1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
State Street (Chicago)
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State Street is a large south-north street in Chicago, Illinois, USA and its south suburbs. It resumes north of 137th Street in Riverdale and runs intermittently through Chicagos south suburbs until terminating at New Monee Road in Crete. Its intersection with Madison Street has marked the point for Chicagos address system since 1909. The street runs parallel and adjacent to the Dan Ryan Expressway from 65th Street south to just beyond 95th Street and it took on the name State Road after some state-funded improvements. Vincennes Avenue, one of Chicagos rare diagonal streets, is a vestige of the Vincennes Trace, in its early days, State Road was unpaved and known for having mud so deep it was jokingly said that it could suck down a horse and buggy. In the late 1860s, Potter Palmer embarked on efforts to raise the profile, for many years the citys most well-known seafood retailer, Burhops Seafood, was located on North State Street, as well as the historic Chicago Theatre. The latter was lit by Commercial Light Company in 1958, making it the brightest thoroughfare in the world, State Street became a shopping destination during the 1900s and is referred to in the song Chicago, which mentions State Street, that great street. In 1979, Mayor Jane Byrne converted the downtown portion into a mall with only bus traffic allowed. Mayor Richard M. Daley oversaw the State Street Revitalization Project and on November 15,1996, during the second half of the 20th century, State Street was eclipsed by Michigan Avenues Magnificent Mile as a shopping district. Various projects to restore State Streets glory have been met with success. New York & Company, Old Navy, Urban Outfitters, Borders Books had a flagship on State, but the Borders chain has since shut down. Today, the two main department store chains that remain are Macys and Sears on State. The department store chain Carson Pirie Scott closed their store on State Street on February 21,2007 after over 100 years of business in that location. The Block 37 opened in 2009, bringing with it a group of upscale retailers to State Street, including Anthropologie, Puma AG. On January 12,2012, Walgreenss opened a location at Randolph Street, where it had previously existed from 1926 to 2005. Crown Hall Shimer College State Street Village Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ Building Harold L. Condit, Carl W. Chicago 1910-29, Building, Planning, and Urban Technology
3.
Bank of America
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Bank of America is a multinational banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. It is ranked 2nd on the list of largest banks in the United States by assets, as of 2016, Bank of America was the 26th largest company in the United States by total revenue. In 2016, it was ranked #11 on the Forbes Magazine Global 2000 list of largest companies in the world and its acquisition of Merrill Lynch in 2008 made it the worlds largest wealth management corporation and a major player in the investment banking market. As of December 31,2016, it had US$886.148 billion in assets under management, as of December 31,2016, the company held 10. 73% of all bank deposits in the United States. It is one of the Big Four banks in the United States, along with Citigroup, JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America operates—but does not necessarily maintain retail branches—in all 50 states of the United States, the District of Columbia and more than 40 other countries. It has a retail banking footprint that serves approximately 46 million consumer, Bank of America provides its products and services through 4,600 retail financial centers, approximately 15,900 automated teller machines, call centers, and online and mobile banking platforms. The history of Bank of America dates back to October 17,1904, Giannini was raised by his mother and stepfather Lorenzo Scatena, as his father was fatally shot over a pay dispute with an employee. When the 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck, Giannini was able to all deposits out of the bank building. Because San Franciscos banks were in smoldering ruins and unable to open their vaults, from a makeshift desk consisting of a few planks over two barrels, he lent money to those who wished to rebuild. In 1922, Giannini established Bank of America and Italy, in 1918 another corporation, Bancitaly Corporation, was organized by A. P. Giannini, the largest stockholder of which was Stockholders Auxiliary Corporation. Monnette and consolidated it with other holdings to create what would become the largest banking institution in the country. Bank of Italy was renamed on November 3,1930 to Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association, Giannini and Monnette headed the resulting company, serving as co-chairs. Branch banking was introduced by Giannini shortly after 1909 legislation in California that allowed for branch banking in the state and its first branch outside San Francisco was established in 1909 in San Jose. By 1929, the bank had 453 banking offices in California with aggregate resources of over US$1.4 billion. There is a replica of the 1909 Bank of Italy branch bank in History Park in San Jose, and the 1925 Bank of Italy Building is an important downtown landmark. Giannini sought to build a bank, expanding into most of the western states as well as into the insurance industry, under the aegis of his holding company. In 1953, regulators succeeded in forcing the separation of Transamerica Corporation, the passage of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 prohibited banks from owning non-banking subsidiaries such as insurance companies. Bank of America and Transamerica were separated, with the company continuing in the insurance business
4.
Chicago Loop
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The Loop is the central business district of Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the citys 77 designated community areas, the Loop is home to Chicagos commercial core, City Hall, and the seat of Cook County. In the late century, cable car turnarounds and prominent elevated railway encircled the area. In what is now the Loop, on the bank of the Chicago River, near todays Michigan Avenue Bridge. It was the first settlement in the sponsored by the United States. Other research has concluded that the Loop was not used as a proper noun until after the 1895–97 construction of the Union elevated railway loop, Loop architecture has been dominated by skyscrapers and high-rises since early in its history. Some of the buildings in this district were instrumental in the development of towers. Chicagos street numbering system – dividing addresses into North, South, East, Chicago is still the nations rail transportation hub and passenger lines once reached seven Loop-area stations by the 1890s. Transfers from one to the other was a business for taxi drivers until the long-distance lines gave way to Amtrak in the 1970s with the majority of trains concentrated at Chicago Union Station. This area abounds in shopping opportunities, including the Loop Retail Historic District and it includes Chicagos former Marshall Fields department store location in the Marshall Field and Company Building, the original Sullivan Center Carson Pirie Scott store location. Chicagos Downtown Theatre District is also found within this area, along with numerous restaurants, Chicago has a famous skyline which features many of the tallest buildings in the world as well as the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. Chicagos skyline is spaced out throughout the area, giving it a graceful beautiful appearance. Chicagos third tallest building, the Aon Center, is located just south of Illinois Center, the complex is at the east end of the Loop, east of Michigan Avenue. Two Prudential Plaza is also located here, just to the west of the Aon Center, the Loop contains a wealth of outdoor sculpture, including works by Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Henry Moore, Marc Chagall, Magdalena Abakanowicz, Alexander Calder, and Jean Dubuffet. Chicagos waterfront, which is almost exclusively recreational beach and park areas from north to south, the area also hosts the annual music festival Lollapalooza which features popular alternative rock, heavy metal, EDM, hop hop and punk rock artists. Trips down the Chicago River, including tours, by commercial boat operators are great favorites with both locals and tourists alike. The Loop is the seat of Chicagos government and it is also the government seat of Cook County, Illinois and houses an office for the governor of the State of Illinois. The century old City Hall/County Building houses the chambers of the Mayor, City Council, across the street, the Richard J. Daley Center accommodates a famous Picasso sculpture and the state law courts
5.
Community areas in Chicago
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These areas are well-defined and static. Census data are tied to the community areas, and they serve as the basis for a variety of urban planning initiatives on both the local and regional levels, the Social Science Research Committee at University of Chicago defined seventy-five community areas during the late 1920s. At the time, these community areas corresponded roughly to neighborhoods or inter-related neighborhoods within the city, in the 1950s, with the citys annexations for OHare International Airport, a seventy-sixth community area was added. Community areas are distinct from neighborhoods in Chicago, community areas often encompass groups of neighborhoods. Although many community areas contain more than one neighborhood, they may share the same name, or parts of the name. The city center area covers a more than 4 square miles, lying roughly between Division Street on the north, Lake Michigan on the east, 26th Street on the south. This area is commercial hub. The three branches of the Chicago River meet in this area, the area known as the Loop is a section within downtown, surrounded by elevated tracks of the rapid transit network. Many of downtowns commercial, cultural, and financial institutions are located in the Loop, today, the Loop is also used to identify the larger downtown area. River North contains the Magnificent Mile, a concentration of high-end retail, the Chicago Bears play in Soldier Field on the Near South Side. The citys North Side district extends north of Central−Downtown Chicago, the West Side districts, and it is the most densely populated residential section of the city, and has a considerable middle and upper-class demographic. It contains sizable public parklands and miles of beaches along Lake Michigan to the northern limits. Residential highrises line the waterfront in the eastern North Side, the district includes Eastern European, Puerto Rican, and other ethnic enclaves. It is the home of the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field, the West Side is made up of neighborhoods such as Austin, Lawndale, Garfield Park, West Town, and Humboldt Park among others. Some neighborhoods, particularly Garfield Park and Lawndale, have had long-term socio-economic problems, other West Side neighborhoods, especially those closer to downtown, have been undergoing gentrification. The United Center, the home of the Chicago Bulls and Blackhawks, major parks on the West Side include Douglas, Garfield, and Humboldt Park. Garfield Park Conservatory houses one of the largest collections of plants of any U. S. city. Attractions on the West Side include the Puerto Rican Day festival, the National Museum of Mexican Art in Pilsen, the South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the citys land area, and much was annexed in the late 19th century
6.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
7.
Mills Corporation
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The company developed, owned, and operated major super-regional shopping malls. Most former Mills facilities have a movie theater from 10–30 screens. Their facilities are built in modern/abstract architectural designs. Simon Property Group assumed management of the former Mills properties after the acquisition, the company started in 1967 as the Western Development Corporation, and its first mall was Potomac Mills in the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area in 1985. Then from 1989–1991, Franklin, Sawgrass, & Gurnee Mills opened each of those years, in 1994 the company converted to REIT status and changed its name to The Mills Corporation. Since opening Ontario Mills until 2005 with Pittsburgh Mills, The Mills built, also, the company also expanded to Europe with the opening of Madrid Xanadú in Spain. It was eventually sold to developer, who planned it as American Dream Meadowlands. After their last built mall was opened, Galleria at Pittsburgh Mills in July 2005, on January 17,2007, the Mills Corporation agreed to a buyout from Brookfield Asset Management, based out of Toronto. The deal was valued at US$1.35 billion, the company was forced to seek help after a possible management misconduct resulted in a $350 million accounting error. Brookfield would have paid $21 for each share of Mills Corporation, however, on February 13,2007, Mills announced that their board had determined that a competing offer from Simon Property Group of Indianapolis, Indiana was superior to the Brookfield offer. Brookfield had the option to submit an offer, but February 16,2007, Simon Property Group. On April 6,2007, Farallon and Simon completed the acquisition of Mills, all former Mills malls became Simon properties at the acquisition date and are now shown on Simons website. The Mills became Simons fifth retail platform, along with Regional Malls, the new platform is known as The Mills, A Simon Company. St. Enoch Centre – Glasgow, Scotland, acquired 50/50 stake in January 2005, vaughan Mills – Built in 2004 and the first Mills property outside the U. S. Mills sold its share in July 2006 to Ivanhoe Cambridge. Pittsburgh Mills – Tarentum, Pennsylvania Built in 2005, was the first Mills landmark to feature full priced stores, Mills sold its share in mall in December 2006 to Zamias Services, Inc. These properties were in development by Mills Corporation before the Simon acquisition and will not be part of Simon
8.
