1.
Newcastle, New South Wales
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Located 162 kilometres north-northeast of Sydney, at the mouth of the Hunter River, it is the predominant city within the Hunter Region. Famous for its coal, Newcastle is the largest coal exporting harbour in the world, beyond the city, the Hunter Region possesses large coal deposits. Geologically, the area is located in the part of the Sydney basin. Newcastle and the lower Hunter Region were traditionally occupied by the Awabakal and Worimi Aboriginal People, in September 1797 Lieutenant John Shortland became the first European settler to explore the area. His discovery of the area was largely accidental, as he had sent in search of a number of convicts who had seized HMS Cumberland as she was sailing from Sydney Cove. While returning, Lt. Shortland entered what he described as a very fine river. He returned with reports of the port and the areas abundant coal. Over the next two years, coal mined from the area was the New South Wales colonys first export, Newcastle gained a reputation as a hellhole as it was a place where the most dangerous convicts were sent to dig in the coal mines as harsh punishment for their crimes. By the start of the 19th century the mouth of the Hunter River was being visited by groups of men, including coal diggers, timber-cutters. Philip Gidley King, the Governor of New South Wales from 1800, in 1801, a convict camp called Kings Town was established to mine coal and cut timber. In the same year, the first shipment of coal was dispatched to Sydney and this settlement closed less than a year later. A settlement was attempted in 1804, as a place of secondary punishment for unruly convicts. The settlement was named Coal River, also Kingstown and then renamed Newcastle, the new settlement, comprising convicts and a military guard, arrived at the Hunter River on 27 March 1804 in three ships, HMS Lady Nelson, the Resource and the James. The convicts were rebels from the 1804 Castle Hill convict rebellion, Morpeth, New South Wales is a similar distance north of Newcastle as Morpeth, Northumberland is north of Newcastle upon Tyne. Under Captain James Wallis, commandant from 1815 to 1818, the conditions improved. The quality of these first buildings was poor, and only breakwater survives, during this period, in 1816, the oldest public school in Australia was built in East Newcastle. Newcastle remained a settlement until 1822, when the settlement was opened up to farming. As a penal colony, the rule was harsh, especially at Limeburners Bay
2.
Maitland, New South Wales
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It is on the New England Highway about 17 km from its start at Hexham. The city centre is located on the bank of the Hunter River. Surrounding areas include the cities of Cessnock and Singleton local government areas, originally Maitland was a culmination of three separate towns which arose roughly all around the same time. West Maitland, now just Maitland, was a privately founded town grew because of its proximity to the river. The other areas were East Maitland, which was established by the colonial New South Wales government, and Morpeth, another private town founded by Lieutenant Close, each town functioned as if they were separate municipalities. The name, Maitland, was reported in 1885 to have had its name taken from Sir George Maitland, under Secretary for the Colonies, and M. P. for the Borough of Whitchurch, in Hampshire, England. The present city was proclaimed in 1945 with the amalgamation of the three local government areas, the citys boundaries have been increased by incorporating parts of other local government areas since then. West Maitland was founded in 1820 close to the reach of the Hunter River where vessels with a shallow draft could navigate. Nearby Morpeth served as the head of navigation for larger ships, originally the route river route between Morpeth and West Maitland was 26 kilometres, today after various floods and river course changes this has reduced to just 9 kilometres. Maitland was therefore the point at which goods were unloaded for, and distributed to, accordingly, there were large warehouses built, which faced onto the main High Street and backed onto the Hunter River. For almost 20 years until the Victorian gold rush, Maitland was the second largest town in Australia, the arrival of the railway from Newcastle in the 1850s, coupled with the increasing silting of the river and larger ships spelt the end of the traditional river traffic. The first electricity connected in the area was to Maitland Town Hall in 1922, to the Halls front light. The first bridge to link West Maitland with what is now the suburb of Lorn was opened in 1869 and named in honour of the then Governor of New South Wales, the 4th Earl of Belmore. Although the bridge proved vital to the development, the floods of 1893,1913 and 1930 began to heighten the need for a new bridge that could withstand periodic flooding. A second Belmore Bridge, designed to withstand the impact of debris during floods, was adjacent to the 1869 bridge in 1964. The new bridge, which redirected traffic away from St. Andrews Street to a new intersection at the Maitland Court House, is one of the three main river crossings. Maitlands proximity to the Hunter River has resulted in a succession of floods since European settlement, over 200 floods have occurred on the Hunter River since settlement,13 of those higher than the rivers normal peak limit of 10.7 metres. Of these 13, all have had an effect on the city of Maitland
3.
