Bridge at Delancey. In addition to BRT trains, Long Island Railroad commuter trains used the new Chambers Street station from its opening until 1917. The BRT opened its first Brooklyn subway under Fourth Avenue on June 22,1915, the BRT opened the first segment of its Manhattan main line subway, the Broadway Line, as far as 14th Street – Union Square on September 4,1917. All of these subways but the first short segment were built by the City as part of the Dual Contracts, the elevated railroads were operated by a new corporation, the New York Consolidated Railroad. During the beginning of its existence the LIRR was a competitor of the BRT for passengers in Brooklyn, despite competing with nearby lines, the BRT and its predecessors also hosted LIRR passenger trains via track sharing agreements and interchanged freight with them. LIRR Passenger service to the BRTs Brooklyn Bridge terminal began after an agreement in 1895, LIRR passenger service to downtown Manhattan via the BRT subway and Williamsburg Bridge began with the opening of the Chambers Street Station. Both LIRR and BRT motorman were represented by the same union, today, BRT successor MTA New York City Transit still receives freight deliveries from LIRR freight successor the New York & Atlantic Railroad in Sunset Park and at Linden Yard. On November 1,1918, the BRT suffered the Malbone Street Accident and this further destabilized the financially struggling company. In 1923 the BRT was restructured and released from bankruptcy as the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, some of the former elevated system of the BRT, dating to 1885, remains in use today. The largest section is the part of todays BMT Jamaica Line running above Fulton Street from the Alabama Avenue station to a small section turning north after the Crescent Street station. Most of the surviving structures were either built new or rehabilitated between 1915 and 1922 as part of the Dual Contracts. One piece of structure – the elevated portion of the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, New York City Subway Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation
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Brooklyn Manor (LIRR station)
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The station name referred to the nearby Brooklyn Manor section of Woodhaven. Brooklyn Manor station was demolished following its 1962 closure, the elevated station was located on the south side of the overpass over Jamaica Avenue, with two side platforms and shelters on both platforms. The platforms were constructed from wood, as were most other stations constructed on the line at this time, most of the current stations south of here were built or rebuilt in the 1930s and 1940s and made of concrete. The BMTs Jamaica elevated runs over the Rockaway Beach tracks along Jamaica Avenue, connection was available two blocks east at the 102nd–104th Streets station. Connection was also available to the Jamaica Avenue surface trolley, the new station opened on January 9,1911. The station also served as a replacement for the former Brooklyn Hills Station, the next stop north was Parkside, and the next stop south was Woodhaven Junction. Following its opening, the diverted passengers away from the Atlantic Branch. In 1950, the Rockaway Beach Branch south of Ozone Park closed after the trestle on Jamaica Bay between The Raunt and Broad Channel stations was destroyed by a fire. The city purchased the line in 1955, but only the portion south of Liberty Avenue was reactivated for subway service. Ridership declined on the portion of the branch. Vandalism and criminal activity along the line led the LIRR to take the two-side platforms out of service in 1958. The station closed on June 8,1962, along with the rest of the Rockaway Beach Branch. In the 1950s following the fire led to service reductions on the line. After takeover by the MTA in 2006, the route was discontinued on June 27,2010 due to MTA budget cuts, alternate service is provided by the BMT Jamaica Lines nearby subway station at 104th Street. Few remnants of the site remaining today. Much track and signal infrastructure, however, remains though it is quite dilapidated, signal towers can still be seen on the path to Brooklyn Manor. Much of the roadbed is overgrown with trees and weeds, access to the area is currently limited, although Queens Community Board 9 has proposed to redevelop the right-of-way into a greenway bike path. Rockaway Beach Branch Former Rockaway Beach Branch, including Brooklyn Manor Station LIRR Station History Brooklyn Manor Station image - May 20,1931 Location of former Brooklyn Manor station site
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Long Island Rail Road
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With an average weekday ridership of 337,800 passengers in 2014, it is the busiest commuter railroad in North America. It is also one of the worlds few commuter systems that runs 24 hours a day,7 days a week and it is publicly owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, who refer to it as MTA Long Island Rail Road. The LIRR logo combines the circular MTA logo with the text Long Island Rail Road, the LIRR is one of two commuter rail systems owned by the MTA, the other being the Metro-North Railroad. Established in 1834 and having operated continuously since then, it is the second-oldest US railroad still operating under its original name and charter. There are 124 stations, and more than 700 miles of track and this service was superseded in 1849 by the land route through Connecticut that became part of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. The