Foreclose
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Formally, a mortgage lender, or other lienholder, obtains a termination of a mortgage borrower s equitable right of redemption, either by court order or by operation of law. Usually a lender obtains a security interest from a borrower who mortgages or pledges an asset like a house to secure the loan. If the borrower defaults and the lender tries to repossess the property, while this equitable right exists, it is a cloud on title and the lender cannot be sure that they can successfully repossess the property. Therefore, through the process of foreclosure, the lender seeks to foreclose the equitable right of redemption, other lien holders can also foreclose the owners right of redemption for other debts, such as for overdue taxes, unpaid contractors bills or overdue homeowners association dues or assessments. Commonly, the violation of the mortgage is a default in payment of a promissory note, the mortgage holder can usually initiate foreclosure at a time specified in the mortgage documents, typically some period of time after a default condition occurs. Within the United States, Canada and many countries, several types of foreclosure exist. In the U. S. two of them – namely, by sale and by power of sale – are widely used. Under this system, the lender initiates foreclosure by filing a lawsuit against the borrower, as with all other legal actions, all parties must be notified of the foreclosure, but notification requirements vary significantly from state to state. A judicial decision is announced after the exchange of pleadings at a hearing in a state or local court, in some rather rare instances, foreclosures are filed in federal courts. In some states, like California and Texas, nearly all so-called mortgages are actually deeds of trust and this process involves the sale of the property by the mortgage holder without court supervision. This process is much faster and cheaper than foreclosure by judicial sale. As in judicial sale, the holder and other lien holders are respectively first. Other types of foreclosure are considered minor because of their limited availability, should the mortgagor fail to do so, the mortgage holder gains the title to the property with no obligation to sell it. This type of foreclosure is available only when the value of the property is less than the debt. Historically, strict foreclosure was the method of foreclosure. Acceleration is a clause that is found in Sections 16,17. Not all accelerations are the same for each mortgage, as it depends on the terms, when a term in the mortgage has been broken, the acceleration clause goes into effect. It can declare the entire debt to the Lender if the Borrower were to transfer the title at a future date to a purchaser
9.
Randolph Street
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Randolph Street is a street in Chicago. It serves as the boundary of Grant Park and the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. Metras Millennium Station is located under Randolph Street, Randolph Street was named for Randolph County, Illinois, in turn named after Edmund Randolph, Governor of Virginia, Secretary of State, and the first United States Attorney General. The street was part of the plot of Chicago in the 1830s. In the 1850s and 1860s, gambling was a pastime at the saloons on Randolph. In 1937, in conjunction with the building of Lake Shore Drive and this viaduct still exists west of Columbus Drive as the upper level, it intersected LSD at the current upper level. The lower level of the viaduct was never used, in 1963 the upper level was built east of Field to serve the new Outer Drive East building. Between 1970 and 1980, the viaduct was demolished east of Columbus, by 1988 the new Randolph had been completed, including a new upper level west of Columbus. East of Columbus, this level was built to slope down to the old upper level, the old viaduct was kept west of Columbus, and it slopes down to a middle level east towards the new Lake Shore Drive. East of Michigan Avenue, Randolph Street is a two-way street taking traffic to Lake Shore Drive, just east of Michigan, Randolph crosses over the Metra Electric/South Shore Line and splits into two levels, an upper level and a middle level. Intersections with the level are provided with Stetson Avenue and Columbus Drive. The middle level, which traffic to Lake Shore Drive. A lower level also exists between Stetson and Columbus, intersecting lower Columbus, the middle level East of Columbus Drive is known as Randolph Drive. East of Columbus, Randolph continues as a triple-decker street, the lower level intersects with a short piece of Field Boulevard, at that point, the upper level narrows to lie only over the north side of the middle level. Field Boulevard was the original Lake Shore Drive, and crossed the level of Randolph. Old Lake Shore Drive south of Randolph is now the Cancer Survivors Plaza, a new Upper Field Boulevard was recently built as part of the Lakeshore East development, it ramps down to ground level. After Field Boulevard, the upper level and service level continue east to the double-decker Harbor Drive. Harbor Drive provides access to buildings and then itself dead ends
10.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
11.
Chicago Transit Authority
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Chicago Transit Authority, also known as CTA, is the operator of mass transit in Chicago, Illinois and some of its surrounding suburbs, including the trains of the Chicago L and CTA bus service. In 1952, CTA purchased the assets of the Chicago Motor Coach Company, today, the CTA is one of the three service boards financially supported by the Regional Transportation Authority. The Chicago Transit Authority provides service to Chicago and 40 surrounding suburbs, the CTA provided a total of 532 million rides in 2011, a 3 percent increase over 2010 with ridership rising to levels not seen for 20 years. CTA operates 24 hours each day and on an average weekday provides 1.7 million rides on buses and it has approximately 1,800 buses that operate over 140 routes traveling along 2,230 route miles. Buses provide about one million trips a day and serve more than 12,000 posted bus stops in 10 suburbs. The Chicago Transit Authoritys 1,450 train cars operate eight routes and 222 miles of track. Its trains provide about 750,000 customer trips each weekday and serve 144 stations in Chicago and seven suburbs. Currently, the CTA operates within Chicago and the suburbs of Forest Park, Evanston, Skokie, Oak Park, Summit, Cicero, Berwyn, North Riverside, Rosemont. The CTA accepts payment with a Ventra card, a single-ride or 1-day Ventra disposable ticket, contactless credit or debit card, children under seven can ride free with a fare-paying rider, 3-child limit. Only buses allow riders to pay with cash, the bus fare is $2, the L fare is $2.25, and no cash transfers are available. The CTA no longer sells Transit Cards, all remaining Transit Cards must have been used by July 1,2014. In its place CTA has adopted the Ventra Card system, the Ventra Card can be purchased online, at any Ventra machine at CTA stations, and at authorized retailers. Ventra is a fare payment system for the Chicago Transit Authority and Pace that replaced the Chicago Card. Ventra launched in August 2013, with a full system transition slated for July 1,2014, Ventra is operated by Cubic Transportation Systems. Riders can pay a quarter for up to two transfers within two hours, the Chicago Transit Authority produced a monthly television show, Connections, from May 2003 through December 2011. The show was hosted by Dale Rivera, Jeanne Sparrow, Connections was broadcast on City of Chicago Public-access television cable TV channels 23 &49, as well as on Comcasts CN100 in the Chicago media market, including areas of Michigan and Indiana. Connections featured news and information about the CTA and services it provides, individual segments from Connections are available on CTAs YouTube channel. The majority of train stations CTA operates have elevators or ramps to access for customers with disabilities
12.
Red Line (CTA)
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The Red Line, sometimes known as the Howard-Dan Ryan Line and the North-South Line, is a rapid transit line in Chicago, run by the Chicago Transit Authority as part of the Chicago L system. It is the busiest line on the L system, with an average of 251,813 passengers boarding each weekday in 2012. The route is 23.4 miles long with a total of 33 stations, from Howard station in Rogers Park on the side, through the State Street subway. Like the Blue Line, the Red Line runs 24 hours a day/365 days a year, a proposed extension adding four new stations would extend the Red Line south from 95th to 130th Street. The northern terminus of the Red Line is Howard Street in the Rogers Park neighborhood of Chicago, the Red Line extends southeasterly on an elevated embankment structure about a half-mile west of the lakefront to Touhy Avenue then turns south along Glenwood Avenue to Morse station. From here, the transitions from concrete embankment to steel elevated structure. The L continues southward running adjacent the Graceland Cemetery, Irving Park Road, the Brown Line joins the Red Line tracks just north of Belmont Avenue. South of Belmont, Red, Brown and Purple Line Express trains run side-by-side on the four track North Side L to Armitage, Red Line trains run on the two middle tracks, only making a stop at Fullerton and skipping Wellington, Diversey and Armitage. Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs, is served by the Addison station. South of Roosevelt Road, there is a junction, with one pair of tracks curving to the east and leaving the subway at 13th Street and connects to the old South Side L at 18th and State Streets. This section was used from October 17,1943, until February 21,1993, the 13th street portal is now used for non-service train moves and emergency purposes. From the Red Line, passengers can transfer to any other Chicago L line. This is unique to it and the Purple Line, when the Purple Line runs its weekday rush hour route. At 13th Street, the subway swings away from State Street on a curve to the southwest then rises to another portal at 16th Street adjacent Metras Rock Island District line. The Red Line leaves at 16th Street and continues southward on a structure to 24th Street. There is a stop at Cermak–Chinatown on this portion, Chicago pioneered using expressway medians for local L train lines. The Red Line follows the Dan Ryan the rest of the way to the 95th Street terminal in Roseland, the 98th Yard lie just south and east of the Dan Ryan-Bishop Ford Expressway interchange. An extension to 130th Street is nearing its final planning stages and this extension includes three elevated stations at 103rd, 111th, and Michigan, plus an at-grade terminal station at 130th
13.