Port Stephens Council
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Port Stephens Council is a local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. The area is just north of Newcastle and is adjacent to the Pacific Highway which runs through Raymond Terrace, the area is named after Port Stephens, which is the major geographical feature of the area. It extends generally from the Hunter River in the south, to near Clarence Town in the north, the Mayor of the Port Stephens Council is Bruce MacKenzie. In the southern part of the area are the communities of Bobs Farm, Fern Bay, Fullerton Cove, Salt Ash, Tomago. Tomago supports both rural and industrial communities while Williamtown is the location for a Royal Australian Air Force base that shares its airfield with Newcastle Airport, at the northern end of the area are Karuah and Twelve Mile Creek. Located adjacent to Port Stephens and straddling the Karuah River, Karuah is predominantly residential and it is the location of the largest Aboriginal community in the area. Twelve Mile Creek is almost exclusively rural, centrally located in the area, between Raymond Terrace and Port Stephens are Campvale, Ferodale and Medowie. Ferodale is dominated by Grahamstown Dam, a dam with a capacity of 131,800 megalitres that is a major source of fresh water in the region. The remainder of area is a mix of rural, semi-rural and residential developments. A map of the towns, suburbs and localities within the Port Stephens Council area is available from the Port Stephens Council website. At the 2011 census, there were 64,807 people in the Port Stephens local government area, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 3.6 per cent of the population, which was higher than the national and state averages of 2.5 per cent. The median age of people in the Port Stephens Council area was 42 years, children aged 0 –14 years made up 19.5 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 19.3 per cent of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over,52.0 per cent were married and 13.5 per cent were either divorced or separated, the median weekly income for residents within the Port Stephens Council area was significantly lower than the national average. At the 2011 census, the proportion of residents in the Port Stephens local government area who stated their ancestry as Australian or Anglo-Saxon exceeded 81 per cent of all residents. Port Stephens Council is composed of ten Councillors, including the Mayor, for a fixed term of office. The Mayor is directly elected while the nine other Councillors are elected proportionally as three separate wards, each electing three Councillors, in the initial proposal, Port Stephens Council was not included in any amalgamation proposals. The proposed merger has been met with significant opposition, thousands of residents have attended rallies and signed petitions opposed to the proposal, while 470 have attended public inquiry meetings. The state member for Port Stephens, Kate Washington, former state member Craig Baumann, federal Liberal member for Paterson, Bob Baldwin, spoke in parliament, urging the Liberal Baird government to reconsider the proposal, claiming this proposal seems to defy logic
4.
Cessnock, New South Wales
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Cessnock is a city in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia, about 52 km by road west of Newcastle. It is the centre of the City of Cessnock LGA and was named after an 1826 grant of land called Cessnock Estate. The local area was known as The Coalfields, and it is the gateway city to the vineyards of the Hunter Valley, which includes Pokolbin, Mount View, Lovedale, Broke, Rothbury. The estimated urban population of Cessnock was 22,596 at June 2015, having grown at an annual rate, year-on-year. The transition to wine service centre from a prosperous mining town has been a long. Cessnock lies between Australia’s earliest European settlements – Sydney, the Hawkesbury River and Newcastle, lying on the land route between these important settlements it provided early European contact with indigenous people who have inhabited the Cessnock area for more than 3,000 years. The Wonnarua people were the inhabitants at the time of European contact. Many were killed or died as a result of European diseases, others were forced onto neighbouring tribal territory and killed. The city of Cessnock abounds in place names and names with indigenous association which is indicative of this settlement and include Congewai, Kurri Kurri, Laguna, Nulkaba. Pastoralists commenced settling the land in the 1820s, Cessnock was named by Scottish settler John Campbell, after his grandfathers baronial Cessnock Castle in Galston, East Ayrshire, to reflect the aristocratic heritage and ambitions for this estate. The township of Cessnock developed from 1850, as a centre at the junction of the Great North Road from Sydney to the Hunter Valley, with branches to Maitland. The establishment of the South Maitland coalfields generated extensive land settlement between 1903 and 1923, the current pattern of urban development, transport routes and industrial landscape was laid at this time. The decline of mining on the South Maitland Coalfields has been paralleled by growth in the wine industry, the Hunter Valley wine-growing area near Cessnock is Australias oldest wine region and one of the most famous, with around 1,800 hectares under vine. The vineyards of Pokolbin, Mount View and Allandale, with their rich volcanic soils tended by entrepreneurial vignerons, are also the focus of a thriving and growing tourism industry, the extension and eventual completion of the F3 Freeway, created a property and tourism boom during the 1990s. Cessnock has begun to develop other tourist ventures beyond the industry such as championship golf courses, hot air ballooning, sky-diving. The city council has actively pursued a policy of urban renewal in the city centre since 2001, the local council was one of the first to introduce a recycling program for waste disposal in the state. The town is located in the alluvial and volcanic soils of the Hunter Valley. Rich coal seams underlie much of the area, the Brokenback Range rises to the west of the city
5.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
6.
Hertz
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The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in SI multiples kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, kilo means thousand, mega meaning million, giga meaning billion and tera for trillion. Some of the units most common uses are in the description of waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio-. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers, the hertz is equivalent to cycles per second, i. e. 1/second or s −1. In English, hertz is also used as the plural form, as an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed, commonly used multiples are kHz, MHz, GHz and THz. One hertz simply means one cycle per second,100 Hz means one hundred cycles per second, and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, the rate of aperiodic or stochastic events occur is expressed in reciprocal second or inverse second in general or, the specific case of radioactive decay, becquerels. Whereas 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second,1 Bq is 1 aperiodic radionuclide event per second, the conversion between a frequency f measured in hertz and an angular velocity ω measured in radians per second is ω =2 π f and f = ω2 π. This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, as with every International System of Units unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case. Note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase. — Based on The International System of Units, the hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1930, the term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the 1970s. One hobby magazine, Electronics Illustrated, declared their intention to stick with the traditional kc. Mc. etc. units, sound is a traveling longitudinal wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infants ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, the range of ultrasound, infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular and atomic vibrations extends from a few femtoHz into the terahertz range and beyond. Electromagnetic radiation is described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz. Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz
7.
