1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Union (American Civil War)
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The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force
3.
Infantry
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Infantry is the general branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot. As the troops who engage with the enemy in close-ranged combat, infantry units bear the largest brunt of warfare, Infantry can enter and maneuver in terrain that is inaccessible to military vehicles and employ crew-served infantry weapons that provide greater and more sustained firepower. In English, the 16th-century term Infantry describes soldiers who walk to the battlefield, and there engage, fight, the term arose in Sixteenth-Century Spain, which boasted one of the first professional standing armies seen in Europe since the days of Rome. It was common to appoint royal princes to military commands, and the men under them became known as Infanteria. in the Canadian Army, the role of the infantry is to close with, and destroy the enemy. In the U. S. Army, the closes with the enemy, by means of fire and maneuver, in order to destroy or capture him, or to repel his assault by fire, close combat. In the U. S. Marine Corps, the role of the infantry is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy fire and maneuver. Beginning with the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, artillery has become a dominant force on the battlefield. Since World War I, combat aircraft and armoured vehicles have become dominant. In 20th and 21st century warfare, infantry functions most effectively as part of a combined arms team including artillery, armour, Infantry relies on organized formations to be employed in battle. These have evolved over time, but remain a key element to effective infantry development and deployment, until the end of the 19th century, infantry units were for the most part employed in close formations up until contact with the enemy. This allowed commanders to control of the unit, especially while maneuvering. The development of guns and other weapons with increased firepower forced infantry units to disperse in order to make them less vulnerable to such weapons. This decentralization of command was made possible by improved communications equipment, among the various subtypes of infantry is Medium infantry. This refers to infantry which are heavily armed and armored than heavy infantry. In the early period, medium infantry were largely eliminated due to discontinued use of body armour up until the 20th century. In the United States Army, Stryker Infantry is considered Medium Infantry, since they are heavier than light infantry, Infantry doctrine is the concise expression of how infantry forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. It is a guide to action, not a set of hard, doctrine provides a very common frame of reference across the military forces, allowing the infantry to function cooperatively in what are now called combined arms operations. Doctrine helps standardise operations, facilitating readiness by establishing common ways of accomplishing infantry tasks, doctrine links theory, history, experimentation, and practice
4.
Siege of Knoxville
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The mountainous, largely Unionist region of East Tennessee was considered by President Abraham Lincoln to be a key war objective. Besides possessing a population largely loyal to the Union, the region was rich in grain and livestock, throughout 1862 and 1863, Lincoln pressured a series of commanders to move through the difficult terrain and occupy the area. Burnsides plan to advance from Cincinnati, Ohio, with his two corps was delayed when the IX Corps was ordered to reinforce Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in the Vicksburg Campaign. While awaiting the return of the IX Corps, Burnside sent a brigade under Brig. Gen. William P. Sanders to strike at Knoxville with a force of cavalry and infantry. In mid-June, Sanders men destroyed railroads and disrupted communications around the city, controlled by the Confederate Department of East Tennessee, by mid-August, Burnside began his advance toward the city. The direct route to Knoxville ran through the Cumberland Gap, a position favoring the Confederate defenders. Instead, Burnside chose to flank them, despite poor road conditions, his men were able to march as many as 30 miles per day. As the Chickamauga Campaign began, Buckner was ordered south to Chattanooga, leaving only a brigade in the Cumberland Gap. Maj. Gen. Samuel Jones replaced Buckner as commander of the department at East Tennessee, one of Burnsides cavalry brigades reached Knoxville on September 2, virtually unopposed. The following day, Burnside and his main force occupied the city, in the Cumberland Gap,2,300 inexperienced soldiers commanded by Brig. Gen. John W. Frazer had built defenses but had no orders about what to do following Buckners withdrawal. On September 7, confronted by DeCourcy to his north and Brig. Gen. James M. Shackelford approaching from the south, Burnside and an infantry brigade commanded by Col. Samuel A. Gilbert left Knoxville and marched 60 miles in only 52 hours. Finally realizing that he was outnumbered, Frazer surrendered on September 9. Foster attacked at noon and in the battle, shelled the town and initiated a flanking movement. Confederate Brig. Gen. John S. Williams, with his force, set out to disrupt Union communications. He wished to take Bulls Gap on the East Tennessee & Virginia Railroad. On October 3, while advancing on Bulls Gap, he fought with Brig. Gen. Samuel P. Carters Union Cavalry Division, XXIII Corps, at Blue Springs, about nine miles from Bulls Gap, Carter withdrew, not knowing how many of the enemy he faced. Carter and Williams skirmished for the few days. On October 10, Carter approached Blue Springs in force, the battle began about 10,00 a. m. with Union cavalry engaging the Confederates until afternoon while another mounted force attempted to place itself in a position to cut off a Rebel retreat
5.
Atlanta Campaign
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The Atlanta Campaign was a series of battles fought in the Western Theater of the American Civil War throughout northwest Georgia and the area around Atlanta during the summer of 1864. Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman invaded Georgia from the vicinity of Chattanooga, Tennessee, beginning in May 1864, Johnstons Army of Tennessee withdrew toward Atlanta in the face of successive flanking maneuvers by Shermans group of armies. In July, the Confederate president, Jefferson Davis, replaced Johnston with the more aggressive John Bell Hood, Hoods army was eventually besieged in Atlanta and the city fell on September 2, setting the stage for Shermans March to the Sea and hastening the end of the war. The Atlanta Campaign followed the Union victory in the Battles for Chattanooga in November 1863, Chattanooga was known as the Gateway to the South, grants strategy was to apply pressure against the Confederacy in several coordinated offensives. While he, George G. Meade, Benjamin Butler, Franz Sigel, George Crook, at the start of the campaign, Shermans Military Division of the Mississippi consisted of three armies, Maj. Gen. James B. McPhersons Army of the Tennessee, including the corps of Maj. Gen. John A. Logan, Maj. Gen. Grenville M. Dodge, when McPherson was killed at the Battle of Atlanta, Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard replaced him. Maj. Gen. John M. Schofields Army of the Ohio, consisting of Schofields XXIII Corps and a cavalry division commanded by Maj. Gen. George Stoneman. Maj. Gen. George H. Thomass Army of the Cumberland, including the corps of Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, Maj. Gen. John M. Palmer, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, and Brig. Gen. Washington L. Elliott. After Howard took army command, David S. Stanley took over IV Corps, however, by June, a steady stream of reinforcements brought Shermans strength to 112,000. Opposing Sherman, the Army of Tennessee was commanded first by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, the four corps in the 50, 000-man army were commanded by, Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee. When Polk was killed on June 14, Loring briefly took over as commander of the corps but was replaced by Alexander P. Stewart on June 23. But in Georgia, he faced the more aggressive Sherman. Johnstons army repeatedly took up strongly entrenched defensive positions in the campaign, Sherman prudently avoided suicidal frontal assaults against most of these positions, instead maneuvering in flanking marches around the defenses as he advanced from Chattanooga towards Atlanta. Whenever Sherman flanked the defensive lines, Johnston would retreat to another prepared position, both armies took advantage of the railroads as supply lines, with Johnston shortening his supply lines as he drew closer to Atlanta, and Sherman lengthening his own. Johnston had entrenched his army on the long, high mountain of Rocky Face Ridge, the two columns engaged the enemy at Buzzard Roost and at Dug Gap. In the meantime, the column, under McPherson, passed through Snake Creek Gap and on May 9 advanced to the outskirts of Resaca. Fearing defeat, McPherson pulled his column back to Snake Creek Gap, on May 10, Sherman decided to take most of his men and join McPherson to take Resaca. The next morning, as he discovered Shermans army withdrawing from their positions in front of Rocky Face Ridge, Union troops tested the Confederate lines around Resaca to pinpoint their whereabouts
6.