O'Hare International Airport
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It is the primary airport serving the Chicago metropolitan area, with Midway International Airport, about 10 miles closer to the Loop, serving as a secondary airport. It is operated by the City of Chicago Department of Aviation, OHare was the busiest airport in the world by number of takeoffs and landings in 2014, topping Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, however, it lost the title to Atlanta a year later. Until 1998, OHare was also the worlds busiest airport in number of passengers and it was surpassed mainly due to limits the federal government imposed on the airport to reduce flight delays. As of 2016, OHare is the sixth-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic, the third-busiest airport in the United States, OHare also has eight runways, more than any major international airport. OHare is a hub for American Airlines and United Airlines, as well as a hub for regional carrier Air Choice One. OHare was voted the Best Airport in North America for 10 years by two sources, Readers of the U. S. Edition of Business Traveler Magazine and Global Traveler Magazine, in contrast, Travel and Leisure magazines 2009 Americas Favorite Cities ranked Chicagos Airport System the second-worst for delays, behind the New York City airport system. OHare accounts for nearly 20% of the flight cancellations and delays. OHare was constructed in 1942–43 as part of a plant for Douglas C-54s during World War II. The site was chosen for its proximity to the city and transportation, the two-million-square-foot factory needed easy access to the workforce of the nations then-second-largest city, as well as its extensive railroad infrastructure. Orchard Place was a small farming community. Douglas Companys contract ended in 1945 and though plans were proposed to build commercial aircraft, with the departure of Douglas, the airfield took the name of Orchard Field Airport, the source of its three-letter IATA code ORD. In 1945, the city of Chicago chose Orchard Field as the site for a facility to meet future aviation demands, Matthew Laflin Rockwell was the director of planning for the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and responsible for the site selection and design. He was the great-grandson of Matthew Laflin, a founder and pioneer of Chicago, in 1949, the airport was renamed OHare International Airport to honor Edward OHare, the U. S. Navys first flying ace and Medal of Honor recipient in World War II. (This is similar to, sourced from McCoy Air Force Base, being used for todays Orlando International Airport, by the early 1950s Midway Airport, Chicagos main airport since 1931, was the worlds busiest airport and was too crowded despite multiple expansions. Midways runways were known to be too short for the planned first generation of jets, so the city of Chicago, traveling with him, LT Whitey Feightner was redirected to land at OHare. The runway had just been completed and was covered with peach baskets to prevent aircraft from landing until it was opened, LT Feightner was told to ignore the baskets and land on the new runway, and his F7U became the first aircraft to land there. OHare opened a $1 million Skymotive terminal for corporate aircraft in 1955, the April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 10 weekday departures on United,9 on American,6 on Capital,3 Eastern,3 TWA,2 Delta,2 North Central, and 1 Braniff
14.
Midway International Airport
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Chicago Midway International Airport is a commercial airport on the southwest side of Chicago, Illinois, eight miles from the Loop. Formerly Chicagos main airport, traffic is dominated by low-cost carrier Southwest Airlines. Midway is the Dallas-based carriers largest focus city, as of 2013, the airport suffered a decline in traffic with the opening of OHare International Airport but later experienced significant traffic growth. Midway Airport is the second-largest passenger airport in the Chicago metropolitan area, as well as the state of Illinois, both the Stevenson Expressway and the Chicago Transit Authoritys Orange Line provide passengers access to Downtown Chicago. Originally named Chicago Air Park, Midway Airport was built on a 320-acre plot in 1923 with one cinder runway mainly for airmail flights, in 1926 the city leased the airport and named it Chicago Municipal Airport on December 12,1927. By 1928, the airport had twelve hangars and four runways, a major fire early on June 25,1930, destroyed two hangars and 27 aircraft,12 of them tri-motor passenger planes. The loss was estimated at more than two million dollars, the hangars destroyed were of the Universal Air Lines, Inc. and the Grey Goose Airlines, the latter under lease to Stout Air Lines. The fire followed an explosion of undetermined cause in the Universal hangar, in 1931 a new passenger terminal opened at 62nd St, the following year the airport claimed to be the Worlds Busiest with over 100,846 passengers on 60,947 flights. The March 1939 OAG shows 47 weekday departures,13 on United,13 American,9 TWA,4 Northwest, new Yorks airport was then the busiest airline airport in the United States, but Midway passed LaGuardia in 1948 and kept the title until 1960. The record-breaking 1945 Japan–Washington flight of B-29s refueled at the airport on their way to Washington DC, in July 1949 the airport was renamed after the Battle of Midway. That year Midway saw 3.2 million passengers, passengers peaked at 10 million in 1959, the diagram on the January 1951 C&GS approach chart shows four parallel pairs of runways, all 4240 ft or less except for 5730-ft runway 13R and 5230-ft runway 4R. Air France, Lufthansa, and REAL had a few flights per week. Midway was running out of room and in any case could not handle the 707 and DC-8 jets that appeared in 1959, every Chicago jet flight had to use OHare, which had opened to the airlines in 1955. Electras and Viscounts could have continued to fly out of Midway, from July 1962 until United returned in July 1964, Midways only scheduled airline was Chicago Helicopter. In August 1966 a total of four fixed-wing arrivals were scheduled, by 1967 reconstruction began at the airport, adding three new concourses with 28 gates and three ticket counters, and in 1968 the city invested $10 million in renovation funds. In May 1968 there were 22 scheduled departures, six United 727s to MSP, DCA and LGA,12 Northwest 727s to MSP and CLE, one Delta DC-9 to STL and three Ozark FH227s. Midway Airlines arrived on October 31,1979 with DC-9 nonstops to Kansas City, Detroit and Cleveland Lakefront and their September 1989 timetable shows 117 weekday departures to 29 cities, plus 108 departures on their commuter affiliates to 22 more cities. In 1982, the city of Chicago purchased Midway Airport from the Chicago Board of Education for $16 million, three years later, Southwest Airlines began operations at Midway
15.
Great Recession
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The Great Recession was a period of general economic decline observed in world markets during the late 2000s and early 2010s. The scale and timing of the recession varied from country to country, in terms of overall impact, the International Monetary Fund concluded that it was the worst global recession since World War II. According to the US National Bureau of Economic Research the recession, as experienced in that country, began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, the Great Recession was related to the financial crisis of 2007–08 and U. S. subprime mortgage crisis of 2007–09. The Great Recession has resulted in the scarcity of valuable assets in the market economy, under the academic definition, the recession ended in the United States in June or July 2009. In the broader, lay sense of the word however, many use the term to refer to ongoing hardship. The Great Recession met the IMF criteria for being a recession, requiring a decline in annual real world GDP per‑capita. According to the U. S. National Bureau of Economic Research the recession began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, the years leading up to the crisis were characterized by an exorbitant rise in asset prices and associated boom in economic demand. Further, the U. S. shadow banking system had grown to rival the depository system yet was not subject to the regulatory oversight. US mortgage-backed securities, which had risks that were hard to assess, were marketed around the world, the emergence of sub-prime loan losses in 2007 began the crisis and exposed other risky loans and over-inflated asset prices. With loan losses mounting and the fall of Lehman Brothers on 15 September 2008, the global recession that followed resulted in a sharp drop in international trade, rising unemployment and slumping commodity prices. Several economists predicted that recovery might not appear until 2011 and that the recession would be the worst since the Great Depression of the 1930s, Economist Paul Krugman once commented on this as seemingly the beginning of a second Great Depression. Governments and central banks responded with fiscal and monetary policies to national economies. The recession has renewed interest in Keynesian economic ideas on how to combat recessionary conditions, economists advise that the stimulus should be withdrawn as soon as the economies recover enough to chart a path to sustainable growth. Income inequality in the United States has grown from 2005 to 2012 in more than 2 out of 3 metropolitan areas, median household wealth fell 35% in the US, from $106,591 to $68,839 between 2005 and 2011. The majority report of the U. S, Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, composed of six Democratic and four Republican appointees, reported its findings in January 2011. There were two Republican dissenting FCIC reports, one of them, signed by three Republican appointees, concluded that there were multiple causes. He wrote, When the bubble began to deflate in mid-2007, There are several narratives attempting to place the causes of the recession into context, with overlapping elements. Four such narratives include, There was the equivalent of a run on the shadow banking system
16.
Mayor of Chicago
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The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive of Chicago, Illinois, the third-largest city in the United States. During meetings of the City Council, the Mayor serves as the officer of the City Council. The Mayor submits proposals and recommendations to the City Council of his own accord, the mayor appoints the Commissioner of the Chicago Fire Department and Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department. He or she appoints the heads of city departments, the largest of which are the Water Management Department. The Chicago City Clerk and City Treasurer are elected separately, as are the 50 aldermen who form the City Council, the mayor is empowered, however, to fill vacancies in any of these 52 elected offices by appointment. In turn, the City Council elects one of its own to fill a mayoral vacancy, the Mayor of Chicago is elected by popular vote every four years, on the last Tuesday in February. A run-off election, in the event that no candidate more than fifty percent of the vote, is held on the first Tuesday in April. The election is held on a non-partisan basis, Chicago is the largest city in the United States not to limit the term of service for its mayor. In the absence of the Mayor during meetings of the City Council, the President Pro Tempore of the City Council, unlike the Mayor, the President Pro Tempore can vote on all legislative matters. The first mayor was William Butler Ogden, two sets of father and son have been elected Mayor of Chicago, Carter Harrison, Sr. and Carter Harrison, Jr. as well as Richard J. Daley and Richard M. Daley. Carter Harrison, Jr. was the first mayor to have been born within city limits, the first and only woman to hold the office was Jane Byrne. The first black mayor was Harold Washington, as an interim mayor, David Duvall Orr had the shortest mayoral term. Richard M. Daley was originally elected in 1989 and re-elected for the time in 2007. In September 2010, Daley announced that he would not seek reelection for a term as mayor. On December 26,2010, Daley became Chicagos longest-serving mayor, Rahm Emanuel is the current mayor, having won the 2011 election with 55% of the vote to 25% for his closest opponent, Gery Chico. Emanuel was sworn in on May 16,2011, in an April 7,2015 run-off election Emanuel won re-election with 55.7 percent to challenger Jesus Chuy Garcias 44.3 percent. By charter, Chicago has a system, in which most of the power is vested in the city council. In practice, however, the mayor of Chicago has long been one of the most powerful municipal chief executives in the nation, unlike mayors in most other weak-mayor systems, he or she has the power to draw up the budget
17.
