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United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Eddie Bravo
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Edgar Eddie Bravo is an American Jiu-Jitsu instructor, musician, and former UFC analyst. He is the founder of 10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu, born in Santa Ana, California, on May 15,1970, to the birth name Edgar Cano, his last name was later legally changed to Bravo, the same as his stepfather. Bravo first partook in grappling when he joined his schools wrestling team. After moving to Hollywood, California in 1991 to pursue a career, Bravo took an interest in martial arts. Bravo also attended a Jeet Kune Do academy from 1996 to 1998, in 1998, Bravo decided to abandon practicing all other forms of martial arts and focus on Jiu-Jitsu. Around this time, he received a blue belt ranking and developed ways to finish opponents with a Twister, in 1999, Bravo earned a purple belt and began establishing his signature guard, the rubber guard, as a widely used, effective technique. Bravo defeated Gustavo Dantas in the first round, Bravo then faced the defending tournament champion Royler Gracie in the quarter-finals, submitting him by way of triangle choke. Bravo would then lose to eventual-tournament champion Léo Vieira in the semi-finals, in March 2014, after having both retired from competition for years, Bravo and Royler Gracie agreed to a submission-only grappling match at Metamoris III. The contest lasted 20 minutes, ending in a draw, also in 2014, Bravo founded the Eddie Bravo Invitational, a no-gi submission-only grappling tournament. In 2016, it was announced that the EBI and UFC partnered together to feature EBI events on the UFCs streaming service Fight Pass, jigoro Kano → Mitsuyo Maeda → Carlos Gracie, Sr. → Carlos Gracie, Jr. → Jean Jacques Machado → Eddie Bravo Bravo is of Mexican descent and he is married and has one son. Bravo is a proponent of cannabis, attributing it with helping his creativity in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. He is in a band called Smoke Serpent. Bravo is close friends with Joe Rogan, comedian and podcast host, Rogan holds a black belt rank under 10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu and Bravo is a regular guest on Rogans podcast. Bravo had his own podcast, titled Eddie Bravo Radio, from 2012 to 2015, a known conspiracy theorist, he is part of the 9/11 Truth movement, publicly raising questions about the September 11 attacks, usually mentioning the World Trade Center Building 7 collapse. Bravo subscribes to the idea that governments have sprayed chemtrails on unknowing civilians
3.
Brazilian jiu-jitsu
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Brazilian jiu-jitsu is a martial art, combat sport system that focuses on grappling and especially ground fighting. Brazilian jiu-jitsu was formed from Kodokan judo ground fighting fundamentals that were taught by a number of individuals including Takeo Yano, Mitsuyo Maeda, BJJ training can be used for sport grappling tournaments and in self-defense situations. Sparring and live drilling play a role in training. Geo Omori opened the first jiu-jitsu / judo school in Brazil in 1909 and he would go on to teach a number of individuals including Luiz França. Later, Mitsuyo Maeda was one of five of the Kodokans top groundwork experts that judos founder Kano Jigoro sent overseas to demonstrate, Gastão Gracie was a business partner of the American Circus in Belém. In 1916, Italian Argentine circus Queirolo Brothers staged shows there, in 1917 Carlos Gracie, the eldest son of Gastão Gracie, watched a demonstration by Maeda at the Da Paz Theatre and decided to learn judo. Maeda accepted Carlos as a student and Carlos learned for a few years, although the Gracie family is typically synonymous with BJJ, another prominent lineage started from Maeda via another Brazilian disciple, Luiz França. This lineage had been represented particularly by Oswaldo Fadda, Fadda and his students were famous for influential use of footlocks and the lineage still survives through Faddas links with todays teams such as Nova União and Grappling Fight Team. Jiu-Jitsu is an older romanization that was the spelling of the art in the West. When Maeda left Japan, judo was still referred to as Kano jiu-jitsu, or. Higashi, the co-author of Kano Jiu-Jitsu wrote in the foreword, to make the matter clear I will state that jiudo is the term selected by Professor Kano as describing his system more accurately than jiu-jitsu does. Professor Kano is one of the educators of Japan. But the Japanese people generally still cling to the popular nomenclature. Outside Japan, however, this distinction was noted even less, thus, when Maeda and Satake arrived in Brazil in 1914, every newspaper announced their art as being jiu-jitsu despite both men being Kodokan judoka. It was not until 1925 that the Japanese government itself officially mandated that the name for the martial art taught in the Japanese public schools should be judo rather than jujutsu. In Brazil, the art is still called jiu-jitsu, the art is sometimes referred to as Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, this name was trademarked by Rorion Gracie, but after a legal dispute with his cousin Carley Gracie, his trademark to the name was voided. While each style and its instructors have their own unique aspects, today there are four major branches of BJJ from Brazil, Gracie Humaita, Gracie Barra, Carlson Gracie Jiu-Jitsu and Alliance Jiu Jitsu. Each branch can trace its roots back to Mitsuyo Maeda via the Gracie family or Oswaldo Fadda, since judo was introduced to Brazil there have been changes in the rules of sport judo – some to enhance it as a spectator sport, and some for improved safety
4.
Judo
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Judo was created as a physical, mental and moral pedagogy in Japan, in 1882, by Jigoro Kano. It is generally categorized as a martial art which later evolved into a combat. Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as defenses are a part of judo. A judo practitioner is called a judoka, the philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from koryū. The early history of judo is inseparable from its founder, Japanese polymath and educator Kanō Jigorō, Kano was born into a relatively affluent family. His father, Jirosaku, was the son of the head priest of the Shinto Hiyoshi shrine in Shiga Prefecture. He married Sadako Kano, daughter of the owner of Kiku-Masamune sake brewing company and was adopted by the family and he ultimately became an official in the Shogunal government. Jigoro Kano had an academic upbringing and, from the age of seven, he studied English, shodō, when he was fourteen, Kano began boarding at an English-medium school, Ikuei-Gijuku in Shiba, Tokyo. The culture of bullying endemic at this school was the catalyst that caused Kano to seek out a Jūjutsu dōjō at which to train, early attempts to find a jujutsu teacher who was willing to take him on met with little success. With the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, many of those who had once taught the art had been forced out of teaching or become so disillusioned with it that they had simply given up. Nakai Umenari, an acquaintance of Kanōs father and a soldier, agreed to show him kata. The caretaker of Jirosakus second house, Katagiri Ryuji, also knew jujutsu, Another frequent visitor, Imai Genshiro of Kyūshin-ryū school of jujutsu, also refused. Several years passed before he found a willing teacher. In 1877, as a student at the Tokyo-Kaisei school, Kano learned that many jujutsu teachers had been forced to pursue alternative careers, frequently opening Seikotsu-in. After inquiring at a number of these, Kano was referred to Fukuda Hachinosuke, a teacher of the Tenjin Shinyō-ryū of jujutsu, Fukuda is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kanos emphasis on randori in judo. On Fukudas death in 1880, Kano, who had become his keenest and most able student in both randori and kata, was given the densho of the Fukuda dojo, Kano chose to continue his studies at another Tenjin Shinyō-ryū school, that of Iso Masatomo. Iso placed more emphasis on the practice of kata, and entrusted randori instruction to assistants, Iso died in June 1881 and Kano went on to study at the dojo of Iikubo Tsunetoshi of Kitō-ryū. Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on randori, with Kitō-ryū having a focus on nage-waza
5.
Submission wrestling
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The sport of submission wrestling brings together techniques from folk wrestling, judo, Greco-Roman wrestling, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, jujutsu, and sambo. Submission fighting as an element of a sport setting is very common in mixed martial arts, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, catch wrestling. Submission wrestlers or grapplers usually wear shorts, skin-sticky clothing such as guards, speedos. They are also known for using submission techniques normally banned in other arts or competitions such as hooks, toe holds. Mixed martial arts schools and fighters may use the term submission wrestling to refer to their methods while avoiding association with any one art. The label is also used to describe the tactic in mixed martial arts competition of relying primarily upon submission wrestling skills to defeat an opponent. Brazilian jiu-jitsu, An increasingly popular style with great emphasis on ground grappling and it involves training with and without a gi. Catch wrestling, Also called catch-as-catch-can, the style of grappling originating in Northern England has experienced a resurgence during recent years, Judo, A Japanese martial art focusing on high impact throws, pins, joint-locks, and chokes. It is also an Olympic sport, practiced wearing the judogi, jujutsu or jiu-jitsu, An ancient art of Japanese wrestling/grappling that places a heavy emphasis on joint-locks, chokes and throws. Uses a gi traditionally, but training without one is not uncommon, Sambo, The Russian style of grappling that typically uses a jacket, but without gi pants. Sambo utilizes leglocks, but most styles do not permit chokes, luta livre esportiva, A form of submission wrestling which derived from Catch wrestling, native to Brazil. Trained without the gi. 10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu, An American hybrid of no-gi Brazilian Jiu-jitsu founded by Eddie Bravo, influences from American folk wrestling, more focus on no-gi half-guard and guard techniques that may be considered unorthodox in BJJ. Shoot wrestling, A Japanese martial art based on wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling, Sambo, and catch wrestling, which later incorporated karate, muay Thai. The two major sub-disciplines of shoot wrestling are shooto and shootfighting, shooto, A Japanese martial art consisting of catch wrestling, judo, jujutsu, sambo, and kickboxing. This style also has a system of striking, shootfighting, A Japanese martial art consisting of muay Thai and catch wrestling. Submission Arts Wrestling, A Japanese version of Catch Wrestling borrowing principles from Kyokushin Karate, Judo, Sambo, originally created by founder and 8 time Sambo World Champion Hidetaka Aso. It is now practiced in Japan - Aso Sensei, Australia - Ito Sensei, Canada - Martelle Sensei, hayastan freestyle fighting A submission grappling style developed by Gokor Chivichyan and Gene Lebell that blends elements of judo, sambo, catch wrestling, Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling. Shuai Jiao, A Chinese style of wrestling that incorporates throws, united World Wrestling British Grappling ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship Mundials NAGA Grapplers Quest
6.
