1.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
New Mexico
–
New Mexico is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. It was admitted to the Union as the 47th state on January 6,1912 and it is usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is fifth by area, the 36th-most populous, inhabited by Native Americans for thousands of years before European exploration, New Mexico was colonized by the Spanish in 1598 Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain. Later, it was part of independent Mexico before becoming a U. S. territory and eventually a U. S. state as a result of the Mexican–American War. Among U. S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, the major Native American nations in the state are Navajo, Pueblo, and Apache peoples. The demography and culture of the state are shaped by these strong Hispanic and Native American influences and its scarlet and gold colors are taken from the royal standards of Spain, along with the ancient sun symbol of the Zia, a Pueblo-related tribe. New Mexico, or Nuevo México in Spanish, is incorrectly believed to have taken its name from the nation of Mexico. The name simply stuck, even though the area had no connection to Mexico or the Mexica Indian tribes, Mexico, formerly a part of New Spain, adopted its name centuries later in 1821, after winning independence from Spanish rule. New Mexico was a part of the independent Mexican Empire and Federal Republic of Mexico for 27 years,1821 through 1848, New Mexico and Mexico developed as neighboring Spanish-speaking communities under Spanish rule, with relatively independent histories. The states total area is 121,412 square miles, the eastern border of New Mexico lies along 103° W longitude with the state of Oklahoma, and 2.2 miles west of 103° W longitude with Texas. On the southern border, Texas makes up the eastern two-thirds, while the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora make up the western third, the western border with Arizona runs along the 109°03 W longitude. The southwestern corner of the state is known as the Bootheel, the 37° N latitude parallel forms the northern boundary with Colorado. The states New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah come together at the Four Corners in the corner of New Mexico. New Mexico, although a state, has very little water. Its surface water area is about 250 square miles, the New Mexican landscape ranges from wide, rose-colored deserts to broken mesas to high, snow-capped peaks. Despite New Mexicos arid image, heavily forested mountain wildernesses cover a significant portion of the state, the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost part of the Rocky Mountains, run roughly north-south along the east side of the Rio Grande in the rugged, pastoral north. The most important of New Mexicos rivers are the Rio Grande, Pecos, Canadian, San Juan, the Rio Grande is tied for the fourth-longest river in the United States. Tourists visiting these sites bring significant money to the state, other areas of geographical and scenic interest include Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument and the Gila Wilderness in the southwest of the state
3.
New Mexico Army National Guard
–
The New Mexico Army National Guard is a component of the United States Army and the United States National Guard. Nationwide, the Army National Guard comprises approximately one half of the US Armys available combat forces, National coordination of various state National Guard units are maintained through the National Guard Bureau. New Mexico Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army, the same ranks and insignia are used and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards. The New Mexico Guard also bestows a number of awards for local services rendered in or to the state of New Mexico. The first Territorial Militia was provided for by a system of laws devised by General Stephen W. Kearny, commonly known as the Kearny Code, then in 1851 the first territorial Legislature created the office of Adjutant General and placed the territorial Militia under its jurisdiction. In 1862, the Territorial Militia, also known as the New Mexico Volunteers, during 1863 and 1864, the Militia was also active in Navajo and other Indian campaigns of the period. The New Mexico Volunteer Militia was redesignated 17 March 1897 as the New Mexico National Guard, after the Spanish–American War began in 1898, volunteer forces were organized, which included Teddy Roosevelts Rough Riders. Many New Mexico Guardsmen helped form the 2nd Squadron, 1st United States Cavalry, the Guard spent one year on this border duty, hardening themselves to the rough field conditions of the desert southwest. In 1921, the Guard in New Mexico was reorganized into the 111th Cavalry Regiment, the 120th Engineers, in 1939, the War Department suggested the 111th Cavalry convert to another branch of service and the officers of the command jointly selected Coast Artillery. In 1940, the 111th was re-designated the 200th Coast Artillery, on January 6,1940, these units, along with the 120th Engineer Regiment, were called to active duty for what was supposed to be a one-year training period. In August 1941, the 200th was given notice that it had selected for an overseas assignment of great importance. At about 0300 hours on December 8,1941, the 200th went on alert when the night radio crew picked up commercial broadcasts telling of the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor. During the 1983–1989 time frame the New Mexico Army National Guard began a modernization program to gain high technology type units. The 5th Battalion, 200th Air Defense Artillery was fielded at McGregor Range and this unit was disbanded in September 1988, due to Federal budget cuts. A complete conversion of Duster Battalions to the MIM-72 Chaparral Battalions was accomplished, a new anti-aircraft missile Battalion equipped with the MIM-23 Hawk was put in place at Rio Rancho, New Mexico. On 1 October 1993, the Headquarters Battery, 2d Battalion, 200th Air Defense Artillery was expanded to form the 2d Battalion, in 2005, the 3rd Battalion, 200th Air Defense Artillery, was reorganized as the 1st Battalion, 200th Infantry Regiment. On 1 February 2008, the 111th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, New Mexico National Guard, ceased its air defense mission and was reorganized and redesignated as a maneuver enhancement brigade
4.