Richard M. Daley
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Richard Michael Daley is an American politician, who served as the 43rd Mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1989 to 2011. Daley was elected mayor in 1989 and was re-elected five times until declining to run for a seventh term, at 22 years, he was the longest-serving Chicago mayor, surpassing the tenure of his father, Richard J. Daley. He also expanded employee benefits to partners of city workers. Daley was a leader in privatization and the lease and sale of public assets to private corporations. Daley received criticism when family, personal friends, and political allies seemed to benefit from city contracting. He took office in a city with regular annual budget surpluses and his budgets ran up the largest deficits in Chicago history. Prior to serving as mayor, Daley served in the Illinois Senate, Police use of force was an issue in Daleys tenures as states attorney and mayor. Richard M. Daley is the fourth of seven children and eldest son of Richard J. and Eleanor Daley, Daley was raised in Bridgeport, a historically Irish-American neighborhood located on Chicagos South Side. They have four children, Nora, Patrick, Elizabeth and Kevin and their second son, Kevin, died at age two of complications from spina bifida in 1981. Daley graduated from De La Salle Institute high school in Chicago and obtained his bachelors degree from Providence College in Providence, sources conflict on Daleys military record. The only book-length biography of Daley makes no mention of military service, a 1995 profile in the Chicago Sun-Times stated that Daley served in the United States Marine Corps Reserve from 1961 to 1967, while a 1996 profile in People Magazine cited 1960 to 1964. A civilian website for Marines and their families found no record for Daley. Daley earned a Juris Doctor degree from DePaul University and he passed the Illinois Bar Examination on his third try. Daley later reflected, I flunked the bar exam twice, I had to keep studying harder and harder and harder. I passed it the third time, Daley was elected to his first party office as a delegate to the 1969 Illinois Constitutional Convention. The action was unsuccessful and the reformers slate replaced the Daley slate at the Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida. After his father died in 1976, Daley succeeded his father as the 11th Ward Democratic committeeman, with John P. Daley holding the post from 1980 to the present, a Daley has held the post of 11th Ward Committeeman for 60 years. With the support of the Democratic political organization, Daley was elected to the Illinois Senate, state Senator Daley rarely spoke to reporters and didnt hold a news conference for six years
18.
Chicago Landmark
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Chicago Landmark is a designation of the Mayor of Chicago and the Chicago City Council for historic buildings and other sites in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Listed sites are selected after meeting a combination of criteria, including historical, economic, architectural, artistic, cultural, Mayor and the City Council appoint a nine-member Commission on Chicago Landmarks to develop landmark recommendations in accordance with a 1968 Chicago city ordinance. In Chicago, the preservation movement initially sought to ensure the survival of individual buildings of special significance. However, the movement has evolved to include districts and neighborhoods, preservation is now an integral element of urban planning and design. In 1957, Chicago City Council 5th ward Alderman Leon Despres began the preservation movement in Chicago. This led to the formation of the City Landmarks Commission, who chose 39 buildings as honorary landmarks, many landmarks have been designated with National Historic Landmark status by the United States Secretary of the Interior for historical significance. All of those and a number of districts, sites, buildings, structures. Not all Chicago Landmarks have been listed on the National Register, no Chicago Landmarks are classified as any other type of National Park System protected area including National Parks, National Monuments, or National Preserves. The charts below detail these designations for the city of Chicago-designated sites, for consistency, the list below uses the name from the Chicago Landmark website. Neighborhood names and boundaries are consistent with the Community areas in Chicago, as noted in the list above, there are many places that are designated as City landmarks but they have not been nationally registered. There are also approximately 200 nationally Registered Historic Places in Chicago that are not also designated Chicago Landmarks, of these,13 are further designated as U. S
19.
McCarthy Building (Chicago, Illinois)
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McCarthy Building was a five-story Chicago Landmark building in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. In order to make way for Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daleys redevelopment, the revocation of the landmark status was a hotly contested legal battle. The long-delayed Block 37 retail and office opened in 2009. The office building with the address of 22 West Washington occupies the site of the McCarthy Building. McCarthy Building Pictorial block 37 information 108 North State Street Official Website
20.
Illinois Supreme Court
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The Supreme Court of Illinois is the state supreme court of the state of Illinois. Each justice is elected for a term of ten years and the justice is elected by the court from its members for a three-year term. The court has limited jurisdiction and has final appellate jurisdiction. It has mandatory jurisdiction in cases and cases where the constitutionality of laws has been called into question. Along with the legislature, the court promulgates rules for all state courts. Also, its members have the authority to elevate trial judges to the court on a temporary basis. The court administers professional discipline through the Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Committee, the official reporter of the Illinois Supreme Court is Illinois Reports. The justices travel to Springfield to hear arguments and deliberate. Accordingly, the Illinois Supreme Courthouse includes temporary apartments for the justices use while in Springfield, thomas R. Fitzgerald Phillip J. Rarick Judiciary of Illinois List of Supreme Court Justices from Supreme Courts website Scammon, J. Young. Illinois Supreme Court website A Chronicle of the Illinois Supreme Court Illinois State Judiciary Chief Justices of the Illinois Supreme Court Illinois Supreme Court Historic Preservation Commission
21.
CB Richard Ellis
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CBRE Group, Inc. is an American commercial real estate company with headquarters in Los Angeles, California. As of its successful 2011 bid to acquire part of ING, CBRE was ranked at 363 in the Fortune 500 in 2014 and was the highest-ranked company in the real estate sector. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Tucker, Lynch & Coldwell was established on August 27,1906, following CB Commercial’s 1998 acquisition of Richard Ellis International Limited, which traced its roots to London in 1773, the company changed its name to CB Richard Ellis. In June 2004, CBRE began trading on the New York Stock Exchange, in 2005, CBRE was first recognized as a Fortune 1000 company, and in 2006 it was added to the S&P500. In late 2006, CBRE merged with Trammell Crow Company in a transaction valued at $2.2 billion, the agreement also included INGs listed securities business. The company changed its name to CBRE Group, Inc. on October 3,2011 and this change was made to bring the formal name of the company into alignment with the well recognized CBRE brand. In January 2017, CBRE Group acquired Floored, a New York-based commercial real estate software company, on January 31,2017, CBRE Global Investment Partners disclosed that it would invest $450 million in a portfolio of retail property on the West Coast. In real estate, as of 2011, CBREs approach has been to invest in properties that need upgrading before they are sold, real estate investment operations reside in CBRE Investors, a wholly owned subsidiary of CBRE Group. As of 2011, the CBRE Investors unit had US$37,600,000,000 of assets under management
22.
Tesla Model X
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The Tesla Model X is a full-sized, all-electric, luxury, crossover SUV made by Tesla Inc. that uses falcon wing doors for access to the second and third row seats. The prototype was unveiled at Tesla’s design studios in Los Angeles on February 9,2012, the Model X has an official EPA rated 237–289 mi range, and the combined fuel economy equivalent and energy consumption for the AWD P90D was rated at 89 mpg-e. The Model X was developed from the sedan platform of the Tesla Model S. First deliveries of the Model X began in September 2015, as of December 2016, global deliveries totaled more than 25,000 units, and just after one full year on the market, the Model X ranked seventh among the worlds best-selling plug-in cars. Initially Tesla planned for deliveries to commence in early 2014, however, in February 2013, the company announced that deliveries had been rescheduled to begin by late 2014 in order to achieve its production target of 20,000 Model S cars in 2013. In November 2013, Tesla said it expected to begin Model X high volume production the second quarter of 2015, in November 2014, Tesla again delayed and announced that Model X deliveries would begin in the third quarter of 2015. Deliveries began on September 29,2015, among the reasons for delay were problems with the falcon-wing doors and cooling the motors when hauling trailers. In 2016, the company filed a lawsuit against Hoerbiger for not producing satisfactory falcon-wing doors for the Model X. Tesla claimed the doors suffered from oil leakage, many believe this is one of the reasons for the delay of the Model X. The lawsuit was settled in September 2016, the first person to reach this 10 referral point would be given this model for free. On July 13,2016, Tesla introduced its Model X 60D, the Model X 60D has a 200 mi range and can accelerate from 0-60 mph in six seconds, with a top speed of 130 mph. The battery can be upgraded by software to 75 kWh, Tesla plans to use the Model X platform for the Tesla Minibus. Global sales passed the 10,000 unit mark in August 2016, in August 2016, Tesla introduced the P100D with Ludicrous Mode to be the new top Model X. The P100D has a 100 kWh battery, a 0 to 60 mph time of 2.9 seconds, in October 2016 Tesla discontinued the 60D version and made the Smart Air Suspension standard instead of coil springs, increasing base price to $85,000. A series production vehicle was unveiled on September 29,2015, according to Tesla founder Elon Musk, it is the safest SUV in terms of frontal and side impact crash, being more than twice as safe as the next closest SUV in rollover tests as well. The Model X includes Tesla Autopilot with standard radar-based AEB and ultrasonic-based side collision avoidance system to steer away from a side collision. Tesla used a Flat Earth wide band radar system that can see through metal to keep falcon wing doors from hitting nearby objects when opening or closing. Musk claims the car features the first true HEPA filter in a car, when the car operates at maximum capability, Tesla claims that no viruses, bacteria or spores can be detected in the cabin. The Model X features double hinged falcon wing doors, which open upwards allowing the leading edge of the door to remain tucked close to the body, Tesla claims the falcon doors make access easier
23.
