1.
2nd millennium
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The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium
2.
11th century
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As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century is the period from 1001 to 1100 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era, and the 1st century of the 2nd millennium. In the history of Europe, this period is considered the part of the High Middle Ages. There was a decline of Byzantine power and rise of Norman domination over much of Europe. In Northern Italy, a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to early organized capitalism, in Ukraine, there was the golden age for the principality of Kievan Rus. Rival political factions at the Song dynasty court created strife amongst the leading statesmen, chola-era India and Fatimid-era Egypt, had reached their zenith in military might and international influence. The Western Chalukya Empire also rose to power by the end of the century, in this century the Turkish Seljuk dynasty comes to power in Western Asia over the now fragmented Abbasid realm, while the first of the Crusades were waged towards the close of the century. In Japan, the Fujiwara clan continued to dominate the affairs of state, in Korea, the Goryeo Kingdom flourished and faced external threats from the Liao dynasty. In Vietnam, the Lý Dynasty began, while in Myanmar the Pagan Kingdom reached its height of political, in the Americas, the Toltec and Mixtec civilizations flourished in Central America, along with the Huari Culture of South America and the Mississippian culture of North America. In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the High Middle Ages, the century began while the translatio imperii of 962 was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the Investiture Controversy. In 1054, the Great Schism rent the church in two, however, in Germany, the century was marked by the ascendancy of the Holy Roman Emperors, who hit their high-water mark under the Salians. In Italy, it opened with the integration of the kingdom into the empire, in Britain, it saw the transformation of Scotland into a single, more unified and centralised kingdom and the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the orbit of European feudal politics. There were also the first figures of the movement known as Scholasticism. In Spain, the century opened with the successes of the last caliphs of Córdoba, in between was a period of Christian unification under Navarrese hegemony and success in the Reconquista against the taifa kingdoms that replaced the fallen caliphate. Meanwhile, opposing political factions evolved at the Song imperial court of Kaifeng, in India, the Chola Dynasty reached its height of naval power under leaders such as Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I, dominating southern India, Sri Lanka, and regions of South East Asia. They also sent raids into what is now Thailand, in Japan, the Fujiwara clan dominated central politics by acting as imperial regents, controlling the actions of the Emperor of Japan, who acted merely as a puppet monarch during the Heian period. In the Middle East, the Fatimid Empire of Egypt reached its only to face steep decline. The Seljuks came to prominence while the Abbasid caliphs held traditional titles without real, in Nigeria, formation of city states, kingdoms and empires, including Hausa kingdoms and Borno dynasty in north, Oyo and Benin kingdoms in south
3.
12th century
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As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages and is called the Age of the Cistercians. In Song dynasty China an invasion by Jurchens caused a schism of north and south. The Khmer Empire of Cambodia flourished during this century, while the Fatimids of Egypt were overtaken by the Ayyubid dynasty, China is under the Northern Song dynasty. Early in the century, Zhang Zeduan paints Along the River During the Qingming Festival and it will later end up in the Palace Museum, Beijing. In southeast Asia, there is conflict between the Khmer Empire and the Champa, Angkor Wat is built under the Hindu king Suryavarman II. By the end of the century the Buddhist Jayavarman VII becomes the ruler, Japan is in its Heian period. The Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga is made and attributed to Toba Sōjō and it ends up at the Kōzan-ji, Kyoto. In Oceania, the Tuʻi Tonga Empire expands to a greater area. Europe undergoes the Renaissance of the 12th century, the blast furnace for the smelting of cast iron is imported from China, appearing around Lapphyttan, Sweden, as early as 1150. Alexander Neckam is the first European to document the mariners compass, Christian humanism becomes a self-conscious philosophical tendency in Europe. Christianity is also introduced to Estonia, Finland, and Karelia, the first medieval universities are founded. Middle English begins to develop, and literacy begins to spread outside the Church throughout Europe, in addition, churchmen are increasingly willing to take on secular roles. By the end of the century, at least a third of Englands bishops also act as judges in secular matters. The Ars antiqua period in the history of the music of Western Europe begins. The earliest recorded miracle play is performed in Dunstable, England Gothic architecture and trouvère music begin in France, during the middle of the century, the Cappella Palatina is built in Palermo, Sicily, and the Madrid Skylitzes manuscript illustrates the Synopsis of Histories by John Skylitzes. Fire and plague insurance first become available in Iceland, and the first documented outbreaks of influenza there happens, the medieval state of Serbia state is formed by Stefan Nemanja and then continued by the Nemanjić dynasty. By the end of the century, both the Capetian Dynasty and the House of Anjou are relying primarily on mercenaries in their militaries, paid soldiers are available year-round, unlike knights who expected certain periods off to maintain their manor lifestyles
4.