110th Cavalry Regiment
–
The 110th Cavalry Regiment was a regiment in the United States Army National Guard and hailed from Massachusetts and was part of the Massachusetts Army National Guard. Redesignated 1st Squadron,28 November 1921, reorganized 24 February 1927 and 1st Squadron, Cavalry in Rhode Island with Headquarters and Troops A, B, and C at Providence, redesignated 2nd Squadron. Relieved from the 22nd Cavalry Division and assigned to the 21st Cavalry Division 1 April 1939, 1st Squadron with headquarters at New Haven, redesignated 16 May 1940 as 1st Battalion 208th Coast Artillery, concurrently 3rd Squadron with headquarters at Allston redesignated 1st Squadron. Relieved from the 21st Cavalry Division, converted and redesignated as the 180th Field Artillery Regiment 9 October 1940, the Shield is yellow for cavalry. The crossed guidons are those reputed to have been presented by Governor Edward Everett to the National Lancers, the motto was also that of the National Lancers. The fleurs-de-lis represents service in France during World War I while the red mullet was the symbol used by the 102nd machine Gun Battalion during the war. Motto, Yankee Eyes Constituted 27 February 1963 in the Massachusetts National Guard as the 26th Cavalry, organized 1 March 1963 to consist of the 1st Squadron an element of the 26th Infantry Division. Reorganized 16–19 December 1967 to consist of 1st squadron, troop D, at Worcester, Massachusetts, successors to The Emit Guards of Worcester, circa 1967 to 1970. Reorganized 1 October 1986 to consist of the 1st Squadron, reorganized and redesignated 1 February 1988 as the 110th Cavalry to consist of the 1st Squadron. Withdrawn 1 June 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at Concord, relieved 1 September 1993 from assignment to the 26th Infantry Division. Organized 1 May 1959 in the Massachusetts National Guard as the 2nd reconnaissance Squadron 110th Armor, attached below the shield a scroll doubled back, inscribed YANKEE EYES in Black. Symbolism Yellow is the associated with Cavalry. The horseshoe symbolizes the mission and functions of the organization, the divided shield alludes to the Pacific and European areas in which elements of the former Regiment served during World War I and World War II. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 26th Cavalry Regiment on 3 November 1965. It was amended to revise the symbolism on 21 November 1969, the insignia was redesignated for the 110th Cavalry with the description and symbolism revised effective 1 February 1988. Blazon Shield, Per fess Azure and Gules, on a pile Or, conjoined within a horseshoe of the third, nail holes pierced of the field, symbolism Shield, Yellow is the color associated with Cavalry. The horseshoe symbolizes the mission and functions of the organization, the divided shield alludes to the Pacific and European areas in which elements of the former Regiment served during World War I and World War II. Crest, The crest is that of the Massachusetts Army National Guard, background, The coat of arms was originally approved for the 26th Cavalry Regiment on 7 January 1965
5.
112th Cavalry Regiment
–
The 112th Cavalry Regiment was a Texas National Guard regiment that served in several Pacific campaigns during World War II. The 112th Cavalry was first organised in 1918 as the 5th Texas Cavalry Regiment in 1918 before being disbanded in 1920, in December 1920 the Texas National Guard was reorganized as the 36th Infantry Division and the 1st Texas Cavalry Brigade less one regiment. On 20 July 1921 the 1st Texas Cavalry Regiment became the 112th Cavalry, in March 1929 the 2nd Squadron and the Machine Gun Squadron of the 112th were reorganized into the 124th Cavalry Regiment. The 112th and 124th Cavalry were brigaded into the 56th Cavalry Brigade in 1940, on 10 November 1940 President Roosevelt federalized the National Guard, and on 18 November 1940 the 112th was posted to Fort Bliss. The 112ths sister regiment in the brigade, the 124th Cavalry was the last of the regiments to give up their horses and was later sent to Burma. The regiment patrolled the Mexican border until being shipped to New Caledonia on 8 July 1942 arriving on 11 August 1942 and they were assigned to the Americal Division under General Alexander Patch. The 112th Cavalry were assigned Australian Waler horses, and ordered to New Caledonia to serve as a horse mounted security force, the Australian horses were shipped to Burma and assigned to Chinese forces who mistreated them. In 1944 the Walers rejoined the American Army being assigned to Merrills Marauders, during the heavy fighting on Guadalcanal, General Alexander Vandegrift of the 1st Marine Division sent an urgent request for machetes for his Marines. General Patch took the sabers of the regiment, cut them down, after extensive training the 112th made its first amphibious landing at Woodlark Island as part of Operation Chronicle on 30 June 1943. The landing was unopposed, and the established a defensible perimeter to protect Seabees building an airstrip on the island. The regiment was sent to Goodenough Island for training and became part of Task Force Director in preparation for its first action, Operation Director the Battle of Arawe. The 112th set sail on the USS Carter Hall, HMAS Westralia, on 15 December 1943 the regiment landed in three separate amphibious operations on New Britain. One of these landings involved Troop A of the 2nd Squadron landing in rubber boats off the USS Sands against fierce defense that sank all, the destroyer USS Shaw sailed close as possible to the enemy defenders to shell them and rescue the survivors of A Troop. Troop B landed at Pilelo Island from the USS Humphreys in 15 rubber boats on the same day, when meeting resistance from Japanese troops in caves, Troop B destroyed one with a bazooka and one with a flamethrower the first use of the weapon in the Southwest Pacific area. The main landings were from amphibious tractors launched from the USS Carter Hall, in this landing the 112th Cavalry were the first to use the 4.5 inch rocket firing DUKWs. After linking up with the 1st Marine Division, the 112th was assigned to the 32nd Infantry Division in Aitape Papua New Guinea, the regiment fought in the Battle of Driniumor River for 51 days taking 62% casualties. Two of the second lieutenants, Dale Eldon Christensen and George W. G. Boyce. On 1 October 1944 the 112th Cavalry was combined with the 114th Field Artillery Battalion became the 112th Regimental Combat Team, the 112th RCT was attached to the 1st Cavalry Division for the Battle of Leyte and Battle of Luzon
6.