LIRR refocused its attentions towards serving Long Island, in competition with railroads on the island. In the 1870s, railroad president Conrad Poppenhusen and his successor Austin Corbin acquired all the railroads, the LIRR was unprofitable for much of its history. In 1900, the Pennsylvania Railroad bought a controlling interest as part of its plan for access to Manhattan which began on September 8,1910. The wealthy PRR subsidized the LIRR during the first half of the new century, after the Second World War, the railroad industrys downturn and dwindling profits caused the PRR to stop subsidizing the LIRR, and the LIRR went into receivership in 1949. The State of New York, realizing how important the railroad was to Long Islands future, in 1966, New York State bought the railroads controlling stock from the PRR and put it under the newly formed Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority. With MTA subsidies the LIRR modernized further, continuing to be the busiest commuter railroad in the United States, the LIRR is one of the few railroads that has survived as an intact company from its original charter to the present. The LIRR operates out of three terminals, in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens. Jamaica Station in central Queens is the hub of all railroad activities, expansion of the system into Grand Central Terminal is expected over the next few years. Major stations include, Pennsylvania Station, in Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest of the western terminals and it is reached via the Amtrak-owned East River Tunnels from the Main Line in Long Island City. The New York City Subways 34th Street–Penn Station and 34th Street–Penn Station stations are next to the terminal and it also connects LIRR with Amtrak and NJ Transit trains. Atlantic Terminal, formerly Flatbush Avenue, in Downtown Brooklyn serves most other trains and it is next to the New York City Subways Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center station complex, providing easy access to Lower Manhattan. A handful of trains run to Hunterspoint Avenue or onward to the Long Island City station on the East River in Long Island City. From Hunterspoint Avenue, the Hunters Point Avenue subway station can be reached for Midtown Manhattan access, the same subway trains can also be reached from Long Island City station at the Vernon Boulevard–Jackson Avenue subway station
23.
Rockaway Beach Branch
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The Rockaway Beach Branch was a rail line owned and operated by the Long Island Rail Road in Queens, New York City, United States. The line left the Main Line at Whitepot Junction in Rego Park heading south via Ozone Park and across Jamaica Bay to Hammels in the Rockaways, turning west there to a terminal at Rockaway Park. Along the way it connected with the Montauk Branch near Glendale, the Atlantic Branch near Woodhaven, the portion north of the subway connection was closed in 1962, and three proposals exist for the reuse of the line. This route was created in order to cut an hour off of travel times to the Rockaways, the new route would take 30 minutes, while the existing route to the Rockaway via the South Side Railroad would take an hour and a half. The plans were changed to build a standard gauge line from Hunters Point rather than Greenpoint. An agreement was made with the Long Island Rail Road in 1880 to operate over its Montauk Division to Bushwick and Hunters Point and Atlantic Division to Flatbush Avenue. In order to support the traffic, the LIRR agreed to double-track the Montauk Division west of Richmond Hill. It continued to operate trains to Far Rockaway, as well as trains between Long Beach and Rockaway Beach. The old Far Rockaway Branch west of Arverne was soon connected to the NY&RB at Hammels, the NY&RB began operating trains to Far Rockaway over this connection. The NY&RB was operated independently until July 1,1904, when the LIRR leased it as the Rockaway Beach Division, at the same time, the Rockaway Beach Division was electrified north of Woodhaven Junction, and the Main Line was electrified west of Rego Park. The New York and Rockaway Beach Railway was merged into the LIRR on June 30,1922, in 1939, a project to completely eliminate grade crossings was begun on the Rockaway Peninsula by elevated the line there, and completing plans that had existed since 1901. The elevated structure was completed to Hammels in 1941 and between Hammels and Far Rockaway in 1942, a fire on the trestle across Jamaica Bay between The Raunt and Broad Channel stations on May 7,1950 cut service on the middle section of the line. This was among around 30 fires on the line since 1942, the Jamaica Bay trestle meanwhile remained out of service. The LIRR, then bankrupt, saw the Rockaway Beach Branch south of Ozone Park as a liability and did not wish to spend the huge sum need to repair it, and sought to either sell or abandon it. The city of New York, however, saw potential in extending subway service over Jamaica Bay. This connection had primarily used to allow trains from Brooklyn to reach Aqueduct Racetrack. The remains of the interlocking can still be seen in the Atlantic Avenue tunnel, while the incline is now used by Logan School Bus Company, who parks their bus fleet along the incline. LIRR service continued on the remaining 3. 5-mile portion of the Rockaway Beach Branch between Rego Park and Ozone Park, under a lease from the New York City Transit Authority, service was greatly reduced and truncated to a single-track operations between the two endpoints starting in 1956
24.
