1.
Canary Wharf
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Canary Wharf is a major business district located in Tower Hamlets, East London. Canary Wharf contains around 16,000,000 square feet of office and retail space, Morgan, KPMG, MetLife, Moodys, Morgan Stanley, RBC, S&P Global, Skadden, State Street, and Thomson Reuters. Canary Wharf is located on the West India Docks on the Isle of Dogs, from 1802 to 1939, the area was one of the busiest docks in the world. After the 1960s, the industry began to decline, leading to all the docks being closed by 1980. Canary Wharf itself takes its name from No.32 berth of the West Wood Quay of the Import Dock and this was built in 1936 for Fruit Lines Ltd, a subsidiary of Fred Olsen Lines for the Mediterranean and Canary Islands fruit trade. The Canary islands were so named after the dogs found there by the Spanish and as it is located on the Isle of Dogs. The Canary Wharf of today began when Michael von Clemm, former chairman of Credit Suisse First Boston, further discussions with G Ware Travelstead led to proposals for a new business district. The first buildings were completed in 1991, including One Canada Square, which became the UKs tallest building at the time, by the time it opened, the London commercial property market had collapsed, and Olympia and York Canary Wharf Limited filed for bankruptcy in May 1992. Initially, the City of London saw Canary Wharf as an existential threat and it modified its planning laws to expand the provision of new offices in the City of London, for example, creating offices above railway stations and roads. The resulting oversupply of office space contributed to the failure of the No 1 Canada Square project, in 1997, some residents living on the Isle of Dogs launched a lawsuit against Canary Wharf Ltd for private nuisance because the tower interfered with television signals. In December 1995 an international consortium, backed by the owners of Olympia & York and other investors. The new company was called Canary Wharf Limited, and later became Canary Wharf Group, recovery in the property market generally, coupled with continuing demand for large floorplate Grade A office space, slowly improved the level of interest. A critical event in the recovery was the start of work on the Jubilee Line Extension. At the peak of property prices in 2007, the HSBC building sold for a record £1.1 billion, in March 2014 planning permission was granted for the second residential building on the Canary Wharf estate, a 58-storey tower including 566 apartments plus shops and a health club. In July 2014 Canary Wharf Group was granted planning permission for a major expansion of the Canary Wharf estate. The plans include the construction of 30 buildings comprising a total of 4.9 million square feet, construction is planned to commence in autumn 2014 with the first buildings to be occupied at the end of 2018. In 2014, Singapore listed Oxley Holdings, together with developer Ballymore UK, have a joint venture to set up a new waterfront township of Royal Wharf with 3385 new homes housing over 10,000 people. This table lists completed buildings in Canary Wharf that are over 60 metres tall, the Canary Wharf developers played a pro-active role in improving transport links, which they recognised as essential to the success of the project
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
E postcode area
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The E postcode area, also known as the London E postcode area, is the part of the London post town covering much of the eastern part of Greater London, England and also Sewardstone in Essex. Since the closure of the East London mail centre during the summer of 2012, inward mail for the E postcode area is now sorted at Romford Mail Centre, with the IG and RM postcode area mail. The current E postcode area was formed in 1866 as a merger of the E. In 1917, the districts were numbered alphabetically by their location. As of 2004, the names do not form part of the postal address. Where districts are used for other than the sorting of mail, such as use as a geographic reference and on street signs, E1. The E postcode area contains two non-geographic postcode districts for business users, E77 and E98. The Eastern District Office is located on Whitechapel Road and was the terminus for the former London Post Office Railway. The railway ran 10.5 kilometres to the Paddington Head District Sorting Office, the E20 postcode has been used fictionally as the postcode on the television soap-opera series EastEnders. However, it became a real postcode in 2011, being created for the new Olympic Park in Stratford, site of the 2012 Summer Olympics, Postcode districts E6, E14 and E16 also have river frontages in the south. The River Roding and the North Circular Road form part of the boundary in the east, the postcode area maps roughly to the combined area of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, London Borough of Newham and London Borough of Waltham Forest. The 1990s pop band East 17, formed in Walthamstow, take their name from the postcode district E17, the postcode area does not cover all of East London. The postcode area is a sub-set of East London, with notable exclusions, hoxton in Shoreditch which is part of the N postcode area, despite usually being seen as being part of the East End. The eastern suburbs built after the introduction of the E postcode area, Postcode Address File List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom London postal district North East Royal Mails Postcode Address File A quick introduction to Royal Mails Postcode Address File
4.
London Docklands
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For the specific dock known under that name, see London Docks. For the basketball team known as London Docklands, see London Towers. London Docklands is the name for an area in east and southeast London and it forms part of the boroughs of Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Lewisham, Newham and Greenwich. The docks were formerly part of the Port of London, at one time the worlds largest port and they have now been redeveloped principally for commercial and residential use. The name London Docklands was used for the first time in a government report on redevelopment plans in 1971 but has become virtually universally adopted. It also created conflict between the new and old communities of the London Docklands, in Roman and medieval times, ships tended to dock at small quays in the present-day city of London or Southwark, an area known as the Pool of London. However, this gave no protection against the elements, was vulnerable to thieves, the Howland Great Dock in Rotherhithe was designed to address these problems, providing a large, secure and sheltered anchorage with room for 120 large vessels. It was a commercial success and provided for two phases of expansion during the Georgian and Victorian eras. The first of the Georgian docks was the West India, followed by the London, the East India, the Surrey, the Regents Canal Dock, St Katharine, the Victorian docks were mostly further east, comprising the Royal Victoria, Millwall and Royal Albert. The King George V Dock was an addition in 1921. Three principal kinds of docks existed, wet docks were where ships were laid up at anchor and loaded or unloaded. Dry docks, which were far smaller, took individual ships for repairing, ships were built at dockyards along the riverside. In addition, the river was lined with warehouses, piers, jetties. The various docks tended to specialise in different forms of produce, the Surrey Docks concentrated on timber, for instance, Millwall took grain, St Katharine took wool, sugar and rubber, and so on. The docks required an army of workers, chiefly lightermen and quayside workers, some of the workers were highly skilled - the lightermen had their own livery company or guild, while the deal porters were famous for their acrobatic skills. Most were unskilled and worked as casual labourers and they assembled at certain points, such as pubs, each morning, where they were selected more or less at random by foremen. For these workers, it was effectively a lottery as to whether they would get work - and pay and this arrangement continued until as late as 1965, although it was somewhat regularised after the creation of the National Dock Labour Scheme in 1947. The main dockland areas were originally low-lying marshes, mostly unsuitable for agriculture, with the establishment of the docks, the dock workers formed a number of tight-knit local communities with their own distinctive cultures and slang
5.
Kohn Pedersen Fox
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Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates is an American architecture firm which provides architecture, interior, programming and master planning services for clients in both the public and private sectors. KPF is one of the largest architecture firms in the world and is one of the largest in New York City. KPF’s projects over the last 10 years include Roppongi Hills in Tokyo, Unilever House in London, the Mandarin Oriental, Las Vegas, the Stephen M. In New York, KPF is presently designing the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project, KPF recently completed One Jackson Square and served as Executive Architect for the 10-year phased expansion and renovation of New Yorks Museum of Modern Art. Current projects around the world include the Midfield Terminal Complex at the Abu Dhabi International Airport, kPFs philosophy is firmly rooted in the belief that success is the result of collaboration and dialogue. KPF explains, “A similar sentiment is central to the manner in which we weave our buildings into the environmental fabric, for a firm of its size, KPF takes on an unusually large number of restoration and renovation projects. Examples of this work include The World Bank Headquarters, Unilever House, KPF has been recognized for workplace collaboration. Shortly after its founding in 1976, the American Broadcasting Company chose KPF to redevelop a former building on Manhattan’s West Side to house TV studios. This experience led to 14 more projects for ABC over the next 11 years, as well as commissions from major corporations across the country, including the AT&T, by the mid-1980s, KPF had nearly 250 architects working on projects in cities throughout the United States. It remains a Chicago landmark, and was voted “Favorite Building” by the readers of the Chicago Tribune in both 1995 and 1997. In 1986, KPF’s Procter & Gamble Headquarters in Cincinnati, which included an open plan interior design by Patricia Conway, was recognized for its design with the AIA National Honor Award. In the 1990s, KPF also took on a number of government and civic projects. Courthouse in New York, the Mark O. Hatfield U. S, courthouse in Portland, OR, the U. S. Courthouse of Minneapolis, the Buffalo Niagara International Airport and the multiple award-winning redevelopment of The World Bank Headquarters in Washington, D. C. KPF’s winning entry in the competition for the World Bank Headquarters. KPF’s sensitive design solution for the World Bank, its first D. C. project, KPF completed the design for two blocks of the large-scale Canary Wharf redevelopment and the Goldman Sachs Headquarters on Fleet Street. KPF has been selected for projects in the Canary Wharf area through the present day, KPF’s subsequent work in the U. K. includes Thames Court in London, the Rothermere American Institute at Oxford University and the master plan for the London School of Economics. KPFs introduction to the Asian market began with the 4,500, within 10 years, KPF had projects in Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China
6.