Army National Guard
–
The Army National Guard, in conjunction with the Air National Guard, is a militia force and a federal military reserve force of the United States. They are simultaneously part of two different organizations, the National Guard of the states, territories and the District of Columbia. The Army National Guard is divided into units stationed in each of the 50 states. Members or units of the Army National Guard may be ordered, temporarily or indefinitely, if mobilized for federal service, the member or unit becomes part of the Army National Guard of the United States, which is a reserve component of the United States Army. Individuals volunteering for active service may do so subject to the consent of their governors. Governors generally cannot veto involuntary activations of individuals or units for federal service, the President may also call up members and units of the Army National Guard, in its status as the militia of the several states, to repel invasion, suppress rebellion, or enforce federal laws. The Army National Guard of the United States is one of two organizations administered by the National Guard Bureau, the other being the Air National Guard of the United States. The Director of the Army National Guard is the head of the organization, Militia members were required to equip themselves, take part in regular training, and report to their units when called. This war resulted in hundreds of deaths, hundreds of Native Americans sold into slavery or scattered throughout North America, the militias of the Southern New England colonies fought Native Americans again in King Philips War from 1675 to 1676. This conflict led to the defeat of the Narragansets, further straining relationships between Native Americans and white Europeans, but enabling continued white settlement of New England. In addition, the colonists had little interest in paying the taxes to maintain permanent garrisons of British troops, the militias were also an early experiment in democracy, with company grade officers often elected by their men, and the higher officers appointed by colonial governors or legislatures. The colonies did not exert centralized control over the militias or coordinate their efforts, Training typically took place during musters each summer, with militia members reporting for inspection and undergoing several days of training in drill and ceremony. Militia members served throughout the Revolution, often near their homes, Militia units served in combat, as well as carrying out guard duty for prisoners, garrisoning of forts, and local patrols. On some occasions, militia members performed ineffectively, as at the Battle of Camden in North Carolina, on other occasions they performed capably, including the Battles of Lexington and Concord, Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Bennington, Battles of Saratoga, and Battle of Cowpens. Perhaps the most important role played by the militia was off the battlefield, during the period of the Articles of Confederation, the weak federal government reduced the Continental Army to a handful of officers and soldiers. The Articles of Confederation required each state to maintain a militia, such consent was not forthcoming in an era when the population still harbored a distrust of a standing army, so Congress largely left the defense of the new nation to the state militias. During the Constitutional Convention in 1787, Federalist delegates argued for a federal government. Federalists anticipated using the military to defend the country if it were attacked, anti-Federalists advocated limited federal government, and wanted continued state control over the militias
7.
23rd Cavalry Division (United States)
–
The National Guards 23rd Cavalry Division was created from the perceived need for additional cavalry units. It numbered in succession of the Regular Army Divisions, which were not all active at its creation, going into World War 2, the US Army Cavalry was contained 3 Regular,4 National Guard, and 6 Organized Reserve cavalry divisions as well as 1 independent cavalry brigade. The division was composed of personnel from the Alabama, Massachusetts, New Mexico, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, formations of the United States Army Coats of arms of U. S. Armor and Cavalry Regiments United States Army branch insignia U. S. Army Order of Battle 1919–1941, Volume 2
8.
Santa Fe, New Mexico
–
Santa Fe is the capital of the state of New Mexico. It is the fourth-largest city in the state and is the seat of Santa Fe County and this area was occupied for at least several hundred years by indigenous peoples who built villages. The city of Santa Fe, founded by Spanish colonists in 1610, is known as the oldest state capital city in the United States, Santa Fe had a population of 69,204 in 2012. It is the city of a Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Santa Fe County and is part of the larger Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Las Vegas combined statistical area. The citys full name when founded was La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís, the area of Santa Fe was originally occupied by indigenous Tanoan peoples, who lived in numerous Pueblo villages along the Rio Grande. One of the earliest known settlements in what today is downtown Santa Fe came sometime after 900, the river had a year-round flow until the 1700s. By the 20th century the Santa Fe River was a seasonal waterway, as of 2007, the river was recognized as the most endangered river in the United States, according to the conservation group American Rivers. Don Juan de Oñate led the first European effort to colonize the region in 1598, under Juan de Oñate and his son, the capital of the province was the settlement of San Juan de los Caballeros north of Santa Fe near modern Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo. In 1610, he designated it as the capital of the province, Santa Fe remained Spains provincial seat until the outbreak of the Mexican War of Independence in 1810. It was considered important to fur traders based in present-day Saint Louis, when the area was still under Spanish rule, the Chouteau brothers of Saint Louis gained a monopoly on the fur trade, before the United States acquired Missouri under the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The fur trade contributed to the wealth of St. Louis, the citys status as the capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was formalized in the 1824 Constitution after Mexico achieved independence from Spain. When the Republic of Texas seceded from Mexico in 1836, it claimed Santa Fe as part of the portion of Texas along the Rio Grande. In 1841, a military and trading expedition set out from Austin. Known as the Texan Santa Fe Expedition, the force was prepared and was easily captured by the Mexican army. In 1846, the United States declared war on Mexico, brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny led the main body of his Army of the West of some 1,700 soldiers into Santa Fe to claim it and the whole New Mexico Territory for the United States. By 1848 the U. S. officially gained New Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, colonel Alexander William Doniphan, under the command of Kearny, recovered ammunition from Santa Fe labeled Spain 1776. This showed that New Mexico had received munitions and other support under Mexican rule, some American visitors at first saw little promise in the remote town. One traveller in 1849 wrote, I can hardly imagine how Santa Fe is supported, the country around it is barren
9.