Amplitude modulation
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Amplitude modulation is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the wave is varied in proportion to the waveform being transmitted. That waveform may, for instance, correspond to the sounds to be reproduced by a loudspeaker and this technique contrasts with frequency modulation, in which the frequency of the carrier signal is varied, and phase modulation, in which its phase is varied. AM was the earliest modulation method used to transmit voice by radio and it was developed during the first two decades of the 20th century beginning with Roberto Landell De Moura and Reginald Fessendens radiotelephone experiments in 1900. It remains in use today in many forms of communication, for example it is used in two way radios, VHF aircraft radio, Citizens Band Radio, and in computer modems. AM is often used to refer to mediumwave AM radio broadcasting, when it reaches its destination, the information signal is extracted from the modulated carrier by demodulation. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude or strength of the oscillations is what is varied. For example, in AM radio communication, a continuous wave signal has its amplitude modulated by an audio waveform before transmission. The audio waveform modifies the amplitude of the wave and determines the envelope of the waveform. In the frequency domain, amplitude modulation produces a signal with power concentrated at the carrier frequency, each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of the modulating signal, and is a mirror image of the other. Standard AM is thus sometimes called double-sideband amplitude modulation to distinguish it more sophisticated modulation methods also based on AM. One disadvantage of all amplitude modulation techniques is that the receiver amplifies and detects noise, increasing the received signal to noise ratio, say, by a factor of 10, thus would require increasing the transmitter power by a factor of 10. For this reason AM broadcast is not favored for music and high fidelity broadcasting, another disadvantage of AM is that it is inefficient in power usage, at least two-thirds of the power is concentrated in the carrier signal. The carrier signal contains none of the information being transmitted. However its presence provides a means of demodulation using envelope detection, providing a frequency. The receiver may regenerate a copy of the frequency from a greatly reduced pilot carrier to use in the demodulation process. Even with the carrier totally eliminated in double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission, carrier regeneration is possible using a Costas phase-locked loop and this doesnt work however for single-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission, leading to the characteristic Donald Duck sound from such receivers when slightly detuned. Single sideband is used widely in amateur radio and other voice communications both due to its power efficiency and bandwidth efficiency
8.
Frequency modulation
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In telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. This contrasts with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the wave varies. This modulation technique is known as frequency-shift keying, FSK is widely used in modems and fax modems, and can also be used to send Morse code. Frequency modulation is used for FM radio broadcasting. For this reason, most music is broadcast over FM radio, frequency modulation has a close relationship with phase modulation, phase modulation is often used as an intermediate step to achieve frequency modulation. Mathematically both of these are considered a case of quadrature amplitude modulation. While most of the energy of the signal is contained within fc ± fΔ, the frequency spectrum of an actual FM signal has components extending infinitely, although their amplitude decreases and higher-order components are often neglected in practical design problems. Mathematically, a baseband modulated signal may be approximated by a continuous wave signal with a frequency fm. This method is also named as Single-tone Modulation. As in other systems, the modulation index indicates by how much the modulated variable varies around its unmodulated level. e. The maximum deviation of the frequency from the carrier frequency. For a sine wave modulation, the index is seen to be the ratio of the peak frequency deviation of the carrier wave to the frequency of the modulating sine wave. If h ≪1, the modulation is called narrowband FM, sometimes modulation index h<0.3 rad is considered as Narrowband FM otherwise Wideband FM. In the case of digital modulation, the carrier f c is never transmitted, rather, one of two frequencies is transmitted, either f c + Δ f or f c − Δ f, depending on the binary state 0 or 1 of the modulation signal. If h ≫1, the modulation is called wideband FM, if the frequency deviation is held constant and the modulation frequency increased, the spacing between spectra increases. The carrier and sideband amplitudes are illustrated for different modulation indices of FM signals, for particular values of the modulation index, the carrier amplitude becomes zero and all the signal power is in the sidebands. Since the sidebands are on sides of the carrier, their count is doubled, and then multiplied by the modulating frequency to find the bandwidth. For example,3 kHz deviation modulated by a 2.2 kHz audio tone produces an index of 1.36. Suppose that we limit ourselves to only those sidebands that have an amplitude of at least 0.01
9.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
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The Australian Broadcasting Corporation is Australias national public broadcaster, owned and funded by the government. The ABC plays a role in the history of broadcasting in Australia. With a total budget of A$1. Founded in 1929 as the Australian Broadcasting Company, it was made a state-owned corporation on 1 July 1932 as the Australian Broadcasting Commission. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 changed the name of the organisation to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, although funded and owned by the government, the ABC remains editorially independent as ensured through the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983. The ABC is sometimes referred to as Aunty, originally in imitation of the British Broadcasting Corporations nickname. The first public station in Australia opened in Sydney on 23 November 1923 under the call sign 2SB with other stations in Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth. It also nationalised the Australian Broadcasting Company which had created by entertainment interests to supply programs to various radio stations. Over the next four years the stations were reformed into a broadcasting organisation through regular program relays. The Australian broadcast radio spectrum was constituted of the ABC and the commercial sector, in 1942 The Australian Broadcasting Act was passed, giving the ABC the power to decide when, and in what circumstances, political speeches should be broadcast. Directions from the Minister about whether or not to broadcast any matter now had to be made in writing and it was used only once, in 1963. In the same year, Kindergarten of the Air began on ABC Radio in Perth, cater argues that reform was urgently needed in 1945, By the end of World War II, the ABC was a decadent, hollow institution. Its authority had been compromised by a poorly drafted charter and further undermined by timid management, poor governance, in April 1945, Boyer refused to accept the post of chairman until Prime Minister Curtin issued a mandate of independence which Boyer drafted itself. The ABC commenced television broadcasting in 1956, and followed the earlier practice of naming the station after the first letter of the base state. ABN-2 Sydney was inaugurated by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 5 November 1956, with the first broadcast presented by Michael Charlton, aBV-2 followed two weeks later, on 18 November 1956. Stations in other cities followed, ABQ-2, ABS-2, ABW-2. ABC-3 Canberra opened in 1961, and ABD-6 started broadcasting in 1971, although radio programs could be distributed nationally by landline, television relay facilities were not in place until the early 1960s. This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each city by teleprinter, to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually
10.