Clifford Chance
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Clifford Chance LLP is a multinational law firm headquartered in London, United Kingdom, and a member of the Magic Circle of leading British law firms. It is one of the ten largest law firms in the world measured both by number of lawyers and revenue. In 2013/14 Clifford Chance had total revenues of £1.36 billion, the highest of any firm in the Magic Circle in that year, according to SWFI, Clifford Chance tied for 1st place for calendar year 2015 regarding legal advising for public institutional investor deals. Clifford Chance was formed in 1987 by the merger of two London-based law firms, Clifford Turner and Coward Chance, in 1999 it merged with the Frankfurt-based firm Pünder, Volhard, Weber & Axster and the New York-based firm Rogers & Wells. Clifford Chance was formed by the merger of two London-based law firms, the first was Coward Chance, which derived from a firm established in 1802 by Anthony Brown, a fishmongers son. Browns firm became embroiled in the Panic of 1825, caused by speculation in South American investments, including the non-existent country of Poyais, one of the firms longest clients was Cecil Rhodes. The firm advised him on his mining business in South Africa, administered his estate after his death. It also helped Midland Bank recover assets in Russia after the 1917 revolution, the second firm was Clifford Turner, founded in 1900, with offices on Gresham Street, EC2. Its clients included Dunlop Rubber Company and Imperial Airways, in 1929, Clifford Turner advised and witnessed the creation of John Lewis Partnership. After the Second World War it advised the Labour government on the nationalisation of several privately owned industries and it opened offices in Paris in 1961, Amsterdam in 1972 and New York in 1986. The merger of Clifford Turner and Coward Chance in 1987 led to the formation of Clifford Chance, neither Clifford Turner nor Coward Chance were first-rank London law firms, but their merger has since been said to have changed the shape and profile of law firms in London and globally. Over the next decade the firm expanded its practices across Europe and Asia, in 1992 Clifford Chance became the first major non-US firm to practice US law. In 1999 Clifford Chance merged with Frankfurt-based law firm Pünder, Volhard, Weber & Axster, with Californias downturn, the firm closed its Pacific Coast operations in 2007. Clifford Chance was one of international law firms that developed local law practices in Japan following the easing of restrictions on foreign law firms in 2005. Clifford Chance was the highest-ranked European law firm by Japanese corporate legal departments in a December 2013 Nihon Keizai Shimbun survey. Like other firms in the Magic Circle, the firm lost significant revenue during the late-2000s recession, as part of cost cutting in response to the recession, in 2009 Clifford Chance announced plans to lay off 80 lawyers and 115 support staff in London. In addition, the firm accepted the applications of 50 fee earners in London over. In 2011 the firm moved back office tasks to its 350-employee Global Shared Service Centre, including a 60-employee Knowledge Centre in New Delhi, India as an efficiency measure
7.
Infosys
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Infosys Limited is an Indian multinational corporation that provides business consulting, information technology and outsourcing services. It has its headquarters in Bengaluru, India, Infosys is the second-largest Indian IT services company by 2016 revenues, and the largest employer of H-1B visa professionals in the United States. On January 12,2017, its market capitalisation was $34.38 Billion. Co-founded in 1981 by 7 Engineers N. R. Narayana Murthy, Nandan Nilekani, N. S. Raghavan, S. Gopalakrishnan, S. D. Shibulal, K. Dinesh and Ashok Arora after they resigned from Patni Computer Systems. The company was incorporated as Infosys Consultants Pvt Ltd. with a capital of ₹10,000 or US$250 in Model Colony and it signed its first client, Data Basics Corporation, in New York City. In 1983, the corporate headquarters was relocated from Pune to Bengaluru. Name Change, The Company changed its name to Infosys Technologies Private Limited in April 1992 and it was later renamed to Infosys Limited in June 2011. An initial public offer in February 1993 with a price of ₹95 per share against book value of ₹20 per share. The Infosys IPO was under subscribed but it was bailed out by US investment bank Morgan Stanley which picked up 13% of equity at the offer price and its shares were listed in stock exchanges in June 1993 with trading opening at ₹145 per share. In October 1994, it made a private placement of 5,50,000 shares at ₹450 each against book value of ₹10 per share to Foreign Institutional Investors, Financial Institutions and Corporates. In March 1999, it issued 2,070,000 ADSs at US$34 per ADS under the American Depositary Shares Program, the total issue amount was US$70.38 million. The share price surged to ₹8,100 by 1999 making it the costliest share on the market at the time, at that time, Infosys was among the 20 biggest companies by market capitalization on the NASDAQ. During July 2003, June 2005 and November 2006, it made secondary ADS issues of US$294 million, US$1.07 billion, in December 2002, Infosys transferred the listing of its American Depositary Shares from the NASDAQ to the NYSE. In July 2014, Infosys started a subsidiary called, EdgeVerve Systems. Focusing on enterprise software products for operations, customer service, procurement. In August 2015, the Finacle Global Banking Solutions assets were transferred from Infosys. The credit rating of the company is A-, in February 2015, Infosys announced it would acquire the US automation technology company Panaya for around $200 million. On 15 January 2016, Infosys had 1,045 clients across 50 countries, Infosys has a global footprint with offices and development centres across the world
8.
Tall buildings in London
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This list of the tallest buildings and structures in London ranks skyscrapers and towers in London by their height. Since 2010, the tallest structure in London has been The Shard, the second tallest is One Canada Square in Canary Wharf, which rises 235 metres and was completed in 1991. The third tallest is the Heron Tower in the City of London financial district, the Greater London area is currently about level with the Paris Metropolitan Area as the metropolitan area in the European Union with the most skyscrapers. As of 2016, there are 18 skyscrapers in London that reach a height of at least 150 metres. The history of structures in London began with the completion of the 27-metre White Tower. The first structure to surpass a height of 100 metres was the Old St Pauls Cathedral, completed in 1310, it stood at a height of 150 metres. St Pauls was the worlds tallest structure until 1311, when its height was surpassed by Lincoln Cathedral in Lincoln and it regained the title when the spire of Lincoln Cathedral fell in 1549. St Pauls was severely damaged by the Great Fire of London in 1666, at 111 metres, the cathedral remained Londons tallest building until it was overtaken in 1962 by the BT Tower, which was topped out in 1964 and officially opened in 1965. The lifting of restrictions caused a boom in the construction of tall buildings during the 1960s. One of Londons first notable tall buildings was the 117-metre Centre Point, the National Westminster Tower followed in 1980, which at 183 metres became Londons first genuine skyscraper by international standards. It was followed in 1991 by One Canada Square, which formed the centrepiece of the Canary Wharf development, some of the awards given to 30 St Mary Axe include the Emporis Skyscraper Award in 2003 and the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2004. With the precedent set by the towers of Canary Wharf and with the encouragement of former Mayor of London Ken Livingstone,1 Undershaft, planned to form the centrepiece of the City of Londons skyscraper cluster, is the tallest skyscraper currently proposed for London. Also in the City, a skyscraper at 100–112 Leadenhall Street, to be designed by SOM architects, is in the stages of design. This list ranks externally complete London skyscrapers and free-standing towers that stand at least 328 feet tall and this includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. An equals sign following a rank indicates the height between two or more buildings. The Year column indicates the year in which a building was completed, * Indicates still under construction, but has been topped out This lists buildings that are under construction in London and are planned to rise at least 328 feet. Under construction buildings that have already topped out are listed above. This lists buildings that are approved for construction in London and are planned to rise at least 328 feet, * Table entries without text indicate that information regarding a buildings expected year of completion has not yet been released
9.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
10.