Albuquerque, New Mexico
–
Albuquerque is the most populous city in the U. S. state of New Mexico. The high-altitude city serves as the county seat of Bernalillo County, the city population is 557,169 as of the July 1,2014 population estimate from the United States Census Bureau, and ranks as the 32nd-largest city in the U. S. The Albuquerque metropolitan statistical area has a population of 907,301 according to the United States Census Bureaus most recently available estimate for 2015, Albuquerque is the 60th-largest United States metropolitan area. The Sandia Mountains run along the side of Albuquerque. Albuquerque is also the home of the International Balloon Fiesta, the worlds largest such gathering of hot-air balloons from around the globe, the event takes place during the first week of October. Albuquerque was named in honor of Francisco, Duke of Alburquerque, the growing village soon to become Albuquerque was named by provincial governor Francisco Cuervo y Valdés. Franciscos title referred to the Spanish town of Alburquerque, in the Spanish province of Badajoz, the name has two theories of origin which denote either Latin or Arabic roots. The first of which derived from the Latin albus quercus meaning white oak and this name was probably in reference to the prevalence of cork oaks in the region, which have a white wood when the bark is removed. Alburquerque is still a center of the Spanish cork industry, another theory suggests that it may come from the Arabic Abu al-Qurq, which means father of the cork. The change was also in due to the fact that citizens found the original name difficult to pronounce. Western folklore offers a different explanation, tracing the name Albuquerque to the Galician word albaricoque, the apricot was brought to New Mexico by Spanish settlers, possibly as early as 1743. As the story goes, the settlement was established near an apricot tree, as frontiersmen were unable to correctly pronounce the Galician word, it became corrupted to Albuquerque. The Tanoan and Keres peoples had lived along the Rio Grande for centuries before European settlers arrived in what is now Albuquerque, Albuquerque was founded in 1706 as the Spanish colonial outpost of Villa de Alburquerque. Present-day Albuquerque retains much of its historical Spanish cultural heritage, Albuquerque was a farming community and strategically located military outpost along the Camino Real. The town was also the center of the West. Spain established a presidio in Albuquerque in 1706, after 1821, Mexico also had a military garrison there. The town of Alburquerque was built in the traditional Spanish village pattern, a plaza surrounded by government buildings, homes. This central plaza area has preserved and is open to the public as a museum, cultural area
10.
Portales, New Mexico
–
Portales is a city in and the county seat of Roosevelt County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 12,280 at the 2010 census, Portales is located near the larger city of Clovis as well as Cannon Air Force Base, a major contributor to the economy of the region. Eastern New Mexico University opened in Portales in 1934 and has grown to become the third largest university in the state, Portales is one of the largest producers of Valencia peanuts in the United States and is the nations top producer of Certified Organic peanut butter. Portales is home to over about 40 dairies and a major US dairy solids plant, the citys downtown area is centered around a traditional-style town square, based upon Spanish urban design. The center of the square includes the 1930s WPA-style Roosevelt County Courthouse, including original architectural details from the era. The Courthouse Square is ringed with retail shops, the Yam Theater, a historic theater located in the downtown area, has recently been renovated. Eastern New Mexico University forms a district with its campus. Arts and cultural offerings emanate from Eastern New Mexico University, the third largest state university in New Mexico, Portales ranks in the top 20% of US cities for racial diversity, percentage of college educated adults, and percentage of people who walk or bike to work. Portales rates in the top 10% of US cities for a short commute, rent affordability, Clovis Man inhabited the Blackwater Draw area north of Portales until 11,000 years ago. Semi-nomadic non-Pueblo Southern Athabaskan groups occupied much of the area as early as the 13th century, in the early 18th century, the Comanche displaced the Apache who had previously lived in this region. The Comanche commanded the area late in the 19th century. The Spanish soldier and explorer Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, the first European to traverse the area in 1541, from the north they resemble a stockade surrounding the high table-land, thus the name, meaning Stockaded Plain or Palisaded Plain. The US territorial settlement of Portales occurred in the late 19th century as cattle herders discovered a water source emanating from a rocky ledge resembling a Spanish porch, the local watering hole took on the name Portales, and a few settlers began ranching nearby. The City of Portales was formally established in 1909 with the arrival of the railroad to the southwestern High Plains, the first Mayor of Portales was Washington Ellsworth Lindsey, who later became a state Governor of New Mexico. The town developed in an orderly fashion through the early 20th century, in particular, given its access to the Ogallala Aquifer, improved surface irrigation techniques supported steady growth in agriculture. Eastern New Mexico University was established in 1934 as a teachers college, originally a junior college, it became a four-year institution in the mid-20th century. All three buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Portales is located in eastern New Mexico at 34°10′57″N 103°20′19″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.8 square miles
11.
Roswell, New Mexico
–
Roswell is a city in New Mexico. It is the county seat of Chaves County in the quarter of the state of New Mexico. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 48,411 and it is a center for irrigated farming, dairying, ranching, manufacturing, distribution, and petroleum production. It is also the home of New Mexico Military Institute, founded in 1891, bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge is located a few miles northeast of the city on the Pecos River. Bottomless Lakes State Park is located 12 miles east of Roswell on US380, the investigation and debris recovery was handled by the local Roswell Army Air Field. It also had many Hispanic people from Lincoln, New Mexico, john Chisum had his famous Jingle Bob Ranch about 5 miles from the center of Roswell, at South Spring Acres. At the time, it was the largest ranch in the United States, Smith, a businessman from Omaha, Nebraska, and his partner, Aaron Wilburn, constructed two adobe buildings in 1869 that began what is now Roswell. The two buildings became the general store, post office, and sleeping quarters for paying guests. In 1871, Smith filed a claim with the government for the land around the buildings. Smith was the son of Roswell Smith, a prominent lawyer in Lafayette, Indiana and he called the town Roswell, after his fathers first name. In 1877, Captain Joseph Calloway Lea and his family bought out Smith and Wilburns claim and became the owners of most of the land of Roswell, the town was relatively quiet during the Lincoln County War. A major aquifer was discovered when merchant Nathan Jaffa had a well drilled in his yard on Richardson Avenue in 1890, resulting in the areas first major growth. The growth continued when a railroad was built through town in 1893, during World War II, a prisoner-of-war camp was located in nearby Orchard Park. The German prisoners of war were used to do infrastructure work in Roswell. Some POWs used rocks of different sizes to create the outline of a cross among the stones covering the north bank. Later, the cross was covered with a thin layer of concrete. In the 1980s, a crew cleaning the river bed cleared off the concrete, the small park just south of the cross was then known as Iron Cross Park. On November 11,1996, the park was renamed POW/MIA Park, the park displays a piece of the Berlin Wall, presented to the city of Roswell by the German Air Force
12.