13th century
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As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 through 1300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages, 1202—Introduction of Liber Abaci by Fibonacci. 1202—Battle of Basian occurred on July 27, between Kingdom of Georgia and Seljuks, 1204—Fourth Crusade of 1202–1204 captures Zara for Venice and sacks Byzantine Constantinople, creating the Latin Empire. 1204—Fall of Normandy from Angevin hands to the French King, Philip Augustus, 1205—The Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14,1205 between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and Crusaders under Baldwin I, the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. 1206—Genghis Khan is declared Great Khan of the Mongols, 1213—France defeats the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon at the Battle of Muret. 1214—France defeats English and Imperial German forces at the Battle of Bouvines, 1215—King John signs Magna Carta at Runnymede. 1217–1221—Fifth Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta, ultimately the Crusaders withdraw, 1221—Venice signs a trade treaty with the Mongol Empire. 1222—Andrew II of Hungary signs the Golden Bull which affirms the privileges of Hungarian nobility, 1233—Battle of Ganter, Ken Arok defeated Kertajaya, the last king of Kediri, thus established Singhasari kingdom Ken Arok ended the reign of Isyana Dynasty and started his own Rajasa dynasty. 1223-The Signoria, of the Republic of Venice is formed and consists of the Doge, the Minor Council, 1223—The Mongol Empire defeats various Russian principalities at the Battle of the Kalka River. 1223-Volga Bulgaria defeats the army of The Mongol Empire at the Battle of Samara Bend 1227 - Estonians are finally subjugated to German crusader rule during the Livonian Crusade, 1228-1229—Sixth Crusade under the excommunicated Frederick II Hohenstaufen, who returns Jerusalem to the Crusader States. 1228-1230- First clash between Gregory IX and Frederick II, 1226-1250- Dispute between the so-called second Lombard League and Frederick II. 1232—The Mongols besiege Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin dynasty, 1239–1250—Third conflict between Holy Roman Empire–Papacy. 1238—Sukhothai was the first capital of Sukhothai Kingdom, 1241—Mongol Empire defeats Hungary at the Battle of Mohi and defeats Poland at the Battle of Legnica. 1242—Russians defeat the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Lake Peipus, 1244—Ayyubids and Khwarezmians defeat the Crusaders and their Arab allies at the Battle of La Forbie. 1249—End of the Portuguese Reconquista against the Moors, when King Afonso III of Portugal reconquers the Algarve, 1248–1254—Seventh Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta, Crusaders ultimately withdraw. 1257—Baab Mashur Malamo established The Kingdom of Ternate in Maluku, 1258—Baghdad captured and destroyed by the Mongols, effective conclusion of the Caliphate 1259—Treaty of Paris. 1260—Toluid Civil War begins between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke for the title of Great Khan, 1261—Byzantines under Michael VIII retake Constantinople from the Crusaders and Venice. 1262—Iceland was brought under Norwegian rule, with the Old Covenant 1265—Dominican friar and theologian, 1268—Fall of the Crusader State of Antioch to the Mamelukes
5.