Battle of Resaca
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The Battle of Resaca was part of the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. The battle was waged in both Gordon and Whitfield counties, Georgia, May 13–15,1864 and it ended inconclusively with the Confederate Army retreating. The engagement was fought between the Military Division of the Mississippi on the side of the Union and the Army of Tennessee for the Confederates, in early May 1864, the Confederate government granted Johnstons request for reinforcements to his camps around Dalton, Georgia. During the remainder of May 7 and the day of May 8 Canteys brigade had time to entrench, on May 9, the Army of the Tennessee under the command of James B. McPherson moved out of Snake Creek Gap and immediately ran into a Confederate cavalry brigade ordered to scout the area the day before under the command of Colonel Warren Grigsby. After a fierce battle, Brig. Gen. Thomas W. Sweeny formed a line and drove the Confederates back to Resaca. He devoted the Army of the Tennessee for this, while the Army of the Cumberland, george H. Thomas and John M. Schofield, respectively, would feign attacks in the Confederatess front. In the evening, McPherson sent his cavalry, the 9th Illinois Mounted Infantry. Meanwhile, skirmishers in Maj. Gen. Grenville M. Gen. Daniel H. Reynolds, Johnston had withdrawn his forces from Rocky Face Ridge to the hills around Resaca. On May 13, the Union troops tested the Confederate lines to pinpoint their whereabouts, the next day full-scale fighting occurred, and the Union troops were generally repulsed except on the Confederate right flank where Sherman did not fully exploit his advantage. Unable to halt this Union turning movement, Johnston was forced to retire, after the Union repaired the bridges and transported more men over, they continued in the pursuit of the Confederates, leading to the Battle of Adairsville on May 17. There were 6,100 combined casualties,3,500 for the Union and 2,600 for the Confederacy, the battlefield is preserved as the Resaca Battlefield State Historic Site. Ambrose Bierces short story Killed at Resaca focuses on a cohort of men who fight and die bravely at Resaca, Resaca Confederate Cemetery Guernsey, Alfred H. Alden, Henry M. Harpers Pictoral History of the Civil War. National Park Service battle description Summary about pre-battle period Basic summary of battle Secrist, the Battle of Resaca, Atlanta Campaign,1864. Macon, GA, Mercer University Press,1998, nothing but Victory, The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865. New York, Alfred A. Knopf,2005, friends of Resaca The Battle of Resaca, Maps, histories, photos, and preservation news The Civil War in Georgia as told by its Historic Markers - Battle of Resaca Battle of Resaca
7.
Battle of Dallas
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The Battle of Dallas was a series of engagements during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. They occurred between May 26 and June 4,1864, in and around Dallas, Georgia, between Lt. General William J. Hardees Confederate corps and the Union defense line, held by the XV Corps under Maj. General John A. Logan of the Army of the Tennessee, the Battle of New Hope Church and the Battle of Picketts Mill are often subgrouped as part of the overall engagement at Dallas. After a series of engagements, Johnstons army fell back from the vicinity of Cassville-Kingston, first to Allatoona Pass and then to the Dallas area, shermans army tested the Rebel line while entrenching themselves. The Battle of Dallas occurred on May 28 when Hardees Corps probed the Union defensive line, held by Logans Army of the Tennessee corps, fighting ensued at two different points, but the Rebels were repulsed, suffering high casualties. Sherman continued looking for a way around Johnstons line, and, on June 1, his cavalry occupied Allatoona Pass, sherman abandoned his lines at Dallas on June 5 and moved toward the rail-head at Allatoona Pass, forcing Johnston to follow soon afterwards. Among the thousands of casualties was Archibald L. McDougall, a brigade commander in the Union Army of the Potomac. The site of the battle is now Paulding County High School, the Confederate trenches lay along the southern edge of the campus, as marked by a Civil War Marker sign along Highway 61. Dallas Union order of battle Bodart, Gaston, national Park Service battle description CWSAC Report Update and Resurvey, Individual Battlefield Profiles
8.
Battle of New Hope Church
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The battle was a result of an attempt by Sherman to outmaneuver Johnston. Johnston anticipated Shermans move and shifted his army into Shermans path, Sherman mistakenly surmised that Johnston had a token force and ordered Maj. Gen. Joseph Hookers XX Corps to attack. Advancing with his three divisions in parallel routes, Hooker pushed the Confederate skirmishers back for three miles, before coming to Johnstons main line, difficult terrain prevented Hooker from coordinating his corps attacks effectively, causing his men to suffer severe casualties, especially from canister and shrapnel. On May 26, both sides entrenched, and skirmishing continued throughout the day, at the end of the battle, Confederate Captain Samuel T. Foster reported that 703 Union soldiers had been killed, as well as 350 taken prisoner. The next day, the Union troops concentrated their efforts in the area towards the end of the Confederate line. The New Hope Church battlefield is privately owned and is located at the intersection of Bobo Road. John Wadsworth Vodrey, son of noted American potter Jabez Vodrey, was killed in the battle while serving with the 46th Pennsylvania Infantry, national Park Service battle description Hope Church Community Kennedy, Frances H. ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin Co
9.
Battle of Allatoona
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The Battle of Allatoona, also known as the Battle of Allatoona Pass, was fought October 5,1864, in Bartow County, Georgia, as part of the Franklin-Nashville Campaign of the American Civil War. After the fall of Atlanta, Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood moved the Confederate Army of Tennessee northward to threaten the Western and Atlantic Railroad, Maj. Gen. William T. Shermans supply line. Hoods corps under Lt. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart attacked a number of minor garrisons, at Hoods suggestion, Stewart selected the division of Maj. Gen. Samuel G. French, three brigades commanded by Brig. Claudius Sears, Francis M. Cockrell, and William Hugh Young, before the Southern division arrived, Sherman ordered reinforcements be sent from Rome to Allatoona, under the division commander, Brig. Gen. John M. Corse, who took command of both brigades. Frenchs division arrived near Allatoona at sunrise on October 5, French sent a demand for surrender, which Corse refused. French then launched his brigades in an attack—Sears from the north and Cockrell, supported by Young, more reinforcements from Rome reached Allatoona the next morning. Allatoona was a small, but bloody battle with high percentages of casualties,706 Union and 897 Confederate. Nonetheless, in his autobiography, General and President U. S. Grant praised the stand made by Corse and his men. Corse was wounded during the battle and on the following day sent a message to Sherman, I am short a cheek bone and one ear, Sherman added, The rest of the army was directed toward Allatoona. Still several ambulances and stragglers were picked up by this command on that road, however, a closer look at the orders actually issued that day reveals that by 2 p. m. They had spent the day marching north from Atlanta, Sherman even supplied a staff officer to guide him into position to protect the right flank of the Fourteenth Corps. By 3 p. m a signal officer reported that Cox had only just then passed through Marietta. Only on October 6, the day after the battle, did Sherman order Cox to “Have a brigade ready to go there to-morrow early. ”The brigade did not leave Big Shanty until dawn on the 7th, and did not arrive at Allatoona until approximately 11 a. m. two days after the battle. He did order Cox to reconnoiter the Dallas-Acworth Road on the 7th, the closest Sherman came to ordering reinforcement to the pass on the 5th were several un-timed dispatches sent to his cavalry. Sherman ordered Brigadier General Kenner Garrard’s cavalry division to Allatoona, the order was later modified, reducing the force to a single squadron after it became clear that the garrison had held. Jacobson, Eric A. and Richard A. Rupp, for Cause & for Country, A Study of the Affair at Spring Hill and the Battle of Franklin. 2nd ed. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co.1998, the Confederacys Last Hurrah, Spring Hill, Franklin, and Nashville. Lawrence, University Press of Kansas,1992, first published with the title Embrace an Angry Wind in 1992 by HarperCollins
10.
Battle of Kennesaw Mountain
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The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain was fought on June 27,1864, during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. Strategically, however, the failed to deliver the result that the Confederacy desperately needed—namely a halt to Shermans advance on Atlanta. McPherson feinted against the end of Kennesaw Mountain, while his corps under Maj. Gen. John A. Logan assaulted Pigeon Hill on its southwest corner. At the same time, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas launched strong attacks against Cheatham Hill at the center of the Confederate line, both attacks were repulsed with heavy losses, but a demonstration by Maj. Gen. John M. In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and he devised a strategy of multiple, simultaneous offensives against the Confederacy, hoping to prevent any of the rebel armies from reinforcing the others over interior lines. This was a strategy that President Abraham Lincoln had emphasized throughout the war, as their campaigns progressed, however, the political importance of the cities of Richmond and Atlanta began to dominate their strategy. By 1864, Atlanta was a critical target, the city of 20,000 was founded at the intersection of four important railroad lines that supplied the Confederacy and was a military manufacturing arsenal in its own right. Atlantas nickname of Gate City of the South was apt—its capture would open virtually the entire Deep South to Union conquest, Shermans force of about 100,000 men was composed of three subordinate armies, the Army of the Tennessee under Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson, the Army of the Cumberland under Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, and the relatively small Army of the Ohio under Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield. Their principal opponent was the Confederate Army of Tennessee, commanded by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, the 50, 000-man army consisted of the infantry corps of Lt. Gens. William J. Hardee, John Bell Hood, and Leonidas Polk, Shermans campaign began on May 7,1864, as his three armies departed from the vicinity of Chattanooga. As Sherman swung his entire army in the direction of Resaca, full scale fighting erupted in the Battle of Resaca on May 14–15 but there was no conclusive result and Sherman flanked Johnston for a second time by crossing the Oostanaula River. As Johnston withdrew again, skirmishing erupted at Adairsville on May 17, Johnston planned to defeat part of Shermans force as it approached on multiple routes, but Hood became uncharacteristically cautious and feared encirclement, failing to attack as ordered. Encouraged by Hood and Polk, Johnston ordered another withdrawal, this time across the Etowah River, Johnston was forced to move from his strong position and meet Shermans army in the open. Fierce but inconclusive fighting occurred on May 25 at New Hope Church, May 27 at Picketts Mill, by June 1, heavy rains turned the roads to quagmires and Sherman was forced to return to the railroad to supply his men. Johnstons new line was established by June 4 northwest of Marietta, along Lost Mountain, Pine Mountain, on June 14, following eleven days of steady rain, Sherman was ready to move again. While on a reconnaissance, he spotted a group of Confederate officers on Pine Mountain. Lt. Gen. Hoods corps attempted an attack at Peter Kolbs farm south of Little Kennesaw Mountain on June 22
11.