Estancia, New Mexico
–
Estancia is a town in Torrance County, New Mexico, in the United States. As of the 2000 census, the population was 1,584. It is the county seat of Torrance County, estancia is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area. Estancia is shown as a town “destroyed by enemies” on a map made by Don Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco in 1779. Estancia is located at 34°45′37″N 106°3′39″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 5.7 square miles, of which,5.7 square miles of it is land and 0.04 square miles of it is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,584 people,393 households, the population density was 277.7 people per square mile. There were 487 housing units at a density of 85.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 70. 08% White,10. 16% African American,2. 21% Native American,0. 06% Asian,14. 71% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 50. 57% of the population. 24. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.20. In the town, the population was out with 20. 6% under the age of 18,10. 7% from 18 to 24,40. 2% from 25 to 44,20. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 186.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 217.7 males, the median income for a household in the town was $24,276, and the median income for a family was $33,750. Males had an income of $26,932 versus $18,214 for females. The per capita income for the town was $8,479, about 19. 9% of families and 25. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32. 9% of those under age 18 and 13. 9% of those age 65 or over
13.
Carlsbad, New Mexico
–
Carlsbad is a city in and the county seat of Eddy County, New Mexico, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 26,138, Carlsbad is centered at the intersection of U. S. Routes 62/180 and 285, and is the city of the Carlsbad-Artesia Micropolitan Statistical Area. Located in the part of New Mexico, Carlsbad straddles the Pecos River. Carlsbad is a hub for mining, petroleum production. Carlsbad Caverns National Park is located 20 miles southwest of the city, the Lincoln National Forest is to the northwest of town. Development of southeastern New Mexico in the late 19th century was fueled by the arrival of colonies of immigrants from England, Switzerland, France, Eddy, co-owner of the Eddy-Bissell Livestock Company. With the commercial development of mineral springs near the flume for medicinal qualities. On March 25,1918, the town surpassed a population of 2,000. Most of Carlsbads development was due to irrigation water, local cattleman recognized the value of diverting water from the Pecos River to the grazing lands on Eddys Halagueno Ranch. Many construction projects were undertaken to establish a system within the town. The Avalon Dam was constructed upstream of town, and canals diverted the water into town, conflict arose when the canals met the river downstream, as a result, the Pecos River Flume was built, first out of wood and later concrete. Key to the growth of the area were special trains that brought visitors from the East at reduced fares. Most of the construction in Carlsbad was completed with locally manufactured bricks. The bricks were quite soft and of poor quality, the former First National Bank building at the corner of Canal and Fox streets is one of the few remaining buildings constructed with the local brick. The re-discovery of Carlsbad Caverns by local cowboys in 1901 and the subsequent establishment of Carlsbad Caverns National Park on May 14,1930, in 1925, potash was discovered near Carlsbad, and for many years Carlsbad dominated the American potash market. Congress authorized the WIPP project in 1979, and construction began in 1980, the DOE Carlsbad Area Office opened in 1993, and the first waste shipment arrived in 1999. Currently, Carlsbad has experienced a boom, the city is leading in the production of oil and natural gases across the entire area, causing an increase in the employment rate
14.
Deming, New Mexico
–
Deming is a city in Luna County, New Mexico, United States, located 60 miles west of Las Cruces and thirty-three miles north of the Mexican border. The population was 14,855 according to the 2010 census, Deming is the county seat and principal community of Luna County. The city, founded in 1881 and incorporated in 1902, was an important port of entry on the US-Mexican border until the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, a nickname was given to the city at the time of its founding, New Chicago. It was expected that with the surge of railroad usage, that the city would grow drastically and resemble Chicago, Deming is named after Mary Ann Deming Crocker, wife of Charles Crocker, one of The Big Four of the railroad industry. The Silver Spike was driven here in 1881 to commemorate the meeting of the Southern Pacific with the Atchison and this was the second transcontinental railroad to be completed in the United States. There are numerous ancient Native American sites around Deming, the Mimbres and Casas Grandes cultures made pottery of remarkable quality, and the Deming area is rich in native pottery artifacts, as well as beads, stone implements, stone carvings, graves, etc. The artifacts have since then been deported to Mexico, where they are now on display at multiple museums, Deming is centered at 32°15′40″N 107°45′21″W, in the Basin and Range Province. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 9.3 square miles. The city is surrounded by land that appears flat, with wide rubble aprons around the nearby mountains, the Mimbres River floods the Deming area once a decade or so, in periods of unusually heavy rainfall in the Cookes Range and Black Range to the north. Deming and its area is underlain by an aquifer of good-quality water. The aquifer is recharged primarily by water from the mountains to the north. The water usually has a sulfur content. In the late 1960s, Select Western Lands Inc. ran full-page advertisements for land in Deming in The Saturday Evening Post, the ads proclaimed Your Own Ranchette Only $299, Only $5 a Month, for a half-acre. Up to 2 acres were offered, those for $1196, Deming is located within the Upper Chihuahuan Desert climate zone. The climate is dry, hot, and breezy, summer temperatures often exceed 100 °F, but the altitude and dry air sometimes make summer days more comfortable than one would expect given the high temperature. Most precipitation occurs as thunderstorms and showers during the July–September monsoon period, minor flooding sometimes occurs over large areas of flat ground. There are periods lasting from 5 to 20 years of relatively wet or dry years, springtime is often windy, and dust storms can be severe—occasionally lasting for days. Snow is likely to fall in winter, but usually melts in a day or two, temperatures in winter are sometimes below freezing at night, but winter days are generally mild and sunny
15.
Denver
–
Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the reference for the Mountain Time Zone. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U. S. city, and with a 2. 8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U. S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U. S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U. S. News & World Report and this was the first historical settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria, Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County but, unbeknownst to him. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne, the site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria, in May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pikes Peak Express in order to secure the regions first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for passengers, mail, freight, and gold, in 1863, Western Union furthered Denvers dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28,1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1,1861, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the territorial capital, with its newfound importance, Denver City shortened its name to Denver
16.