One Canada Square
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One Canada Square, often referred to simply as Canary Wharf, is a skyscraper in Canary Wharf, London. It was the tallest building in the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2010, standing at 770 feet above ground level, in late 2010, it was surpassed by the Shard. The building is clad with stainless steel rather than natural stone. One of the predominant features of the building is the roof, which contains a flashing aircraft warning light. The distinctive pyramid pinnacle is 800 feet above sea level, One Canada Square is primarily used for offices, though there are some retail units on the lower ground floor. It is a location for offices and as of November 2015 was 100% let. The building is recognised as a London landmark, and it has gained attention through film, television. The original plans for a district on Canary Wharf came from G Ware Travelstead. He proposed three 260 m towers, Travelstead was unable to find the money for his project, so he sold the plans to Olympia & York in 1987. Olympia & York grouped all three towers into a known as Docklands Square, and the main tower was designated DS7 during planning. Docklands Square was later renamed Winston Square before finally being renamed as Canada Square, the architects chosen to design One Canada Square were Cesar Pelli & Associates, Adamson Associates, and Frederick Gibberd Coombes & Partners. They designed the tower with a shape to Three World Financial Center, New York City. The shape was also reminiscent of Big Ben. To comply with air safety regulations, the architects took five floors off the tower. The final height of 824 feet was permitted, otherwise, the developers would have had to dismantle what was necessary to fit the height restriction, the design of the tower received a fair share of criticism. According to Cesar Pelli, the most damaging criticism came from Prince Charles, other criticisms came from former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who said that the building was not quite stunning. Construction on the began in 1988. Lehrer McGovern contracted out most of the work to Balfour Beatty because the Canary Wharf Tower was a building to build
11.
8 Canada Square
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8 Canada Square is a skyscraper in Canary Wharf, London. The building serves as the headquarters of the HSBC Group. The tower was designed by Sir Norman Fosters team of architects, construction began in 1999 and was completed in 2002. There are 45 floors in the 200-metre-high tower, the joint fourth tallest in the United Kingdom with the nearby Citigroup Centre, and the second tallest in Canary Wharf. With the movement of HSBC Groups headquarters from Hong Kong to London in 1993, between 1995 and 1997 a number of proposals were considered, including the redevelopment of the previous Group Head Office at 10 Lower Thames Street, London. However the DS-2 plot at Canary Wharf was chosen for the location, arup became structural engineers for the project, and Davis Langdon & Everest quantity surveyors. Construction began in January 1999, with beginning on the installation of the 4,900 glass panels commencing in summer 2000. The work was carried out by Canary Wharf Contractors, in May 2000, three workmen were killed in a crane accident. The topping out took place on 7 March 2001, with the hoisting in of the final steel girder attended by bankers, journalists. Standing nearby the HSBC Tower are One Canada Square, and the Citigroup Centre and it is also next door to Bank of America. The tower is not open to the public, counting from its official opening in April 2003, it was only four years before difficulties emerged in managing the building and its associated costs. In April 2007, HSBC Tower was sold to Spanish property company Metrovacesa, on 5 December 2008, HSBC Holdings re-acquired ownership of the building, declaring that the agreement had resulted in a £250 million profit in the second half of the year. However, on 13 November 2009, HSBC once again sold the building, this time to the National Pension Service, hSBCs income statement on completion declared a gain of approximately £350million resulting from the transaction, which was finalised shortly before the end of the year 2009. In December 2014, Qatar Investment Authority, completed the purchase of building at an undisclosed price. NPS was advised by the estate agents Jones Lang LaSalle and GM Real Estate, the wall is 6.6 metres tall, with 3,743 images, including documents, photographs, portraits and illustrations of staff, buildings, businesses and events. The wall was manufactured and installed by Supersine Duramark – a company specialising in commercial graphics,8 Canada Square has a pair of bronze lions guarding the main entrance. These are copies of a pair nicknamed Stephen and Stitt which have stood outside the Banks Headquarters at 1 Queens Road Central in Hong Kong since 1935. The Hong Kong lions are named after yet another pair of lions that guarded the Banks Shanghai headquarters on The Bund after it opened in 1923
12.
Citigroup Centre, London
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The Citigroup Centre is a building complex in London. It houses Citigroups EMEA headquarters and is located in Canary Wharf in the citys Docklands, the centre provides 170,000 square metres of floor space across two merged buildings -33 Canada Square and 25 Canada Square, and houses the bulk of Citis UK employee base. Together, both form the Citigroup Centre complex. 25 Canada Square, or Citigroup Centre 2, stands at 200 metres and, the building was bought by RBS in 2004 along with 5 Canada Square for $1.12 billion. Subsequently, on 2 July 2007, CGC2 was individually sold to a joint venture between Quinlan Private and PropInvest for £1 billion, Citigroup pay £46.5 million a year in rent for the tower, generating a yield of 4. 6% to the owners. The east facing side of 25 Canada Square up to level 40 is configured for use by tenants. 33 Canada Square, or Citigroup Centre 1, is the smaller of the two buildings in the complex, designed by Norman Foster and completed in 1999, two years before its neighbour. At 105 metres tall, the building is made up of eighteen floors, the building is owned by Citigroup, and was built before the completion of the Jubilee line extension in late 1999. The Centre is also close to DLR stations Canary Wharf and Heron Quays, which provide connections with the City, London City Airport and surrounding areas
13.
One Churchill Place
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One Churchill Place is a 156 m tall skyscraper with 32 floors, serving as the headquarters of Barclays Bank. It is in the Docklands area of London Borough of Tower Hamlets in Canary Wharf, the building is the 13th-tallest office block in the United Kingdom and the sixth tallest building in the Docklands. The building was opened in June 2005 by the Chairman of Barclays, Matthew Barrett. The former corporate HQ was at 54 Lombard Street in the City of London, Barclays occupy approximately 90% of the building, floors 18-20 are leased to BGC Partners/Cantor Fitzgerald. The building was designed by HOK International and constructed by Canary Wharf Contractors, designed after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the building is constructed around four staircase columns with a large, central column containing the lifts and toilet facilities. The building manual states that there is room in these columns to contain everyone who works in the building. The building was planned to be 50 storeys in height, but was scaled down to 31 after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, increasingly the premises are now used on a hotdesking basis to accommodate more agile and collaborative working. Tall buildings in London From emporis. com Wildlife on top of One Churchill Place Barclays Group Archives, Head Office
14.