Folkstyle wrestling
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Collegiate wrestling, sometimes known in the United States as folkstyle wrestling, is a style of amateur wrestling practiced at the college and university level in the United States. Collegiate wrestling emerged from the wrestling styles practiced in the early history of the United States. This style, with slight modifications, is also practiced at the high school and middle school levels, and also among younger participants. These names help distinguish collegiate wrestling from other styles of wrestling that are practiced around the world such as those in the Olympic Games, freestyle wrestling, Collegiate wrestling, like its international counterpart, freestyle wrestling, has its main origins in catch-as-catch-can wrestling. In both styles, the goal is to pin the opponent to the mat, which results in an immediate win. Collegiate and freestyle wrestling, unlike Greco-Roman, also allow the use of the wrestlers or his opponents legs in offense and defense. However, collegiate wrestling has had so many influences from the variety of folk wrestling styles brought into the country that it has become distinctly American. Collegiate wrestling differs in a number of ways from freestyle and Greco-Roman, some of the differences are listed below. For example, in wrestling, exposure points are not given to a wrestler for simply forcing the opponents shoulders to quickly rotate. The points generated in this situation are called near fall points and this shows a difference in focus, while the international styles encourage explosive action and risk, collegiate wrestling encourages and rewards control over the opponent. This emphasis on control was present in wrestling from its earliest days. Since 1915, collegiate wrestling officials have recorded the time that each participant had in controlling his opponent on the mat, early on, this was the major way to determine the winner in the absence of a fall. Over time, the significance of such timekeeping has declined, as in both of the international styles, a wrestler can win the match by pinning both of his opponents shoulders or both of his opponents scapulae to the mat. In collegiate wrestling, there is a position to commence wrestling after the first period. All three styles begin a match with both facing each other on their feet with the opportunity given to both to score a takedown and thus gain control over the opponent. The inferior position is similar to a choice for a position in the second and third periods. The referees position is analogous to the par terre starting position in the international wrestling styles. In the international styles, the par terre starting position is not utilized as often as the position is in collegiate wrestling
7.
Freestyle wrestling
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Freestyle wrestling is a style of amateur wrestling that is practiced throughout the world. Along with Greco-Roman, it is one of the two styles of wrestling contested in the Olympic games, American high school and college wrestling is conducted under different rules and is termed scholastic and collegiate wrestling. Freestyle and collegiate wrestling, unlike Greco-Roman, allow the use of the wrestlers or his opponents legs in offense and defense, Freestyle wrestling brings together traditional wrestling, judo, and sambo techniques. According to wrestlings world governing body, United World Wrestling, freestyle wrestling is one of the four forms of amateur competitive wrestling that are practiced internationally today. The other main forms of wrestling are Greco-Roman and grappling, the Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee recommended dropping wrestling as a sport from the 2020 Olympic Games, but the decision was later reversed by the IOC. Modern freestyle wrestling, according to UWW, is said to have originated in Great Britain, catch-as-catch-can wrestling had a particular following in Great Britain and the variant developed in Lancashire had a particular effect on freestyle wrestling. Catch-as-catch-can wrestling gained popularity in fairs and festivals during the 19th century. In catch-as-catch-can wrestling, both started out standing and then a wrestler sought to hold his opponents shoulder to the ground. If no fall was scored, both wrestlers continued grappling on the ground, and almost all holds and techniques were allowable. Also, there was the Irish collar-and-elbow style, where started out on their feet with both wrestlers grasping each other by the collar with one hand and by the elbow with the other. If neither wrestler then achieved a fall, the contestants would continue both standing and on the ground until a fall was made, the 1896 Olympic Games had only one wrestling bout, a heavyweight Greco-Roman match. Freestyle wrestling first emerged as an Olympic sport in the Saint Louis Olympics of 1904, all 40 wrestlers who participated in the 1904 Olympics were American. The 1904 Olympics sanctioned the rules used for catch-as-catch can. Wrestling by seven classes,47.6 kg,52.2 kg,56.7 kg,61.2 kg,65.3 kg,71.7 kg. These were later adopted by the Amateur Athletic Union for its freestyle matches, Freestyle wrestling gained great popularity in the United States after the Civil War. By the 1880s, tournaments drew hundreds of wrestlers, the rise of cities, increased industrialization, and the closing of the frontier provided the affable environment for amateur wrestling, along with boxing, to increase in esteem and popularity. Amateur wrestling teams soon emerged, such as the team of the New York Athletic Club. Professional wrestling also developed, and by the 1870s, professional championship matches offered allowances of up to $1,000
8.
Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi
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The gi used in Brazilian jiu-jitsu was adapted from the uniform commonly used in Japanese martial arts. It is typically composed of a heavy cotton jacket and reinforced trousers, a cloth belt is worn over the gi, both to keep the jacket closed, and as a signifier of the skill/rank of the practitioner. The term kimono is sometimes used to describe the whole outfit, the only colors allowed for international championships are white, black or blue. In some jurisdictions this is relaxed to allow any solid color. In many clubs it is customary for practitioners who are white belts to only wear a white gi, according to article 8 of IBJJF rules, a competition gi must conform to these specifications, The gi must be constructed of cotton or similar material and be in good condition. The material may not be thick or hard to the point where it will obstruct the opponent. Colors may be black, white or blue, no combined colors The jacket is to be of sufficient length down to the thighs, the sleeve should follow the official measurements according to IBJJF. Belt width must be 4–5 cm, with belt color corresponding to the practitioners rank, the belt must be tied around the waist with a double knot, tight enough to secure the kimono closed. An extremely worn/discoloured belt may need to be replaced before competing, athletes are not permitted to compete with torn kimonos, sleeves or pants that are not of proper length, or with T-shirts underneath the kimono. A BJJ practitioner is not allowed to paint his/her gi, exceptions can be made for teams competition. In addition to the requirements, pockets of any kind are not allowed in a gi used at tournaments. A special gi checking tool is used to determine acceptable measurements. This tool resembles a block of wood 3.5 cm x 2.5 cm x 15 cm with a cut in the middle and is used to measure the following. There must be at least 7 cm of room from the bottom of the competitors wrist to the bottom of the sleeve, the jacket lapel must not be thicker than 1.3 cm. Tough and light weight materials have started to more popular in recent years as cooler hot weather gis have become more popular. It is common in tournaments to see competitors wearing ripstop pants with a cotton gi top. Single Weave Cotton, This is lighter and typically less expensive and it is often used for hot weather training. Being lighter weight, this weave is not as durable as a heavier fabric, gold Weave Cotton, This material is in-between the single and double weave with regards to weight and durability
9.
Mixed martial arts
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Mixed martial arts is a full-contact combat sport that allows both striking and grappling, both standing and on the ground, using techniques from other combat sports and martial arts. The first documented use of the mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993. The term gained popularity when newfullcontact. com, then one of the largest websites covering the sport, the question of who actually coined the term is subject to debate. During the early 20th century, various mixed-style contests took place throughout Japan, in 1980 CV Productions, Inc. created the first regulated MMA league in the United States, named Tough Guy Contest, later renamed Battle of the Superfighters. The company sanctioned ten tournaments in Pennsylvania, however, in 1983 the Pennsylvania State Senate passed a bill prohibiting the sport. In 1993, the Gracie family brought vale tudo, developed in Brazil from the 1920s, later, individual fighters employed multiple martial arts into their style. MMA promoters were pressured to adopt additional rules to increase safety, to comply with sport regulations. Following these changes, the sport has increased popularity with a pay-per-view business that rivals boxing. In Ancient Greece there was a sport called pankration, which featured a combination of grappling and striking skills similar to found in modern MMA. Pankration was formed by a combination of the already established wrestling and boxing traditions and, in Olympic terms, All strikes and holds were allowed with the exception of biting and gouging, which were banned. Fighters, also known as pankratists, fought until a fighter submitted, according to E. Norman Gardiner, No branch of athletics was more popular than the pankration. From its origins in Ancient Greece, pankration was later passed on to the Romans, the mid nineteenth century saw the prominence of the new sport savate in the combat sports circle. At that time, French fighters wanted to test out the sport against the traditional styles of its time. However, the English team still won the four other match-ups during the contest, since then other similar contest also occurred by the late 19th to mid-20th century between French Savateurs and other combat styles. The next publicized encounter occurred in the late 1890s when future heavyweight boxing champion Bob Fitzsimmons took on European Greco-Roman Wrestling champion Ernest Roeber. In September 1901, Frank Paddy Slavin, who had been a contender for Sullivans boxing title, knocked out future world wrestling champion Frank Gotch in Dawson City, Canada. The judo-practitioner Ren-nierand who gained fame after defeating George Dubois, would again in another similar contest against Ukrainian wrestler Ivan Poddubny. Another early example of mixed martial arts was Bartitsu, which Edward William Barton-Wright founded in London in 1899, merikan contests were fought under a variety of rules, including points decision, best of three throws or knockdowns, and victory via knockout or submission
10.