Golden, Colorado
–
Golden is the Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat of Jefferson County, Colorado, United States. Golden lies along Clear Creek at the base of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, founded during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush on 16 June 1859, the mining camp was originally named Golden City in honor of Thomas L. Golden. Golden City served as the capital of the provisional Territory of Jefferson from 1860 to 1861, in 1867, the territorial capital was moved about 12 miles east to Denver City. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the city population was 18,867 in 2010, the Colorado School of Mines, offering programs in engineering and science, is located in Golden. It is the birthplace of the Jolly Rancher, a candy bought out by the Hershey Foods Corporation, Buffalo Bill Cody is buried nearby on Lookout Mountain. Golden City was established on 16 June 1859 along Clear Creek west of Denver, important businessmen and prospectors such as William A. H. Loveland and George West were among the first to settle in Golden. By the end of 1860, Golden City had been elected the seat of Jefferson County and was capital of the provisional Jefferson Territory. Golden City was temporarily removed from the status of capital as a result of an act passed on 5 November 1861 by the territorial government. Colorado City, a town to the south of Denver became the new temporary territorial capital. This status was revoked, however, as on 4 August 1862. It was the period between 1862 and the early 1870s that a fierce railroad competition developed between Denver, ten miles to the east, and Golden. By the mid-1860s, Golden held only a status as territorial capital rather than serve as the legitimate source of territorial power. Loveland founded the Colorado Central Railroad on 9 February 1865 to do just this, with Golden beginning talk of creating a railroad, prominent Denver residents raced to do the same. If we defeat those bonds, all hope of a railroad for the two years is gone… Gentlemen of Denver, what will you do. The fate of city is in your own hands. ”The residents of Denver voted for the bonds. By 1869, the race to Cheyenne was becoming less and less of a race. Golden, having then sidetracked into servicing various close-by mountain communities, continued to fall behind the set by the Denver railroad. However, The Colorado Central Railroad connected directly with Cheyenne seven years later, in 1877, but by that point, during the 1870s, it became home to three institutions of higher education, the Colorado University Schools, of which the Colorado School of Mines remains today
17.
Fort D.A. Russell (Wyoming)
–
The fort had been established in 1867 to protect workers for the Union Pacific Railroad. It was named in honor of David Allen Russell, a Civil War general killed at the Battle of Opequon, in 1930, the forts name was changed to Fort Francis E. Warren. In 1949, it became Francis E. Warren Air Force Base, over the years, the base served as home for numerous influential American military leaders such as Carl Spaatz, Black Jack Pershing, Billy Mitchell, Walter Reed, and Mark Clark. Units of the 30th Infantry under Colonel John D. Stevenson began building the fort, in September the first cavalry arrived, Company H of 2nd Cavalry In 1884, it became a permanent base. It was the home to three Black regiments, the 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 24th Infantry for much of the late 19th century. By the turn of the 20th century, Fort D. A. Russell was one of the largest cavalry bases in the United States, in 1919, the airfield became active and soon served as the home field for over 100 military aircraft. The last cavalry units on the post were deactivated in 1927, in 1930, the base was renamed Fort Francis E. Warren. Warren was a Medal of Honor recipient who served as Governor of Wyoming, during World War II, Fort Francis E. Warren served as a training facility for the US Army Quartermaster Corps. A prisoner of war camp was constructed on the site. In 1949, the base was redesignated the Francis E. Warren Air Force Base, the base became the headquarters for the 90th Strategic Missile Wing in 1963. The wing controlled over 200 ICBMs during the Cold War, the base was the only missile wing to have Peacekeeper missiles which were deactivated in October 2005. On October 1,1993, the Twentieth Air Force, which all of Americas ICBM wings. The fort was designated a National Historic Landmark on May 15,1975, the majority of the structures in the historic district have been maintained. At least 88 housing units have been abated for lead and asbestos materials, three buildings were renovated in accordance with standards of the U. S. Secretary of the Interior. The Air Force was tasked to restore the two porches on many buildings in the district
18.
Monte Vista, Colorado
–
The City of Monte Vista is the Home Rule Municipality that is the most populous municipality in Rio Grande County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 4,444 at the 2010 United States Census, Monte Vista was laid out in 1884. The site had served as a watering stop for the Denver. Monte Vista is a derived from Spanish meaning mountain view. Monte Vista is located in the San Luis Valley at 37°34′38″N 106°8′45″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.0 square miles. As of the 2000 census, there were 4,529 people,1,715 households, the population density was 2,390.1 people per square mile. There were 1,854 housing units at a density of 978.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 63. 08% White,0. 38% African American,1. 61% Native American,0. 29% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,31. 82% from other races, and 2. 78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 58. 20% of the population,25. 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59, and the family size was 3.13. In the city, the population was out with 29. 6% under the age of 18,9. 2% from 18 to 24,26. 1% from 25 to 44,20. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.3 males, the median income for a household in the city was $28,392, and the median income for a family was $33,780. Males had an income of $29,057 versus $23,482 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,612, Monte Vista is served by the Carnegie Public Library
19.