25 Bank Street
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25 Bank Street is an office tower in Canary Wharf, in the Docklands area of London. It is currently home to the European headquarters of the investment bank J. P. Morgan & Co, the building was developed in 2001–2003 by Canary Wharf Group as one of five new buildings on its Heron Quays site. The building was designed by architects Cesar Pelli & Associates Architects, before construction,25 Bank Street had been earmarked by Canary Wharf Group for occupation by Enrons European subsidiary. This plan was abandoned in 2001, prior to Enrons collapse later that year, from 2004,25 Bank Street served as the European headquarters of Lehman Brothers until the banks insolvency in September 2008. The building continued to be used by the administrators and various sub tenants before being sold to JPMorgan Chase for £495 million in 2010. In July 2000, Canary Wharf Group formally announced the development of the 11-acre Heron Quays site and this would involve the construction of five buildings providing a total of 3,300,000 sq ft of Grade A office space. During the development phase, the five buildings were designated HQ1 to HQ5,25 Bank Street, along with its neighbours HQ3 and HQ4 were all designed by César Pelli in the International style, featuring complementary external cladding of stainless steel, glass and stone. 25 Bank Street and 40 Bank Street, which are of equal height, are conjoined by the West Winter Garden glass-enclosed concourse, and all provide enclosed access to an underground retail mall. The building is designed around a concrete core containing elevators, washrooms and services. There are 5 basement levels, a floor, mezzanine. The lower levels, up to level 8, incorporate large podium areas on the south and this allows large trading floors to be accommodated, each with a 50,000 sq ft floorplate. The south podium incorporates a secondary core, in July 2000 Enron Europe opened negotiations with Canary Wharf Group to take 130,060 sq m of space on the Canary Wharf estate. The HQ1 and HQ2 sites were earmarked for use by Enron in a mixed use development that would include a mini-power station and this development was planned to supplement Enron’s Victoria headquarters at 40 Grosvenor Place. The negotiations were discontinued early in 2001, prior to Enron’s insolvency later that year. On 3 April 2001, Canary Wharf Group announced that it had concluded a 30-year lease agreement with Lehman Brothers for the entirety of the space in HQ2, the construction of 25 Bank Street was undertaken by Canary Wharf Contractors, with an overall build time of 32 months. The geography of the site presented considerable access challenges in that it was surrounded by water on three sides, with two thirds of the side in the former dock. A coffer dam was constructed in the dock to enable the water to be pumped out, at the end of the project the coffer dam was removed and the fill loaded onto barges for removal. The construction of the concrete core was subcontracted to Byrne Bros Ltd
15.
1 Cabot Square
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1 Cabot Square is a 21 floor office building occupied by Credit Suisse in the Canary Wharf development in London, England. Original plans called for a skyscraper on this site for CSFB, the architect on the project was Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, and the building was completed in 1991. It is 89 metres tall with a floorspace of 50,166 square metres, the building has large, open plates on the floor that range in size from 64,500 square foot to 24,000 square foot in the executive offices. It is internally connected to the west, to 20 Columbus Courtyard, Canary Wharf Credit Suisse From skyscrapernews. com
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5 Canada Square
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5 Canada Square is a 15-storey,87.7 m office building in the Canary Wharf financial district development of London, England. 5 Canada Square was completed in 2003, the steel- framed building has an aluminum curtain wall and it features a large atrium on its south side with 46,450 m2 of floorspace. The principal tenant at 5 Canada Square is the European arm, the building is used for the bank’s global cash-management business for clients. Credit Suisse also occupies part of the building,5 Canada Square was originally leased by Credit Suisse First Boston but after a banking downturn and not needing the space, Credit Suisse let the space to Bank of America. In July 2007, the building was sold by RBS to Evans Randall, in 2011, Bank of America chose to renew its lease at 5 Canada Square instead of move to another London location. The building was sold to St Martins Property Group in January 2013. From late 2016 Thomson Reuters is due to sublease 350,000 sq ft from Credit Suisse until 2020, consolidating all of its London operations under one roof for the first time
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25 Cabot Square
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25 Cabot Square is a 17-floor office building occupied by Morgan Stanley in the Canary Wharf development in London, England. The architect on the project was Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, and it is 81 metres tall with a floorspace of 41,666.00 m². For several years,25 Cabot Square was connected at the first floor level to neighbouring 20 Cabot Square by a pedestrian footbridge. This pedestrian link was removed in early 2010 when Morgan Stanley moved out of 20 Cabot Square, Canary Wharf Morgan Stanley From skyscrapernews. com Black and white photograph by Sheena Woodhead
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30 South Colonnade
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30 South Colonnade is a commercial building in Canary Wharf, London. It occupies the FC-6 plot from the original Canary Wharf plans, kohn Pedersen Fox were appointed as architect and the building was completed in 1991. It is 62 metres tall, with a total of 13 floors - a lower floor, ground floor. Canary Wharf Group sold the building for £200m to German fund manager KanAm Grund in December 2005, in May 2015, KanAm instructed CBRE and JLL to prepare the building for sale, with an asking price of £215m. Reuters agreed to lease the majority of the building in 2005, the building serves as Thomson Reuters Corporations European headquarters. As part of Reuters relocation, Perkins + Will carried out refurbishment of the building, including installing a 100 metre long ticker around the building to display news. Five retail tenants make up the remainder of the buildings tenants, prior to this, the building was occupied by London Underground Ltd
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15 Westferry Circus
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15 Westferry Circus is a 16,250 m² building on Canary Wharf. Its finish marked the completion of the Westferry Complex, the westernmost point of Canary Wharf, the building was designed to fully incorporate the requirements of the tenant, Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, who also occupied the adjoining building. Their lease began in March 2000, the same month Citigroup leased 25 Canada Square, Morgan Stanley Dean Witter sublet the building to Tube Lines. They share the leading to the video wall, built for use in stock trading. In 2013 Morgan Stanley vacated the building and it was taken over by London Underground Ltd,15 Westferry Circus serves as the fifteen mile marker in the London Marathon. The ownership of this building was the subject of a legal dispute in Ireland in 2012
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Riverside South (Canary Wharf)
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Riverside South is a proposed skyscraper development in Canary Wharf, London. Future plans for Riverside South have not been publicised, the development is being planned by J. P. Morgan & Co. which purchased a 999-year lease on the site from Canary Wharf Group in November 2008. It will be located on the side of the Isle of Dogs. This is one of the few left in the Docklands area which has been identified as suitable for the construction of skyscrapers. The original proposal consisted of two buildings of 214 metres and 189 metres, designed by the Richard Rogers Partnership and these were approved in the summer of 2004. In April 2007, Canary Wharf Group submitted a new planning application to increase the size of the scheme by 36,420 m² to 327,255 m², the application confirmed work was underway on site. Tower 1 of the scheme was increased from 214 metres to 235.64 metres, the middle building adjoining the towers was increased from 47 metres to 72 metres. The new design was granted planning permission by the London Borough of Tower Hamlets on 21 June 2007, a further minor revision was submitted for approval in October 2008, which would reduce the height of the middle building by 9m. The taller tower could become the tallest building in Canary Wharf, the combined development will have the longest river frontage of any building in London, and in terms of floorspace will be among the largest offices in Europe. In early 2007, JPMorgan considered the development as an option for their new London premises, Canary Wharf Contractors Limited were contracted to construct the basement structure up to ground level. Work on the basement slab for Tower 1 began in July 2009, two crane bases appeared on site in September 2009, but work ceased in 2010. JP Morgan is expected to complete Riverside South up to street level before deciding how to move forward with the site, in April 2012, JP Morgan announced their intention to complete the building up to street level, with work due to start in May 2012 for 12–16 months. As of April 2014, work on the basement levels is complete, Canary Wharf Isle of Dogs Riverside South on Skyscrapernews. com
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25 Churchill Place