Siege of Atlanta
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The Atlanta Campaign was a series of battles fought in the Western Theater of the American Civil War throughout northwest Georgia and the area around Atlanta during the summer of 1864. Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman invaded Georgia from the vicinity of Chattanooga, Tennessee, beginning in May 1864, Johnstons Army of Tennessee withdrew toward Atlanta in the face of successive flanking maneuvers by Shermans group of armies. In July, the Confederate president, Jefferson Davis, replaced Johnston with the more aggressive John Bell Hood, Hoods army was eventually besieged in Atlanta and the city fell on September 2, setting the stage for Shermans March to the Sea and hastening the end of the war. The Atlanta Campaign followed the Union victory in the Battles for Chattanooga in November 1863, Chattanooga was known as the Gateway to the South, grants strategy was to apply pressure against the Confederacy in several coordinated offensives. While he, George G. Meade, Benjamin Butler, Franz Sigel, George Crook, at the start of the campaign, Shermans Military Division of the Mississippi consisted of three armies, Maj. Gen. James B. McPhersons Army of the Tennessee, including the corps of Maj. Gen. John A. Logan, Maj. Gen. Grenville M. Dodge, when McPherson was killed at the Battle of Atlanta, Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard replaced him. Maj. Gen. John M. Schofields Army of the Ohio, consisting of Schofields XXIII Corps and a cavalry division commanded by Maj. Gen. George Stoneman. Maj. Gen. George H. Thomass Army of the Cumberland, including the corps of Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, Maj. Gen. John M. Palmer, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, and Brig. Gen. Washington L. Elliott. After Howard took army command, David S. Stanley took over IV Corps, however, by June, a steady stream of reinforcements brought Shermans strength to 112,000. Opposing Sherman, the Army of Tennessee was commanded first by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, the four corps in the 50, 000-man army were commanded by, Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee. When Polk was killed on June 14, Loring briefly took over as commander of the corps but was replaced by Alexander P. Stewart on June 23. But in Georgia, he faced the more aggressive Sherman. Johnstons army repeatedly took up strongly entrenched defensive positions in the campaign, Sherman prudently avoided suicidal frontal assaults against most of these positions, instead maneuvering in flanking marches around the defenses as he advanced from Chattanooga towards Atlanta. Whenever Sherman flanked the defensive lines, Johnston would retreat to another prepared position, both armies took advantage of the railroads as supply lines, with Johnston shortening his supply lines as he drew closer to Atlanta, and Sherman lengthening his own. Johnston had entrenched his army on the long, high mountain of Rocky Face Ridge, the two columns engaged the enemy at Buzzard Roost and at Dug Gap. In the meantime, the column, under McPherson, passed through Snake Creek Gap and on May 9 advanced to the outskirts of Resaca. Fearing defeat, McPherson pulled his column back to Snake Creek Gap, on May 10, Sherman decided to take most of his men and join McPherson to take Resaca. The next morning, as he discovered Shermans army withdrawing from their positions in front of Rocky Face Ridge, Union troops tested the Confederate lines around Resaca to pinpoint their whereabouts
12.
Battle of Utoy Creek
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The Battle of Utoy Creek was fought August 4 –7,1864, during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. Maj. Gen. William T. Shermans Union armies had partially encircled the city of Atlanta, Georgia, Sherman had at this point adopted a strategy of attacking the railroad lines into Atlanta, hoping to cut off his enemies supplies. This was the direct attack on Confederate positions during the campaign. After failing to envelop Hoods left flank at the Battle of Ezra Church and he transferred Maj. Gen. John M. Schofields XXIII Corps of the USA Army of the Ohio from his left to his right flank and sent him to the north bank of Utoy Creek. Although Schofield’s troops were at Utoy Creek on August 2, they, along with the XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, an initial attack by the Regular Brigade against J. Patton Andersons Division CSA of Stephen Dill Lees Corps was unsuccessful. Schofield made a movement to exploit this situation on the morning of August 5. Although initially successful, Schofield had to regroup his forces, which took the rest of the day, the delay allowed the Confederates to strengthen their defenses with an abatis, which slowed the Union attack when it restarted on the morning of August 6. The Federals were repulsed with losses by William B. Bates division. On August 7, the Union troops moved toward the Confederate main line skirmishing and extending to their right, several attacks were made at Sandtown Road on 10 August and East Point on 18 August. PVT Van Raalte was nominated for the Congressional Medal of Honor for the recovery of the Unit Colors of the 25th Michigan Infantry, Hascalls Division, XXIII Army Corps, the Federal Colors were captured by the Confederates of Armstrongs Brigade of Cavalry dismounted as infantry
13.
Battle of Jonesborough
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The Battle of Jonesborough was fought August 31–September 1,1864, during the Atlanta Campaign in the American Civil War. Two Union armies led by Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman maneuvered to draw the Army of Tennessee away from their defenses at Atlanta, Georgia, where it could be destroyed. Although Hoods army was not destroyed, the city of Atlanta was abandoned, the fall of Atlanta also had far-reaching political as well as military effects on the course of the war. Late in August 1864, Sherman believed that if he could completely sever Hoods supply line Macon & Western, therefore, Sherman elected to move six out of his seven infantry corps against the Confederate supply lines. The Union army began pulling out of its positions on August 25 to hit the railroad between the towns of Rough and Ready and Jonesborough. To counter this move, Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee, however, Hood failed to realize most of Shermans army was approaching there in force, causing Hardee and his command to be highly outnumbered. On August 31, Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard had two corps entrenched on the east side of the Flint River, john A. Logans XV Corps dug in on high ground facing east and the Macon & Western Railroad. The XVI Corps, now led by Thomas E. G. Ransom formed a right angle connected to Logans right facing south, frank Blair and the XVII Corps were in reserve west of the Flint River. Hardee left Patrick Cleburne in command of his own corps while he directed the two-corps assault. Cleburne would move north on the left from Lovejoy Station and attack the Federal line held by Ransom, kilpatricks fire was so effective that Lowrey broke off from his attack against Ransoms main line and directed his entire division west against the Union cavalry. SD Lee mistook the firing between Lowry and Kilpatrick as the assault and attacked well before Cleburnes troops had actually gone into action with Ransom. Lee ordered an assault that was vigorously led by J. Patton Anderson. General Logan, from the Federal lines, admired Andersons bravery in the battle before he was shot down, Lees troops were repulsed with heavy casualties. After Lees troops had defeated, Hardee wished to renew the attack. However, Lee informed him his troops were in no condition to do so, indeed, Lee had suffered a disproportionate 1,300 casualties to Cleburnes 400. Both were disproportionate to the Federal total of 179, Hood later described the fighting on August 31 as a disgraceful effort because the number of Confederate dead was minimal compared to the forces engaged. The next day, September 1, Sherman brought up the XIV Corps, Davis, for an assault on the Confederate lines north of Jonesborough. Much of the morning, however, was spent bringing up further Union reinforcements, Sherman was particularly concerned about bringing into line David S. Stanleys IV Corps, which was busy destroying the Macon & Western Railroad near Rough and Ready
14.