Turnstile
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A turnstile, also called a baffle gate or turnstyle, is a form of gate which allows one person to pass at a time. It can also be made so as to enforce one-way traffic of people, and in addition, it can restrict passage only to people who insert a coin, a ticket, a pass, or similar. Turnstiles were originally used, like other forms of stile, to human beings to pass while keeping sheep or other livestock penned in. The use of turnstiles in most modern applications has been credited to Clarence Saunders, turnstiles are used at a wide variety of settings, including stadiums, amusement parks, mass transit stations, office lobbies, airports, ski resorts, and casinos. From a business/revenue standpoint, turnstiles give an accurate, verifiable count of attendance, from a security standpoint, they lead patrons to enter single-file, so security personnel have a clear view of each patron. This enables security to efficiently isolate potential trouble or to confiscate any prohibited materials, on the other hand, physical barriers become a serious safety issue when a speedy evacuation is needed, requiring emergency exits that bypass any turnstiles. Persons with disabilities may have difficulties using turnstiles, in these cases, generally a wide aisle gate or a manual gate may be provided. At some locations where luggage is expected, a line of turnstiles may be formed of wide aisle gates. Turnstiles often use ratchet mechanisms to allow the rotation of the stile in one direction allowing ingress, turnstiles are often used for counting the numbers of people passing through a gate, even when payment is not involved. They are used extensively in this manner in amusement parks, in order to track of how many people enter and exit the park. The first major use of turnstiles at a venue was at Hampden Park in Glasgow. A turnstile used in fairs, attractions, and arenas, sometimes also referred to as half-height turnstiles, this fixed arm style has traditionally been the most popular type of turnstile. There are many variations of this available, including one which is designed to be accompanied by a matching ticket box. Some styles are designed to allow entry only after a payment are inserted, a disadvantage to this type is people can jump the turnstile, as happens commonly on the Moscow Metro and other mass transport systems in Russia. Optical turnstiles are an alternative to the traditional arm-style turnstile and are used in locations where a physical barrier is deemed unnecessary or unaesthetic. Optical turnstiles generally use a beam to count patrons and recognize anyone attempting to enter a site without a valid entry pass. The drop arm optical turnstile is a combination of the security of a tripod or barrier turnstile, the lanes can have either single or double arms. When access is granted the arms drop into recesses in the cabinet, once the arms drop out of the way, the turnstile functions as a fully optical turnstile
25.
Paid area
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In rail transport, the paid area is a dedicated inner zone in a railway station or metro station barriers, which visitor or passenger requires a valid ticket, checked smartcard or a pass to get in. A system using paid areas is often called fare control, passengers are allowed to enter or exit only through a faregate. Such design requires a well-organized railway station layout, the paid area is similar in concept to the airside at an airport. However, in most cases entrance to the area requires only a valid ticket or transit pass. The exception is in cases of international rail travel, where passengers must also pass through immigration control. Examples include the Eurostar international platforms at St, ] In some rapid transit systems, passengers are banned from eating or drinking inside the paid area of every station. These are generally available only at major stations, but other smaller stations occasionally grant platform tickets in exchange for a piece of identification. Turnstile MTR BY-LAWS by Hong Kong Regulations
26.
Mezzanine
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A mezzanine is an intermediate floor in a building which is partly open to the double-height ceilinged floor below. Mezzanines may serve a variety of functions. Industrial mezzanines, such as used in warehouses, may be temporary or semi-permanent structures. A mezzanine is a floor in a building which is open to the floor below. It is placed halfway up the wall on a floor which has a ceiling at least twice as high as a floor with minimum height, a mezzanine does not count as one of the floors in a building, and generally does not count in determining maximum floorspace. The International Building Code permits a mezzanine to have as much as one-third of the space of the floor below. Local building codes may vary somewhat from this standard, a space may have more than one mezzanine, as long as the sum total of floor space of all the mezzanines is not greater than one-third the floor space of the complete floor below. Mezzanines help to make a high-ceilinged space feel more personal and less vast, mezzanines, however, may have lower-than-normal ceilings due to their location. The term mezzanine does not imply a function, as mezzanines can be used for an array of purposes. Mezzanines are commonly used in Modern architecture, which places an emphasis on light. In industrial settings, mezzanines may be installed in high-ceilinged spaces such as warehouses and these semi-permanent structures are usually free-standing, can be dismantled and relocated, and are sold commercially. Industrial mezzanine structures can be supported by steel columns and elements. Depending on the span and the run of the mezzanine, different materials may be used for the mezzanines deck, some industrial mezzanines may also include enclosed, paneled office space on their upper levels. Reports suggest that the amount of steel required can be reduced by up to 35%, an architect is sometimes hired to help determine whether the floor of the building can support a mezzanine, and to design the appropriate mezzanine. Structural Wood Design, A Practice-Oriented Approach, the Architects Studio Companion, Rules of Thumb for Preliminary Design. Coates, Michael, Brooker, Graeme, Stone, Sally, the Visual Dictionary of Interior Architecture and Design. Buildings for Industrial Storage and Distribution, the Mingqi Pottery Buildings of Han Dynasty China,206 BC-AD220, Architectural Representations and Represented Architecture. Structure of the Ordinary, Form and Control in the Built Environment, harris, Cyril M. Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture
27.