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25 Churchill Place is a skyscraper in the eastern part of the London financial district Canary Wharf. Potential tenants included Aon, Deutsche Bank and News Corp, the building has housed the European Medicines Agency since early 2014 and Ernst & Young since 2015. Canary Wharf Group applied to Tower Hamlets for planning permission to construct a 23-storey building at 25 Churchill Place, permission was granted in November 2008. 25 Churchill Place is one of the most energy efficient office buildings in Canary Wharf, the environmental features includes lifts that can store and reuse the energy elsewhere in the building. The building was designed by architects Kohn Pederson Fox, who also designed The Pinnacle in the City of London financial district, construction began on the 23-storey tower in February 2012, with Canary Wharf Contractors Limited as the main building contractor. On 7 February 2013, the installation of the section of the steel frame marked the completion of the building. The building stands 130m tall and has 19 floors of Grade A office space, the building has housed the European Medicines Agency since early 2014 and Ernst & Young since 2015. One Churchill Place City of London#Landmarks Canary Wharf One Canada Square List of tallest buildings and structures in London Canary Wharf official website regarding the project
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Columbus Tower (London)
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Columbus Tower was a planned high-rise development by Commercial Estates Group approved for construction on a site on the Isle of Dogs, London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The 63-storey,242 m AOD tower would have been located on a 0. 36-hectare site at the end of the north dock at West India Quay. At 2009 projected cost was £450M to build and reaching 237 metres in height, columbus Tower would have joined an existing cluster of high-rise development at Canary Wharf. Located at a high footfall transport interchange hub, the proposed location was directly above the site earmarked for the approach tunnels to the new Crossrail station at Canary Wharf. In December 2008, an application was submitted to the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. This application was virtually identical to application granted full consent in March 2005, in March 2011 Commercial Estates Group announced that they had appointed Squire and Partners to review the proposals. In November 2013 it was reported that Commercial Estates Group had sold the site to Ryan Corporation Limited for £100M and it was subsequently reported that no such sale had taken place. The site was sold by CEG to Chinese state-owned developer Greenland Group in September 2014 for approximately £100M. A new planning application for the site with a building to be called Hertsmere House was approved by Tower Hamlets in February 2016, the development name has since changed to Spire London
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Heron Quays West
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Heron Quays West is a skyscraper development approved for construction in Canary Wharf, London. The plan is for two large skyscrapers connected by an atrium at the base, not unlike the Riverside South development. The site is at the south west of the Canary Wharf site off Bank Street, developers for the project are the Canary Wharf Group. The original design for the site, revealed in 2007, was by Richard Rogers Partnership and this means the development will start years before previously expected, and that North Quay will be constructed after this scheme instead of before it. In March 2008, the Borough of Tower Hamlets approved the Heron Quays West scheme, an updated design was proposed in 2013-4. The updated plan features two towers known as Heron Quays West 1 and Heron Quays West 2, Tower one has 40 floors and a height of 214 metres, and tower two has 29 floors and a height of 156 metres. The two towers are joined by a common base, of these, Heron Quays West 1 received outline planning approval in 2013, and is proceeding to detailed design. Demolition and alteration of landscaping began in early 2014, Canary Wharf Riverside South North Quay, London One Canada Square HSBC Tower, London Tall buildings in London London Bridge Tower Bishopsgate Tower Heron Quays West on Skyscrapernews. com New proposal
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North Quay, London
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North Quay is an approved office development, consisting of three towers on the north side of Canary Wharf in London. The developer is Canary Wharf Group and the architect is Cesar Pelli, the application were approved on 12 January 2007 including a condition that the development shall commence within 10 years of that date. A press release was posted on the official Canary Wharf website on 12 January and it announced the two skyscrapers as being 209m and 221m above ground level, slightly taller than previously thought. This has prevented any construction of the three towers from proceeding, Canary Wharf Tall buildings in London North Quay on Skyscrapernews. com
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Wood Wharf
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Wood Wharf is a site on the Isle of Dogs, London currently used for light industrial and residential uses. The site has been earmarked for a mixed use redevelopment. The Wood Wharf Business Park was sold by British Waterways to a joint partnership in the financial year 2007-08, the Canal & River Trust is the freeholder of the main 20 acres site following the transfer of all the assets of British Waterways in 2012. British Waterways had previously acquired the site from the Port of London, Canary Wharf Group plc purchased a 250-year lease for the site in January 2012. In 2003 British Waterways issued a masterplan for a substantial, mixed used redevelopment of the site, the masterplan has been adopted by Tower Hamlets as interim guidance to support the current local plan. During 2004 British Waterways held a competition to select a development partner for the project, in 2005 a consortium of British Waterways, Canary Wharf Group and Ballymore Properties established the Wood Wharf Partnership to develop the scheme with Berwin Leighton Paisner as legal advisors. In November 2007, a new plan was unveiled, by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners. Outline planning was submitted to Tower Hamlets in July 2008 and were approved in October 2008, the official Wood Wharf website was updated. The new master plan shows considerably higher density, as well as more towers, the next step is to find different architects to design each individual building. The developers want at least one residential, and one iconic office tower as part of the project. The new master plan contains a high street, which will run up the middle of the site. This will host bars, shops, cafés and restaurants and this will be covered by a glass snake-skin type roof. A planning application was filed on 30 June 2008, the Section 106 contribution of £150 million is one of the largest ever made in London. On 8 October 2008, Tower Hamlets Strategic Development Committee voted unanimously to grant approval for the application, in January 2012 Canary Wharf Group took 100% control of the project by paying British Waterways £52. 5m for their 50% stake and Ballymore £38m for their 25% stake. Under the agreement Canary Wharf Group has been a granted a new 250-year lease from British Waterways with ground rent payable which will grow to £6m per annum, in September 2012 Terry Farrell was appointed to replace Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners in leading the development of the masterplanning. In January 2013 Herzog & de Meuron, Allies and Morrison and Stanton Williams were appointed as architects for various elements of the scheme. In December 2013 a new masterplan was submitted to Tower Hamlets by Canary Wharf Group, in July 2014, Tower Hamlets council granted planning permission to construct 30 buildings, comprising 4. 9m square feet of homes, offices and shops. Work on the Wood Wharf site is expected to start in autumn 2014, one Park Drive Wood Wharf – official site
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A13 road (England)
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The A13 is a major road in England linking Central London with east London and south Essex. Its route is similar to that of the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway and it is a trunk road between London and the Tilbury junction, a primary route between there and Sadlers Hall Farm near South Benfleet, and a non-primary route between there and Shoeburyness. Then it goes through Barking, Dagenham and Rainham before it reaches the M25, then it goes past Pitsea and a new junction that turns the A13 in to the A130. Then the A13 continues on to Shoeburyness where the road ends, at the London end, Commercial Road and East India Dock Road form one of two main arteries through the historic East End. The A13 route is a recent addition to Londons radial network. Commercial Road dates from 1802, while East India Dock Road was set out from 1806-1812, the first iron bridge across the River Lea was built in 1810. Today the route is largely single carriageway, though notable is the junction with the A12. This section of A13 is used by the important London Bus routes 15 and 115 and this grade-separated route continues all the way to the Greater London Boundary. Notable junctions include Canning Town, and the A406 junction near Beckton, as well as the single carriageway Lodge Avenue flyover near Barking and this section is structurally sound and built to high standards, but was subject to a 40 mph speed limit. Prior to grade-separation, the limit was 50 mph. Works involved inserting new underpasses at Prince Regent and Movers Lane, a new flyover at Beckton Alps, also inserted was the free-flow link to the A1261 tunnel. London Bus route 173 is the route to use the A13 here. However, the limit was increased back to 50 mph in 2011. The contract also included the Wennington to M25 motorway section and it has National Speed Limit from just east of Goresbrook Interchange. London Bus routes 173 and 287 are the routes to use the A13 here. The A13 here is a much older dual carriageway, dating mostly to the 1980s, including the four-lane flyover above the M25, the Wennington to M25 section opened in late 1998. The next junction, the turn-off for Lakeside, has only west-facing slips and it is then dual three lanes past the junction with the A1089, the road into Tilbury, and loses its Trunk Road status to the latter. The A13 finally drops down to two each way at the nearby A128 junction
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Canary Wharf DLR station