Webcast
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A webcast is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand, essentially, webcasting is broadcasting over the Internet. The largest webcasters include existing radio and TV stations, who simulcast their output through online TV or online radio streaming, Webcasting usually consists of providing non-interactive linear streams or events. Rights and licensing bodies offer specific webcasting licenses to those wishing to carry out Internet broadcasting using copyrighted material, Webcasting is used extensively in the commercial sector for investor relations presentations, in e-learning, and for related communications activities. However, webcasting does not bear much, if any, relationship to web conferencing, the ability to webcast using cheap/accessible technology has allowed independent media to flourish. There are many notable independent shows that broadcast regularly online, often produced by average citizens in their homes they cover many interests and topics. Webcasts relating to computers, technology, and news are particularly popular, Webcasting differs from podcasting in that webcasting refers to live streaming while podcasting simply refers to media files placed on the Internet. Webcasting is the distribution of media files through the internet, pakman from Apple, they launched the Macintosh New York Music Festival from July 17–22,1995. This event audio webcast concerts from more than 15 clubs in New York City, Apple later webcast a concert by Metallica on June 10,1996 live from Slims in San Francisco. In 1995, Benford E. Standley produced one of the first audio/video webcasts in history, on August 13,1998, it is generally believed the first webcast wedding took place, between Alan Knecht and Carrie Silverman in Toronto Canada. The live signal was broadcast via satellite to PA, then encoded and streamed via the BGEA website, the first teleconferenced/webcast wedding to date is believed to have occurred on December 31,1998. Dale Ficken and Lorrie Scarangella wed on this date as they stood in a church in Pennsylvania, on November 4,1994, Stef van der Ziel distributed the first live video images over the web from the Simplon venue in Groningen. On November 7,1994, WXYC, the radio station of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet. Translated versions including Subtitling are now possible using SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, a wedcast is a webcast of a wedding. It allows family and friends of the couple to watch the wedding in time on the Internet. Webcasting a funeral is also a service provided by funeral homes. Although it has been around for a decade, cheaper broadband, the strain of travel. International Webcasting Association Media clip Podcast Streaming media Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language Video blog Web radio Webisode Webinar PR Newswire
11.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
12.
William Tell Overture
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The William Tell Overture is the overture to the opera William Tell, whose music was composed by Gioachino Rossini. William Tell premiered in 1829 and was the last of Rossinis 39 operas, after which he went into semi-retirement, although he continued to compose cantatas, sacred music, the overture is in four parts, each following without pause. There has been repeated use of parts of this overture in both music and popular media, most famously as the theme music for The Lone Ranger in radio, television. It was also used as the music for the British television series The Adventures of William Tell. Franz Liszt prepared a piano transcription of the overture in 1838 which became a staple of his concert repertoire, there are also transcriptions by other composers, including versions by Louis Gottschalk for two and four pianos and a duet for piano and violin. The overture, which lasts for approximately 12 minutes, paints a picture of life in the Swiss Alps. It was described by Hector Berlioz, who usually loathed Rossinis works, but unlike an actual symphony with its distinct movements, the overtures parts transition from one to the next without a break. Prelude, Dawn The Prelude is a passage in E major. It begins in E minor with a cello which is in turn answered by the remaining cellos. An impending storm is hinted at by two very quiet timpani rolls resembling distant thunder, the section ends with a very high sustained note played by the first cello. Storm This dynamic section in E minor is played by the full orchestra and it begins with the violins and violas. Their phrases are punctuated by short wind instrument interventions of three each, first by the piccolo, flute and oboes, then by the clarinets. The storm breaks out in full with the entrance of the French horns, trumpets, trombones, the volume and number of instruments gradually decreases as the storm subsides. The section ends with the flute playing alone, Ranz des Vaches This pastorale section in G major signifying the calm after the storm begins with a Ranz des Vaches or Call to the Cows, featuring the cor anglais. The horn then plays in alternating phrases with the flute, culminating in a duet with the triangle accompanying them in the background, the melody appears several times in the opera, including the final act, and takes on the character of a leitmotif. This segment is used in animated cartoons to signify daybreak. It alludes to the act, which recounts the Swiss soldierss victorious battle to liberate their homeland from Austrian repression. Although there are no horses or cavalry charges in the opera, this segment is used in popular media to denote galloping horses
13.
Prime Minister of Australia
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The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
14.
Standard Telephones and Cables
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Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd was a British telephone, telegraph, radio, telecommunications, and related equipment R&D manufacturer. During its history, STC invented and developed several groundbreaking new technologies including pulse code modulation, the company was founded in 1883 in London as International Western Electric by Western Electric, shortly after becoming the telephone equipment supplier for the Bell System in the United States. In mid-1982 it became an independent company and was listed on the London Stock Exchange, at one time it was a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It was bought by Nortel in 1991, the company was established in 1883 as an agent for the US Western Electric company that also had a factory in Antwerp, Belgium. The London operation sold US-designed telephones and exchanges to fledgling British telephone companies, because of the costs of importing product, the company purchased a failing cable factory at North Woolwich in London in 1898. In addition to making lead-sheathed cables, the factory started assembling equipment from components imported from Belgium and the US, using advanced American thinking and designs, and after incorporation as a British legal entity in 1910, Western Electric Ltd’s future looked bright. World War I brought this progress to a sudden halt, the company contributed to the war effort in military communications and the cable and wireless technologies they used. Radio technology was being initiated in the USA and this gave Western Electric a post-war advantage as radio broadcasting was introduced in Britain. With its competitors, it set up the British Broadcasting Company as well as producing radio receivers, electron tube technology was commercially exploited. In 1925, Western Electric sold off its international operations, as well as the electrical equipment merchandizing operations. The buyer of the operations was the infant ITT Corporation, founded by Sosthenes Behn less than ten years previously with an aggressive. To fit with its worldwide operations, ITT renamed its new UK operation Standard Telephones and Cables. The new organization employed entrepreneurial risk taking, based on solid research, alec Reeves and Alan Blumlein could both be defined as perfect employees. In 1933, Brimar was established to manufacture American-pattern electron tubes at Foots Cray, technical milestones were numerous and were crowned by the coverage of Queen Elizabeth IIs Coronation in 1953. The steady spread of TV transmission and availability over Britain very often used STC technology, in other areas, ship-to-ship, ship-to-shore and civil aviation communications took on modern characteristics with STCs products. In time, international and intercontinental submarine telephone contact became possible, feasible, questions of product and installation quality and absolute reliability were overcome and STC became a major player with its production unit in Southampton opened in 1956. Coverage graduated from rivers, estuaries, the English Channel, the North Sea, STC became the world leader in this field after acquiring Submarine Cables Ltd in 1970. Digital technology began to supplant analogue with Bells invention of transistors, STCs first PCM link in 1964 had waited nearly 30 years for material technology to make it work
15.