Battle of Lovejoy's Station
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One Battle of Lovejoys Station was fought on August 20,1864, near what is now Lovejoy, Georgia, in Clayton County, during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. The two sides had arrived at something of a stalemate, with the Union army half-encircling Atlanta, leaving on August 18, Kilpatrick hit the Atlanta & West Point Railroad that evening and disabled a small area of the track. Next, he proceeded for Lovejoys Station on the Macon & Western Railroad, in transit, on August 19, Kilpatricks men attacked the Jonesborough supply depot on the Macon & Western Railroad, burning great amounts of supplies. On August 20, they reached Lovejoys Station and began their destruction, Confederate Infantry appeared and the raiders were forced to fight into the night, finally fleeing to prevent being surrounded. Although Kilpatrick had destroyed supplies and track at Lovejoys Station, the line was back in operation in two days. Historical archeology is currently underway to document unexplored portions of the battlefield that exist along McDonough-Jonesboro Road, the area of this historic battle has mostly been lost due to suburban sprawl of Clayton and Henry Counties, Georgia. The last 100 acres on the Henry County side are the site of a battle of another kind, local citizens, preservationists, and historians are fighting to stop the development of this rural farmland. The local community has offered to buy back the land to develop a park to commemorate the Civil War battle. Plans for the 202-acre battlefield include converting the farmhouse into a museum and renovating the barn into a meetings and event facility. A survey, Summary Report of History and Archeology of the Nash Farm Battlefield, was completed in August 2007, on March 12,2008, Lovejoy Station was placed for the second time on the Civil War Preservation Trusts List of Most Endangered Civil War Battlefields. Fighting on August 20 was continuous from Lovejoy to Walnut Creek, Atlanta in the Civil War National Park Service battle description Phisterer, Frederick, Statistical Record of the Armies of the United States, Castle Books,1883, ISBN 0-7858-1585-6. Elliott, Daniel T. and Tracy M. Dean, Nash Farm Battlefield, History and Archaeology, LAMAR Institute Publication Series, the LAMAR Institute, Savannah, Georgia,2007. Curry, William Leontes, Four Years in the Saddle, History of the First Regiment, War of the Rebellion, 1861-1865, published by Freedom Hill Press,1898. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, American Battlefield Protection Program, washington, D. C. Henry County fundraising History of Nash Farm and the battles Animated History of the Battle of Lovejoys Station
15.
Battle of Franklin (1864)
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The Battle of Franklin was fought on November 30,1864, in Franklin, Tennessee, as part of the Franklin–Nashville Campaign of the American Civil War. It was one of the worst disasters of the war for the Confederate States Army, after its defeat against Maj. Gen. George H. Following his defeat in the Atlanta Campaign, Hood had hoped to lure Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman into battle by disrupting his supply line from Chattanooga to Atlanta. After a brief period in which he pursued Hood, Sherman decided instead to cut his main army off from these lines, shermans march left the aggressive Hood unoccupied, and his Army of Tennessee had several options in attacking Sherman or falling upon his rear lines. The task of defending Tennessee and the rearguard against Hood fell to Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, another 30,000 troops under Thomass command were in or moving toward Nashville. Hood spent the first three weeks of November quietly supplying the Army of Tennessee in northern Alabama in preparation for his offensive, with a series of fast marches that covered 70 miles in three days, Hood tried to maneuver between the two armies to destroy each in detail. On November 28, Thomas directed Schofield to begin preparations for a north to Franklin. Meanwhile, early on the morning of November 29, Hood sent Cheathams, now that Hood had outflanked him by noon on November 29, Schofields army was in critical danger. Both the Union infantry and supply train managed to pass Spring Hill unscathed by dawn on November 30 and that morning, Hood was surprised and furious to discover Schofields unexpected escape. After an angry conference with his commanders in which he blamed everyone but himself for the mistakes. Schofields advance guard arrived in Franklin at about 4,30 a. m. on November 30, Brig. Gen. Schofield decided to defend at Franklin with his back to the river because he had no pontoon bridges available that would enable his men to cross the river. The bridges had been left behind in his retreat from Columbia because they lacked wagons to transport them, Schofield needed time to repair the permanent bridges spanning the river—a burned wagon bridge and an intact railroad bridge. He ordered his engineers to rebuild the bridge and to lay planking over the undamaged railroad bridge to enable it to carry wagons. By the beginning of the assault, nearly all the wagons were across the Harpeth. By noon, the Union works were ready, the line formed an approximate semicircle around the town from northwest to southeast. The other half of the circle was the Harpeth River, counterclockwise from the northwest were the divisions of Kimball, Ruger, and Reilly. There was a gap in the line where the Columbia Pike entered the outskirts of the town, about 200 feet behind this gap, a 150-yard retrenchment line was constructed of dirt and rails, which was intended to be a barrier to traffic, not a full-fledged defensive earthwork. The actual earthworks in the portion of the line were formidable
16.
Battle of Nashville
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The Battle of Nashville was a two-day battle in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign that represented the end of large-scale fighting west of the coastal states in the American Civil War. In one of the largest victories achieved by the Union Army during the war, Thomas attacked and routed Hoods army, largely destroying it as an effective fighting force. After a brief period of pursuit, Sherman decided to disengage and to conduct instead his March to the Sea, leaving the matter of Hoods army, Hood devised a plan to march into Tennessee and defeat Thomass force while it was geographically divided. He pursued Maj. Gen. John M. Schofields army from Pulaski to Columbia and then attempted to intercept and destroy it at Spring Hill. Because of a series of Confederate command miscommunications in the Battle of Spring Hill, Schofield was able to withdraw from Columbia, furious at his failure at Spring Hill, Hood pursued Schofield to the north and encountered the Federals at Franklin behind strong fortifications. In the Battle of Franklin on November 30, Hood ordered almost 31,000 of his men to assault the Federal works before Schofield could withdraw across the Harpeth River, Lee and Nathan Bedford Forrest, and in Missouri against Sterling Price. While Wilsons cavalry had combat experience, most of it had been of the wrong kind at the hands of Nathan Bedford Forrest, John Hunt Morgan and it was composed of garrison troops and railroad guards from Tennessee and Georgia and included eight regiments of United States Colored Troops. Union forces had been constructing defensive works around Nashville since the time the city was occupied in February 1862, by 1864, a 7-mile-long semicircular Union defensive line on the south and west sides of the city protected Nashville from attacks from those directions. The line was studded with forts, the largest being Fort Negley, the trench line was extended to the west after December 1. The Cumberland River formed a defensive barrier on the north. Smiths troops had arrived by river on November 30, and their transports had been escorted by a fleet of tinclad and ironclad gunboats. Thus, the barrier was well-defended. From east to west the line was manned by the Steedmans division, the XXIII Corps, the IV Corps. Nathan Kimball, Washington Lafayette Elliott, and Samuel Beatty, XXIII Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield, with divisions commanded by Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch and Brig. Gen. Jacob D. Cox, Detachment of the Army of the Tennessee, John McArthur and Kenner Garrard and Col Jonathan B. Moore, Provisional Detachment, commanded by Maj. Gen. James B, Hoods Army of Tennessee arrived south of the city on December 2 and took up positions facing the Union forces within the city. As he was not nearly enough to assault the Federal fortifications. Rather than repeating his fruitless frontal attack at Franklin, he entrenched and waited, then, after Thomas had smashed his army against the Confederate entrenchments, Hood could counterattack and take Nashville
17.
Carolinas Campaign
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The Carolinas Campaign was the final campaign in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. In January 1865, Union Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman advanced north from Savannah, Georgia, through the Carolinas, with the intention of linking up with Union forces in Virginia. The defeat of Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnstons army at the Battle of Bentonville in March, after Sherman captured Savannah, the culmination of his march to the sea, he was ordered by Union Army general-in-chief Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Lee. Sherman had bigger things in mind and he predicted on January 5,1865, I do think that in the several grand epochs of this war, my name will have a prominent part. He persuaded Grant that he should march north through the Carolinas instead, destroying everything of value along the way. Sherman was particularly interested in targeting South Carolina, the first state to secede from the Union, Shermans army commenced toward Columbia, South Carolina, in late January 1865. Reinforcements arrived regularly during his march north, and by April 1 he commanded 88,948 men, Shermans opponents on the Confederate side had considerably fewer men. The primary force in the Carolinas was the battered Army of Tennessee and his strength was recorded in mid-March at 9,513 and 15,188 by mid-April. The army was organized into three corps, commanded by Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee, Lt. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart, and Lt. Gen. Stephen D. Lee. Also in the Carolinas were cavalry forces from the division of Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton, Shermans plan was to bypass the minor Confederate troop concentrations at Augusta, Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina, and reach Goldsboro, North Carolina, by March 15. The following battles were fought in the Carolinas Campaign, the Confederate division of Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws attempted to prevent the crossing of the Salkehatchie River by the right wing of Shermans army. The Union division under Maj. Gen. Francis P. Blair crossed the river, McLaws withdrew to Branchville, causing only one days delay in the Union advance. On February 17, Columbia surrendered to Sherman, and Hamptons cavalry retreated from the city, Union forces were overwhelmed by throngs of liberated Federal prisoners and emancipated slaves. Many soldiers took advantage of ample supplies of liquor in the city, fires began in the city, and high winds spread the flames across a wide area. Most of the city was destroyed, and the citys fire companies found it difficult to operate in conjunction with the invading Union army. On that same day, the Confederates evacuated Charleston, on February 18, Shermans forces destroyed virtually anything of military value in Columbia, including railroad depots, warehouses, arsenals, and machine shops. This battle took place entirely in South Carolina, schofield planned to advance inland from Wilmington in February. At the same time, he assigned Maj. Gen. Jacob D. Cox to direct Union forces from New Bern toward Goldsboro, on March 7, Coxs advance was stopped by divisions under Gen. Braxton Braggs command at Southwest Creek south of Kinston, North Carolina
18.