Metropolitan Transportation Authority
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority is a public benefit corporation responsible for public transportation in the U. S. MTA is the largest public transit authority in the United States. The construction of two bridges over the Long Island Sound was put under the jurisdiction of the MTA, the MTA took over full operations in 1983, as the Metro-North Commuter Railroad. Governor Rockefeller appointed his top aide, Dr. William J. Ronan, as chairman, Dr. Ronan served in this post until 1974. Veronique Hakim is currently the executive director of the MTA. The MTA is the largest regional public transportation provider in the Western Hemisphere and its agencies serve a region of approximately 14.6 million people spread over 5,000 square miles in 12 counties in New York and two in Connecticut. MTA agencies now move more than 8.5 million customers per day, the MTAs systems carry over 11 million passengers on an average weekday systemwide, and over 800,000 vehicles on its seven toll bridges and two tunnels per weekday. The Related Entities represent a number of existing agencies which have come under the MTA umbrella. In turn, these previously existing agencies were successors to the property of companies that provided substantially the same services. Each of these Related Entities has a name and in some cases. The popular names were part of an overall corporate identification effort in 1994 to eliminate the confusion over the affiliations of the authorities that were part of the MTA. Each of these members has one vote, the county executives of Dutchess, Orange, Rockland, and Putnam counties also nominate one member each, but these members cast one collective vote. All board members are confirmed by the New York State Senate, the budget deficit of the MTA is a growing crisis for the organization as well as New York City and State residents and legislature. The MTA held $31 billion in debt in 2010 and it suffered from a $900 million gap in its operating budget for 2011. The capital budget, which covers repairs, technological upgrades, new trains, If this is not funded, the MTA will fund the repairs with debt and raise fares to cover repayments. The MTA has consistently run on a deficit, but increased spending in 2000–04 coupled with the economic downturn led to a increase in the financial burden that the MTA bore. The budget problems stem from multiple sources, the MTA cannot be supported solely by rider fares and road tolls. In the preliminary 2011 budget, MTA forecasted operating revenue totaled at $6.5 billion, therefore, the MTA must rely on other sources of funding to remain operational. Revenue collected from real estate taxes for transportation purposes helped to contain the deficit, however, due to the weak economy and unstable real estate market, money from these taxes severely decreased, in 2010, tax revenue fell at least 20% short of the projected value
28.
Portable Document Format
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The Portable Document Format is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, PDF was developed in the early 1990s as a way to share computer documents, including text formatting and inline images. It was among a number of competing formats such as DjVu, Envoy, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica, in those early years before the rise of the World Wide Web and HTML documents, PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows. Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993 and these proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only on Adobe’s website. Many of them are not supported by popular third-party implementations of PDF. So when organizations publish PDFs which use proprietary technologies, they present accessibility issues for some users. In 2014, ISO TC171 voted to deprecate XFA for ISO 32000-2, on January 9,2017, the final draft for ISO 32000-2 was published, thus reaching the approval stage. The PDF combines three technologies, A subset of the PostScript page description programming language, for generating the layout, a font-embedding/replacement system to allow fonts to travel with the documents. A structured storage system to bundle these elements and any associated content into a single file, PostScript is a page description language run in an interpreter to generate an image, a process requiring many resources. It can handle graphics and standard features of programming such as if. PDF is largely based on PostScript but simplified to remove flow control features like these, often, the PostScript-like PDF code is generated from a source PostScript file. The graphics commands that are output by the PostScript code are collected and tokenized, any files, graphics, or fonts to which the document refers also are collected. Then, everything is compressed to a single file, therefore, the entire PostScript world remains intact. PDF supports graphic transparency, PostScript does not, PostScript is an interpreted programming language with an implicit global state, so instructions accompanying the description of one page can affect the appearance of any following page. Therefore, all preceding pages in a PostScript document must be processed to determine the appearance of a given page. A PDF file is a 7-bit ASCII file, except for elements that may have binary content. A PDF file starts with a header containing the magic number, the format is a subset of a COS format. A COS tree file consists primarily of objects, of which there are eight types, Boolean values, representing true or false Numbers Strings, enclosed within parentheses, objects may be either direct or indirect
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OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
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Google Books