1090s
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Béjaïa becomes the capital of the Hammadid Dynasty in Algeria. A third expedition of the Almoravid Army is launched in al-Andalus, córdoba, Seville, Grenada, Málaga, Almería and Ronda fall to the troops of Yusuf ibn Tashfin. Song Dynasty Chinese author Qin Guan writes the Can Shu, which describes a machine that has the worlds oldest known mechanical belt drive. King William II of England invades Normandy, and gains a foothold in it, ladislaus I of Hungary occupies Slavonia. King Stjepan II of Croatia, the last member of the Trpimirovic Dynasty, October 17 – London Tornado of 1091, A T8/F4 tornado is recorded in St Mary-le-Bow of London, England, the storm destroys London Bridge. Henry, the son of William the Conqueror, is forced to surrender his property of Cotentin in Normandy. King Malcolm III of Scotland makes an attempt to invade English territory. April 29 – Battle of Levounion, The Pechenegs besiege Constantinople, but are defeated so decisively by Emperor Alexius I, February, With the taking of Noto, the Normans complete the 30-year-long conquest of Sicily from the Islamic rulers. The Islamic Abbadid dynasty ruling in Spain falls, when the Almoravids storm Seville, confronted with this new threat, King al-Mutawakkil ibn al-Aftas of Badajoz obtains the support of Castile, in exchange for the Muslim positions on the Tagus River. Athanasius VI bar Khamoro becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, April 21 – The Diocese of Pisa is elevated to the rank of metropolitan archdiocese, by Pope Urban II. May – King William II of England annexes Cumbria from the Scottish Celtic kingdom of Strathclyde, may 9 – Lincoln Cathedral is consecrated in England. May 21 – Synod of Szabolcs in Hungary, Its decrees regulate the life of national clergy and laymen, high tides cause great flooding in England and Scotland. The Kentish lands of Earl Godwin are inundated, becoming known as the Goodwin Sands and it also includes a celestial atlas of five star maps. April – Sviatopolk II becomes Grand Prince of Kiev, and ruler of Kievan Rus, march 6 – The Frankish monk, philosopher and theologian Anselm is nominated as Archbishop of Canterbury, he is consecrated on December 4. April 8 – Construction of Winchester Cathedral, by Bishop Walkelin in England, is completed, may 26 – Battle of the Stugna River, The Cuman people defeat the princes of Kievan Rus. September – Magnus Barefoot is crowned king of Norway, august 11 – Construction of Durham Cathedral in England begins. November 13 – Battle of Alnwick, Malcolm III of Scotland, malcolms brother Donald takes the Scottish throne. Normans occupy southern Wales, constructing Cardiff and Pembroke Castles, Henry of Burgundy becomes Count of Portugal, through his marriage to Theresa, Countess of Portugal
6.
1100s (decade)
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The Ancient Pueblo Peoples culture rises. Oraibi becomes and remains the first and oldest populated settlement in what today is the USA, the city of Cusco, Peru is founded. The Liao Dynasty crushes the Zubu, and takes their khan prisoner, Song Dynasty Chinas population reaches roughly 100 million. In the Song Dynasty capital of Kaifeng, the number of registered people within the walls is 1,050,000, Emperor Huizong of Song starts to rule in China. January – The Saljukid ruler Mahmud I is expelled from Bagdad by his brother Barkiyaruq, may or June – Raymond de Saint-Gilles sails to Byzantium to obtain the support of the emperor Alexios, in his attempt to seize Tripoli. August 1 – A Genoese fleets leaves Italy, to support the Crusaders effort to conquer the coastal cities, August – Battle of Melitene, Bohemond I of Antioch is captured by the Danishmends, leaving Tancred as regent of the Principality of Antioch for two years. August 20 – With the support of the Venetian fleet, the Crusaders under Tancred of Hauteville capture the city of Haifa. After a success over the Armenians of Cilicia and the Emirate of Aleppo, Baldwin of Bourcq becomes Count of Edessa, genoa, Venice and Pisa gain trading privileges from the Crusader states, in return for their service during the conquest of the coastal cities. August 2 – King William II of England dies