Regiment
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A regiment is a military unit. Their role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, in Medieval Europe, the term regiment denoted any large body of front-line soldiers, recruited or conscripted in one geographical area, by a leader who was often also the feudal lord of the soldiers. By the 17th century, a regiment was usually about a thousand personnel. In many armies, the first role has been assumed by independent battalions, battlegroups, task forces, brigades and other, similarly-sized operational units. By the beginning of the 18th century, regiments in most European continental armies had evolved into permanent units with distinctive titles and uniforms, when at full strength, an infantry regiment normally comprised two field battalions of about 800 men each or 8–10 companies. In some armies, an independent regiment with fewer companies was labelled a demi-regiment, a cavalry regiment numbered 600 to 900 troopers, making up a single entity. With the widespread adoption of conscription in European armies during the nineteenth century, the regimental system underwent modification. Prior to World War I, a regiment in the French, German, Russian. As far as possible, the battalions would be garrisoned in the same military district, so that the regiment could be mobilized. A cavalry regiment by contrast made up an entity of up to 1,000 troopers. Usually, the regiment is responsible for recruiting and administering all of a military career. Depending upon the country, regiments can be either combat units or administrative units or both and this is often contrasted to the continental system adopted by many armies. Generally, divisions are garrisoned together and share the same installations, thus, in divisional administration, soldiers and officers are transferred in and out of divisions as required. Some regiments recruited from specific areas, and usually incorporated the place name into the regimental name. In other cases, regiments would recruit from an age group within a nation. In other cases, new regiments were raised for new functions within an army, e. g. the Fusiliers, the Parachute Regiment, a key aspect of the regimental system is that the regiment or battalion is the fundamental tactical building block. This flows historically from the period, when battalions were widely dispersed and virtually autonomous. For example, a regiment might include different types of battalions of different origins, within the regimental system, soldiers, and usually officers, are always posted to a tactical unit of their own regiment whenever posted to field duty
19.
Union Army
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The Union Army was the land force that fought for the Union during the American Civil War,1861 to 1865. It included the permanent regular army of the United States, which was augmented by numbers of temporary units consisting of volunteers as well as conscripts. The Union Army fought and eventually defeated the Confederate Army during the war, at least two and a half million men served in the Union Army, almost all were volunteers. About 360,000 Union soldiers died from all causes,280,000 were wounded and 200,000 deserted. When the American Civil War began in April 1861, there were only 16,000 men in the U. S. Army, and of these many Southern officers resigned and joined the Confederate army. The U. S. Army consisted of ten regiments of infantry, four of artillery, Lincolns call forced the border states to choose sides, and four seceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. The war proved to be longer and more extensive than anyone North or South had expected, the call for volunteers initially was easily met by patriotic Northerners, abolitionists, and even immigrants who enlisted for a steady income and meals. Over 10,000 Germans in New York and Pennsylvania immediately responded to Lincolns call, as more men were needed, however, the number of volunteers fell and both money bounties and forced conscription had to be turned to. Nevertheless, between April 1861 and April 1865, at least two and a million men served in the Union Army, of whom the majority were volunteers. It is a misconception that the South held an advantage because of the percentage of professional officers who resigned to join the Confederate army. At the start of the war, there were 824 graduates of the U. S, Military Academy on the active list, of these,296 resigned or were dismissed, and 184 of those became Confederate officers. Of the approximately 900 West Point graduates who were civilians,400 returned to the Union Army and 99 to the Confederate. Therefore, the ratio of Union to Confederate professional officers was 642 to 283, the South did have the advantage of other military colleges, such as The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute, but they produced fewer officers. The Union Army was composed of numerous organizations, which were generally organized geographically, Military Division A collection of Departments reporting to one commander. Military Divisions were similar to the modern term Theater, and were modeled close to, though not synonymous with. Department An organization that covered a region, including responsibilities for the Federal installations therein. Those named for states usually referred to Southern states that had been occupied and it was more common to name departments for rivers or regions. District A subdivision of a Department, there were also Subdistricts for smaller regions
20.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
21.
Peoria, Illinois
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Peoria is a city in and the county seat of Peoria County, Illinois, United States, and the largest city on the Illinois River. Established in 1691 by the French explorer Henri de Tonti, Peoria is the oldest European settlement in Illinois, as of the 2010 census, the city was the seventh-most populated in Illinois, with a population of 115,007. The Peoria Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 373,590 in 2011, Peoria had a population of 118,943 in 2010, when far northern Peoria was also included. Around 12,000 jobs will still remain in the Peoria area, Peoria is one of the oldest settlements in Illinois, as explorers first ventured up the Illinois River from the Mississippi. The lands that eventually would become Peoria were first settled in 1680 and this fort would later burn to the ground, and in 1813 Fort Clark, Illinois was built. When the County of Peoria was organized in 1825, Fort Clark was officially named Peoria, Peoria was named after the Peoria tribe, a member of the Illinois Confederation. The original meaning of the word is uncertain, a 21st-century proposal suggests a derivation from a Proto-Algonquian word meaning to dream with the help of a manitou. Peoria was incorporated as a village on March 11,1835, the city did not have a mayor, though they had a village president, Rudolphus Rouse, who served from 1835 to 1836. The first Chief of Police, John B Lishk, was appointed in 1837, the city was incorporated on April 21,1845. This was the end of a president and the start of the mayoral system. Peoria, Arizona, a suburb of Phoenix, was named after Peoria, greenhut and Deloss S. Brown − wished to name it after their hometown. Peoria is located at 40°43′15″N 89°36′34″W, according to the 2010 census, Peoria has a total area of 50.23 square miles, of which 48.01 square miles is land and 2.22 square miles is water. Peoria is bounded on the east by the Illinois River except for the enclave of Peoria Heights, four bridges run directly between the city and neighboring East Peoria. On the south end of Peorias western border are Bartonville and the established city of West Peoria. Local municipal plans indicate that the city intends to continue its expansion northwest, into an area considered part of Dunlap. Peoria has a continental climate, with cold, snowy winters. Monthly daily mean temperatures range from 22.5 °F to 75.2 °F, snowfall is common in the winter, averaging 26.3 inches, but this figure varies considerably from year to year. Precipitation, averaging 36 inches, peaks in the spring and summer, extremes have ranged from −27 °F in January 1884 to 113 °F in July 1936
22.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
23.
Colonel (United States)
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It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services. The pay grade for colonel is O-6, the insignia of the rank of colonel, as seen on the right, is worn on the officers left side. The insignia for a colonel is an eagle which is a stylized representation of the eagle dominating the Great Seal of the United States. As on the Great Seal, the eagle has a U. S. shield superimposed on its chest and is holding an olive branch, however, in simplification of the Great Seal image, the insignia lacks the scroll in the eagles mouth and the rosette above its head. On the Great Seal, the branch is always clutched in the eagles right-side talons. The head of the eagle faces towards the branch, rather than the arrows. As a result, the head of the eagle faces towards the viewers left. During World War II the military insignia for the rank of Colonel changed somewhat with the eagle facing the arrows and this was done only during war years. These special war eagles, although rare, can sometimes be found in surplus or memorabilia sales. In the United States Army and United States Air Force, the eagle is worn with the head of the eagle to the wearers right. In the United States Marine Corps, United States Navy, United States Coast Guard and NOAA, the United States rank of colonel is a direct successor to the same rank in the British Army. The first colonels in America were appointed from Colonial militias maintained as reserves to the British Army in the American colonies, upon the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, colonial legislatures would grant commissions to men to raise a regiment and serve as its colonels. Thus, the first American colonels were usually respected men with ties in local communities, such was the origin of the phrase soldier and statesman. With the post-war reduction of the US Army, the rank of colonel disappeared, the first insignia for the rank of colonel consisted of gold epaulettes worn on the blue uniform of the Continental Army. The first recorded use of the insignia was in 1805 as this insignia was made official in uniform regulations by 1810. The rank of colonel was relatively rare in the early 19th century, partly because the U. S. Army was very small, and the rank was usually obtained only after long years of service. During the War of 1812 the Army grew rapidly and many colonels were appointed, a number of other colonels were appointed by brevet - an honorary promotion usually for distinguished service in combat. The American Civil War saw an influx of colonels as the rank was commonly held in both the Confederate army and Union Army by those who commanded a regiment
24.