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Books are provided either by publishers and authors, through the Google Books Partner Program, or by Googles library partners, through the Library Project. Additionally, Google has partnered with a number of publishers to digitize their archives. The Publisher Program was first known as Google Print when it was introduced at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2004, the Google Books Library Project, which scans works in the collections of library partners and adds them to the digital inventory, was announced in December 2004. But it has also criticized for potential copyright violations. As of October 2015, the number of scanned book titles was over 25 million, Google estimated in 2010 that there were about 130 million distinct titles in the world, and stated that it intended to scan all of them. Results from Google Books show up in both the universal Google Search as well as in the dedicated Google Books search website, if Google believes the book is still under copyright, a user sees snippets of text around the queried search terms. All instances of the terms in the book text appear with a yellow highlight. The four access levels used on Google Books are, Full view, Books in the domain are available for full view. In-print books acquired through the Partner Program are also available for full view if the publisher has given permission, usually, the publisher can set the percentage of the book available for preview. Users are restricted from copying, downloading or printing book previews, a watermark reading Copyrighted material appears at the bottom of pages. All books acquired through the Partner Program are available for preview and this could be because Google cannot identify the owner or the owner declined permission. If a search term appears many times in a book, Google displays no more than three snippets, thus preventing the user from viewing too much of the book. Also, Google does not display any snippets for certain reference books, such as dictionaries, Google maintains that no permission is required under copyright law to display the snippet view. No preview, Google also displays search results for books that have not been digitized, in effect, this is similar to an online library card catalog. Google also stated that it would not scan any in-copyright books between August and 1 November 2005, to provide the owners with the opportunity to decide which books to exclude from the Project. It can let Google scan the book under the Library Project and it can opt out of the Library Project, in which case Google will not scan the book. If the book has already been scanned, Google will reset its access level as No preview and this information is collated through automated methods, and sometimes data from third-party sources is used. This information provides an insight into the book, particularly useful when only a view is available
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New York City Subway stations
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The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system that serves four of the five boroughs of New York City, New York, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Queens. Its operator is the New York City Transit Authority, which is controlled by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority of New York. In 2015, an average of 5.65 million passengers used the daily, making it the busiest rapid transit system in the United States. The privately held IRT, founded in 1902, constructed and operated the first underground line in New York City. The oldest sections of elevated lines still in operation were built in 1885, the BMT, founded in 1923 and also privately held, was formed from the bankruptcy of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company. The IND was created by the City of New York in 1921 to be a municipally owned competitor of the two private companies, unification in June 1940 by the New York City Board of Transportation brought the three systems under one operator. If station complexes are counted as one each, the number of stations is 425. Regardless of how stations are counted, the New York City Subway has the largest number of rapid transit stations in the world, included in the station counts is one station that is temporarily closed, Cortlandt Street on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. The station closed when it was destroyed during the September 11,2001 attacks, the newest New York City Subway stations are part of the Second Avenue Subway, and are located on Second Avenue at 72nd, 86th and 96th streets. They opened on January 1,2017, stations that share identical street names are disambiguated by the line name and/or the cross street each is associated with. Of the 472 stations in the system,469 are served 24 hours a day, underground stations in the New York City Subway are typically accessed by staircases going down from street level. Many of these staircases are painted in a shade of green. Other stations have unique entrances reflective of their location or date of construction, several station entrance stairs, for example, are integrated into adjacent buildings. Nearly all station entrances feature color-coded globe or square lamps signifying their status as an entrance, the New York City Subway primarily employs two types of turnstiles, a waist-high turnstile, and a full-height turnstile known as a High Entry-Exit Turnstile. The waist-high turnstiles, the most prominent in the system, were installed beginning in 1993 along with the implementation of MetroCard, the newer HEETs resemble several older turnstiles of that design informally called iron maidens, and are prevalent at subway entrances without token booths to discourage fare evasion. Both turnstiles are stainless steel and are bidirectional, allowing passengers to enter with fare payment, a third older type of turnstile, the High Exit Turnstile, is a black-painted unidirectional iron maiden and only turns in the exiting direction. Entrance is also available via Service Entry gates or AutoGates, which cater primarily to handicapped passengers or passengers with large items such as strollers and these gates double as pushbar Emergency Exits, though they are often used for regular exiting in crowded stations. At most of the entrances and exits, there is a lamppost or two bearing a colored spherical or cube-shaped lamp
(all except rush hours, peak direction)
(rush hours, peak direction)
NYCT Bus: Q56
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