Ultimate Fighting Championship
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The Ultimate Fighting Championship is an American mixed martial arts promotion company, a subsidiary of the parent company William Morris Endeavor, based in Las Vegas, Nevada. It is the largest MMA promoter in the world and features most of the fighters in the sport. Based in the United States, the UFC produces events worldwide that showcase ten weight divisions, the UFC has held over 300 events to date. Dana White serves as the president of the UFC, the first Ultimate Fighting Championship event was held on November 12,1993 at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver, Colorado. In 2016, it was sold to William Morris Endeavor for $4 billion, MMA journalists and fans have criticized the UFC for putting on too many shows and thus diluting the quality of their product. Art Davie proposed to John Milius and Rorion Gracie an eight-man single-elimination tournament called War of the Worlds, Milius, a noted film director and screenwriter, as well as a Gracie student, agreed to act as the events creative director. Davie drafted the plan and twenty-eight investors contributed the initial capital to start WOW Promotions with the intent to develop the tournament into a television franchise. In 1993, WOW Promotions sought a partner and approached pay-per-view producers TVKO, SET. SEG contacted video and film art director Jason Cusson to design the trademarked Octagon, Cusson remained the Production Designer through UFC27. SEG devised the name for the show as The Ultimate Fighting Championship, WOW Promotions and SEG produced the first event, later called UFC1, at McNichols Sports Arena in Denver, Colorado on November 12,1993. Art Davie functioned as the booker and matchmaker. The show proposed to find an answer for sports fans questions such as, as with most martial arts at the time, fighters typically had skills in just one discipline and had little experience against opponents with different skills. The show proved successful with 86,592 television subscribers on pay-per-view. Its disputed whether the intended for the event to become a precursor to a series of future events. That show was supposed to be a one-off, eventual UFC president Dana White said. It did so well on pay-per-view they decided to do another, never in a million years did these guys think they were creating a sport. Art Davie, in his 2014 book Is This Legal, an account of the creation of the first UFC event, disputes the perception that the UFC was seen by WOW Promotions and SEG as a one-off, since SEG offered a five-year joint development deal to WOW. He says, Clearly, both Campbell and Meyrowitz shared my unwavering belief that War of the Worlds would be a series of fighting tournaments—a franchise
11.
Spinal lock
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A spinal lock is a multiple joint lock applied to the spinal column, which is performed by forcing the spine beyond its normal ranges of motion. This is typically done by bending or twisting the head or upper body into abnormal positions, spinal locks and cervical locks are forbidden in IBJJF Brazilian jiu-jitsu competitions, amateur MMA, multiple forms of no Gi Jiu Jitsu, Judo, and other martial arts. However, professional MMA and some Brazilian jiu-jitsu competitions do permit spinal locks and, particularly, neck cranks, in the National Rugby League, tackles that crank the neck are prohibited. A neck crank is applied by pulling or twisting the head beyond its normal ranges of rotation. If applied effectively in a competition it may force the opponent to submit, as of 2006, this is permitted in shiai as long as the judokas thumbs remain straight, and not bent. Its most common uses are to open up an opponents chin for shime-waza or as a diversionary tactic, the cattle catch is a hyperflexing neck crank involving trapping the opponents hands and forcing the head towards his or her chest. The combatant traps one arm using the legs, and the using the arms. By using the arms and legs as a point of leverage. The crucifix neck crank is similar to the catch. Both of the arms are controlled, and the opponents head is held in the armpit. By cranking the body upwards while keeping a tight hold on the opponents arms, both the cattle catch and the crucifix neck crank are colloquially referred to simply as the crucifix, which often leads to confusion with the traditional crucifix position. The twister is a sideways body bend and neck crank, which involves forcing the head towards the shoulder while controlling the body, hence causing lateral hyperflexion of the cervical spine. The technique involves tension in several bodyparts, and depending on the flexibility of the recipient, can also involve pain in the knees, abdominals, the twister is often confused as being a spine crank since it involves a degree of lateral non-cervical spinal flexion. The main pressure is however on the spine, hence making it a neck crank. It is performed from a back mount single vine ride position, the top man then pulls the bottom mans opposite arm behind his own head and grabs hold of his opponents head, pulling it down to his shoulder. Popularized by Eddie Bravo and the 10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu system. On March 26,2011 Chan Sung Jung finished Leonard Garcia at UFC Fight Night, Seattle in round 2 of their fight using a twister, the first, and as of 2014, the only twister finish in UFC history. Prior to this, Shuichiro Katsumura defeated Hiroyuki Yamashiro with a twister in ZST20 on May 24,2009, on December 31,2014, Shinya Aoki scored a first-round twister win over Yuki Yamamoto at Inoki Genome Federations Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2014
12.
Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system
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The Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system is a means of signifying a practitioner’s increasing levels of technical knowledge and practical skill within the art of Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Colored belts that are worn as part of the uniform are awarded to the practitioner, the system has minor differences from Judo in areas such as a division between youths and adults and the issuance of stripes and degrees. In 1907, Kanō Jigorō, the founder of Judo, introduced the use of belts and gi in the martial arts, in 1914, Kanōs pupil Mitsuyo Maeda arrived in Brazil, a journey which led to the development of Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Some believe that Mikonosuke Kawaishi was the first to introduce additional colors in 1935 when he began teaching Judo in Paris,10 years after Carlos Gracie opened his academy in Brazil. Kawaishi thought that a structured system of colored belts would provide the western student with visible rewards to show progress. Since then, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Judo and many martial arts have adopted the use of colored belts to denote students progression in the arts. The first official ranking system was created in 1967 by the Jiu-Jitsu Federation of Guanabara. Much of the current criteria and modern belt ranks were implemented by the Sport Jiu Jitsu International Federation, white belt is the first belt within Brazilian jiu-jitsu. The rank is held by any practitioner new to the art and has no prerequisite, blue belt is most often the second adult rank in the Brazilian jiu-jitsu. At the blue belt level, students gain a wide breadth of technical knowledge, blue belt is often the rank at which the student learns a large number of techniques. Not all Brazilian jiu-jitsu schools or regulatory bodies award the belt as the second adult belt. The IBJJF requires that a practitioner be at least 16 years old to receive a blue belt, purple belt is the intermediate adult ranking in Brazilian jiu-jitsu. The purple belt level practitioner has gained an amount of knowledge. Aside from the exceptional belts awarded at the highest levels, brown belt is the highest ranking color belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu, brown belt typically requires at least five years of dedicated training to achieve. It is often thought of as a time for refining techniques, the IBJJF requires that students be at least 18 years old and recommends they have spent a minimum of 18 months as a purple belt to be eligible for a brown belt. As with many martial arts, the black belt is the highest common belt within Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belts are often addressed within the art as professor, although some schools, the IBJJF requires that a student be at least 19 years old and recommends they have spent a minimum of 1 year ranked as a brown belt to be eligible for a black belt. The black belt itself has six different degrees of expertise, when a Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt reaches the seventh degree, he or she is awarded an alternating red-and-black belt similar to the one earned at the sixth degree in Judo
13.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
14.
Grappling
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Grappling is a general term that covers techniques used in many disciplines, styles and martial arts that are practiced both as combat sports and for self-defense. Grappling most commonly does not include striking or the use of weapons, however, some fighting styles or martial arts known especially for their grappling techniques teach tactics that include strikes and weapons either alongside grappling or combined with it. Grappling techniques can be subdivided into Clinch fighting, Takedowns and Throws, Submission holds and Pinning or Controlling Techniques, and Sweeps, Reversals, Turnovers. Clinching, or clinch work, takes place with both competitors on their feet using various clinch holds applied to the body of the opponent. Clinch work is used to set up or defend against throws or takedowns. Takedowns A takedown is used by one grappler to manipulate his opponent from a position where both are standing, to a position on the ground. The grappler completing the takedown aims to end on top of the opponent in a position of relative control, Throws, A throw is a technique in which one grappler lifts or off-balances his opponent and maneuvers him forcefully through the air or to the ground. Sprawling, A sprawl is a defensive technique done usually when the opponent attempts a takedown and it is performed by shifting the legs backwards and spread out in one fast motion. If done correctly one will land on their opponents back and gain control, in sport grappling, a competitor is expected to submit, either verbally or by tapping the opponent, to admit defeat when he is caught in a submission hold that he cannot escape. Competitors who refuse to tap out risk unconsciousness or serious injury, securing or Controlling Techniques, A pin involves holding an opponent on his back in a position where he is unable to attack. In some styles of competitive grappling a pin is an instant victory, other controlling techniques are used to hold an opponent face down on the ground or on all fours in order to prevent an escape or attack. Either of these types of technique may also be used as a prelude to a submission hold. Turnovers, used to maneuver an opponent who is on all fours or flat on their stomach to their back, in order to score points, prepare for a pin or in order to gain a more dominant position. Reversals or Sweeps, These occur when a grappler who was underneath his opponent on the ground is able to maneuver so that he gains a top position over his opponent, the degree to which grappling is utilized in different fighting systems varies. Some systems, such as wrestling, Pehlwani, Pehlwani submission wrestling, judo, sumo. Examples of these include boxing, kickboxing, taekwondo, karate, while prolonged grappling in muay Thai will result in a separation of the competitors, the art extensively uses the clinch hold known as a double collar tie. Grappling techniques and defenses to grappling techniques are considered important in self-defense applications. The most common grappling techniques taught for self-defense are escapes from holds, Grappling can be trained for self-defense, sport, and mixed martial arts competition
15.