WBBM-TV
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WBBM-TV, virtual channel 2, is a CBS owned-and-operated television station located in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The station is owned by the CBS Television Stations subsidiary of CBS Corporation, WBBM-TV traces its history to 1940 when Balaban and Katz, a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures, signed on experimental station W9XBK, the first all-electronic television facility in Chicago. Balaban and Katz was already known for owning several movie theaters in the Chicago area. In order to establish the station, the company hired television pioneer William C, Bill Eddy away from RCAs experimental station W2XBS in New York City. When World War II began, Eddy used the W9XBK facilities as a school for training Navy electronics technicians. While operating the Navy school, Eddy continued to lead W9XBK, WBKB aired some of the earliest CBS programs, including the 1947 debut of Junior Jamboree. One of the early highlights was its telecast of the National Football Leagues championship game between the Chicago Cardinals and the Philadelphia Eagles on December 28,1947. In April 1948, WBKB began sharing the markets CBS affiliation with WGN-TV, in 1949, Balaban and Katz became part of United Paramount Theatres, after Paramount Pictures was forced to divest its chain of movie theaters by order of the United States Supreme Court. WBKB played a role in the demise of the DuMont Television Network. At the time, Paramount Pictures owned a stake in DuMont, in February 1953, United Paramount Theaters merged with the American Broadcasting Company, which already owned WENR-TV.75 million. On February 12, one day after the merger was finalized, the changed its call letters to WBBM-TV, after WBBM radio. The WBKB call letters were assumed by channel 7. While the old WBKBs talent remained with the new WBBM-TV under the stations longtime general manager. Leslie Atlass, the UPT-era management of the old WBKB moved to channel 7, wTMJ-TV concurrently moved to VHF channel 4 – from channel 3 – to avoid interference with fellow CBS affiliate WKZO-TV in Kalamazoo, Michigan, which itself broadcast on channel 3. That year, an episode of Whats My Line, originated from the WBBM studios, airing one day prior to the start of the 1956 Democratic National Convention. Between the late 1940s and early 1970s, Columbia Records housed an office, on September 26,1960, WBBMs McClurg Court studios served as the site of the first televised presidential debate between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon. WBBM-TV also served as home to the syndicated programs Donahue. In October 1987, Center City Communications – a locally based investor group led by attorney Brenda Minor – filed a challenge to the FCCs renewal of WBBM-TVs station license
24.
Chicago "L"
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The Chicago L is the rapid transit system serving the city of Chicago and some of its surrounding suburbs in the U. S. state of Illinois. It is operated by the Chicago Transit Authority, Chicagos L provides 24-hour service on some portions of its network, being one of only five rapid transit systems in the United States to do so. The oldest sections of the Chicago L started operations in 1892, making it the second oldest rapid transit system in the Americas, the L has been credited with fostering the growth of Chicagos dense city core that is one of the citys distinguishing features. The L consists of eight rapid transit lines laid out in a spoke–hub distribution paradigm focusing transit towards the Loop. Although the L gained its name because large parts of the system are elevated, portions of the network are also in subway tunnels, at grade level, or open cut. In 2014, the L had an average of 752,734 passenger boardings each weekday,486,267 each Saturday, over the next year service was extended to 63rd Street and Stony Island Avenue, then the Transportation Building of the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Jackson Park. In 1893, trains running on the Lake Street Elevated Railroad and in 1895 on the Metropolitan West Side Elevated, which had lines to Douglas Park, Garfield Park, Humboldt Park. Two years later the South Side L introduced multiple-unit control, in which the operator can control all the cars in a train. Electrification and MU control remain standard features of most of the rapid transit systems. A drawback of early L service was none of the lines entered the central business district. The Union Loop opened in 1897 and greatly increased the rapid transit systems convenience, insull instituted many improvements, including free transfers and through routing, although he did not formally combine the original firms into the Chicago Rapid Transit Company until 1924. The construction of the Subway created the necessity to tunnel under the Chicago River, the State Street Subway opened on October 17,1943, the Dearborn Subway, on which work had been suspended during World War II, opened on February 25,1951. The subways were constructed with a purpose of serving as bomb shelters. The subways bypassed a number of curves and circuitous routings on the original elevated lines. In 1947, the Chicago Transit Authority acquired the assets of the Chicago Rapid Transit Company and the Chicago Surface Lines, operator of the citys streetcars. Over the next few years CTA modernized the L, replacing wooden cars with new ones and closing lightly used branch lines and stations. Later, after assuming control of the L, the CTA introduced a service known as the A/B skip-stop service. Under this service, trains were designated as either A or B trains, a trains would only stop at A or AB stations, and B trains would only stop at B or AB stations
25.
Blue Line (CTA)
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The Blue Line, also known as the OHare-Congress Line and the West-Northwest Line, is a 26. It is the CTAs second busiest rail line, with an average of 186,796 passengers boarding each weekday in September 2012. The Blue Line and Red Line are the two routes of the Chicago L system to currently run 24 hours a day and is one of only six rapid transit rail systems in the United States to do so. The Blue Line is also one of two lines with more than one station with the same name, with the Green Line being the other. The Blue Line also has only three in-system transfers, contains a combination of both the oldest and newest portions of L tracks, and does not share tracks with any other L line. Before the adoption of color-coded names, the Blue Line was referred to as the West-Northwest Route or more commonly, the Congress and Douglas branches were renamed for their terminals, Forest Park and 54th/Cermak, when the current color naming system was adopted in 1993. Blue Line service on the Douglas Branch was discontinued in April 2008, the Blue Line is one of five L lines that run into Chicago suburbs, with the others being the Green, Purple, Pink, and Yellow lines. The most vintage components of the Blue Line began as part of the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad in 1895, service on this section began on May 6,1895. The structure was completed from Damen Avenue to Logan Square on May 25,1895, an extension of service over the tracks of the Aurora, Elgin and Chicago Railroad to a new terminal at Desplaines Avenue was established on March 11,1905. A subsequent extension to Westchester opened on October 1,1926 and this was followed by still another addition when the Douglas Park Branch was placed in operation as far south as 18th Street on April 28,1896. The Douglas Park branch was cut back to 54th Avenue in Cicero. The Metropolitan West Side Elevated began service onto the Loop on October 11,1897, with opening of the Dearborn Subway, the old elevated alignment between Evergreen and Marshfield Avenues was decommissioned, used only for moving out-of-service rail cars. The new line connected with the Milwaukee-Dearborn Subway at the Chicago River, a five-mile extension of the route via the short subway connection and the Kennedy Expressway median from Logan Square to Jefferson Park opened on February 1,1970. It was also built by the City of Chicago using federal money, in March 1980, construction began on the OHare Airport extension of the Kennedy route between Jefferson Park and the airport. The first section between Jefferson Park and Rosemont was placed in service on February 27,1983, and the section to OHare on September 3,1984. On February 21,1993, the CTA adopted a color-coded naming system to the transit system. Congress service was doubled through much of the day since service frequency from OHare required shorter headways than what would have been left. On September 10,2001, the CTA began a reconstruction of the Douglas Branch to repair its aging stations
26.
Washington station (CTA Blue Line)
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Washington is a rapid transit station on the Chicago Transit Authoritys L system. It is situated between the Clark/Lake and Jackson stations on the Milwaukee-Dearborn subway segment of the Blue Line in downtown Chicago near the Richard J. Daley Center. Washington opened on February 25,1951, as part of the new Milwaukee-Dearborn subway, the station was entirely renovated from 1982 to 1984. As constructed, the station had two stairways to a level pedestrian transfer tunnel to the Washington station in the State Street Subway. At 12,00 a. m. on October 23,2006, on November 20,2009, the pedway linking the Lake stations unpaid area to that of Washington reopened and in May 2013, the CTA provided a farecard transfer through the pedway between the stations. Washington is part of the CTAs Blue Line, which runs from OHare International Airport to downtown Chicago and it is the second station in the Loop from OHare and the fourth from Forest Park. The station is situated between the Clark/Lake and Monroe stations, Blue Line trains serve Washington 24 hours a day every day, trains operate roughly every 7 to 10 minutes during rush hour and midday operation, with longer headways of up to 30 minutes at night. 2,335,025 passengers boarded at Washington in 2010, two mezzanines exist at this station, Randolph-Washington, open 24 hours a day, providing a farecard transfer to the Red Line, and access to Daley Plaza. The second mezzanine is Washington-Madison, which is also open 24 hours a day
27.
Washington station (CTA Red Line)
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Washington/State is an abandoned L station on the CTAs Red Line. It was a station in the State Street Subway located at 128 North State Street in downtown Chicago. It is the only closed CTA subway station, at street level at State & Washington is the terminal for night owl bus routes. There were two mezzanines with turnstiles for the station, a northern at Randolph shared with the Lake station, there are stairs and escalators along State Street between Randolph and Madison to access both mezzanines. Additionally, Washington is equipped with an elevator and was accessible to people with disabilities. As part of the development of 108 North State Street the CTA planned to construct a superstation located between the Red and Blue Lines. Washington/State station, and the lower level transfer tunnel to the Blue Line were closed at 12,00 a. m. on October 23,2006 for work related to the construction of new station. Following cost overruns of $100 million the superstation was indefinitely mothballed in June 2008, the Block 37 superstation, which had already been excavated and partially built, was left abandoned. The hole that had been excavated in Washingtons platform was filled in, the transfer tunnel and Washington-Madison mezzanine were both sealed off and the station platform reopened in 2010. However, trains never resumed stopping at the station, the mezzanines still have power supplied to them. When the CTA closed the Washington/State station, most of it was left intact, no work was performed to decommission the Washington-Madison mezzanine, and the fare turnstiles and machines still remain. The platform changed little, except for the removal of its signage, however, the signs that say Escalator, Washington-Madison and To Madison or Monroe St were not removed for unknown reasons. Until February 2015, the Washington, To Howard and Washington, at some signs at Lake, rail line maps suggest the Washington station still exists. The station platform is still in good condition with the mezzanines nearly untouched, the CTA does not consider Washington/State permanently closed, but there are no current plans to reopen the station. Media related to Washington/State at Wikimedia Commons Washington/State Station Page at Chicago-L. org
28.