Beresfield, New South Wales
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Beresfield /ˈbɛrəsfiːld/ is a north-western suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia 22 kilometres from Newcastles central business district. It is part of the City of Newcastle local government area, the suburb of Beresfield had a population of 7,078 in 2011. Beresfield, like the suburbs of Tarro, Woodberry and Thornton, is located on a low ridge rising out of the surrounding floodplain. Beresfield is divided by Anderson Drive which runs east to west, the part of Beresfield to the north of Anderson Drive includes the shopping centre and railway station. The part south of Anderson Drive includes the club, swimming pool, sports oval, golf course and Newcastle Memorial Park cemetery. It has a station, which opened in 1925. The station is served by NSW TrainLinks Hunter line, the suburb is bisected by the New England Highway. The first public school in Beresfield was Upper Hexham Public School, the closest public secondary school is Francis Greenway High School. Beresfield has a shopping centre featuring a post office, banks, Safeways supermarket, newsagent, physiotherapist, doctors surgeries, petrol stations, take-aways. There is a branch of the Newcastle Region Library and a police station. Sporting facilities include a pool, bowling club, golf course, cricket oval and rugby. Churches include the Anglican church of St Pauls, which held its first service in 1949, the first timber St Pauls and its hall were built in 1955. A second brick church was built in 1980 following a fire, in the 1970s a new Roman Catholic parish church, Our Lady of Lourdes, was built at Beresfield. The original parish church had been located in Tarro, a station was opened at Beresfiled and to serve as a mass centre a former Army hut was transported from Greta and erected where the present parish church now stands. St Judes was demolished with the new church taking the title of the old Parish church, active clubs and associations include local Scouting, Girl Guides, Lions & Rotary Clubs. Beresfield Thornton Girl Guide District is an active youth organisation. The Girl Guides continue to service to the local community by participating in Clean Up Australia Day, fundraising for charity. Beresfield is the location of Newcastle Memorial Park cemetery and crematorium, the Kent Colliery was located in Beresfield
16.
New Plymouth
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New Plymouth is the major city of the Taranaki Region on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is named after the British city of Plymouth from where the first English settlers migrated, the New Plymouth District includes New Plymouth City and several smaller towns. The New Plymouth District is the 10th largest district in New Zealand, the district has a population of 74,184 – about two-thirds of the total population of the Taranaki Region. This includes New Plymouth City, Waitara, Inglewood, Oakura, Okato, the city itself is a service centre for the regions principal economic activities including intensive pastoral activities as well as oil, natural gas and petrochemical exploration and production. It is also the financial centre as the home of the TSB Bank. As described under awards, New Plymouth won multiple awards in 2008, the city was in 2010 chosen as one of two walking & cycling Model Communities by the government. Based on New Plymouths already positive attitude towards cyclists and pedestrians and it is also noted for being a coastal city with a mountain within 30 minutes drive, where residents and visitors to New Plymouth can snowboard, ski, water ski and surf all in the same day. In 1828 Richard Dicky Barrett set up a trading post at Ngamotu after arriving on the trading vessel Adventure, Barrett traded with the local Māori and helped negotiate the purchase of land from them on behalf of the New Zealand Company. Settlers were selected by the Plymouth Company, which was set up to attract emigrants from the West Country of England, the first of the towns settlers arrived on the William Bryan, which anchored off the coast on 31 March 1841. The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 created the New Plymouth Province, with a Provincial Council given jurisdiction over an area of 400, five years later the name of the province changed to Taranaki Province. The province was abolished in 1876, a Town Board was formed in 1863 and in August 1876 the town was constituted as a borough. Its new status did little to overcome some outside perceptions, however, I find a great liking for this slow, old hole. It is a quiet, unassuming place and has not done so much to attract immigrants and settlers by exaggerating reports, as some districts have done. The Fitzroy Town District was merged with New Plymouth borough in August 1911, Vogeltown, Frankleigh Park and Westown were added a year later, by 1913 the town had a population of 7538. New Plymouth was declared a city in 1949, every three years the Mayor,14 councillors and 16 community board members are elected by the New Plymouth Districts enrolled voters. The full council, sub-committees and standing committees meet on a six-weekly cycle, the Policy and Monitoring standing committees have delegated authority from the council to make final decisions on certain matters, and they make recommendations to the council on all others. The four community boards–Clifton, Waitara, Inglewood and Kaitake–as well as the subcommittees, New Plymouth District Councils annual operating revenue for 2008/2009 is more than $188 million. The current Mayor of New Plymouth is Andrew Judd, in May 2016 Judd announced that he will not run for mayor again in the upcoming local government elections
17.