Martial arts
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Although the term martial art has become associated with the fighting arts of eastern Asia, it originally referred to the combat systems of Europe as early as the 1550s. The term is derived from Latin, and means arts of Mars, Martial arts may be categorized along a variety of criteria, including, Traditional or historical arts vs. contemporary styles of folk wrestling and modern hybrid martial arts. Such traditions include eskrima, silat, kalaripayat, kobudo, and historical European martial arts, Many Chinese martial arts also feature weapons as part of their curriculum. Similarly, modern Western martial arts and sports include fencing, stick-fighting systems like canne de combat or singlestick. Combat-oriented Health-oriented Many martial arts, especially those from Asia, also teach side disciplines which pertain to medicinal practices and this is particularly prevalent in traditional Asian martial arts which may teach bone-setting, herbalism, and other aspects of traditional medicine. Spirituality-oriented Martial arts can also be linked with religion and spirituality, numerous systems are reputed to have been founded, disseminated, or practiced by monks or nuns. Throughout Asia, meditation may be incorporated as part of training, in those countries influenced by Hindu-Buddhist philosophy, the art itself may be used as an aid to attaining enlightenment. Japanese styles, when concerning non-physical qualities of the combat, are strongly influenced by Mahayana Buddhist philosophy. Concepts like empty mind and beginners mind are recurrent, aikido, for instance, can have a strong philosophical belief of the flow of energy and peace fostering, as idealised by its founder Morihei Ueshiba. Traditional Korean martial arts place emphasis on the development of the spiritual and philosophical development. A common theme in most Korean styles, such as taekkyeon and taekwondo, is the value of peace in a practitioner. The Koreans believe that the use of force is only justified through defense. Many such martial arts incorporate music, especially strong percussive rhythms, the oldest works of art depicting scenes of battle are cave paintings from Spain dated between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE that show organized groups fighting with bows and arrows. Chinese martial arts originated during the Xia Dynasty more than 4000 years ago and it is said the Yellow Emperor Huangdi introduced the earliest fighting systems to China. The Yellow Emperor is described as a general who, before becoming Chinas leader, wrote lengthy treatises on medicine, astrology. One of his opponents was Chi You who was credited as the creator of jiao di. The foundation of modern Asian martial arts is likely a blend of early Chinese, during the Warring States period of Chinese history extensive development in martial philosophy and strategy emerged, as described by Sun Tzu in The Art of War. Legendary accounts link the origin of Shaolinquan to the spread of Buddhism from India during the early 5th century AD, with the figure of Bodhidharma, to China
16.
Aikido
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Aikido is a modern Japanese martial art developed by Morihei Ueshiba as a synthesis of his martial studies, philosophy, and religious beliefs. Aikido is often translated as the way of unifying life energy or as the way of harmonious spirit, Ueshibas goal was to create an art that practitioners could use to defend themselves while also protecting their attacker from injury. Aikido techniques consist of entering and turning movements that redirect the momentum of an attack. Aikido derives mainly from the art of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, but began to diverge from it in the late 1920s. Ueshibas early students documents bear the term aiki-jūjutsu, Ueshibas senior students have different approaches to aikido, depending partly on when they studied with him. Today aikido is found all over the world in a number of styles, with ranges of interpretation. However, they all share techniques formulated by Ueshiba and most have concern for the well-being of the attacker and this has led to many possible interpretations of the word. 合 is mainly used in compounds to mean combine, unite, join together, meet, examples being 合同, 合成, 結合, 連合, 統合, and 合意. The term dō is also found in martial arts such as judo and kendo, one applies aiki by understanding the rhythm and intent of the attacker to find the optimal position and timing to apply a counter-technique. Aikido was created by Morihei Ueshiba, referred to by some aikido practitioners as Ōsensei, the term aikido was coined in the twentieth century. Ueshiba envisioned aikido not only as the synthesis of his martial training, during Ueshibas lifetime and continuing today, aikido has evolved from the Aiki that Ueshiba studied into a variety of expressions by martial artists throughout the world. Ueshiba developed aikido primarily during the late 1920s through the 1930s through the synthesis of the martial arts that he had studied. The core martial art from which aikido derives is Daitō-ryū aiki-jūjutsu, which Ueshiba studied directly with Takeda Sōkaku, the art of Daitō-ryū is the primary technical influence on aikido. Along with empty-handed throwing and joint-locking techniques, Ueshiba incorporated training movements with weapons, such as those for the spear, short staff, however, aikido derives much of its technical structure from the art of swordsmanship. Ueshiba moved to Hokkaidō in 1912, and began studying under Takeda Sokaku in 1915 and his official association with Daitō-ryū continued until 1937. However, during the part of that period, Ueshiba had already begun to distance himself from Takeda. At that time Ueshiba was referring to his art as Aiki Budō. After Ueshiba left Hokkaidō in 1919, he met and was influenced by Onisaburo Deguchi
17.
Catch wrestling
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Catch wrestling is a classical hybrid grappling style that was developed in Britain circa 1870 by J. G. The training of some modern submission wrestlers, professional wrestlers and mixed martial artists is founded in catch wrestling and this new departure was the forerunner of the total abolition of the sport at that athletic, and within a short period the wrestling, as an item in the program. When catch wrestling reached the United States in the late 19th, eventually, the carnivals wrestlers began preparing for the worst kind of unarmed assault and aiming to end the wrestling match with any tough local quickly and decisively via submission. A hook was a submission which could end a match within seconds. Travelling wrestlers brought together a variety of folk wrestling disciplines including the Indian variety of Pehlwani, Judo/Jujutsu, each of these disciplines contributed to the development of catch wrestling in their own way. The British term catch as catch can is generally understood to mean catch anywhere you can, as this implies, the rules of catch wrestling were more open than the earlier Folk styles it was based on and its French Greco-Roman counterpart which did not allow holds below the waist. Catch wrestlers can win a match by submission or pin. Often, but not always, the chokehold was barred, also just as today tapping out signifies a concession as does shouting out Uncle. Back in the heyday of catch wrestling rolling to ones back could also signify defeat, Frank Gotch won many matches by forcing his opponent to roll over onto their back with the threat of his toe-hold. Some matches however didnt include pins as a way to win but they were used for control and to get submissions However, in traditional catch wrestling, hooks are used rather than submissions. Hooks are a form of submission where the submission may be executed so fast that the loser has no time to tap out & were probably derived from the Rough & Tumble mindset, therefore, another name for a catch wrestler is a hooker. A hook can be defined as a move that stretches. Almost all moves have their own variations and different predicaments they can be pulled off in, many of such novel techniques were a result of cross cultural exchanges with Jujutsu proponents. The rules of catch wrestling would change from venue to venue, matches contested with side-bets at the coal mines or logging camps favoured submission wins where there was absolutely no doubt as to who the winner was. Meanwhile professionally booked matches and amateur contests favoured pins that catered to the broader, the impact of catch wrestling on modern day amateur wrestling is also well established. In the film Catch, The Hold Not Taken, US Olympic Gold Medalist Dan Gable talks of how when he learned to wrestle as an amateur the style was known locally, in Waterloo, Iowa, as catch-as-catch-can. The wrestling tradition of Iowa is rooted in catch wrestling as Farmer Burns, modern international freestyle wrestling and American folkstyle wrestling are amateur catch wrestling without the submissions. Santel defeated Ito and proclaimed himself World Judo Champion, the response from Jigoro Kanos Kodokan was swift and came in the form of another challenger, 4th degree black belt Daisuke Sakai
18.
Folk wrestling
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A folk wrestling style is any traditional style of wrestling, which may or may not be codified as a modern sport. Most cultures have developed regional forms of grappling, Lancashire wrestling is a historic wrestling style from Lancashire in England known for its Catch-as-catch-can, or no wrestling holds barred, style. Catch wrestling, or Catch-as-catch-can, originated from Lancashire wrestling but was developed during the traveling circus phenomenon of the 19th. Styles of Backhold are distinct from Lancashire Wrestling because they enforce rules designed to minimize injury to the participants by disallowing ground fighting, Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling, or Cumbrian Wrestling, is practiced in the northern counties of England. It is a form of Backhold Wrestling where the wrestlers put the left arm over the right arm. Throws and trips are important since the first wrestler to touch the ground or break hold loses, competitors often wear stockings, singlet and trunks. Scottish Backhold is a form of Backhold practiced in Scotland, almost identical in style to Cumberland & Westmorland style apart from variations in rules. Cornish wrestling, from Cornwall, is a form of jacket wrestling and it is related to Breton Gouren wrestling. Devon wrestling, or Devonshire wrestling, was a similar to the Cornish style in that jackets were worn. Devonshire wrestlers, however, also wore heavy clogs and were able to kick the opponents, in matches between Cornish and Devon, Devonshire wrestlers might have worn one only shoe. Unlike Cornish wrestling, the style is considered to be extinct. Collar-and-elbow wrestling is native to Ireland and can be traced back to the 17th century and it has ties to the Tailteann Games between 632 BC and 1169 AD. Glíma, the sport of Iceland, traces its history to the Vikings. It is practised both outdoors and indoors, kragkast, type of folk wrestling originating from Sweden, similar to Freestyle wrestling Western Europe Gouren - traditional Breton jacket wrestling. Ranggeln - meaning to wrangle in German, Ranggeln is a prominent form of wrestling in Austria, the winner is the man who pins his opponents to the ground Schwingen - Swiss style of wrestling considered to be one of the oldest forms of wrestling. Narodno rvanje, is a style from Serbia, In Narodno Rvanje there are three disciplines, depending on the hold, they can be chest hold, belt hold or back hold. Pelivan is a wrestling style practiced in Albania and Serbia Northern Europe Pakištynės more practised in North, ristynės more practised in East and South Lithuania. Bökh - traditional Khalkha Mongolian jacket wrestling where touching the ground with anything other than a foot loses the match, bökh means wrestling or wrestler in Mongolian
19.