Loews Hotels
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Loews Hotels is a luxury hospitality company that owns or operates 23 hotels in the United States and Canada. Loews hotels and resorts are located in major North American city centers and resort destinations, headquartered in New York City, Loews Hotels is a wholly owned subsidiary of Loews Corporation. Jonathan Tisch is the current chairman of Loews Hotels, effective October 2016, Jonathan Tisch has resumed the role of CEO. Former CEO, Kirk Kinsell has let the company know he has resigned effective immediately due to personal reasons, Loews works with Energy Star to implement its policies. In 1990, CEO Jonathan Tisch created the Good Neighbor Policy, left over food and hotel furniture and dry goods are donated to local communities. The Good Neighbor Policy was awarded a 1996 Presidents Volunteer Service Award, Loews Orlando hotel incurred criticism for a change to its policy of caring for feral cats, instead allowing them to be captured and possibly euthanized at a local shelter. Loews Hotel Tower, Chicago PSFS Building, Philadelphia Loews Hotels official website Loews Hotels Twitter Loews Hotels Facebook Loews Hotels YouTube
29.
Richard J. Daley Center
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The Richard J. Daley Center, also known by its courtyard Daley Plaza and named after longtime mayor Richard J. Daley, is the premier civic center of the City of Chicago in Illinois. Situated on Randolph and Washington Streets between Dearborn and Clark Streets, the Richard J. Daley Center is considered one of Chicagos architectural highlights. The main building was designed in the architectural style by Jacques Brownson of the firm C. F. Murphy Associates. At the time it was the tallest building in Chicago, originally known as the Chicago Civic Center, the building was renamed for Mayor Daley on December 27,1976, seven days after his death. The 648-foot, thirty-one story building features Cor-Ten, a self-weathering steel, Cor-Ten was designed to rust, actually strengthening the structure and giving the building its distinctive red and brown color. The Daley Center has 30 floors, and is the tallest flat-roofed building in the world with fewer than 40 stories, the building also houses office space for both the city and Cook County, of which the City of Chicago is its seat of government. The windows are steel and bronze/white tinted. Daley Plaza is the adjacent to the building, occupying the southern half of the block occupied by the building. The plaza is dominated by an untitled Cor-ten steel 50-foot sculpture by Pablo Picasso, completed in 1967, it was a gift to the City of Chicago from the artist. Though controversial for its form, it quickly became a Chicago landmark. The plaza also features a fountain and an eternal flame memorial to the dead from World War I, World War II, the Korean War. The plaza serves as a location for civic functions including weekly farmers markets in the summer, regular ethnic festivals. The plaza was used extensively in the scenes of the 1980 film The Blues Brothers. The interior of the building, as well as the plaza, the Picasso, farhad Khoiee-Abbasi, a public protester, is a frequent fixture at the northwest corner of the plaza, near City Hall. Khoiee-Abbasi has been photographed many times, with his well-dressed appearance, his odd signs. Adjacent to the Richard J. Daley Plaza is the landmark Chicago City Hall, directly south of the Daley Center is the Cook County Administration Building which is full of office space for County employees. Block 37 containing 108 North State Street is to the east, Daley Center on Emporis Daley Plaza Eternal Flame
30.
Marshall Field and Company Building
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The building architecture is known for its multiple atria and for having been built in stages over the course of more than two decades. Palmer & Co. store to a building Palmer owned on State Street at the corner of Washington Street. In 1877 another fire consumed this building, and when a new Singer Building was built to replace it at the location in 1879. The business has remained ever since, and it has added four subsequent buildings to form the integrated structure that is now called the Marshall Field. However, commuter suburbs began to have significant retail districts by the 1920s, in the 1920s, the store created new suburban locations such as Marshall Field and Company Store to remain competitive. Eventually, there was an influx of stores from other parts of the country as the pace of commercial retailing merged, consolidating, nonetheless, the Marshall Field and Company Building has survived at this location. On September 9,2006, at the time of the merger and conversion. The store housed a business that established new retailing standards and broke many retailing conventions of the day, the company quickly became successful, and by the 1880s it was one of the three largest retailers in the country. Before Marshall Fields death in 1906, his became the largest wholesale. The Marshall Field & Company offered the first bridal registry, provided the first in-store dining facilities, the former store also was the first to provide personal shopping assistants. In the early 1900s, annual sales topped $60 million, and buying branches were located in New York City, London, Paris, Tokyo, Stockholm and Berlin. The building has hosted the first escalators built in a department store, although he died before they were constructed, Charles B. Atwood, of the D. H. Burnham & Company, for a time, the building was the largest store in the world at 73 acres of floorspace, with the largest book, china, shoe, and toy departments of all the worlds department stores. The Tiffany Ceiling is over 6,000 square feet, and it is the first iridescent glass dome, only Egypts 3, 000-year-old Temple of Karnak, with its 70-foot columns rivals the four 50-foot Ionic-style capped granite columns on the State Street façade. The building is known for its two exterior clocks, which weigh about 7.5 short tons each, on its northwest and southwest corners along State Street at both Randolph and Washington Streets. The southwest clock at the original Washington Street intersection, known as ---The Great Clock, was installed on November 26,1897, Marshall Field envisioned the clock as a beacon for his store which he viewed as a meeting place. The clock was installed after the southwest corner of the store had become a meeting place. The clock was an attempt to end this practice, and encourage punctuality, an underground public concourse connects the basement to 25 East Washington Street, which formerly housed the Marshall Fields Mens Store
31.
Chicago City Hall
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Chicago City Hall is the official seat of government of the City of Chicago in Illinois, United States. Adjacent to the Richard J. Daley Center and the James R, the buildings east side is devoted to the various offices of Cook County. Situated on a city block bounded by Randolph, LaSalle, Washington, and Clark streets, the building was officially dedicated on February 27,1911. Chicago City Halls entrance features four relief panels sculpted in granite by John Flanagan, each of the panels represents one of four principal concerns of city government, playgrounds, schools, parks, and water supply. As visitors enter the building, they are greeted with elaborate marble stairways, the first major renovation project undertaken was in 1967 as major city departments, originally located outside Chicago City Hall, were moved in. Although the rooftop is not normally accessible to the public, it is accessible from 33 taller buildings in the area. The Garden consists of 20,000 plants of more than 150 species, including shrubs, vines, the green roof design team was headed by the Chicago area firm Conservation Design Forum in conjunction with noted green architect William McDonough. With an abundance of flowering plants on the rooftop, beekeepers harvest approximately 200 pounds of honey each year from hives installed on the rooftop, tours of the green roof are by special arrangement only. Chicago City Hall Green Roof won merit design award of the American Society of Landscape Architecture competition in 2002, Chicago Landmarks, City Hall-County Building Cook County ASLA Merit Award 2002, Chicago City Hall Green Roof
32.
James R. Thompson Center
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The James R. Thompson Center is located at 100 W. Randolph Street in the Loop, Chicago, Illinois and houses offices of the Illinois state government. The building opened in May 1985 as the State of Illinois Center and it was renamed in 1993 to honor former Illinois Republican Governor James R. Thompson. The property takes up the block bound by Randolph, Lake, Clark and LaSalle Streets. In front of the Thompson Center is a sculpture, Monument With Standing Beast, the Thompson Center is sometimes referred to as the State of Illinois Building. The Thompson Center was designed by Helmut Jahn of Murphy/Jahn now called JAHN Architects and it opened to mixed reviews by critics, ranging from outrageous to wonderful. The color of the panels were compared to tomato soup. The 17-story, all-glass exterior curves and slopes facing a plaza on the southeast corner of the property, the design simultaneity looks forward with advanced architectural tectonics and back to recapture the grandeur of large public spaces. Visitors to the Thompson Centers interior can see all 17 floors layered partway around the buildings immense skylit atrium, the open-plan offices on each floor are supposed to carry the message of an open government in action. Originally, the called for curved, insulated glass panels. Flat, insulated glass had been suggested, but was dismissed by Jahn, single-paned, curved glass panels were eventually used, and resulted in the need for a more expensive air conditioning system, which remains very costly to operate, and is insufficient on hot days. The building is also bitterly cold in the winter, in its early years, the marble floor of the atrium initially developed unsightly water stains, an issue which has since been resolved. The Clark/Lake L station, the busiest in the system, is housed between the Thompson Center and the 203 N. LaSalle building across the street, orange, Green, Blue, Pink, Purple and Brown Line trains stop at the center. Three tunnels of the Chicago Pedway enter the buildings food-court concourse, connecting from to 203 North LaSalle Street, the sculpture at the front entrance by French artist Jean Dubuffet sets the tone for this building that houses a tremendous art collection. The collection includes nineteen specially commissioned artworks funded by the State of Illinois Art-in-Architecture Program, the building also has over 150 of the states 600 works collected under the Percent for Art program. Under this program 0. 5% of the money designated for construction of state-funded public buildings is used for the purchase of art, the Illinois Artisans shop is also housed inside the building. When he first came to office, Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich proposed selling the building to assuage the state budget, lawmakers at first agreed to the plan, but later a $200 million mortgage was agreed to instead, payable over 10 years. The plan was declared unconstitutional by Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan in June 2004, the plan was set aside, although it had already cost the state $532,000 in legal fees. The location was previously the location of the Sherman House Hotel, the hotel was demolished in 1973 and the site was used as a parking lot until the Thompson Center was constructed
33.
Grant Thornton Tower
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Grant Thornton Tower is an office tower located in Chicago designed by the firm Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates. Before completion in 1990 the twin design was awarded The Chicago Athenaeums Best Building Architecture Award. The fifty-storey building rises 756 feet in the Loop and was completed in 1992, previously, a structure at 111 West Washington was known as the Chicago Title & Trust Building. After CT&T moved to the new tower in 1992, its former home became known as the Burnham Center, one of the towers most notable features is its eastern-facing slanted roof at upper levels. At night, the top of the building facing east and west is flooded with light, a multi-level parking structure currently occupies the space where the north tower may someday be constructed. It has a basement-level pedway connection westward to the south-east corner of the James R. Thompson Centers food court, as initial tenant CT&T reduced its presence in the building, it became known by its address. In 2012, Grant Thornton International acquired the rights to the building for its 2015 lease. Accenture Bryan Cave GE Capital Rail Services List of skyscrapers List of tallest buildings in the United States List of tallest buildings in Chicago Worlds tallest structures
34.