Thomas J. Henderson (politician)
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Thomas Jefferson Henderson was a U. S. Representative from Illinois and a Union Army officer during the American Civil War, born in Brownsville, Tennessee, Henderson moved with his parents to Illinois at the age of eleven. He served as clerk of the Board of Commissioners of Stark County, Illinois from 1847 to 1849. and he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1852 and commenced practice in Toulon, Illinois. Henderson served as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives in 1855 and 1856 and he entered the Union Army in 1862 as colonel of the 112th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment and fought in the Siege of Knoxville and Atlanta Campaign being wounded at the Battle of Resaca. He commanded the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps and he was brevetted brigadier general in January 1865 and led his brigade at the Battle of Wilmington. With the wars end, Henderson resumed the practice of law and moved to Princeton, Illinois and he was appointed collector of internal revenue for the fifth district of Illinois in 1871. Henderson was elected as a Republican to the Forty-fourth and to the nine succeeding Congresses and he served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, and of the Committee on Rivers and Harbors. He also served as chairman of the Republican conference in the House and he was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1894. He was appointed to the board of managers for the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers in 1896 and he was appointed civilian member on the Board of Ordnance and Fortifications in 1900 and served until his death in Washington, D. C. on February 6,1911. He was interred in Oakland Cemetery in Princeton, Illinois, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
25.
Army of Kentucky
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The Army of Kentucky was the name of two Union army formations. Both were small and short-lived, serving in Kentucky in 1862 and 1863, on August 25,1862 Major General William Bull Nelson assumed command of the forces stationed around Richmond, Kentucky. Although the whole force was no more than two brigades, Nelson dubbed the force Army of Kentucky, the two brigades were commanded by brigadier generals Mahlon D. Manson and Charles Cruft respectively. Merely five days after its creation, the army of green soldiers went into action at the Battle of Richmond and was soundly defeated. The army lost over 800 killed and 4,000 prisoners, because of the large number of prisoners and the wounding of General Nelson, the Army of Kentucky virtually ceased to exist. General Cruft officially remained in command of the 2nd Brigade until September but the majority of his brigade had captured while the rest simply marched back to New Albany. Captain Charles C. Gilbert was appointed acting major general and placed in command of the remnants of the Army, in September 1862 General Don Carlos Buell absorbed the remnants into the III Corps of the Army of the Ohio. On October 7,1862 Major General Gordon Granger revived the name Army of Kentucky and it was originally composed of three divisions commanded respectively by generals Andrew J. Smith, Quincy A. Gilmore, and Absalom Baird. This form of the army was unusual in the fact that on January 20, bairds division fought at the Battle of Thompsons Station in March 1863 and nearly one entire brigade was captured there. In April,1863 the army was composed of two divisions of infantry under Charles C. Gilbert and Absalom Baird with a brigade of cavalry under Green Clay Smith, a division of cavalry under David S. Stanley was attached as well as the garrison of Franklin, TN. In this formation the army fought at the Battle of the Harpeth River on April 10, on June 8,1863 the Army of Kentucky essentially became the Reserve Corps of the Army of the Cumberland still under the command of Granger
26.
Department of the Ohio
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Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan was designated as its first commander. McClellan led efforts in the spring and early summer of 1861 to occupy the area of western Virginia that wanted to remain in the Union and his forces defeated two small Confederate armies and paved the way for the region to later became the state of West Virginia. After McClellan was reassigned to command the Army of the Potomac, under his directive, troops pushed southward towards Huntsville, Alabama, from Chattanooga, Tennessee, but were turned away. Then, General Orders No.97 commanded Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell to assume command of the department, all the forces of the department were then organized into the Army of the Ohio with Buell in command. The Department of the Ohio was dissolved in March 11,1862, when it was merged into the Department of the Mississippi and the Department of the Mountains. The Department of the Ohio was recreated on August 19,1862, and consisted of the states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright was assigned to command the reconstituted department. In September, western Virginia was added to the department, along with all Federal troops in the region. On March 25,1863, after the Senate refused to confirm Wrights promotion to major general, Wright, after briefly occupying a subordinate command in Louisville, Kentucky, transferred in May 1863 to the Army of the Potomac to command the 1st Division of VI Corps. Burnside consolidated all the forces of the department and created the XXIII Corps, elements of the new Army of the Ohio helped repel Morgans Raid, although the entire army rarely functioned as a single unit during this campaign. On October 16,1863, the Department of the Ohio became part of the Military Division of the Mississippi, under the overall command of Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. Due to illness, Burnside asked to be relieved of command after the Battle of Fort Sanders and was replaced by Maj. Gen. John G. Foster on December 9. On February 9,1864, Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield assumed command of the Department of the Ohio, for much of the remainder of the war, the department was synonymous with the Army of the Ohio. Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press,2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. Its Border Annals, Its Part in the Indian Wars, in the War of 1812, in the Mexican War, and in the War of the Rebellion, with a Prefix, Giving a Compendium of the History of the United States. War Department, The War of the Rebellion, a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901
27.
XXIII Corps (Union Army)
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XXIII Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the Western Theater as part of the Army of the Ohio, the corps was organized in April 1863 by order of the departmental commander, Ambrose E. Burnside. Along with Burnsides old IX Corps, which had been sent west with him after Fredericksburg, it was to maintain a defensive position in Eastern Tennessee. It originally consisted of two divisions under the command of General George L. Hartsuff. During this time it was commanded by Maj. Gen. Mahlon D. Manson, the Army of the Ohio joined William T. Sherman for the Atlanta Campaign that spring. IX Corps was detached and sent back to rejoin the Army of the Potomac, so the army consisted entirely of XXIII Corps and it served ably if unspectacularly throughout the campaign. In the fall of 1864, it was sent north to counter John B, hoods Franklin-Nashville Campaign, and it saw heavy action at the Battle of Franklin, though it was held in reserve at Nashville. After this campaign, the corps was sent east to serve in the Department of the South, it took part in the capture of Fort Fisher, during this time it was commanded by Maj. Gen. Jacob D. Cox. The corps ultimately joined Shermans army in the Carolinas Campaign, and was disbanded in August 1865. * Cox commanded briefly May 26–28,1864 and September 14 – October 22,1864 Boatner, Mark M. III, The Civil War Dictionary, Revised Edition, David McKay Company, Inc.1984
28.
Army of the Ohio
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The Army of the Ohio was the name of two Union armies in the American Civil War. The first army became the Army of the Cumberland and the army was created in 1863. General Orders No.97 appointed Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell to command the Department of the Ohio, all the forces of the department were then organized into the Army of the Ohio, with Buell in command. Early in 1862, the army fought its first battle at Mill Springs, although only the 1st Division, the whole army marched to reinforce Grants Army of the Tennessee at the Battle of Shiloh. However, Thomas foresaw a major battle and felt it unwise to change an army commander on the eve of battle, thus Buell remained in command of the Army and Thomas was made his second-in-command. The battle Thomas foresaw occurred on October 8,1862, west of Perryville, Confederate General Braxton Bragg had marched into Kentucky to recruit soldiers and take the state from the Union. The full force of Buells command was gathering when Bragg attacked, known as the Battle of Perryville, or the Battle of Chandler Hills, casualties were very high on both sides. Although Union losses were higher, Bragg withdrew from Kentucky when the fighting was over, Buell was subsequently relieved of all field command. Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans was appointed to command the Army of Ohio and he was also appointed to command of the Department of the Cumberland and subsequently renamed his forces the Army of the Cumberland. On 25 March 1863, Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside assumed command of the Department of the Ohio, Burnside consolidated all the forces of the department and created the XXIII Corps, which was also styled the Army of the Ohio, with himself in command. He became one of the few officers to command two completely different armies. The new Army of the Ohio first repelled Morgans Ohio raid, next Burnside moved to Knoxville, Tennessee. Here the IX Corps was added and the army grew to two corps, plus a division of cavalry, Burnside defeated the Confederates at the Battle of Fort Sanders in the Knoxville Campaign. After the battle, he asked to be relieved of command due to illness, Maj. Gen. John G. Foster replaced Burnside as commander of the Army and Department of the Ohio on December 9. Fosters time in command of the Army was short, on February 9,1864, Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield assumed command of the Department of the Ohio, and then the Army of the Ohio and the XXIII Corps in April. During this time the XXIII Corps and the Army of the Ohio were synonymous, Schofield led the Army during the Atlanta Campaign and pursued Confederate Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood into Tennessee after the fall of Atlanta. At the Battle of Franklin, Schofield inflicted a defeat on Hoods army before joining with Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas. On February 9,1865, Schofield was transferred to command the Department of North Carolina, when Schofield departed to assume departmental command, Maj. Gen. Jacob D. Cox temporarily assumed command of the Army
29.