Glima
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Glíma is the name of the Scandinavian martial arts system used by the Vikings. The word glíma in Old Norse means glimpse or flash, which describes the systems techniques, Glima as a self-defence system contains throws, blows, kicks, chokes, locks, pain techniques and weapon techniques. Its thus comparable with other martial arts systems from around the world as Sambo. Glima as self-defence was the foundation for the Viking warrior, Glima as a sport covers several types of Scandinavian folk wrestling, Lausatök, Hryggspenna, and Brokartök. Glima was the most widespread sport in the Viking Age, and was practiced by men and women of all ages, wherever Vikings gathered, Glima was a big part of the entertainment. Glima was so important for Viking society that their most popular god, Glima is first mentioned in Viking poetry by the Norwegian court poet Bragi Boddason and Kveldúlfr Bjálfason, also of Norwegian Heritage. The poetry is about the Norse god Thor and his journey to Utgards-Loki, the Vikings were famous as great warriors, on land and at sea. Viking warriors had the skills to survive against the forms of warfare they encountered in their travels around the world. The reason for the Vikings fighting prowess is found in the way they trained both with, and without weapons, Glima training for Scandinavian children began at 6 or 7 years of age. The combat system of Glima developed the strength, reflexes, endurance and courage, Glima as a sport was fun, and Glima wrestling competitions were extremely popular. Wrestling was the most widespread sport in the Viking Age, Viking wrestling was divided into glima wrestling, Råbryting and water wrestling. The unrestricted form of Råbryting was crude and wild and differed from glima wrestling because these contests were decided by opponents being pinned down, water wrestling was a wrestling match in the water, and was the most popular form of swimming competition. The idea was to keep the head under water until he gave up. The skilled variants of Glíma wrestling had complex rules and competitors brought each other down with lightening quick moves, Glima wrestling was divided into several classes based on strength and skill, between two opponents or team competitions between different districts. The original Norwegian settlers in Iceland took Viking wrestling and the Glima combat systems with them, in the Icelandic medieval book of laws known as Grágás, which refers to a collection of earlier Norwegian laws, there were rules for wrestling. The Icelandic populace has taken good care of their Norwegian heritage. Brokartök Glíma is the sport of Iceland. The oldest Icelandic competition in glima is Skjaldarglíma Ármann which was first held in 1888 and has held almost every year since
20.
Jujutsu
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Jujutsu is a Japanese martial art and a method of close combat for defeating an armed and armored opponent in which one uses no weapon or only a short weapon. Jū can be translated to mean gentle, soft, supple, flexible, pliable, Jutsu can be translated to mean art or technique and represents manipulating the opponents force against himself rather than confronting it with ones own force. Jujutsu developed to combat the samurai of feudal Japan as a method for defeating an armed and armored opponent in which one uses no weapon, or only a short weapon. Because striking against an armored opponent proved ineffective, practitioners learned that the most efficient methods for neutralizing an enemy took the form of pins, joint locks and these techniques were developed around the principle of using an attackers energy against him, rather than directly opposing it. There are many variations of the art, which leads to a diversity of approaches, Jujutsu schools may utilize all forms of grappling techniques to some degree. In addition to jujutsu, many schools teach the use of weapons, today, jujutsu is practiced in both traditional and modern sports forms. Jujutsu, the current standard spelling, is derived using the Hepburn romanization system, since Japanese martial arts first became widely known of in the West in that time period, these earlier spellings are still common in many places. Ju-Jitsu is still a common spelling in France, Canada, the United Kingdom, some define jujutsu and similar arts rather narrowly as unarmed close combat systems used to defeat or control an enemy who is similarly unarmed. Basic methods of attack include hitting or striking, thrusting or punching, kicking, throwing, pinning or immobilizing, strangling, as jujutsu is a collective term, some schools or ryu adopted the principle of ju more than others. Furthermore, the term jujutsu was also used to refer to tactics for infighting used with the warriors major weapons, katana or tachi, yari, naginata. These close combat methods were an important part of the different martial systems that were developed for use on the battlefield and they can be generally characterized as either Sengoku Jidai katchu bu Jutsu or yoroi kumiuchi, or Edo Jidai suhada bu Jutsu. The Chinese character 柔 is the same as the first one in 柔道/judo, the Chinese character 術 is the same as the second one in 武術. The original forms of such as Takenouchi-ryū also extensively taught parrying and counterattacking long weapons such as swords or spears via a dagger or other small weapon. The term jūjutsu was not coined until the 17th century, after which time it became a term for a wide variety of grappling-related disciplines and techniques. Prior to that time, these skills had names such as short sword grappling, grappling, body art, softness, art of harmony, catching hand, and even the way of softness. Today, the systems of unarmed combat that were developed and practiced during the Muromachi period are referred to collectively as Japanese old-style jujutsu. In battle, it was impossible for a samurai to use his long sword or polearm. When fully armored, the use of such minor weapons necessitated the employment of grappling skills
21.
Sambo (martial art)
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Sambo is a Soviet martial art and combat sport. The word SAMBO is an acronym for SAMozashchita Bez Oruzhiya, which translates as self-defense without weapons. Sambo is relatively modern since its development began in the early 1920s by the Soviet Red Army to improve their combat abilities. It was intended to be a merger of the most effective techniques of martial arts. The pioneers of Sambo were Viktor Spiridonov and Vasili Oshchepkov, Oshchepkov died in prison as a result of the Great Purge after being accused of being a Japanese spy. Oshchepkov spent several years living in Japan and training in judo under its founder Jigoro Kano, Spiridonov and Oshchepkov independently developed two different styles, which eventually cross-pollinated and became what is known as Sambo. Compared to Oshchepkovs system, called Free wrestling in Russia, Spiridonovs style was softer and this was in large part due to injuries Spiridonov sustained during World War I. Anatoly Kharlampiev, a student of Vasili Oshchepkov, is considered a founder of Sambo. In 1938, it was recognized as a sport by the USSR All-Union Sports Committee. There are multiple competitive sport variations of Sambo, below are the main formats that are recognized by FIAS. Sport Sambo is stylistically similar to old time Catch wrestling and Judo, but with differences in rules, protocol. More akin to Catch wrestling, and in contrast with Judo, Sambo allows various types of leg locks and it also focuses on throwing, ground work and submissions, with very few restrictions on gripping and holds. Utilized and developed for the military, Combat Sambo resembles modern mixed martial arts, Combat Sambo allows punches, kicks, elbows, knees, headbutts and groin strikes. Competitors wear jackets as in sport sambo, but also hand protection and sometimes shin, the first FIAS World Combat Sambo Championships were held in 2001. The World Combat Sambo Federation, based in Russia, also sanctions international combat sambo events, Freestyle Sambo – Created and debuted by the American Sambo Association in 2004. These rules differ from traditional Sport Sambo in that they allow choke holds and other submissions that are not permitted in Sport Sambo such as certain neck cranks, Freestyle Sambo, like all Sambo, focuses on throwing skills and fast ground work. No strikes are permitted in Freestyle Sambo, the ASA created this rule set in order to encourage non-Sambo practitioners from judo and jujutsu to participate in Sambo events. Oschepkov taught judo to elite Red Army forces at the Central Red Army House, Vasili Oschepkov was one of the first foreigners to learn Judo in Japan and had earned his nidan from judos founder, Kano Jigoro
22.
Shuai jiao
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Shuai jiao is the term pertaining to the jacket wrestling style of Beijing, Tianjin and Baoding of Hebei Province in the North China Plain which was codified by Shan Pu Ying of the Nei Wu Fu. In modern usage it is also the general Mandarin Chinese term for any form of wrestling, as a generic name, it may be used to cover various styles of wrestling practised in China in the form of a martial arts system or a sport. The art was introduced to Southern China in the Republican era after 1911, the earliest Chinese term for wrestling, jǐao dǐ, refers to an ancient sport in which contestants wore horned headgear with which they attempted to butt their opponents. Legend states that jiao di was used in 2697 BC by the Yellow Emperors army to gore the soldiers of an army led by Chiyou. In later times, young people would play a game, emulating the contests of domestic cattle. Jiao di has been described as a source of wrestling. Jiao li was first referenced in the Classic of Rites during the Zhou Dynasty, Jiao li supplemented throwing techniques with strikes, blocks, joint locks and attacks on pressure points. These exercises were practiced in the winter by soldiers who also practiced archery, Jiao li eventually became a public sport held for court amusement as well as for recruiting the best fighters. Competitors wrestled each other on a platform called a lei tai for the potential reward of being hired as a bodyguard to the emperor or a martial arts instructor for the Imperial Military. Jiao li was taught to soldiers in China over many centuries, the term shuai jiao was chosen by the Central Guoshu Academy of Nanjing in 1928 when competition rules were standardized. The art continues to be taught in the police and military academies of China, in modern Chinese Shuai Jiao is always written using the more recent characters 跤, and should be translated as to throw onto the ground through wrestling with legs. The use of the character 角 is because in the earliest form of Shuaijiao, players wore helmet with horns and this form of Shuaijiao is called Ciyou Xi. Shuaijiao can be divided into the styles, Zhili or Hebei Style. This style traces the lineage to the Yellow Emperor who fought two battles against Chi You and Yan Emperor in modern-day Zhang Jia Kou Region in Northern Hebei. The modern training methods and rules are codified by Shan Pu Ying of the Nei Wu Fu and it comprises Beijing, Tianjin and Baoding styles. Beijing Style - This is in essence the lineage from the Manchu Buku style that was practised by the Imperial Guards Brigade, the main characteristic is the use of the legs to kick and off-balance opponents, and the use of arm locks. Tianjin Style - This is the lineage of Ming Dynasty Shuaijiao mixed with Manchu Buku, the main characteristic is the use of legs to kick and off-balance, and the use of forearms in blocking and striking. Baoding Style - This is the lineage that is called Kuai Jiao or Fast Wrestling, the main characteristic is the fast application of technique
23.