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Canary Wharf is a Docklands Light Railway station in Canary Wharf on the Isle of Dogs in Greater London, England. The station was built into the base of One Canada Square itself, the station itself has six platforms serving three rail tracks and is sheltered by a distinctive elliptical glass roof. The station is located on the DLR between Heron Quays station and West India Quay station, which are in fact the three closest railway stations on the line in the world. The station is shown on the Tube map as being within walking distance of Canary Wharf tube station, however, Canary Wharf station had been part of the original DLR plans, but when the system opened in August 1987 the station was not ready. It was originally planned that the station would be similar to the station at Heron Quays. It soon became apparent that the Canary Wharf development would produce demand well above the capacity of a simple station, on 17 July 1987 a contract was awarded to GEC-Mowlem Railway Group to rebuild the station into the considerably more elaborate and spacious design that exists today. It was opened in November 1991, Canary Wharf is served by two lines of the DLR — Bank to Lewisham and Stratford to Lewisham. There are also services between Tower Gateway and Lewisham or Crossharbour. London Buses routes 135,277 and the D prefix routes D3, D7 and D8 and night route N550 serve the station, Canary Wharf railway station Canary Wharf tube station Canary Wharf station on Docklands Light Railways website
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Canary Wharf Pier
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The Canary Wharf Pier is a pier on the River Thames in Greater London, United Kingdom. It is located in Canary Wharf next to Westferry Circus, the pier is served by two commuter oriented services, both operated by Thames Clipper under licence from London River Services. The main commuter service from central London or Woolwich calls at Canary Wharf Pier on a regular basis, the Canary Wharf - Rotherhithe Ferry, also operated by Thames Clippers, links Canary Wharf Pier with Nelson Dock Pier at the Hilton Hotel in Rotherhithe. The service uses smaller boats than the service but runs at a higher frequency of roughly every 10 minutes. The ferry can be used both by guests of the hotel as well as by passengers not staying at the hotel, since 2013 boats have run direct as far as Fulham & Putney, taking roughly one hour. The evening direct service departs at 1750, later services to Putney require a five-minute change at Embankment, leaving Canary Wharf at 1758,1818,1858,1918,1958. Private charter entertainment boats also use Canary Wharf Pier, London Buses routes 135,277, D3, D7, D8. Media related to Canary Wharf Pier at Wikimedia Commons
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Canary Wharf tube station
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Canary Wharf is a London Underground station on the Jubilee line, between Canada Water and North Greenwich. The station, serving Canary Wharf, is in Travelcard Zone 2 and was opened by Ken Livingstone setting an escalator in motion on 17 September 1999 as part of the Jubilee Line Extension and it is maintained by Tube Lines. Before the arrival of the Jubilee line, Londons Docklands had suffered from relatively poor public transport, although the Docklands Light Railway station at Canary Wharf had been operating since 1987, by 1990 it was obvious that the DLRs capacity would soon be reached. The Jubilee lines routing through Canary Wharf was intended to relieve some of this pressure, the tube station was intended from the start to be the showpiece of the Jubilee Line Extension, and the contract for its design was awarded in 1990 to the renowned architect Sir Norman Foster. The size of the interior has led to it being compared to a cathedral, however, the main reason for the stations enormous dimensions was the great number of passengers predicted, as many as 50,000 daily. These predictions have been outgrown, with as many as 69,759 on weekdays recorded in 2006, in a 2013 poll conducted by YouGov, it was voted as the Most Loved tube station in London. Above ground there is sign of the vast interior, two curved glass canopies at the east and west ends of the station cover the entrances. The Jubilee Park, a park is situated between the two canopies, above the station concourse. As with the other stations on the Jubilee Line extension. Canary Wharf station has one of the busiest stations on the network. Although it shares its name with the Docklands Light Railway station at Canary Wharf, all three stations are connected underground via shopping malls. Out-of-station interchange within twenty minutes between any two of the stations entails no additional charge, Canary Wharf can be used to reverse trains from both the east and the west. The station is located on the Jubilee line between Canada Water and North Greenwich in Travelcard Zone 2, trains run every 10 minutes on the entire line. London Buses routes 135,277 and the D prefix route D7 night route N550, in addition, bus route 277 provides a 24-hour bus service. Canary Wharf station and the Jubilee line Extension itself were partly funded by the owners of the Canary Wharf complex, only five years after the construction of the extension, capacity issues started becoming apparent and upgrades were required. The first step was the lengthening of the trains from 6 to 7 cars and this was done at the end of 2005. The second step was to replace the conventional Jubilee line signalling with the Thales S40 moving-block system and this was eventually introduced into service during 2011 after many delays and teething problems and allows a more intensive timetable to operate with 30 trains per hour running in the peaks. On 9 January 2013, the station appeared on a £1.28 British postage stamp as part of a set commemorating the 150th anniversary of the first London underground train journey, the stamps captions read Jubilee Line at Canary Wharf and 1999
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Heron Quays DLR station
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Heron Quays is a station on the Docklands Light Railway in the Heron Quays area of Canary Wharf in Greater London, England. The station is elevated and contained one of the complexs office towers. The station is in Travelcard Zone 2, and is on the Lewisham branch of the Docklands Light Railway, London Buses routes 135,277 and the D prefix route D7 and night route N550 serve the station, additionally 277 has a 24 hour service. Heron Quays station on Docklands Light Railways website DLR Capacity Enhancement More photographs of Heron Quays station
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London City Airport
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London City Airport is an international airport in London. It is located in the Royal Docks in the London Borough of Newham, approximately 6 NM east of the City of London and these are the twin centres of Londons financial industry, which is a major user of the airport. London City Airport has a single 1, 500-metre long runway, only multi-engine, fixed-wing aircraft with special aircraft and aircrew certification to fly 5. 5° approaches are allowed to conduct operations at London City Airport. The largest aircraft which can be used at the airport is the Airbus A318, London City served over 4.3 million passengers in 2015, an 18% increase compared with 2014. This was the largest percentage growth among London airports, and a total for London City. It was the fifth-busiest airport in passengers and aircraft movements serving the London area—after Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton—and the 13th-busiest in the UK. The airport was first proposed in 1981 by Reg Ward, who was Chief Executive of the newly formed London Docklands Development Corporation that was responsible for the regeneration of the area. He in turn discussed the proposal with Sir Philip Beck and the idea of an airport for Docklands was born, by November of that year Mowlem and Bill Bryce of Brymon Airways had submitted an outline proposal to the LDDC for a Docklands STOLport city centre gateway. A 63-day planning inquiry started on 6 June 1983, by the middle of the following year, Nicholas Ridley the Secretary of State for Transport had indicated that he was disposed to agree the application, but asked for further details. The Greater London Council brought an action in the High Court of Justice to reopen the inquiry, after the High Court dismissed the action in March 1985, outline planning permission was granted in May of that year, followed by the grant of detailed planning permission in early 1986. The first aircraft landed on 31 May 1987, with the first commercial services operating from 26 October 1987, queen Elizabeth II officially opened London City Airport in November of the same year. In 1988, the first full year of operation, the airport handled 133,000 passengers, the earliest scheduled flights were operated to and from Plymouth, Paris, Amsterdam and Rotterdam. In 1989 the airport submitted an application to extend the runway. In 1990 the airport handled 230,000 passengers, but the figures fell drastically after the Gulf War and did not recover until 1993, by this time the extended runway had been approved and opened. By 1995 passenger numbers reached half a million, and Mowlem sold the airport to Irish businessman Dermot Desmond, five years later passenger numbers had climbed to 1,580,000, and over 30,000 flights were operated. In 2002 a jet centre catering to aviation was opened. In 2003 a new ground holding point was established at the end of the runway. By 2006, more than 2.3 million passengers used London City Airport, in October 2006 the airport was purchased from Dermot Desmond by a consortium comprising insurer AIG Financial Products Corp. and Global Infrastructure Partners
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South Quay DLR station