Plat
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A plat in the United States is a map, drawn to scale, showing the divisions of a piece of land. City, town or village plats show subdivisions into blocks with streets, further refinement often splits blocks into individual lots, usually for the purpose of selling the described lots, this has become known as subdivision. After the filing of a plat, legal descriptions can refer to block, in order for plats to become legally valid, a local governing body, such as a public works department, urban planning commission, or zoning board must normally review and approve them. A plat of consolidation or plan of consolidation originates when a landowner takes over several adjacent parcels of land and consolidates them into a single parcel. In order to do this, the landowner will usually need to make a survey of the parcels, a plat of subdivision or plan of subdivision appears when a landowner or municipality divides land into smaller parcels. A plat of subdivision also applies when a landowner/building owner divides a multi-family building into multiple units and this can apply for the intention of selling off the individual units as condominiums to individual owners. A correction plat or amending plat records minor corrections to an existing plat, such plats can sometimes serve to relocate lot-lines or other features, but laws usually tightly restrict such use. A vacating plat functions to legally void a prior plat or portion of a plat, the rules normally allow such plats only when all the platted lots remain unsold and no construction of buildings or public improvements has taken place. Other names associated with maps are, land maps, tax maps, real estate maps, landowner maps, lot and block survey system. Parcel maps, unlike any other real estate record, have no federal. Designation of roads or other rights of way, ensuring that all property has access to a public right of way. Without such access, a property owner may be unable to utilize his or her property without having to trespass to reach it, the platting process restricts the fraudulent practice of knowingly selling lots with no access to public right of way without revealing that such access does not exist. Dedication of land for public uses, such as parks or areas needed for flood protection. Zoning regulations frequently contain restrictions that govern lot sizes and lot geometry, the platting process allows the governing authorities to ensure that all lots comply with these regulations. Ensuring compliance with a land use plan established to control the development of a city, ensuring that all property has access to public utilities. Plats contain a number of elements, The property boundaries are indicated by bearing. The bearing is in the format of degrees, minutes, seconds with compass point letters before, for example, N380000 E is 38 degrees into the northeast quadrant or 38 degrees east of north. Similarly S220000 W is 22 degrees west of south, note that north here is true north, so magnetic orientation must be corrected for magnetic declination
35.
Harold Washington
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Harold Lee Washington was an American lawyer and politician who was elected as the 41st Mayor of Chicago. Washington was noted as the first African–American to be elected as mayor of Chicago in February 1983, Washington served as mayor from April 29,1983 until his death on November 25,1987. Washington was also a member of the U. S. House of Representatives from January 1981 until beginning his tenure as Chicago mayor in April 1983, representing the Illinois first district. Prior to his time as a member of the House of Representatives, Washington previously served in the Illinois State Senate, Harold Lee Washington was born on April 15,1922 at Cook County Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, to Roy and Bertha Washington. His father had one of the first precinct captains in the city, a lawyer. His mother, Bertha, left a farm near Centralia, Illinois. Washington grew up in Bronzeville, a Chicago neighborhood that was the center of culture for the entire Midwest in the early. Washington attended DuSable High School, then a newly established racially segregated high school. In a 1939 citywide track meet, Washington placed first in the 110 meter high hurdles event, between his junior and senior year of high school, Washington dropped out, claiming that he no longer felt challenged by the coursework. He worked at a plant for a time before his father helped him get a job at the U. S. Treasury branch in the city. There he met Dorothy Finch, whom he married soon after, Washington was 19 years old, seven months later, the U. S. was drawn into World War II with the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on Sunday, December 7,1941. Eventually, Washington rose to the rank of First Sergeant in the Army Air Corps, in the summer of 1946, Washington, aged 24 and a war veteran, enrolled at Roosevelt College. Washington joined other groups of students not permitted to enroll in local colleges. Local estimates placed the student population of Roosevelt College at about 1/8 black, a full 75% of the students had enrolled because of the nondiscriminatory progressive principles. In 1948, after the college had moved to the Auditorium Building, under his leadership, the student council successfully petitioned the college to have student representation on Roosevelts faculty committees. The next year, Washington went to the capital at Springfield to protest Illinois legislators coming probe of subversives. The probe of investigation would outlaw the Communist Party and require loyalty oaths for teachers and he led students opposition to the bills, although they would pass later in 1949. During his Roosevelt College years, Washington came to be known for his stability and his friends said that he had a remarkable ability to keep cool, reason carefully and walk a middle line
36.
Commonwealth Edison
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Commonwealth Edison, commonly known as ComEd, is the largest electric utility in Illinois, serving the Chicago and Northern Illinois area. The service territory roughly borders in Iroquois County to the south, the Wisconsin border to the north, the Iowa border to the west, the companys name is a portmanteau of Commonwealth and Thomas Edison. For more than 100 years, Commonwealth Edison has been the primary electric delivery company for Northern Illinois. Today, ComEd is a unit of Chicago-based Exelon Corporation, one of the nations largest electric, ComEd provides electric service to more than 3.8 million customers across Northern Illinois. Commonwealth Edisons transmission lines operate at voltages of 69,000,138,000,345,000, ComEds subtransmission voltage is 34,500 volts. Their distribution line voltages are 4,160 volts,7, 200/12,470 volts and 7, the companys revenues total more than $15 billion annually. The earliest predecessor of Commonwealth Edison was the Isolated Lighting Company, bliss as a subsidiary of Thomas Edisons company to sell small Edison-patented generators and lighting systems, each serving one building or several nearby buildings. Western Edison installed the first incandescent lighting in a Chicago home, that of stockholder John W. Doane, in 1882, in March,1887, John M. Clark, Robert Todd Lincoln, and John B. Drake obtained a franchise from Chicago to distribute electricity in the area, bounded by North Avenue, 39th Street. They then formed the Chicago Edison Company, which took all of Western Edisons business on July 2,1887. Chicago Edisons first central generating station, designed by chief engineer Frederick Sargent, by 1892, Chicago Edisons load had grown to 3,200 kilowatts, the full capacity of its generating station. Its growth showed no sign of slowing, especially with plans in the works to host the 1893 Columbian Exposition and its president, E. T. Watkins, had resigned the year before, and it was clear that new leadership was needed. In New York City, meanwhile, Thomas Edison had been out of his company as it was being consolidated into the General Electric Company. One of Edisons associates, Samuel Insull, had however been retained as the second vice-president of General Electric, instead, Insull agreed to stay on only long enough to oversee the consolidation of Edisons companies. The board of Chicago Edison wrote to Insull, asking for a recommendation for their president. In reply, Insull applied for the job, saying, It is the best opportunity that I know of in the United States to develop the business of the production and distribution of electrical energy. The board accepted his application, and on May 26,1892, upon his arrival, Insull found that Chicago Edison was one of nearly 30 electric companies operating in Chicago, all competing for business. While state regulation did not begin until 1914, Insull began forming a monopoly on electric service by acquiring many of his competitors
37.
Transformer
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A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a magnetic field. Power can be transferred between the two coils through the field, without a metallic connection between the two circuits. Faradays law of induction discovered in 1831 described this effect, Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications. A wide range of designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a centimeter in volume to units interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons. For simplification or approximation purposes, it is common to analyze the transformer as an ideal transformer model as presented in the two images. An ideal transformer is a theoretical, linear transformer that is lossless and perfectly coupled, perfect coupling implies infinitely high core magnetic permeability and winding inductances and zero net magnetomotive force. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core. This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a varying EMF or voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction. The primary and secondary windings are wrapped around a core of high magnetic permeability so that all of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings. With a voltage source connected to the winding and load impedance connected to the secondary winding. The primary EMF is sometimes termed counter EMF and this is in accordance with Lenzs law, which states that induction of EMF always opposes development of any such change in magnetic field. The transformer winding voltage ratio is shown to be directly proportional to the winding turns ratio according to eq. common usage having evolved over time from turn ratio to turns ratio. However, some use the inverse definition. The ideal transformer model assumes that all flux generated by the primary winding links all the turns of winding, including itself. In practice, some flux traverses paths that take it outside the windings, Such flux is termed leakage flux, and results in leakage inductance in series with the mutually coupled transformer windings. Leakage flux results in energy being alternately stored in and discharged from the fields with each cycle of the power supply
38.
Maggie Daley
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Richard Michael Daley is an American politician, who served as the 43rd Mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1989 to 2011. Daley was elected mayor in 1989 and was re-elected five times until declining to run for a seventh term, at 22 years, he was the longest-serving Chicago mayor, surpassing the tenure of his father, Richard J. Daley. He also expanded employee benefits to partners of city workers. Daley was a leader in privatization and the lease and sale of public assets to private corporations. Daley received criticism when family, personal friends, and political allies seemed to benefit from city contracting. He took office in a city with regular annual budget surpluses and his budgets ran up the largest deficits in Chicago history. Prior to serving as mayor, Daley served in the Illinois Senate, Police use of force was an issue in Daleys tenures as states attorney and mayor. Richard M. Daley is the fourth of seven children and eldest son of Richard J. and Eleanor Daley, Daley was raised in Bridgeport, a historically Irish-American neighborhood located on Chicagos South Side. They have four children, Nora, Patrick, Elizabeth and Kevin and their second son, Kevin, died at age two of complications from spina bifida in 1981. Daley graduated from De La Salle Institute high school in Chicago and obtained his bachelors degree from Providence College in Providence, sources conflict on Daleys military record. The only book-length biography of Daley makes no mention of military service, a 1995 profile in the Chicago Sun-Times stated that Daley served in the United States Marine Corps Reserve from 1961 to 1967, while a 1996 profile in People Magazine cited 1960 to 1964. A civilian website for Marines and their families found no record for Daley. Daley earned a Juris Doctor degree from DePaul University and he passed the Illinois Bar Examination on his third try. Daley later reflected, I flunked the bar exam twice, I had to keep studying harder and harder and harder. I passed it the third time, Daley was elected to his first party office as a delegate to the 1969 Illinois Constitutional Convention. The action was unsuccessful and the reformers slate replaced the Daley slate at the Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida. After his father died in 1976, Daley succeeded his father as the 11th Ward Democratic committeeman, with John P. Daley holding the post from 1980 to the present, a Daley has held the post of 11th Ward Committeeman for 60 years. With the support of the Democratic political organization, Daley was elected to the Illinois Senate, state Senator Daley rarely spoke to reporters and didnt hold a news conference for six years
39.