Ssireum
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Ssireum or Korean wrestling is a folk wrestling style and traditional national sport of Korea. In the modern form each contestant wears a belt that wraps around the waist, gak, a commonly used prefix, seems to have originated from the combative act performed by horned animals such as oxen when competing against one another for the superiority of physical strength. Ssireum first gained popularity during the Joseon Dynasty. Evidence of this is shown through the pictures of Kim Hongdo. In traditional life, Ssireum was an activity on the Korean holiday of Dano, the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. Ssireum competitions were held on other days such as the Third Day of the Third Moon. The traditional prize for winning a tournament was an ox, a commodity in agriculturally-oriented society. The modern sport has developed in the 20th century, the first modern competition was held in 1912 at the Dansongsa theater in Seoul. Korean wrestling has been referred to as ssireum since the 1920s, the Pan Chosun Ssireum Federation was founded in 1927. Since 1947 the competition organised by the Ssireum Federation has been called the National Ssireum Championship Contest, weight classes were introduced at the 12th National Ssireum Championship Contest, and revised in 1967. The difference depended on the way the satba was fastened, Ssireum is conducted within a circular ring, measuring approximately 7 meters in diameter, which is covered with mounded sand. The two contestants begin the match by kneeling on the sand in a position, each grabbing a belt—known as a satba —which is wrapped around his opponents waist. The wrestlers then rise while retaining their hold on the others satba, the match is awarded to the wrestler who forces the other contestant to touch the ground with any part of his body at knee level or higher. Unlike sumo, pushing your opponent outside of the ring does not warrant a win, normally, professional ssireum is contested in a best-out-of-three style match. There are 3 judges, a referee and three sub referees. The chief judge is positioned inside the ring, whereas the sub referees are located on the outside of the ring, one to the right and others to the left. If an unfair judgment is called or the referee is unable to render a decision. In addition, they can recommend the cessation of the match when an injury occurs, the referees’ decisions throughout the competition are absolute and held in the highest regard, meaning that athletes cannot challenge any judgments declared during the match
24.
Sumo
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The characters 相撲 literally mean striking one another. The sport originated in Japan, the country where it is practiced professionally. It is generally considered a gendai budō, but this definition is misleading, life as a wrestler is highly regimented, with rules regulated by the Japan Sumo Association. In recent years, a number of controversies and scandals have rocked the sumo world, with an associated effect on its reputation. These have also affected the ability to attract new recruits. It was an important ritual at the court, where representatives of each province were ordered to attend the contest at the court. The contestants were required to pay for their travels themselves, the contest was known as sumai no sechie, or sumai party. Over the rest of Japanese recorded history, sumos popularity has changed according to the whims of its rulers, the form of wrestling combat changed gradually into one where the main aim in victory was to throw ones opponent. The concept of pushing ones opponent out of a defined area came some time later, at this point, wrestlers would wear loose loincloths rather than the much stiffer mawashi wrestling belts of today. During the Edo period, wrestlers would wear a fringed decorative apron called a kesho-mawashi during the match, most of the rest of the current forms within the sport developed in the early Edo period. Professional sumo roots trace back to the Edo period in Japan as a form of sporting entertainment, the original wrestlers were probably samurai, often rōnin, who needed to find an alternative form of income. Current professional sumo tournaments began in the Tomioka Hachiman Shrine in 1684, western Japan also had its own sumo venues and tournaments in this period, with the most prominent center being in Osaka. Osaka sumo continued to the end of the Taishō period in 1926, for a short period after this, four tournaments were held a year, two tournaments in locations in western Japan such as Nagoya, Osaka, and Fukuoka, and two in the Ryōgoku Kokugikan in Tokyo. From 1933 onward, tournaments were held almost exclusively in the Ryōgoku Kokugikan, until the American occupation forces appropriated it, then, an alternate location, the Kuramae Kokugikan near Ryōgoku, was built for sumo. Also in this period, the Sumo Association began expanding to venues in western Japan again, reaching a total of six tournaments a year by 1958, in 1984, the Ryōgoku Kokugikan was rebuilt and sumo tournaments in Tokyo have been held there ever since. For example, a wrestler using an illegal technique automatically loses, a wrestler failing to show up for his bout also automatically loses. Matches consist solely of a round and often last only a few seconds. However, they can occasionally last for several minutes, each match is preceded by an elaborate ceremonial ritual
25.
Wrestling
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Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling type techniques such as clinch fighting, throws and takedowns, joint locks, pins and other grappling holds. The sport can either be theatrical for entertainment, or genuinely competitive, a wrestling bout is a physical competition, between two competitors or sparring partners, who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position. There are a range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles. Wrestling techniques have incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems. The term wrestling is attested in late Old English, as wræstlunge, Wrestling represents one of the oldest forms of combat. The origins of wrestling go back 15,000 years through cave drawings in France, babylonian and Egyptian reliefs show wrestlers using most of the holds known in the present-day sport. Literary references to it occur as early as in the ancient Indian Vedas, the Iliad contains references, in which Homer recounts the Trojan War of the 13th or 12th century BC. Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata contain references to martial arts including wrestling, in ancient Greece wrestling occupied a prominent place in legend and literature, wrestling competition, brutal in many aspects, served as the focal sport of the ancient Olympic Games. The ancient Romans borrowed heavily from Greek wrestling, but eliminated much of its brutality, during the Middle Ages wrestling remained popular and enjoyed the patronage of many royal families, including those of France, Japan and England. Early European settlers in America brought a strong wrestling tradition with them if they came from England, the settlers also found wrestling to be popular among Native Americans. Amateur wrestling flourished throughout the years of the North American colonies and served as a popular activity at country fairs, holiday celebrations. The first organized national wrestling tournament took place in New York City in 1888, the international governing body for the sport, United World Wrestling, was established in 1912 in Antwerp, Belgium as the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles. The 1st NCAA Wrestling Championships were also held in 1912, in Ames, USA Wrestling, located in Colorado Springs, Colorado, became the national governing body of amateur wrestling in 1983. It conducts competitions for all age-levels, some of the earliest references to wrestling, can be found in wrestling mythology. The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh established his credibility as a leader, after wrestling Enkidu, Greek mythology celebrates the rise of Zeus as ruler of the earth after a wrestling match with his father, Cronus. Both Heracles and Theseus were famous for their wrestling against man, the Mahabharata describes a malla-dwandwa between the accomplished wrestlers Bhima and Jarasandha. Rustam of the Shahnameh is regarded by Iranian pahlevans as the greatest wrestler, in Pharaonic Egypt, wrestling has been evidenced by documentation on tombs and Egyptian artwork. Greek wrestling was a form of martial art, at least in Ancient Greece
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Bridge (grappling)
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The bridge is a grappling move performed from a supine position, lying down face-up. It involves lifting the pelvis off the ground so that the weight is supported on the shoulders at one end. This move is used in wrestling and other grappling and groundfighting sports, often combined with a twisting motion, the bridge is also a common exercise position. This maneuver can also be used to dodge pin attempts, in Brazilian jiu-jitsu, this move is referred to as an upa, and is commonly used in attempting to dislodge an opponent in mounted position
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Clinch fighting
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Clinch fighting is the part of stand-up fighting where the combatants are grappling in a clinch, typically using clinch holds. Clinching the opponent can be used to eliminate the opponents effective usage of some kicks, punches, the clinch can also be used as a medium to switch from stand-up fighting to ground fighting by using takedowns, throws or sweeps. Clinch fighting is the focus of many combat sports such as Judo and it is also a fundamental part of Amateur Wrestling, Sambo, Muay Thai. The nature of the clinch is fighting in each depends on the rules involved. Muay Thai put much emphasis on strikes from the clinch, while Judo focuses on throws, the rule common to all these forms is the allowance for the grappling necessary to form a clinch. Others combat sports like Boxing or Taekwondo only allow clinching for a time or do not allow it at all. If clinching is disallowed, the fighter will be issued a warning. The type of techniques employed are heavily dependent on whether or not the participants are wearing clothing heavy enough to be grabbed and used to gain leverage or unbalance them to set up throws. In competitive environments examples of clothing would be the Judogi. In competition where such clothing is being there is a strong emphasis on grip fighting where the fighters will attempt to gain a dominant hold on the opponents gi to unbalance. Examples of such competition would be Judo, Sambo or some Brazilian Jiu Jitsu competitions although in BJJ there is frequently a division for both gi and no-gi competition. In no-gi competition getting double underhooks is generally considered advantageous, as the position can be used to perform throws or takedowns. Being behind the opponent in such a position is known as getting the back, a typical example of a technique that can be performed from this position is the suplex. While clinching, the position of a fighters arms is vitally important, the fighter always tries to keep his arms on the inside of his opponents, allowing him to press his elbows together building a tighter grip. The fighter attempts to hold his hands in a cupping position. A multitude of striking techniques exist that can be used effectively from the clinch, punching, elbows in the clinch, also sometimes referred to as dirty boxing is an important aspect of Muay Thai and mixed martial arts. Elbows and short looping punches such as hooks and uppercuts can be used effectively from the single collar tie position, although disallowed in many combat sports, headbutts can also be effectively used from the clinch. The short distance in the clinch nullifies kicking to some extent, there are very few submission holds that can be applied effectively from the clinch, without engaging in ground fighting
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Collar tie
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Collar tie is a grappling clinch hold that is used to control the opponent. It is performed from the front of the opponent by grabbing the opponent by the collar, behind the neck, a collar tie using one hand is called a single collar tie, and a collar tie with both hands is called a double collar tie. The Sophistication of the Muay Thai Clinch, URL last accessed July 13,2008. The Subtle Science of the Muay Thai Clinch, URL last accessed July 13,2008
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Eye-gouging