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South Quay is a Docklands Light Railway station in Canary Wharf in Greater London, England. The station is situated on the Isle of Dogs within the East End of London that is between Crossharbour and Heron Quays stations and is in Travelcard Zone 2. South Quay station is located on the shore of the South Dock of the West India Docks. The original South Quay station opened in 1987, and was a standard DLR phase 1 elevated station, the station was constrained by sharp curves at both ends and could not therefore be further extended on its former site. The DLRs plans to operate 3 car trains on this line included the relocation of this station some distance to the east. In 1996, near the station, the Docklands bombing killed 2 people, in October 2004, Transport for London announced plans to close and replace South Quay station with a station at a new location because of increased use of the Docklands Light Railway. The reason for the move is that the platforms could accommodate two car trains. They would need to be lengthened by thirty metres for three car trains but the curves either side of the station precluded extension work. The new station, on a section of track 125 metres to the east. A memorial plaque at the station was unveiled in December 2009, London Buses route D8 which is part of the D prefix routes serves the station. South Quay station is surrounded by offices and residential developments. The highrise Pan Peninsula Towers are immediately adjacent to the station, a small shopping centre, South Quay Plaza, is across the road from the station. The Hilton London Canary Wharf hotel is close to the station. Further afield, the shore of the South Dock of the West India Docks to the west of the station is lined with restaurants. The South Quay Footbridge provides a connection to the Canary Wharf estate, South Quay station on Docklands Light Railways website
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West India Quay DLR station
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West India Quay is a Docklands Light Railway station in the West India Quay area of Canary Wharf in Greater London, England. The station is situated on the Isle of Dogs within the East End of London and it is located at the point where the line from Lewisham splits into branches to Tower Gateway/Bank and Stratford. The next stations on each line are Canary Wharf DLR station, Westferry, the station is in Travelcard Zone 2. West India Quay station is located over the half of the dock of the same name in the central portion of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Situated to the south of Billingsgate Road and Aspen Way, the station is near the edge of the main Docklands re-development area. The distance from West India Quay DLR to Canary Wharf DLR is just 0.124 miles, indeed, while standing at the station, the platforms for Canary Wharf are clearly visible just down the line. This can also be seen at Heron Quays station, West India Quay will be the closest DLR station to the Canary Wharf Crossrail station when it opens in 2018. The station is not served by any London Buses Routes, the station opened in 1987, but was closed from 1991 to 1993 as the surrounding area was rebuilt. Between March and October 2007 the stations canopy was replaced in a £1. 85m project funded by Transport for London, construction was completed in May 2009 of a new single track dive-under as part of the current capacity upgrades. A ramp takes trains from Bank to Canary Wharf under the current Canary Wharf to Poplar track, the new track bypasses West India Quay, before coming back up to rejoin the route to Canary Wharf. In order to construct the new track next to West India Quay the easternmost platform had been demolished. A consequence of this was, that construction, trains from Canary Wharf to Poplar. The work was completed in May 2009 but the track was not commissioned until 24 August. It is used Monday-Friday until 1900 by all trains running from Bank to Lewisham, until the Delta Junction upgrade in 2009, West India Quay used to contain four platforms with four tracks. From west to east these platforms served trains to Westferry, to Poplar, from Westferry, after reconstruction, the old platform 1 ceased to exist, but re-numbering occurred and trains from Poplar now arrive on the eastern track. Docklands Light Railway website - West India Quay station page Article on the replacement of the canopies
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Canary Wharf railway station
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Canary Wharf railway station, designed by Foster + Partners, is currently under construction in Canary Wharf, east London, as part of the Crossrail project. Construction began in May 2009, its above-ground floors opened in 2016, during the projects development the station was named Isle of Dogs, before the current name was adopted. Construction will cost an estimated million to complete. The design includes Crossrail Place, a roof garden, the station will be one of the largest on the Crossrail route, which will be branded as the Elizabeth Line from 2018. The station is located beneath and within the West India North Dock, the station will extend from east of the Docklands Light Railway bridge to the east end of the dock. It stands within a 475-metre long concrete box with a 245-metre long island platform and it is fitted out to 210 m with the potential for extension should the need to operate longer trains arise. The main access point for the Crossrail station was to be the rebuilt Great Wharf Bridge, from this entrance there would have been a set of escalators to the concourse level, which will be located underwater. Another bank of escalators would take passengers to the platforms, construction of the station was to predominantly take place on Hertsmere Road, which runs parallel to the West India North Dock. This would have involved digging a 9 m wide shaft to the depth of 30 m below the dock water-level to enable crew. The construction including fit-out and commissioning of the Hertsmere Road shaft was expected to take four years whilst the same would take five years for the station. In December 2008 an extra £150 million of funding from the Canary Wharf Group was announced for the station, work was due to commence in January 2009. As part of the deal Canary Wharf Group substantially redesigned the station, incorporating a large shopping centre, a groundbreaking ceremony for the station was held on 15 May 2009. It was also announced that the station would be named Canary Wharf, as part of this,38 m deep reinforced concrete piles were placed through each of the 293 tubes. A further 160 temporary anchor piles and ties were installed to provide restraint for the cofferdam wall, on 11 February 2010 Sadiq Khan, then Transport Minister, activated pumps designed to drain nearly 100 million litres from the work site over the following six weeks. The pumps transferred water from inside the specially constructed cofferdam to the North Dock at a maximum rate of 13,500 litres per minute. A station box was constructed in a dry environment in a technique to that used in the construction of the nearby Canary Wharf tube station. Crossrail Place is the structure above the platforms and was opened on 1 May 2015. The station will provide connection to the Docklands Light Railway at Poplar and it will also have indirect interchanges with Canary Wharf DLR station and West India Quay DLR station
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1996 Docklands bombing
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The London Docklands bombing occurred on 9 February 1996, when the Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated a powerful truck bomb in Canary Wharf, one of the two financial districts of London. The blast devastated an area and caused an estimated £150 million worth of damage. Although the IRA had sent warnings 90 minutes beforehand, the area was not fully evacuated, two people were killed and more than 100 were injured, some permanently. It marked an end to the IRAs seventeen-month ceasefire, the IRA had agreed to a ceasefire in August 1994, on the understanding that Sinn Féin would be allowed to take part in peace negotiations. However, when the British government then demanded full IRA disarmament as a precondition for talks, after the bombing, the British government dropped its demand. A few months after Docklands, the IRA detonated the most powerful post-war Great Britain bomb in Manchester, IRA member James McArdle was convicted of the bombing in 1998. He had been a member of an IRA sniper team in South Armagh and he was released two years later, under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement. Since the beginning of its campaign in the early 1970s, the IRA had carried out bomb attacks in England. As well as attacking military and political targets, it also bombed infrastructure, the goal was to damage the economy and cause severe disruption, which would put pressure on the British government to negotiate a withdrawal from Northern Ireland. In the early 1990s, the IRA began another major bombing campaign in England, in February 1991 it launched a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street, official residence and office of the British Prime Minister, then John Major, was holding a Cabinet meeting. The mortars narrowly missed the building and there were no casualties, in April 1992, the IRA detonated a powerful truck bomb at the Baltic Exchange in the City of London, its main financial district. The blast killed three people and caused £800 million worth of damage, more than the damage caused by all IRA bombings before it. In November 1992, the IRA planted a large van bomb at Canary Wharf, however, security guards immediately alerted the police and the bomb was defused. In April 1993 the IRA detonated another powerful truck bomb in the City of London and it killed one person and caused £500 million worth of damage. In December 1993 the British and Irish governments issued the Downing Street Declaration and it allowed Sinn Féin, the political party associated with the IRA, to participate in all-party peace negotiations on condition that the IRA called a ceasefire. The IRA called a ceasefire on 31 August 1994, over the next seventeen months there were a number of meetings between representatives of the British government and Sinn Féin. There were also representatives of the British and Irish governments. By 1996, John Majors government had lost its majority in the British parliament and was depending on Ulster unionist votes to stay in power, Irish nationalists accused it of pro-unionist bias as a result
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Canary Wharf Group