in a accident in the New Forest. August 5 – Henry I of England is crowned King of England, the power of the new monarch is ill-assured, and to mollify the barons he has to grant them the Charter of Liberties, one of the first examples of a written constitution in Europe. September 16 – Battle of Malagon, The Almoravid army defeats Castellan troops, September 23 – Archbishop of Canterbury Anselm returns from exile, at the invitation of Henry I of England. October 18 – Peter I of Aragon conquers Barbastro from the hands of the Almoravids. November 18 – The Council of Poitier opens, but is soon closed by the duke of Aquitaine, William IX, as the bishops were about to excommunicate once more the king of France. December 25 – Philip I of France elevates his son to the government of the realm, in Iceland, the Althing decides that the laws should be transferred to a written form. Philip I of France conquers the Vexin area, and adds the city of Bourges, Dagobert of Pisa becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. At the death of antipope Clement III, supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor in Rome choose Theodoric as his successor, frederick I of Schwarzburg becomes archbishop of Cologne, and begins the construction of the castle of Volmarstein. The Stift St. Georgen Abbey is founded near Sankt Georgen am Längsee, the Diocese of Faroe is founded Checkers is invented. April – King Baldwin I of Jerusalem captures Arsuf and Caesarea, Crusade of 1101, A second wave of European crusaders attempts to cross Anatolia, to reach the Kingdom of Jerusalem
7.
1130s
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January 22 – Jin–Song Wars, Jin forces take Hangzhou. February 4 – Jin–Song Wars, Jin forces take Shaoxing, february 14 – Pope Innocent II succeeds Pope Honorius II, as the 164th pope. Other factions, however, support Anacletus II as pope, leading to the schism of 1130. March 26 – Magnus IV and his uncle Harald Gille become joint kings of Norway, april 24 – Jin–Song Wars, Battle of Huangtiandang – Naval forces of the Song Dynasty trap Wuzhus Jin troops in the city for 48 days. December 25 – Antipope Anacletus crowns Roger II of Sicily king, approximate date – Magnus the Strong is deposed as king of Götaland, when Sverker the Elder proclaims himself king of Sweden. Fulk of Anjou and Melisende become King and Queen of Jerusalem, ramon Berenguer IV becomes Count of Barcelona. Between 1131 and 1136 – Theotokos of Vladimir arrives in Kiev, the Knights Templar found their first stronghold, in the Kingdom of Aragon. Construction begins on the Beisi Pagoda, in China, may 9 – Tintern Abbey is founded. The Council of Rheims is held, Hangzhou is declared the new capital of Song Dynasty China, after their retreat south during the conquest of northern China, by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty. June – A fire breaks out in the Song Dynasty Chinese capital of Hangzhou, destroying 13,000 homes, due to large fires such as this, the government installs an effective fire fighting force for the city. July 24 – Battle of Nocera, Ranulf II of Alife defeats Roger II of Sicily, dermot MacMurrough has the abbey of Kildare in Ireland burned, and the abbess raped. He becomes king of the province of Leinster, St. Malachy is made bishop of Armagh in Ireland, to impose the Roman liturgy on the independent Irish Church. Fountains Abbey and Rievaulx Abbey are founded in Yorkshire, Basingwerk Abbey is founded in Wales, barnwell Castle is erected in Northamptonshire, England. Tughril II starts his rule of Iraq, under the Song Dynasty, Chinas first permanent standing navy is established in this year, with the headquarters of the admiral stationed at Dinghai. Abd al-Mumin becomes Almohad caliph in North Africa, geoffrey of Monmouth produces the Historia Regum Britanniae. Construction of the Durham Cathedral is completed in England, construction of Exeter Cathedral begins in England. June 4 – Lothair III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Innocent II, a papal bull grants Sardinia and half of Corsica to Pisa. Battle of Fraga, The Castellan troops, led by King Alfonso the Battler, defeat the Almoravid army, thanks to an intervention of a Norman crusader army from Tarragona