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Eye-gouging is the act of pressing or tearing the eye using the fingers or instruments. Eye-gouging involves a high risk of eye injury, such as eye loss or blindness. Eye-gouging as a style was once a popular form of sport fighting in the back-country United States. Eye-gouging is prohibited in modern sports and it is a serious offence in rugby football codes where it occurs rarely. It is prohibited in combat sports, but some self-defense systems teach it, training in eye-gouging can involve extensive grappling training to establish control, the eye-gouging itself being practiced with the opponent wearing eye protection such as swimming goggles. Yuki Nakai went on to win a bout in the Vale Tudo Japan 1995 tournament after his opponent performed an illegal gouge that blinded him in his right eye. Enucleation of the eye Eye for an eye Eye poke List of rugby union players banned for eye gouging Gouging Phantom eye syndrome United States Marine Corps, kino Mutai, The Art of Biting and Eye Gouging. URL last accessed January 7,2006, can the human eyeball be knocked out of the head
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Fish-hooking
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Forceful fish-hooking involves a high risk of permanent facial or orifice damage. Sometimes, the term fish hooking refers to a type of eye gouging, fish-hooking techniques are disallowed in modern combat sports, mixed martial arts and martial arts competitions due to the risk of permanent injury. This technique however, is taught as part of self-defense curricula in some martial arts such as Krav Maga
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Grappling hold
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A grappling hold is a specific grappling, wrestling, judo or other martial arts grip that is applied to an opponent. Holds are principally used to control the opponent, and to advance in points or positioning, holds may be categorized by their function such as clinching, pinning or submission, while others can be classified by their anatomical effect, chokehold, joint-lock or compression lock. A clinch hold is a hold which is used in clinch fighting with the purpose of controlling the opponent. In wrestling it is referred to as the tie-up, the use of a clinch hold results in the clinch. Clinch holds can be used to close in on the opponent, as a precursor to a takedown or throw, pinning holds where both the opponents shoulders touch the ground are considered winning conditions in several combat sports. An effective pinning hold is a condition in many styles of wrestling. Pinning holds maintained for 20 seconds are also a condition in Judo. Pinning holds are used in submission wrestling and mixed martial arts. A submission hold is a combat sports term for a hold which is applied with the purpose of forcing an opponent to submit out of either extreme pain or fear of injury. Submission holds are used primarily in ground fighting and can be separated into constrictions and manipulations, when used, these techniques may cause dislocation, torn ligaments, bone fractures, unconsciousness or even death. Some of the common names for grappling holds in contemporary English include, Joint lock. Can opener, A type of neck crank, crucifix, A type of neck crank. Neck crank, Applies pressure to the neck by pulling or twisting the head, nelson, The arm is circled under the opponents arm, and secured at the neck. Twister, A type of body bend and neck crank, wristlock, A general term for joint locks on the wrist or radioulnar joint. Wristlocks form the trademark offense of Aikido, and are used in combination with Keylocks in catch wrestling, small joint manipulation, Joint locks on the fingers or toes. Spine crank, Applies pressure to the spine by twisting or bending the body, armlock, A general term for joint locks at the elbow or shoulder. Americana, BJJ term for a lateral keylock, armbar, An armlock which hyperextends the elbow. Chicken wing, Term for various hammer/keylocks, especially among Shoot wrestling, flying armbar, A type of armbar that is performed from a stand-up position
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Hooks (grappling)
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One of the most common uses of hooks is in the back mount position to prevent escape. However, a practitioner may alternatively use hooks to defend, sweep, Hooks are very important tools in the arsenal of a grappler. The effective use of the feet to manipulate the position of the opponent is essential to maintaining control of ones opponent, both in offensive and defensive situations, locking in hooks gives an advantage of more points of contact with the opponent. This in turn increases the ability to impose submissions, and the ability to avoid them, in some cases, hooks are used to apply the submissions itself, as with the Gogoplata submission where the hook is applied to the opponents throat as a choke. Back / Rear mount - Hooks are locked into opponents mid-thighs to prevent the opponent from escaping or reversing the position, full mount - Hooks are locked below the calves of the opponent to increase downward pressure, they are also used to help base to prevent sweeps. Butterfly guard - Butterfly hooks are locked in the thigh of opponent. They also can be used to sweep an opponent, in order to advance to a dominant position. Butterfly hooks are used in tandem with some combination of overhooks and/or underhooks to secure the butterfly guard. In this position hooks are flexible and aid the practitioner in attempting sweeps, spider guard Hooks are generally locked against arms of opponent to prevent strikes and limit guard passing, sometimes used to set up shoulder and armlocks. Spider guard also uses hooks to control other areas but this is one of the most common, x-guard - Hooks are locked in opposition around one leg, while the practitioner traps other leg with his arm. Hooks change position to sweep opponent in different directions, giving the practitioner the ability to vary his attacks, www. bjjlegends. com Marcelo Garcia - Taking the Back & controlling hooks
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Nelson hold
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A nelson hold is a grappling hold which is executed from behind the opponent, generally when both are on the mat face down with the opponent under the aggressor. One or both arms are used to encircle the opponents arm under the armpit, and secured at the opponents neck, several different nelson holds exist, and they can be separated according to the positioning of the encircling arm. A nelson is used to control an opponent or to him over on his back. The term nelson is derived from full nelson, which dates back to the early 19th century. The quarter nelson involves putting one hand on the neck, passing the free arm under the arm of the opponent. In amateur wrestling a strong quarter nelson can be used to secure a pin, or to control the opponent, the half nelson is referred to by most coaches as being the easiest, but most effective move in folkstyle wrestling, and is very commonly used. The half nelson is done using one hand, by passing it under the arm of the opponent. In addition, the not being used should be holding the opponents other wrist in so that they can not post the hand or peel the half nelson off. A power half nelson is a type of half nelson, the hand not performing the nelson is placed on the opponents head to increase the overall power of the half nelson. When the half nelson has been put into place, it is used to turn the opponent over onto his back. This is accomplished by using the hand to press the opponents neck down, while using the arm under the shoulder to lift the shoulder. Often the aggressor remains perpendicular to the opponent, chest on chest, the aggressors free hand is used to minimize struggling by hooking the opponents near or far leg or crotch. When the aggressor is in the process of putting the half nelson in and this is especially effective if the opponent is on his knees instead of lying flat, which is why the half nelson should not be attempted until the opponents stomach is on the ground. From this position he can try to turn either toward or away from the aggressor. The three-quarter nelson is done by performing a half nelson using one hand, the three-quarter nelson can be used in amateur wrestling to pin the opponent, and is more secure than a half-nelson. The full nelson is done by performing half nelsons with both arms, in collegiate, high school, middle school/junior high school, and most other forms of amateur wrestling, the move is illegal. The holder is on the side of the opponent, and has his or her hands extended upwards under the opponents armpits. By cranking the hands forward, pressure can be applied to the neck of the opponent, the usage of the full nelson in combat sports is very limited
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Overhook
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In wrestling, an overhook, also called a whizzer, is a clinch hold that is used to control the opponent. An overhook is performed from any direction by putting an arm over the opponents arm, having an overhook with one arm is called a single overhook, while having overhooks with both arms is known as double overhooks. Overhooks are typically employed in response to underhooks by an opponent, a single overhook can be used to take an opponent down. The protagonist hooks over one arm of the opponent, simultaneously moving to that side of the opponent and he puts his weight on the opponents hooked arm, forcing him to the ground, and then steps over the opponents back. The double overhooks are generally considered inferior to double underhooks, and are used in response to double underhooks by the opponent. If the opponents hands can be locked to the body it is possible to advance into a bear hug. Most commonly however, the overhooks are used to prevent the opponent from advancing into a bear hug, bear hug Collar-and-elbow position Collar tie Pinch grip tie Over-under position Underhook
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Guard (grappling)
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The guard is a ground grappling position in which one combatant has their back to the ground while attempting to control the other combatant using their legs. In mixed martial arts competition or hand-to-hand combat in general, it is possible to strike from the top in the guard. There are various types of guard, with their own advantages and disadvantages, the guard is a key part of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu where it can be used as an offensive position. It is also used, but not formally named, in judo though it is referred to as dō-osae in Japanese. It is called the front body scissor in catch wrestling, transitioning directly from standing to the guard position is known as pulling guard. Tsunetane Oda, a judo groundwork specialist who died in 1955, sometimes referred to as full guard. The closed guard is the guard position. The legs are hooked behind the back of the opponent, preventing them from standing up or moving away, the opponent needs to open the legs up to be able to improve positioning. The bottom combatant might transit between the open and closed guard, as the guard allows for better movement. The open guard is used to perform various joint locks. The legs can be used to move the opponent, and to create leverage, the open guard allows the opponent to stand up or try to pass the guard, so this position is often used temporarily to set up sweeps or other techniques. Open guard is also a term that encompasses a large number of guard positions where the legs are used to push. The butterfly guard involves both of the legs being hooked with the ankles in between the legs, against the inside of the opponents thighs. The opponent is controlled using both legs and arms, the butterfly guard is often short-lived since the opponent might be able to move quite freely. The leverage in the guard allows powerful sweeps. The guard also allows one to elevate or set the opponent off balance and because of this it is useful in avoiding damage from ground and pound. Analogous technique in wrestling and catch wrestling is called double elevator, the x-guard is an open guard where one of the combatants is standing up and the other is on their back. The bottom combatant uses the legs to one of the opponents legs
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Sweep (martial arts)
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A sweep is the name used for two categories of martial arts techniques. From standing, sweeps are throws or takedowns that primarily use the legs to attack an opponents legs, on the ground, sweeps are techniques for reversing a grappling position. A sweep can be used to take the opponent to the ground or it can disrupt the opponents balance long enough to make an opening for a punch or kick. In Japanese it is known as ashi-barai, a Push sweep is one of the guard sweeps described in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Theory and Technique by Renzo and Royler Gracie. It is also demonstrated in The Essence Of Judo by one of Kyuzo Mifunes students, the main characteristic of the Push sweep is the practitioner pushing the opponents knee out from under them with their foot, when the practitioner has the opponent in their open guard. URL last accessed February 11,2006, examples of Sweeps in ground work, Andreh Andersons Half Guard Series The Basic Butterfly Guard Sweep
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Takedown (grappling)