Department of North Carolina
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The Department of Virginia and North Carolina was a United States Military department encompassing Union-occupied territory in the Confederate States during the Civil War. In 1863 it was formed by the merging of two previously existing departments, the Department of Virginia and the Department of North Carolina, in 1865 the two departments were once again separated. Major General Benjamin F. Butler was appointed the its first commander, early battles undertaken by troops from this department under General Butler included actions at Big Bethel and Hatteras Inlent. Early on the department was known as the ‘’’Department of Southeastern Virginia’’’. On January 7,1862, the areas of North Carolina were detached to form the Department of North Carolina, on June 1,1862, the area south of the Rappahannock River and east of the Fredericksburg-Richmond-Petersburg-Weldon Railroad were added to the department. From June 26,1862, to September 12,1862, on July 15,1863, the Dept. of Virginia was merged with the Dept. of North Carolina. On April 19,1865, much of the rest of Virginia was added, from January 18,1865, to August 1,1865, the Army of the James consisted of troops from this department which were the first to enter the fallen capital city of Richmond. 1861 Benjamin F. Butler John E. Wool George B. McClellan John Adams Dix Erasmus D. Keyes John Adams Dix 1865E. O. C, ord Henry W. Halleck Alfred H. These areas were part of the Department of Virginia. Brigadier General Ambrose E. Burnside was the department’s first commander, early territories captured by Burnside’s Expeditionary Force included Roanoke Island, New Bern, Morehead City, Beaufort and Fort Macon. On December 24,1862, XVIII Corps was created, composed of the five divisions stationed in North Carolina, on July 15,1863, the department was merged with the Department of Virginia. The Department of North Carolina was headquartered at the Slover-Bradham House in New Bern, on January 31,1865, the department was re-created to include Union-occupied areas of North Carolina excluding those occupied by the armies of William T. Sherman. General John M. Schofield was hand picked by Ulysses Grant to head the department, Schofield assembled troops within the department into the Wilmington Expeditionary Force which he personally led in the capture of Wilmington. Significant territories included in the department were those captured by Ambrose Burnside in 1862 along with recently captured Fort Fisher, in March 1865, The troops of the Department of North Carolina formed the revived X Corps, under the command of Alfred Terry. On May 19,1866, it was merged into the Department of the Carolinas,1862 Ambrose Burnside John G. Foster Innis N. Palmer John G. Foster 1865John M. Schofield Jacob D. Cox Thomas H. From December 21,1863, to June 27,1864 St. Marys County, on January 18,1865, the department was again separated into the Dept. of Virginia and Dept. of North Carolina. From August 12,1863, to April 25,1864, the Army and District of North Carolina were commanded by John J. Peck. From April 28,1864, to January 18,1865 and it primarily served in Virginia during the Bermuda Hundred Campaign and during the siege of Petersburg conducting operations against the city of Richmond north of the James River
30.
Greensboro, North Carolina
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Greensboro is a city in the U. S. state of North Carolina. It is the third-largest city by population in North Carolina and the county seat and largest city in Guilford County, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 269,666, and in 2015 the estimated population was 285,342. Three major interstate highways in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city, in 1808, Greensborough was planned around a central courthouse square to succeed Guilford Court House as the county seat. In 2003, the previous Greensboro – Winston-Salem – High Point metropolitan statistical area was re-defined by the U. S. Office of Management and this region was separated into the Greensboro-High Point MSA and the Winston-Salem MSA. The 2010 population for the Greensboro-High Point MSA was 723,801, the combined statistical area of Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, popularly referred to as the Piedmont Triad, had a population of 1,599,477. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Greensboro were a Siouan-speaking people called the Saura, other indigenous cultures had occupied this area for thousands of years, typically settling along the waterways, as did the early settlers. Quaker migrants from Pennsylvania, by way of Maryland, arrived at Capefair in about 1750, the new settlers began organized religious services affiliated with the Cane Creek Friends Meeting in Snow Camp in 1751. Three years later,40 Quaker families were granted approval to establish New Garden Monthly Meeting, the settlement grew rapidly during the next three years, adding members from as far away as Nantucket in Massachusetts. It soon became the most important Quaker community in North Carolina and mother of several other Quaker meetings that were established in the state and west of the Appalachians. After the Revolutionary War, the city of Greensboro was named for Major General Nathanael Greene, although the Americans lost the battle, Greenes forces inflicted heavy casualties on the British Army of General Cornwallis. Following this battle, Cornwallis withdrew his troops to a British coastal base in Wilmington, Greensboro was established near the geographic center of Guilford County, on land that was an unbroken forest with thick undergrowth of huckleberry bushes, that bore a finely flavored fruit. Property for the village was purchased from the Saura for $98. Three north-south streets were laid out intersecting with three east-west streets, the courthouse was built at the center of the intersection of Elm and Market streets. By 1821, the town was home to 369 residents, stimulated by rail traffic and improved access to markets, the city grew substantially, soon becoming known as the Gate City due to its role as a transportation hub for the Piedmont. The railroads transported goods to and from the textile mills. Many of the manufacturers developed workers housing in mill villages near their facilities, Textile companies and related businesses continued into the 21st century, when most went bankrupt, reorganized, and/or merged with other companies as textile manufacturing jobs moved offshore. Greensboro is still a center of the textile industry, with the main offices of International Textile Group, Galey & Lord, Unifi. ITG Brands, maker of Kool, Winston and Salem brand cigarettes, is the third largest tobacco company in the United States and is headquartered in Greensboro, rail traffic continues to be important for the citys economy, as Greensboro is a major regional freight hub
31.
North Carolina
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North Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U. S. states. The state is divided into 100 counties, the most populous municipality is Charlotte, which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City. The state has a range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet at Mount Mitchell. The climate of the plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a highland climate. North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west, Virginia on the north, the United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region. So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic, the most famous of these is the Queen Annes Revenge, which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718. The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the states most populous region, containing the six largest cities in the state by population. It consists of rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet in the west, the western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, the Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet, the highest point east of the Mississippi River. North Carolina has 17 major river basins, the five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico, while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins,11 originate within the state of North Carolina, but only four are contained entirely within the states border – the Cape Fear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlico basin. Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state, the climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream, especially in the coastal plain. These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast, the coastal plain averages around 1 inch of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all. North Carolina experiences severe weather in summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain
32.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
33.
Falmouth, Kentucky
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Falmouth is a home rule-class city in, and the county seat of, Pendleton County, Kentucky, in the United States. The population was 2,169 according to the 2010 census and it lies at the confluence of the South and Main forks of the Licking River and is home to Kincaid Regional Theatre. Falmouth is located at 38°40′26″N 84°20′3″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.3 square miles, all land. Possibly settled as early as 1780, Falmouth was laid out by John Waller, Waller named the new settlement after his native Falmouth, Virginia. It was incorporated as a city in 1856, the town is perhaps best remembered for natural disasters that have devastated the town over the last half of the 20th Century. In 1964, the Licking River reached 47 feet and left much of the town under water, on April 23,1968 a tornado leveled many homes in the town. On March 2,1997, a flood on the Licking River again left the town crippled. The river reached 52 feet and left 80% of the town under several feet of water, many homes and business were damaged and five residents were killed. Elzey Hughes House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Kincaid Regional Theatre, also referred to as KRT, has called Falmouth home since 1983. Since the theatres founding, KRT has achieved musical theatre excellence by employing local actors from the Cincinnati metropolitan area, with the help of many supporters, KRT continues to enhance the arts in the community with a summer childrens theatre workshop and through involvement with local schools. Summer and Christmas musicals are staged in an indoor, air-conditioned auditorium at the Falmouth School Center, previously known as the Pendleton County Middle School and Falmouth High School. Some of the most recent productions put on by KRT have been, Beauty and the Beast Jr. Footloose, All Shook Up, Joseph and the Technicolor Dreamcoat, Falmouth also hosts one of Kentuckys largest fall events, the Kentucky Wool Festival. The Wool Festival is an event that takes place just outside Kincaid Lake State Park during the first full weekend of October. The festival promotes sheep, wool products, and the community, providing activities. Heritage demonstrations also highlight Pendleton County and Kentucky history, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,058 people,849 households, and 521 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,598.9 people per square mile, there were 988 housing units at an average density of 767.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 21% White,1. 90% African American,0. 63% Native American,0. 10% Asian,0. 63% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 36% of the population. 34. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 18. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 3.03
34.