Heterodyne
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Heterodyning is a radio signal processing technique invented in 1901 by Canadian inventor-engineer Reginald Fessenden that creates new frequencies by combining or mixing two frequencies. Heterodyning is used to one frequency range into another, new one. The two frequencies are combined in a nonlinear signal-processing device such as a tube, transistor, or diode. In the most common application, two signals at frequencies f1 and f2 are mixed, creating two new signals, one at the sum f1 + f2 of the two frequencies, and the other at the difference f1 − f2 and these new frequencies are called heterodynes. Typically only one of the new frequencies is desired, and the signal is filtered out of the output of the mixer. Heterodynes are related to the phenomenon of beats in acoustics, a major application of the heterodyne process is in the superheterodyne radio receiver circuit, which is used in virtually all modern radio receivers. In 1901, Reginald Fessenden demonstrated a direct-conversion heterodyne receiver or beat receiver as a method of making continuous wave radiotelegraphy signals audible, fessendens receiver did not see much application because of its local oscillators stability problem. While complex isochronous electromechanical oscillators existed, a stable yet inexpensive local oscillator was not available until Lee de Forest invented the vacuum tube oscillator. In a 1905 patent, Fessenden stated that the stability of his local oscillator was one part per thousand. In radio telegraphy, the characters of text messages are translated into the short duration dots, Radio telegraphy was much like ordinary telegraphy. One of the problems was building high power transmitters with the technology of the day, when these damped waves were received by a simple detector, the operator would hear an audible buzzing sound that he could transcribe back into alpha-numeric characters. With the development of the arc converter radio transmitter in 1904, CW Morse code signals are not amplitude modulated, but rather consist of bursts of sinusoidal carrier frequency. When CW signals are received by an AM receiver, the operator does not hear a sound, the direct-conversion detector was invented to make continuous wave radio-frequency signals audible. The heterodyne or beat receiver has a local oscillator that produces a radio signal adjusted to be close in frequency to the signal being received. When the two signals are mixed, a frequency equal to the difference between the two frequencies is created. By adjusting the oscillator frequency correctly, the beat frequency is in the audio range. Thus the Morse code dots and dashes are audible as beeping sounds and this technique is still used in radio telegraphy, the local oscillator now being called the beat frequency oscillator or BFO. Fessenden coined the word heterodyne from the Greek roots hetero- different, an important and widely used application of the heterodyne technique is in the superheterodyne receiver, which was invented by U. S. engineer Edwin Howard Armstrong in 1918
18.
2UH
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ABC Upper Hunter is an Australian radio station. It is the Upper Hunter service of the ABC Local Radio network, ABC Upper Hunter commenced as a local relay of Newcastles 2NC in 1964. While there was some local information on the station, the reporter responsible was based in Newcastle and it wasnt until 1990 when a local office of the ABC was established in the Upper Hunter, basing itself in Market Lane Muswellbrook. Mike Pritchard joined the broadcaster from the Scone Advocate newspaper, and has been the stations rural reporter ever since, in 1997, the station moved to its current facilities in Brook Street. Throughout 2009, the stations programming went on hiatus while the studios were upgraded with digital equipment, Rural programming came from ABC New England North West, while local news and other programming continued to originate from ABC Newcastle. Regular programming resumed mid-year once the upgrade was complete, ABC Upper Hunter transmits on both the AM and FM bands from four transmitter sites in the Upper Hunter. The main AM signal, with the callsign 2UH, operates on 1044 kHz and this signal is transmitted from the Broadcast Australia site on Sandy Creek Road just outside Muswellbrook. The station relays its programs on the FM band from three sites, all using the callsign 2HVR. The station produces local programming for both its local frequencies and for Newcastles ABC Radio National frequency, two rural reports are produced, one for the Lower Hunter and transmitted on the Radio National frequency at 5. 30am weekday mornings and infrequently podcast online. The second is an Upper Hunter-focused report, and airs at 6. 35am on ABC Upper Hunters local frequencies following a news bulletin from the Muswellbrook studios. A local breakfast program follows at 7. 00am with another news bulletin transmitted at 7. 30am before crossing to the network for the national news and AM. The station opts out of programming from 1233 ABC Newcastle to carry The Country Hour at 12. 00pm. A Hunter-based news bulletin is aired during the Country Hour at 12. 30pm from the Newcastle studios and this is simulcast on the Newcastle Radio National frequency. Radio National program Late Night Live often originates from these studios, as presenter Phillip Adams, in mid-2009, the station launched a new hour-long program called Upper Hunter Weekend, which previews events in the Upper Hunter for the coming weekend. It airs Friday mornings at 11am, and is hosted by Silas Moss, mike Pritchard - Hunter Rural and Resources Report and breakfast presenter. 1233 ABC Newcastle ABC Upper Hunter ACMA technical documents ABC Upper Hunter Hunter Rural and Resources Report
19.
Upper Hunter Shire
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The Upper Hunter Shire is a local government area in the Upper Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. The Shire was formed in May 2004 from the Scone Shire and parts of Murrurundi, the Mayor of the Upper Hunter Shire Council is Cr. Wayne Bedggood. The towns of the Upper Hunter are Scone, Aberdeen, Murrurundi, of the towns, only Aberdeen on the Shires south eastern border is situated on the Hunter River. At the 2011 census, there were 13,754 people in the Upper Hunter Shire local government area, of these 49.9 per cent were male and 50.1 per cent were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 3.9 per cent of the population, the median age of people in the Upper Hunter Shire was 39 years, which was marginally higher than the national median of 37 years. Children aged 0 –14 years made up 21.2 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years, of people in the area aged 15 years and over,51.6 per cent were married and 11.6 per cent were either divorced or separated. Population growth in the Upper Hunter Shire between the 2006 census and the 2011 census was 6.00 per cent, the median weekly income for residents within the Upper Hunter Shire was marginally lower than the national average. At the 2011 census, the proportion of residents in the Upper Hunter Shire local government area who stated their ancestry as Australian or Anglo-Saxon exceeded 85 per cent of all residents, Upper Hunter Shire Council is composed of nine Councillors elected proportionally as a single ward. All Councillors are elected for a fixed term of office. The Mayor is elected by the Councillors at the first meeting of the Council. The most recent election was held on 10 September 2016 and the makeup of the Council is as follows, the current Council, elected in 2016, in order of election, is, The Upper Hunter is the largest horse-rearing region in Australia. The Burning Mountain Nature Reserve, near Wingen, is the site of a coal seam fire that has been burning for several thousand years. The council also owns several FM rebroadcasters of ABC Radio National and SBS Radio, under the self-help schemes run by those broadcasters
20.