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Canary Wharf Group plc is a British property company headquartered in London, England. It is the owner and developer of nearly 100 acres of property at Canary Wharf, over the last 10 years it has constructed more office space in London than any other developer. The group owns 7,900,000 square feet of property which is worth £4.9 billion, the company was formed in 1993 as Canary Wharf Limited to acquire the former assets of Olympia and York from its Administrator. In December 1995, the company was acquired by a consortium, including Olympia. In April 1999, the company floated on the London Stock Exchange, the group owns Canary Wharf Contractors, a business which has built most of the buildings at Canary Wharf. Several large transport projects have been constructed which link to Canary Wharf, including the Jubilee Line Extension, the Canary Wharf Group agreed to pay £500m over 24 years towards the £3. 5bn cost of the Jubilee Line extension. The actual payments was reduced by at least £25m because the line was unable to run at the capacity agreed, mostly due to the collapse of Metronet. The links between Canary Wharf Group and Transport for London remain strong, with Canary Wharfs Finance Director Peter Anderson on the board of TfL and chairing its finance, in 2014, the Canary Wharf Group campaigned against two Cycle Superhighway routes in central London, dubbed Crossrail for bikes. The Group anonymously distributed a briefing paper claiming the project would be damaging to London. Notable property addresses are, Outside Canary Wharf itself, CWG also developed 20 Fenchurch Street and is redeveloping the Shell Centre site in central London, Paul Reichmann Canary Wharf Group website Canary Wharf - Official Information Site
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Canary Wharf Squash Classic
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The Canary Wharf Squash Classic is an annual international squash tournament for male professional players, held at the East Wintergarden in Canary Wharf, London, England. The event was first held in 2004, when it was an event involving eight of the worlds leading players. The tournament continued in the format in 2005. In 2006, the Canary Wharf Classic became a Professional Squash Association Tour tournament, with qualifying rounds, in 2004, the final was a best-of-seven-games match. In 2005, it changed to a best-of-five-games format
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Olympia and York
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Olympia & York was a major international property development firm based in Canada. The firm built major financial office complexes including Canary Wharf in London, the World Financial Center in New York City and it went bankrupt in the early 1990s and was recreated to eventually become Olympia & York Properties. The company was founded by Paul Reichmann and his brothers, Albert and Ralph, in Toronto in the early 1950s as an outgrowth of their flooring and it first built and operated warehouses and other commercial buildings in Toronto. Its first major project was the development of the vast Flemingdon Park project on Don Mills Road, the company then took a major gamble, winning the fierce bidding war for the final undeveloped property at the corner of King and Bay street. The Reichmans won the contract to build Canadas tallest building, First Canadian Place in 1971, the project almost collapsed, however, when reformist mayor David Crombie put a halt to major development projects. After three years of lobbying the project went ahead to great success. In the 1980s, Olympia & York grew to be the largest property development firm in the world, in the early 1980s, the New York real estate market was severely depressed, and the Reichmanns bought a group of nine skyscrapers for the low price of 300 million dollars. In only a few years the group rose in value to 3.5 billion, the company became centred on New York opening an office on Park Avenue. The company won the rights to the largest development project in the city when they were awarded the contract to develop the Battery Park City infill next door to the World Trade Center and this project became the World Financial Center and was another great success for the firm. Both Reichmann brothers were strongly religious Haredi Jews and shut down their sites for the Jewish Sabbath. Even while the success of O&Y made them one of the worlds richest families they continued to live relatively austere lives, in the mid-1980s the company diversified. In 1985 it bought Gulf Canada, a deal that attracted controversy because it earned the company multimillion-dollar tax breaks. They also acquired a 50. 1% control of Brinco Ltd. in 1980 then the year an 82% controlling interest in Abitibi-Price Inc. As well, they held a significant shareholding in the Royal Trust Company, in 1980, they had also acquired English Property Corp, one of the largest British developers, which would eventually lead to the Canary Wharf property development. In the late 1980s the company undertook to develop the Canary Wharf site in the east of London, the 83 acre site would become the largest development project in the world, which would incorporate One Canada Square, Britains tallest skyscraper at the time. The project ran into problems however, the office space at Canary Wharf remained largely empty and Olympia & York began to run out of cash. In March 1992, Paul Reichmann was forced to resign as president, in May, the company filed for bankruptcy and it owed over 20 billion dollars to various banks and investors. The company was finally dismembered in February 1993, and the Reichmanns were left only a small rump known as Olympia & York Properties Corporation
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Michael von Clemm
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Dr Michael von Clemm was an American businessman, restaurateur, anthropologist and President of Templeton College, Oxford. He helped found the London Eurodollar market, saving Londons position as a financial centre. He also made an impact in his work for charity. All this despite his training being as a Professor of Anthropology, Von Clemm was born in Long Island, USA on March 18,1935, the son of Werner von Clemm, a prominent German-American banker, and grandson of a former Citibank Vice-President. When Von Clemm was 6 years old, during WWII, his father was arrested for trading smuggled diamonds from Europe, Michael was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy and Harvard University, where he met his wife Louisa B. The couple left the USA at the end of the 1950s to study, and Michael took a course in anthropology at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. As part of his studies, he had lived with the Wachagga tribe in Tanzania for 14 months, academic life did not entirely suit him, however, and he tried his hand at journalism, with a stint on the Boston Globe as a reporter. He maintained an interest in throughout his career in banking. Von Clemm did not use it while in banking, but occasionally his bank colleagues –, in 1967, Von Clemm borrowed $900 to help two young French brothers, Michel and Albert Roux, start a restaurant business. With their first enterprise, Le Gavroche in Londons Mayfair, they won first one, Von Clemm became Chairman of the Roux Restaurants Group and remained friends with the brothers. In a career away from academia, Von Clemm followed his father and grandfather to Citibank in 1963 where he gained a reputation for innovation –. He responsible for inventing several financial instruments and services and he found himself posted to London where he worked with a fellow American, Stanislas Yassukovich, at White Weld, on the development of the Eurodollar CD market. Citibank launched its first Eurodollar issues in 1966, however Von Clemm went back to Harvard Business School to lecture. In 1971, Yassukovich hired Von Clemm to join White Weld, first as a consultant on the feasibility of a Euro-commercial paper market. However in 1972 Von Clemm effectively gave up his career to concentrate on banking full-time. He had an aggressive style – for example on one occasion printing up T-shirts for staff which read Buy Bonds and he was also said to effectively bully clients into taking on the bank. When Credit Suisse took a 40% stake in White Weld, he rose rapidly to become a senior Director of the combined Bank, however, Merrill Lynch made a play for White Weld in 1978 and Credit Suisse needed a new partner. The existing Chairman Sir John Craven wanted Dillon, Von Clemm went behind his back and did a direct deal with First Boston
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Museum of London Docklands
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The Museum of London Docklands is a museum on the Isle of Dogs, east London that tells the history of Londons River Thames and the growth of Docklands. The museum is part of the Museum of London jointly funded by the City of London Corporation and the Greater London Authority. Lots of the collection is from the museum and archives of the Port of London Authority which became part of the port. These were put into storage by the Museum of London in 1985, visitors are directed through the displays in chronological order. The Museum of London Docklands has a theatre and meeting rooms and hosts talks. Several workers who worked on the docks in the 1960s take part in these events, the reading room and Sainsburys Study Centre house the archives. In 2007, the museum celebrated the bicentenary of the British abolition of slavery by opening a £14 million Heritage Lottery Funded exhibition entitled London, Sugar, in March 2016, the museum opened an exhibit relating to the building itself. The building was originally called No.1 Warehouse, and was built in 1802 during the expansion of West India Docks, in September, the museum displayed Dick Moores George Cross medal for bravery during the London Blitz. In 2017, the museum is aiming to open an exhibit displaying archaeological findings found during Crossrail work, Museum of London Museum of London Archaeology Island History Trust Culture of London Robert Milligan Official website of the Museum of London Docklands Official website of the Museum of London
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Skyscraper
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A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it