Silver City, New Mexico
–
Silver City is a town in Grant County, New Mexico, United States. It is the county seat and the home of Western New Mexico University, as of the 2010 census the population was 10,315. In 2015 the population was estimated to be 10,004, the valley that is now the site of Silver City once served as an Apache campsite. With the arrival of the Spaniards, the became known for its copper mining. After the American Civil War, a settlement developed and became known as La Ciénega de San Vicente, with a wave of American prospectors, the pace of change increased, and Silver City was founded in the summer of 1870. The founding of the town occurred shortly after the discovery of ore deposits at Chloride Flat, on the hill just west of the farm of Captain John M. Bullard. Following the silver strike, Captain Bullard laid out the streets of Silver City, the towns violent crime rate was substantial during the 1870s, Grant County Sheriff Harvey Whitehill was elected in 1874, and gained a sizable reputation for his abilities at controlling trouble. In 1875, Whitehill became the first lawman to arrest Billy the Kid, Whitehill arrested him twice, both times for theft in Silver City, and would later claim that Bonney was a likeable kid, whose stealing was a result more of necessity than criminality. His mother is buried in the town cemetery, in 1878, the town hired its first town marshal, Dangerous Dan Tucker, who had been working as a deputy for Whitehill since 1875. The last one left for the old home about 1885, saying, Silver City was also the starting point for many expeditions hunting treasures such as the Lost Adams Diggings. In 1893, New Mexico Normal School was established and it was later known as New Mexico Western State Teachers College. In 1963, it was renamed Western New Mexico University, today, WNMU offers eight graduate degrees,41 baccalaureate degrees, and 18 associate degree and certificate programs. The WNMU athletic team is referred to as the Mustangs, the town had originally been designed with the streets running north to south. The town was built in the path of normal water runoff. Businesses sprang up, and people learned to deal with the inconveniences of the summer rain, Silver City was built with high sidewalks in the downtown area to accommodate high flood waters. Meanwhile, uncontrolled cattle grazing thinned down plant life on hills surrounding the town, during the night of July 21,1895, a heavy wall of water rushed through the downtown business district, leaving a trail of destruction. A ditch 55 feet lower than the street level was created in what was once known as Main Street. Businesses on Main Street began using their back doors on Bullard Street as main entrances, to this day, the incorrect odd/even addressing conventions on the east side of Bullard Street are a reminder that the buildings were addressed on Main Street originally, not Bullard Street
20.
200th Infantry Regiment (United States)
–
The 200th Coast Artillery was a United States Army unit during the first half of World War II. Today descendant elements serve with the New Mexico Army National Guard as the 200th Infantry, the 200th was originally organized 1 September 1880 in the New Mexico volunteer Militia in west-central New Mexico from independent companies as the 1st Regiment. It was expanded 18 February 1882 to form the 1st Regiment with headquarters at Socorro, the 1st Regiment was expanded 25 April 1883 to form the 1st Regiment and the 2nd Cavalry Battalion. 2nd Cavalry was reorganized and redesignated 14 September 1883 as the 1st Regiment of Cavalry and it was reorganized 10 November 1885 as the 1st Regiment of Cavalry. It was disbanded 29 December 1893 and two remaining troops attached to the 1st Regiment of Infantry, the unit was reorganized 12 September 1896 in the New Mexico Volunteer Militia as the 1st Battalion of Cavalry with headquarters at Santa Fe. The unit was redesignated in 1897 as the 1st Squadron of Cavalry, while remaining in state service the 1st Squadron of Cavalry additionally formed the 2nd Squadron, 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, also known as the Rough Riders. Troop A attached 5 February 1908 to the 1st Regiment of Infantry, the 2nd Regiment was expanded 25 April 1883 to form the 2nd Regiment and the 1st Cavalry Battalion. The 2nd Regiment was redesignated 10 November 1885 as the 1st Regiment of Infantry with headquarters at Santa Fe, location of Headquarters was changed 16 August 1886 to Albuquerque. The 1st Cavalry Battalion was reorganized and redesignated 14 September 1883 as the 3rd Battalion, the unit was expanded, reorganized and redesignated 10 November 1885 as the 2nd Regiment of Cavalry. The 1st Regiment of Infantry and elements of the 2nd Regiment of Cavalry were consolidated 24 December 1890, 1st Regiment of Infantry was consolidated in 1909 with Troop A and consolidated unit designated as the 1st Regiment of Infantry. The 143rd and 144th Machine Gun Battalions demobilized 30 April 1919 at Camp Grant and it was expanded, reorganized and redesignated 3 December 1920 as the 1st Cavalry. It was redesignated 2 May 1922 as the 111th Cavalry, Headquarters federally recognized 4 May 1924 at Santa Fe. Assigned 5 November 1923 to the 23rd Cavalry Division, relieved 15 March 1929 from assignment to the 23rd Cavalry Division. The unit was converted and redesignated 26 April 1940 as the 207th Coast Artillery Regiment, redesignated 200th Coast Artillery 1 July 1940. In August 1941, the 200th was given notice that it had selected for an overseas assignment of great importance. At about 0300 hours on 8 December 1941, the 200th went on alert when the night radio crew picked up commercial broadcasts telling of the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor. It was inducted into federal service 6 January 1941 at home stations in New Mexico, the 200th doubled in size to 1800 while at Fort Bliss preparing for overseas deployment. The Arkansas 206th and the 200th competed for position deployment to either the Philippines or Alaska, the 200th, whose personnel virtually all spoke fluent Spanish were chosen to go to the Philippines in the summer of 1941, and arrived there in September 1941
21.
Puebloans
–
The Pueblo peoples speak languages from several different groups and are also divided culturally by their kinship systems and agricultural practices, although all cultivate varieties of corn. In addition to differing kinship systems, the peoples have differing marriage practices and those who have a matrilineal system, in which children are considered born into the mothers clan and her line is used for inheritance and descent, are the Hopi, Keres, Towa and Zuni. The non-Towa Tanoan have a system, with clan membership, inheritance. All the Pueblo peoples have traditional economies based on agriculture and trade, at the time of Spanish encounter beginning in the 16th century, these peoples were living in complex, multi-story villages often built around a central courtyard. The Spanish called these pueblos, meaning towns, and applied the name to all the living in such complexes. In the 21st century there are 21 surviving pueblos in the Southwest of the United States, Taos, Acoma, Zuni, and Hopi are the best-known. The main pueblos are located primarily in the states of New Mexico. Anthropologists have studied these peoples extensively and published various classifications of their subdivisions, in 1950, Fred Russell Eggan contrasted the peoples of the Eastern and Western Pueblos, based largely on their subsistence farming techniques. The Western or Desert Pueblos of the Zuñi and Hopi specialize in dry farming, in 1954, Paul Kirchhoff published a division of the Pueblo peoples into two groups based on culture, one includes the Hopi, Zuni, Keres and Jemez. They each have matrilineal kinship systems, children are considered born into their mothers clan and must marry a spouse outside it and they maintain multiple kivas for sacred ceremonies. Their creation myth tells that humans emerged from the underground and they emphasize four or six cardinal directions as part of their sacred cosmology, beginning in the north. Four and seven are considered significant in their rituals and symbolism. In contrast, the Tanoan-speaking Pueblos have a kinship system. They practice endogamy, or marriage within the clan and they have two kivas or two groups of kivas in their pueblos. Their belief system is based in dualism, the creation story recounts the emergence of the people from underwater. They use five directions, beginning in the west and their ritual numbers are based on multiples of three. The Pueblo peoples speak languages from different language families, demonstrating their diverse ethnic origins. The Hopi language is Uto-Aztecan, Zuni is an isolate, and Keresan is a dialect continuum that includes Acoma, Laguna, Santa Ana, Zia, Cochiti, Santo Domingo
22.