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In martial arts and combat sports, a takedown is a technique that involves off-balancing an opponent and bringing him or her to the ground, typically with the attacker landing on top. The process of advancing on an opponent and attempting a takedown is known as shooting for a takedown. Takedowns are usually distinguished from throws by the motion and target of advancement. Takedowns are featured in all forms of wrestling and stand-up grappling, the leg trip is a technique in which the combatant uses his or her own leg to off-balance an opponent, hence causing the opponent to fall to the ground. Leg trips are often integrated into more complex techniques, and are also important in many throws. Takedown techniques that are pure leg trips usually involve controlling the body of the opponent, Leg trips are featured in for instance freestyle wrestling, judo, sumo, and shuai jiao while being an illegal technique in Greco-Roman wrestling. The scissor kick takes down an opponent by wrapping ones legs around the opponent, the single leg takedown involves grabbing one of the legs of the opponent, usually with both hands, and using the position to force the opponent to the ground. Typically, the part of the leg is pulled in one direction. There are several varieties of single leg takedowns, the leg can be attacked either across the body or from away from the body. Single leg takedowns can also be executed in combination with a leg trip to the other leg, which additionally destabilizes the opponent. Single leg takedowns can be countered by sprawling or by hooking the lifted foot in the crotch of the aggressor, and, in judo and other martial arts, there are many classifications of different types of single leg takedowns. Variants of the high crotch correspond to sukui nage, where the opponent is lifted up from the ground, while the typical forward pushing single leg takedown is classified as morote gari. Some techniques are more specific, for instance kibisu gaeshi, which is an ankle pick where the heel is grabbed, scooped up and the opponent is pushed and thrown immediately. In kuchiki taoshi, the leg is grabbed, pulled up. The technique was banned in competition by the International Judo Federation in 2010 except as a counter or combination. There are several varieties of forcing the opponent to the ground, such as lifting and slamming, the double leg takedown can be countered similarly to a single leg takedown, by sprawling, moving away, and/or striking. The guillotine choke is also a counter to a poorly performed double leg takedown. Morote-gari, despite having used by judokas for a very long time
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Transition (grappling)
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A transition in grappling is a move from one grappling hold or grappling position to another. In judo, the term is used to refer to the skilful transition between standing phase and the ground phase. URL last accessed February 11,2006
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Underhook
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An underhook is a clinch hold that is used in grappling to control the opponent. It is performed from any direction by putting an arm under the opponents arm, having an underhook with one arm is called a single underhook, while having underhooks with both arms is known as double underhooks. The typical response to an underhook is to try to break it, a single underhook can be used as a takedown maneuver. The double underhooks can be used to advance into a hug by locking the hands behind the back. The opponent typically responds to double underhooks with double overhooks, to prevent the opponent from advancing into the bear hug, bear hug Collar-and-elbow position Double collar tie Pinch grip tie Overhook Over-under position
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Throw (grappling)
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Throws can however also be followed into a top position, in which case the person executing the throw does not disengage from the opponent. Certain throwing techniques called sacrifice throws involve putting oneself in a disadvantageous position, such as on the ground. There are several types of throw, among Asian martial arts, judo has the most developed throwing techniques. Most throws are named by describing the point of the throw. The names used here are attributed to Jujutsu throws are descriptions in Japanese, in judo, throws are divided into six categories—hand techniques, leg techniques, hip techniques, shoulder techniques, as well as sacrifice throws to the rear and side. A shoulder throw involves throwing an opponent over the shoulder, seoi-nage is one of the most used throws in Judo competition. One study indicated that approximately 56% of judokas implemented the technique, a common shoulder throw is judos ippon seoinage or the similar flying mare in wrestling. In a leg reap, the attacker uses one of their legs to one or both of their opponents legs off the ground. Generally the opponents weight is placed on the leg that is reaped away and this coupled with the attacker controlling the opponents body with their hands causes the opponent to fall over. Common leg reaps are judos Ouchi Gari, Kouchi Gari, Osoto Gari, somewhat similar to leg reaps involve a hooking or lifting action with the attacking leg instead of a reaping action. Common leg trips are hooking variations of Ouchi Gari and Osoto Gari along with Kosoto Gake, a hip throw involves using the throwers hip as a pivot point, by placing the hip in a lower position than an opponents center of gravity. There are several types of hip throws such as O Goshi, hip throws in Judo are called Koshi Waza, and in Aikido or Sumo they are called koshinage. Sacrifice throws require the thrower to move into a disadvantageous position in order to be executed. The momentum of the body adds power to the throw and requires comparatively little strength. In Judo these throws are called Sutemi Waza and are divided into rear. In Judo, these throws are limited to a specific grade, pickups involve lifting the opponent off the ground and then bringing them down again. Variations of the suplex are common in most forms of wrestling, in Judo the ura-nage throw is a version of the suplex, but it is importantly classified as a sacrifice throw. Some of the more common throwing techniques are listed below and this is not an exhaustive list and the techniques may be referred to by other names in different styles
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Grappling position
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A grappling position refers to the positioning and holds of combatants engaged in grappling. Combatants are said to be in a position if neither is in a more favourable position. If one party has an advantage such as in the mount they are said to be in a dominant position. Conversely, the party is considered to be in an inferior position. Called clinch position or standing grappling position, these are the core of clinch fighting, from a separated stand-up position, a clinch is the result of one or both fighters applying a clinch hold. The process of attempting to advance into more dominant clinch positions is known as pummelling and this may result in a win, or the start of ground grappling. Top positions are usually dominant as fighters can use their weight to their advantage, a dominant ground position is usually easier to obtain for the person who initiated the throw or takedown. It may be possible for a fighter in a dominant position to score points or win by pinning their opponent, wrestling is different again viewing guard as inferior due to the risk of being pinned. In an amateur wrestling match, the wrestlers are standing in a symmetrical position, the wrestlers are in a neutral position. Wrestler A then pummels through to gain Double underhooks so gaining a dominant position, in a Brazilian jiu-jitsu match, grappler C is holding the other grappler D in an open guard. In Muay Thai, the clinch is effectively utilized. However, its attacks are limited to sweeps, as the clinch is mainly used for setting up uppercuts and strikes from the knees. The primary clinch in this art is known as the Thai Plum or the Collar Tie
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Back mount
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Back mount, or rear mount, is a dominant grappling position where the practitioner is behind his opponent in such a way that he has control of his opponent. Ideally, the opponent will be recumbent, while the practitioner centers his weight atop the opponent, many consider back mount to be a very dominant, perhaps even the most advantageous position in grappling. This is due to the practitioner being able to attack with strikes and submissions with the opponent having a limited ability to see incoming attacks. In order to prevent the opponent from escaping the back mount and this is generally accomplished by utilizing the practitioner’s own legs to hook the inside of the opponents thighs, while holding the opponents neck or arms to maintain chest-to-back contact. Such a position can be difficult to escape. The opponent may attempt to roll, but the hooks and chest-to-back contact will allow the practitioner to roll with the opponent, the practitioner that has the back mount is in a very advantageous position. He can strike with punches, elbows and headbutts, or alternatively attempt a rear naked choke and it is nearly impossible to attack an opponent who is mounted directly behind ones back. If the opponent has the legs hooked in, those hooks need to be removed, once they have been removed, there is an increase in mobility, making it possible to wriggle into the mount, or try to turn and entangle a leg into a half guard. Using the arms to pull out the hooks, however, leaves ones neck open to the rear naked choke, there are effective positional methods of escaping the back mount. To remove chest to back contact, the opponent can grab an attackers wrist with two hands and move it over his head to the other side. If the mounted opponent is much larger/stronger than the fighter, he may actually be able to stand up. Doing this with enough force may knock the wind out of the dominant opponent, another standard escape involves the mounted opponent touching his head to the ground to temporarily prevent against a choke while also attempting to roll into the dominant opponents guard. Alternatively, while basing with the head on the ground, the opponent can use his/her legs or arms to remove one of the hooks to make rolling into the guard easier. If the mounting opponent has their ankles crossed while holding the rear mount and this can result in a tapout or possible injury, depending on the circumstances. Generally, opponents skilled in fighting will not cross their ankles or cross them long enough to allow this to happen
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Cradle (wrestling)
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The cradle is a basic technique in amateur wrestling. Its name refers to the similarity to the way a person holds an infant in their arms. The wrestler performs the cradle by grabbing the neck of his opponent with one arm, the wrestler then locks both hands together. In that way, the cradled wrestler finds it difficult to escape. There are many ways to counter the cradle, and many variations to the cradle maneuver. For example, there is the cradle that is done by a wrestler grabbing the leg of the opponent that is closest to him. There are also a few other cradles, a few examples would be the far side cradle, the standing cradle, clap cradle, then there is the formidable leg cradle. Then you dig your knee into your opponents butt and lean back to get him to his back, doing this during the far side cradle adds pressure and pain to the opponent so they do not put up as much of a fight. Another one of the above cradles is the standing cradle and this is usually performed after taking an outside leg shot and pulling the leg up, with your arms in between the knee, and you standing to the outside of them. Once you stand up with the leg, get your arm that is nearest the foot of the leg you have, and get it to the outside of the leg, so now both of your arms are parallel and touch each other. Now take your other arm, that you have nothing with yet, other than taking a shot with. Then start pulling your arms together so that they can form a grip, once they hit the mat, you can perform the additional moves into this cradle, as it is now a far side cradle. The clap cradle is just like the standing cradle, except more violent, the last of these cradles is the leg cradle. This is a move to watch, and once you put it on an opponent, there is almost no coming out of it. To get to the leg cradle, you should get to a near side cradle position, but before you set your grip, throw your legs in on the sides that the leg corresponds to with the hand. Once you get this, hook your feet together and lean forward, now the rest is obvious, as he is on his back, and all you need to do is adjust for the pin. With enough strength, fitness, and practice, a well-conditioned, if the wrestler who cradles his opponent cannot get the pin, there is also the opportunity to gain two or three near fall points in collegiate wrestling. Given enough foresight and experience, a wrestler can still exert much of his strength
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