Newcastle Knights
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The Newcastle Knights are an Australian professional rugby league club based in Newcastle, New South Wales. They compete in Australasias premier rugby competition, the National Rugby League premiership. The club has won two premierships over its history and is one of two clubs that has never lost a grand final in which it has participated. It has also produced players as Paul Harragon, Robbie ODavis, Danny Buderus. The teams home ground is McDonald Jones Stadium, a Newcastle rugby league team had been assembled from players in the Newcastle Rugby League to compete in various competitions for most of the 20th century. The Newcastle Knights entered the NSWRL competition in 1988 with Allan McMahon as coach, Newcastle had previously been invited to field a team in the NSWRL competition for the 1982 season but declined, worried it would weaken the areas local league competition. The Canberra Raiders were admitted to the 1982 competition in their place, the team was a success from the start, becoming one of the most popular clubs in its first season. By 1990, the team was enough to enter a play-off for fifth spot. The club won their first competition, the Nissan Sevens, in 1991 and made the playoffs in 1992, the Knights made the semi-finals again in 1995 when the competition became the Australian Rugby League, and won the reserve grade premiership the same year. The club stayed loyal to the ARL when Rupert Murdoch started Super League in an attempt to win pay television rights to rugby league and this decision was very popular in the Newcastle and Hunter Region areas. News Limited formed the Hunter Mariners to compete with the Knights in the one and only season of Super League in Australia, from 1997–2003, the Knights achieved a finals berth for seven consecutive years. The Knights won the 1997 Australian Rugby League premiership, defeating the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 22–16 in the Grand Final, the match is best remembered for its classic finish – Darren Albert breaking a 16-all deadlock with his try just seven seconds from full-time. This win was a morale boost to the district following the closure of the areas biggest employer. Seventy per cent of the squad were Newcastle juniors. In this year Robbie ODavis won the Clive Churchill Medal, the three were suspended, despite ODavis claims the club was not notified his drug was banned until after his positive test, and MacDougalls medical reason for taking the steroids. In addition, the Knights terminated Wayne Richards contract, in 1998, the Knights finished equal on competition points with the Brisbane Broncos, but finished second on points differential. The Knights came third in 2000, followed by a National Rugby League Premiership victory over the Parramatta Eels in 2001, Newcastle were handed heavy underdog status, but shocked the Eels with a 24–0 halftime lead, and the eventual 30–24 win. In 2002, the club finished equal with the New Zealand Warriors on competition points but, once again, finished second in the minor premiership due to inferior points differential
21.
Newcastle Jets FC
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Newcastle United Jets Football Club, commonly known as Newcastle Jets, is an Australian professional soccer club based in Newcastle, New South Wales. It competes in the premier competition, the A-League, under licence from Football Federation Australia. The club was formed in 2000 when it joined the National Soccer League and was one of three former NSL clubs to join in the formation of the A-League. Newcastle Jets have won one A-League championship, after defeating rivals Central Coast Mariners 1–0 in the 2008 A-League Grand Final, in 2009, Newcastle competed in the AFC Champions League for the first time, reaching the Round of 16. In May 2015, FFA revoked Newcastles licence after owner Nathan Tinkler placed the club into voluntary administration, a new A-League club will be formed for the 2015–16 season, under the same name and colours. The club plays home games at McDonald Jones Stadium, an affiliated youth team competes in the National Youth League and in the National Premier Leagues Northern NSW competition. A womens team competes in the W-League, the youth and womens matches are played at Wanderers Oval and Adamstown Oval. Newcastle United was formed in 2000 by Cypriot-Australian businessman Con Constantine from the remnants of the Newcastle Breakers club, the Breakers were dissolved when Soccer Australia revoked its NSL licence at the conclusion of the 1999/2000 season. At the formation of Newcastle United the home ground was moved back to where Newcastle KB United played, the Newcastle United club were reasonably successful, competing in two of the last three Final Series and finishing second in the League behind Perth Glory in the 2001–02 season. The club renamed and re-badged themselves the Newcastle United Jets Football Club at the start of the new national league and this was done to try and create and project a new image of the club and to avoid confusion with the English Premier League club Newcastle United. The name Jets is a reference to RAAF Base Williamtown, located just 20 kilometres north of Newcastle, the clubs logo depicts three F/A-18 Hornets, which the Royal Australian Air Force has based at Williamtown. Instead, the club signed Richard Money for the 2005–2006 season, in 2006 Money was replaced with Nick Theodorakopoulos after Money returned to England to take the managers job at Walsall. His assistant Gary van Egmond was the coach for the remainder of the 2005–6 season. The club surprised many observers in the Australian game by signing Ned Zelic, reports suggested the Jets were attempting to bring former Liverpool and England striker Stan Collymore out of retirement. With the leadership of Gary van Egmond Newcastle has achieved the highest amount of out of all clubs in their last fourteen games and have also scored the most goals. Newcastle were eventually eliminated in the final by Adelaide, the game going to penalties after finishing at 1 all. Season 3 of the A-League saw a number of Newcastles biggest stars of the previous season leave the club, captain Paul Okon retired, fan favourite Milton Rodriguez returned to Colombia and Johnny Warren Medal winner Nick Carle moved to Turkey to link up with Gençlerbirliği S. K. New recruits included Joel Griffiths twin brother Adam and previous European Golden Boot winner Mario Jardel, although significant excitement surrounded the capture of Jardel, as time went by it was obvious he was well past his prime and received little game time
22.