Triskelion
–
A triskelion or triskele is a motif consisting of a triple spiral exhibiting rotational symmetry. The spiral design can be based on interlocking Archimedean spirals, or represent three bent human legs, both terms are from Greek τρισκέλιον or τρισκελής, three-legged, from prefix τρι-, three times + σκέλος, leg. A triskelion is a symbol of Sicily, where it is called trinacria. It appears as an emblem on warriors shields depicted on Greek pottery. The triskelion is an ancient symbol of Sicily, with the head of the Gorgon, whose hair are snakes, the symbol dates back to when Sicily was part of Magna Graecia, the colonial extension of Greece beyond the Aegean. The Celtic symbol of three conjoined spirals may have had triple significance similar to the imagery that lies behind the triskelion, the triple spiral motif is a Neolithic symbol in Western Europe. Though popularly considered a Celtic symbol it is in fact a pre-Celtic symbol and it is carved into the rock of a stone lozenge near the main entrance of the prehistoric Newgrange monument in County Meath, Ireland. Newgrange, which was built around 3200 BC, predates the Celtic arrival in Ireland, the symbol is also found carved in rock in Castro Culture settlement in Galicia and Northern Portugal. Traditional Asian versions of the include the Japanese Mitsudomoe, the Tibetan Buddhist Gankyil. A triskelion is featured on the seal of the United States Department of Transportation, a triskelion shape is the basis for the roundel of the Irish Air Corps, and the logo for the Trisquel Linux distribution. A triskelion is used as a seal of Tau Gamma Phi fraternity, a member of the Tau Gamma Phi fraternity is called Triskelion and Lady Triskelion for the Tau Gamma Sigma sorority member. The design was practical, the three curved arms providing equal spring and thus keeping the hole centred, the iconic design of the Spider has led to its adoption as a popular symbol for record and music enthusiasts. One of the most commonly used symbols of the BDSM community is a derivation of a triskelion shape within a circle, the crest of the Breton football club En Avant de Guingamp combines the Flag of Brittany, the team colours and the triple spiral triskelion. The triskele, usually consisting of spirals, but also the horned triskelion, is used by some polytheistic reconstructionist and neopagan groups. As a Celtic symbol, it is used primarily by groups with a Celtic cultural orientation and, less frequently, the spiral triskele is one of the primary symbols of Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism. Celtic Reconstructionists use the symbol to represent a variety of triplicities in their cosmology and theology, the endocytic protein, clathrin, is triskelion-shaped
23.
United States Army Institute of Heraldry
–
The United States Army Institute of Heraldry, also known as The Institute of Heraldry, furnishes heraldic services to the U. S. Armed Forces and other U. S. government organizations, including the Executive Office of the President, limited research and information services concerning official symbolic items are also provided to the general public. The Institute of Heraldry is located at Fort Belvoir, an installation within the metropolitan area of Washington. The staff consists of thirty-two civilians, Heraldic and other military symbols have been used by the U. S. Armed Forces and government agencies since the beginning of the American Revolution. S, in 1924, formal staff responsibility for specific military designs was delegated to the Quartermaster General. As the needs for symbolism by the services and the national government expanded. The expansion of the Army during World War II, and the subsequent increased interest in symbolism and it was further expanded by Pub. L. 85–263, approved September 1957,71 Stat,89, which delineated the authority of the Secretary of the Army to furnish heraldic services to the military departments and other branches of the federal government. On 1960-08-10, Army General Order Number 29 placed the U. S. Army Institute of Heraldry under the control of the Quartermaster General. The Army Adjutant General’s office assumed responsibility of the institute in 1962, in 1987, another realignment subordinated the Institute to the U. S. In April 1994, the Institute of Heraldry moved from Cameron Station to Fort Belvoir, in October 2004, another realignment assigned responsibility for the Heraldic Program to Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army, part of the United States Army. Approve designs for distinctive unit insignia, Regimental Distinctive Insignia, and shoulder sleeve insignia, authorize heraldic items for U. S. Army Organizations. Authorize the use of Army insignia when incorporated into items for commercial sale, design and develop insignia seals, medals, badges, band regalia and flags. Establish Army policy for flag design and display, monitor the Heraldic Quality Control System in accordance with Army Regulation 672-8, to ensure heraldic items are manufactured according to government specifications or purchase descriptions. Prepare heraldic item specifications and provide engineering support to manufacturers, provide manufacturers with government-loaned tools and specifications for heraldic items. Blazon, Or a chevron Gules, on a chief Sable a label of the first, blazon, On a wreath Or and Gules, a griffin salient of the first. The griffin, a fabulous animal half eagle and half lion, is symbolic of wisdom, the role of the griffin as guardian of treasure is symbolic of the institutes singular responsibility to safeguard the heraldic art of the federal government. The eagle also alludes to the United States and the lion to Great Britain, dexter, The large white star edged with blue symbolizes all the States, which comprise the United States, and was suggested by the union of the United States Flag
United States
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry website http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Heraldry/ArmyDUISSICOA/ArmyHeraldryUnit.aspx?u=.