Brigadier general (United States)
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In the United States Armed Forces, brigadier general is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U. S. Army, U. S. Marine Corps, and U. S. Air Force. Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general, the rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral in the other uniformed services. The rank of brigadier general has existed in the U. S. military since the inception of the Continental Army in June 1775, later, on June 18,1780, it was prescribed that brigadier generals would instead wear a single silver star on each epaulette. At first, brigadier generals were infantry officers who commanded a brigade, however, over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, the responsibilities of the rank expanded significantly. During the period from March 16,1802, to January 11,1812, foreseeing the need for an expanded general staff in case of war, which seemed imminent, Congress restored the rank of major general in January 1812. The first brigadier general in the U. S. Marine Corps was Commandant Archibald Henderson, the insignia for a brigadier general is one silver star worn on the shoulder or collar, and has not changed since the creation of the rank two centuries ago. Since the Mexican-American War, however, the rank of colonel has been the normal rank appointed to command a brigade that is organic to a division. In an infantry brigade not organic to a division, a brigadier general serves as the units commander, an Air Force brigadier general typically commands a large wing. Additionally, one-star officers of all services may serve as staff officers in large military organizations. U. S. Code of law explicitly limits the number of general officers who may be on active duty. The total of active duty general officers is capped at 230 for the Army,60 for the Marine Corps, the President or Secretary of Defense may increase the number of general slots in one branch, so long as they subtract an equal number from another. Some of these slots are reserved by statute, for promotion to the permanent grade of brigadier general, eligible officers are screened by a promotion board consisting of general officers from their branch of service. This promotion board then generates a list of officers it recommends for promotion to general rank and this list is then sent to the service secretary and the joint chiefs for review before it can be sent to the President, through the defense secretary, for consideration. The President nominates officers to be promoted from this list with the advice of the Secretary of Defense, the secretary, and if applicable. The President may nominate any eligible officer who is not on the recommended list if it serves in the interest of the nation, the Senate must then confirm the nominee by a majority vote before the officer can be promoted. Once the nominee is confirmed, they are promoted to that once they assume or hold an office that requires or allows an officer of that rank. For positions of office reserved by statute, the President nominates an officer for appointment to fill that position, for all three uniformed services, because the grade of brigadier general is a permanent rank, the nominee may still be screened by an in-service promotion board. The rank does not expire when the officer vacates a one-star position, tour length varies depending on the position, by statute, or when the officer receives a new assignment
35.
Lieutenant colonel (United States)
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In the United States Army, U. S. Marine Corps, and U. S. Air Force, a lieutenant colonel is a field grade military officer rank just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel. It is equivalent to the rank of commander in the other uniformed services. The pay grade for the rank of lieutenant colonel is O-5, in the United States armed forces, the insignia for the rank consists of a silver oak leaf, with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Navy/Marine Corps version. While often written as Lt. Colonel in orders and signature blocks, as a courtesy, lieutenant colonels are addressed simply as colonel verbally, the U. S. Army uses the three letter abbreviation LTC. The United States Marine Corps and U. S. Air Force use the abbreviations LtCol and Lt Col respectively. The U. S. Government Printing Office recommends the abbreviation LTC for U. S. Army usage, LtCol for Marine Corps usage, the Associated Press Stylebook recommends the abbreviation Lt. Col. for the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force. Slang terms for the historically used by the U. S. military include light colonel, short colonel, light bird, half colonel, bottlecap colonel. The rank of lieutenant colonel has existed in the British Army since at least the 16th century and was used in both American colonial militia and colonial regular regiments. The Continental Army continued the British and colonial use of the rank of lieutenant colonel, the lieutenant colonel was sometimes known as lieutenant to the colonel. In British practice, regiments were commanded by their lieutenant colonels. The conversion was never completely effected and some regiments remained commanded by colonels throughout the war, from 1784 until 1791, there was only one lieutenant colonel in the US Army, who acted as the armys commanding officer. In the Continental Army aides to the Commander in Chief, viz, Lieutenant General George Washington, were lieutenant colonels. Additionally, certain officers serving under the Adjutant General, Inspector General, such was the case of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, who commanded a Maine regiment as both a lieutenant colonel and later as a colonel. Such was the case with George A. Custer, who was a lieutenant colonel in the regular army, a lieutenant colonel may also serve as a brigade/brigade combat team, regiment/regimental combat team, Marine Aviation Group, Marine Expeditionary Unit, or battalion task force executive officer. These staff positions may include, G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, usage of The G-n may refer to either a specific staff section or the staff officer leading a section. Lieutenant colonels may also be junior staff at a variety of higher echelons, Lieutenant colonels may also serve on general staffs and may be the heads of some wing staff departments. Senior Lieutenant colonels occasionally serve as group commanders, in US Army and Air Force ROTC detachments, the commanding officer is typically a lieutenant colonel, along with several majors, captains, and non-commissioned officers serving as assistants. However, some detachments are commanded by full colonels, the rank of lieutenant colonel is also used by many large American police departments for officers in senior administrative positions
36.
Illinois in the American Civil War
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The U. S. state of Illinois during the American Civil War was a major source of troops for the Union Army, and of military supplies, food, and clothing. Situated near major rivers and railroads, Illinois became a jumping off place early in the war for Ulysses S. Grants efforts to seize control of the Mississippi. Statewide, public support for the Union was high despite Copperhead sentiment, Illinois contributed 250,000 soldiers to the Union Army, ranking it fourth in terms of the total manpower in Federal military service. Illinois troops predominantly fought in the Western Theater, although a few regiments played important roles in the East, several thousand Illinoisians were killed or died of their wounds during the war, and a number of national cemeteries were established in Illinois to bury their remains. No major battles were fought in the state, although several river towns became sites for important supply depots, several prisoner of war camps and prisons dotted the state after 1863, processing thousands of captive Confederate soldiers. However, not everyone in the supported the war. In fact, there were calls for secession in Southern Illinois or Little Egypt by several residents. In Marion residents voted to secede from the United States, a few, even, volunteered for the Confederate States Army in Tennessee. This can be attributed to the close cultural and economic ties to the South since many Southerners had migrated there. However, the movement for secession soon fizzled after the proposal was blocked and shelved, eighteen counties of southern Illinois formed the congressional district of Democrat John A. Logan. Rumors abounded in early 1861 whether he would organize his supporters, in fact he was suppressing pro-Confederate elements, and organizing his supporters to fight for the Union. Lincoln made him a general, and Logan played a role under generals Grant. His men marched to war as Democrats, they marched home as Republicans, Logan helped found the Grand Army of the Republic veteran organization, was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican, and was the Republican vice presidential nominee in 1884. As a precaution, Union troops remained in Little Egypt for the remainder of the war, with good reason, Southern and Confederate sentiment would remain alive with the growing Copperhead political movement in the North. During the Civil War,256,297 Illinoisians served in the Union army, more than any northern state except New York, Pennsylvania. Seventeen cavalry regiments were mustered, as well as two light artillery regiments. Camp Douglas, located near Chicago, was one of the largest training camps for these troops, both served as leading prisoner-of-war camps for captive Confederates. Another significant POW camp was located at Rock Island, several thousand Confederates died while in custody in Illinois prison camps and are buried in a series of nearby cemeteries
37.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
38.
Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
39.
Frederick H. Dyer
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Frederick Henry Dyer served as a drummer boy in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Born in 1849, Dyer lost both his parents in childhood, in July 1863, at the age of 14, already two years into the civil war, Dyer and a friend ran away from school with the intention of joining the army. Although his friends aunt provided guardian consent for him to enlist as a minor, Dyer carefully assumed his friends surname, Metzger, to avoid being traced and returned to school. On July 25, having passed the physical examination, he became a drummer boy in Company H of the 7th Connecticut Infantry Regiment. Dyer continued to serve with Company H during the two years of the war. It is unknown whether he participated in any fighting. The 7th Connecticut was equipped with Spencer carbines in December 1863, Dyer stopped using his false name after the war. He attended Russell Military Institute and Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, Connecticut, from the age of 18, he became a commercial traveller – an occupation he maintained for about fourteen years – moving between various cities in the states of Pennsylvania and New York. He moved to Philadelphia in 1870, where he manufactured and sold escutcheons to veterans, in 1875 he was married in Bridgeville, Delaware and moved to Pittsburgh until the fall of 1876, then moved to Washington, Pennsylvania. Whilst living in Washington he went into business with a H. Frank Ward, forming Dyer and Ward – Printers, Stationers and Binders, Dyer moved around on business, residing in several cities between 1885 and 1912, before settling his family in Cleveland, Ohio. Dyer remained in Des Moines until 1912, to promote the Compendium from his office, before moving to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1867, Dyer became a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, a patriotic society of civil war Union veterans. It was around this time that he started to acquire details about Union regiments and his job as a commercial traveller brought him in touch with many veterans and officials, from whom he gathered official figures. The statistics he collected expanded into areas, from regiments to details of formations, battles, movements. Dyer utilized the materials available at the War Department, namely the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion. After 35 years of gathering, he moved into a single room in Des Moines to start producing a compendium worthy of print. He made seven revisions, each taking around seven months, as he sifted through piles of paperwork and notes, to produce an accurate account of the Union army. Working day and night, sleeping in a bed placed close to his desk, he toiled over the Compendium from 1904 until 1908, part II – Chronological record of the campaigns, battles, engagements, actions, combats, sieges, skirmishes. Etc. in the United States 1861 to 1865, the original Compendium, which was bound in morocco leather and pebbled cloth, sold at $10 apiece
This article contains text from a text now in the public domain: Dyer, Frederick H. (1908). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. Des Moines, IA: Dyer Publishing Co.