Helmut Jahn
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Jahn was born in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1940, and grew up watching the reconstruction of the city, which had been largely destroyed by Allied bombing campaigns. After attending the Technical University of Munich from 1960 to 1965, in 1966, he emigrated to Chicago to further study architecture at the Illinois Institute of Technology, leaving school without earning his degree. In 1967, he joined C. F. Murphy Associates as a protégé of Gene Summers and was appointed Executive Vice President and Director of Planning, taking sole control from 1981, the firm was renamed Murphy/Jahn, although the aged Murphy had retired. Generally inspired by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, yet opposed to the application of modernism by his followers, in 1978. Jahn has grown the business into an architectural practice that consistently ranks among top 20 United States architectural firms in terms of gross annual billings. In addition to the seat in Chicago, the company has offices in Berlin. Following is a partial list of completed projects,1974 Kemper Arena, Kansas City, Missouri 1976 Kansas City Convention Center,1993 - Outstanding Achievement/Architect Award from the American Academy of Art, Chicago. 1994 - Bundesverdienstkreuz Erster Klasse of the Federal Republic of Germany,2002 - Institute Honour Award of the American Institute of Architects for the Sony Center. 2005 - Murphy/Jahn, Inc. recipient of the AIA Architecture Firm Award, Jahn has an interest in yachting, and in the late 1990s owned at least three yachts named Flash Gordon. In 1995, Jahns Flash Gordon 2 won the annual Chicago to Mackinac Race, in 1997, Flash Gordon 3 won the Admirals Cup. Helmut Jahn at the archINFORM database
40.
Marriott International
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Marriott International, Inc. is an American multinational diversified hospitality company that manages and franchises a broad portfolio of hotels and related lodging facilities. Founded by J. Willard Marriott, the company is now led by his son, Executive Chairman Bill Marriott and President and Chief Executive Officer Arne Sorenson. Marriott was founded by John Willard Marriott in 1927 when he and his wife, Alice Sheets Marriott, opened a beer stand in Washington. As a Mormon missionary in the summers in Washington, D. C. The Marriotts later expanded their enterprise into a chain of restaurants and they opened their first hotel, the Twin Bridges Marriott Motor Hotel, in Arlington, Virginia, in 1957. Their son, J. W. Marriott, Jr. led the company to spectacular worldwide growth during his more than 50-year career, in March 2012, at age 80, he turned the CEO responsibilities over to Arne Sorenson, while he assumed the title of Executive Chairman. Marriott International was formed in 1993 when Marriott Corporation split into two companies, Marriott International and Host Marriott Corporation, in 1995, Marriott was the first hotel company worldwide to offer guests the option to book reservations online, via the companys implementation of MARSHA. In April 1995, Marriott International acquired a 49% interest in Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company LLC, the cost to Marriott was estimated to have be about $200 million in cash and assumed debt. There were other benefits for Ritz-Carlton flowing from its relationship with Marriott, such as being able to take advantage of the parent companys reservation system, the partnership was solidified in 1998 when Marriott acquired a majority ownership of The Ritz-Carlton. Today, there are 81 Ritz-Carlton properties around the world, the Marriott World Trade Center was destroyed during the September 11,2001 attacks. The changes were completed in 2003, Marriott International owned Ramada International Hotels & Resorts until its sale on September 15,2004 to Cendant. On July 19,2006, Marriott announced that all lodging buildings it operated in the United States, the new policy includes all guest rooms, restaurants, lounges, meeting rooms, public space and employee work areas. There were bombings at the Islamabad Marriott in 2008 and at the Jakarta Marriott in 2009, on November 11,2010, Marriott announced plans to add over 600 hotel properties by 2015. The bulk of the additions will be in emerging markets, India, where it plans to have 100 hotel properties, China, and Southeast Asia. On January 21,2011, Marriott said that pornography would not be included in the entertainment offered at new hotels, which will use an internet-based video on demand system. On December 13,2011, J. W. Marriott, Jr. announced he would be stepping down as CEO of the company and it was announced that Arne Sorenson would be taking over as CEO as of March 2012. His had released 2010 tax returns showed earnings in 2010 of $113,881 in directors fees from Marriott. S, in December 2012, Guinness World Records recognized the five-star JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai as the worlds tallest hotel. The scheme disrupted operation of mobile telephone hotspots by sending fraudulent Wi-fi de-authentication packets
41.
Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates
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Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates is an American architecture firm which provides architecture, interior, programming and master planning services for clients in both the public and private sectors. KPF is one of the largest architecture firms in the world and is one of the largest in New York City. KPF’s projects over the last 10 years include Roppongi Hills in Tokyo, Unilever House in London, the Mandarin Oriental, Las Vegas, the Stephen M. In New York, KPF is presently designing the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project, KPF recently completed One Jackson Square and served as Executive Architect for the 10-year phased expansion and renovation of New Yorks Museum of Modern Art. Current projects around the world include the Midfield Terminal Complex at the Abu Dhabi International Airport, kPFs philosophy is firmly rooted in the belief that success is the result of collaboration and dialogue. KPF explains, “A similar sentiment is central to the manner in which we weave our buildings into the environmental fabric, for a firm of its size, KPF takes on an unusually large number of restoration and renovation projects. Examples of this work include The World Bank Headquarters, Unilever House, KPF has been recognized for workplace collaboration. Shortly after its founding in 1976, the American Broadcasting Company chose KPF to redevelop a former building on Manhattan’s West Side to house TV studios. This experience led to 14 more projects for ABC over the next 11 years, as well as commissions from major corporations across the country, including the AT&T, by the mid-1980s, KPF had nearly 250 architects working on projects in cities throughout the United States. It remains a Chicago landmark, and was voted “Favorite Building” by the readers of the Chicago Tribune in both 1995 and 1997. In 1986, KPF’s Procter & Gamble Headquarters in Cincinnati, which included an open plan interior design by Patricia Conway, was recognized for its design with the AIA National Honor Award. In the 1990s, KPF also took on a number of government and civic projects. Courthouse in New York, the Mark O. Hatfield U. S, courthouse in Portland, OR, the U. S. Courthouse of Minneapolis, the Buffalo Niagara International Airport and the multiple award-winning redevelopment of The World Bank Headquarters in Washington, D. C. KPF’s winning entry in the competition for the World Bank Headquarters. KPF’s sensitive design solution for the World Bank, its first D. C. project, KPF completed the design for two blocks of the large-scale Canary Wharf redevelopment and the Goldman Sachs Headquarters on Fleet Street. KPF has been selected for projects in the Canary Wharf area through the present day, KPF’s subsequent work in the U. K. includes Thames Court in London, the Rothermere American Institute at Oxford University and the master plan for the London School of Economics. KPFs introduction to the Asian market began with the 4,500, within 10 years, KPF had projects in Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China
42.
Regional mall
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A shopping arcade is a specific form serving the same purpose. Many early shopping arcades such as the Burlington Arcade in London, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, however, many smaller arcades have been demolished, replaced with large centers or malls, often accessible by vehicle. Technical innovations such as lighting and escalators were introduced from the late 19th century. From the late 20th century, entertainment venues such as movie theaters, as a single built structure, early shopping centers were often architecturally significant constructions, enabling wealthier patrons to buy goods in spaces protected from the weather. In places around the world, the shopping centre is used, especially in Europe, Australia. Mall is a term used predominantly in North America, outside of North America, shopping precinct and shopping arcade are also used. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, malls are commonly referred to as shopping centres, the majority of British shopping centres are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include West Quay in Southampton, Manchester Arndale, Bullring Birmingham, Liverpool One, Trinity Leeds, Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow and these centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks, planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. Bullring, Birmingham is the busiest shopping centre in the UK welcoming over 36.5 million shoppers in its opening year, there are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of $12.47 billion and this represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year. One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from ancient Rome, One of the earliest public shopping centers is Trajans Market in Rome located in Trajans Forum. Trajans Market was probably built around 100-110 CE by Apollodorus of Damascus, the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-century Al-Hamidiyah Souq in Damascus, Syria, isfahans Grand Bazaar, which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10-kilometer-long, covered Tehrans Grand Bazaar also has a lengthy history, the oldest continuously occupied shopping mall in the world is likely to be the Chester Rows. Dating back at least to the 13th century, these covered walkways housed shops, with storage, different rows specialized in different goods, such as Bakers Row or Fleshmongers Row. The Marché des Enfants Rouges in Paris opened in 1628 and still runs today, the Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England opened in 1774 and still runs today. The Passage du Caire was opened in Paris in 1798, the Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819
43.
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
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The U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission is an independent agency of the United States federal government. The SEC was created by Section 4 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the SEC has a three-part mission, to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation. To achieve its mandate, the SEC enforces the requirement that public companies submit quarterly and annual reports. MD&A will usually touch on the upcoming year, outlining future goals. In an attempt to level the field for all investors. Quarterly and semiannual reports from companies are crucial for investors to make sound decisions when investing in the capital markets. Unlike banking, investment in the markets is not guaranteed by the federal government. The potential for big gains needs to be weighed against that of sizable losses, the SEC makes reports available to the public through the EDGAR system. The SEC also offers publications on investment-related topics for public education, the same online system also takes tips and complaints from investors to help the SEC track down violators of the securities laws. The SEC adheres to a policy of never commenting on the existence or status of an ongoing investigation. Prior to the enactment of the securities laws and the creation of the SEC. They were enacted and enforced at the level, and regulated the offering. Though the specific provisions of these laws varied among states, they all required the registration of all offerings and sales, as well as of every U. S. stockbroker. However, these blue sky laws were found to be ineffective. For example, the Investment Bankers Association told its members as early as 1915 that they could ignore blue sky laws by making securities offerings across state lines through the mail. After holding hearings on abuses on interstate frauds, Congress passed the Securities Act of 1933, the subsequent Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulates sales of securities in the secondary market. The Securities Act of 1933 is also known as the Truth in Securities Act and its goal was to increase public trust in the capital markets by requiring uniform disclosure of information about public securities offerings. For the first year of the enactment, the enforcement of the statute rested with the Federal Trade Commission
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