James Spigelman
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James Jacob Spigelman AC, QC is a former Australian judge. He served as Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales from 19 May 1998 until 31 May 2011, on 8 March 2012 it was announced that he would become chairperson of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. He was appointed to the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong on 8 April 2013 as a non-permanent judge from other common law jurisdictions, Spigelman was born in Sosnowiec, Poland, on 1 January 1946. He arrived in Australia with his family in 1949 and attended Maroubra Public School and he then went on to study Arts at the University of Sydney, where he attained First-Class Honours in Government and Second-Class Honours in Economics. Subsequently, he studied law, graduating in 1971 with First-Class Honours, Spigelman participated in the 1965 Freedom Ride, a project undertaken by students to draw attention to problems faced by Indigenous communities in NSW. In 1969 he was President of the Students Representative Council, from 1969-1971, he was the Student Fellow of the University Senate. Spigelman was admitted to practise as a solicitor in 1972, from 1972 to 1975, he served as Senior Advisor and Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. In 1975, he was appointed the Secretary of the Department of the Media, in 1976 Spigelman was admitted to the NSW Bar. He did not commence practice until three years later, when he first served for years as a member of the Australian Law Reform Commission. Spigelmans primary areas of practice at the bar included constitutional law, administrative law, in 1986, Spigelman was appointed Queens Counsel, and, in 1997, he served as Solicitor-General of New South Wales. The Premier Bob Carr appointed Spigelman Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, Spigelman was regarded as the favourite to succeed Murray Gleeson as Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia when he stepped down in late 2008. However, this appointment went instead to Robert French, on 18 March 2011, Spigelman announced his decision to resign as Chief Justice, effective 31 May 2011. Reviewing Spigelmans 13-year term of office, Sydney Morning Herald columnist, the Chief Justice of NSW. blazed an incomparable trail. Every stage of Jim Spigelmans remarkable career has been like that, briefly surprising, Marr claims that Spigelmans achievements include the renewal of the ranks of the Supreme Court, running a polite and friendly Court, and modernising the Courts business practices and rules. According to Bret Walker SC, Spigelman was renowned for, showing his decided preference for efficient, better-value-for-money justice. He retired on 31 May 2011 and was succeeded by Tom Bathurst QC, Spigelman has also been a justice on the Supreme Court of Fiji. On 8 March 2012, Prime Minister Gillard announced he would become chairman of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Spigelmans surname was originally spelt Szpiegelman until his parents, Gustawa and Majloch, altered it to Spigelman after moving to Australia. Spigelmans parents are holocaust survivors who feature in the graphic novel Maus by James Spigelmans cousin Art Spiegelman, Spigelman is married to author and clinical psychologist, Alice Spigelman
23.
ABC Television
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ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956. As a public broadcaster, the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia. ABC is one of five main networks in Australia. Commercial station TCN-9 Sydney was the first to broadcast in Australia, soon followed by the ABCs own ABN-2 Sydney, six stations, three in Melbourne and three in Sydney, were in operation in time to cover the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. The ABCs first television broadcast was inaugurated by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 5 November, at the Gore Hill studios in Sydney, outside broadcasting was also initiated on 5 November, from the ABCs first outside broadcast van. The van, now in the collection of the National Museum of Australia, was instrumental in the production of thousands of outside broadcasts. It was restored in time to be displayed at the Sydney Olympic Games and was used to film the visit of Queen Elizabeth II to the site of the National Museum in 2000. Although radio programs could be broadcast nationally by landline, television relay facilities were not put in place until the early 1960s. This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each city by teleprinter, to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually. A purpose-built television studio was built in Sydney, and opened on 29 January 1958, in the same year, technical equipment was also moved to permanent locations, while main transmitters were introduced to Melbourne and Sydney in 1957 and 1958, respectively. Videotape equipment, allowing the sharing of footage with much greater ease, aBQ-2 Brisbane was the third ABC TV station to launch and was followed a year later by counterparts in Perth, Hobart, and Adelaide. ABC-3 Canberra opened a year later, with ABD-6 Darwin finally completing the ABCs coverage of state in 1971. Teletext services were introduced to ABC in 1983 to allow hearing-impaired viewers access to closed captions, International television service Australia Television International was established in 1993. Australia Television was sold to the Seven Network in 1998, however the continued to show content from ABC News up until its closure in 2001. The ABCs television operations joined its radio and online divisions at the Corporations Ultimo headquarters in 2000, in 2002, the ABC launched ABC Asia Pacific, the replacement for the defunct Australia Television channel operated previously by the Seven Network. Much like its predecessor, and companion radio network Radio Australia, funding cuts in 2003, meanwhile, led to the closure of Fly and the ABC Kids Channel. ABC2, an attempt at a digital-only television channel, was launched on 7 March 2005. Minister for Communications Helen Coonan inaugurated the channel at Parliament House three days later, the new channel, titled ABC3 would aim to provide at least 50% Australian-made content
24.
ABC (Australian TV channel)
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ABC is a national public television network in Australia. Launched on 5 November 1956 it is the responsibility of the ABCs television division, commercial station TCN-9 Sydney was the first to broadcast in Australia, soon followed by the ABCs own ABN-2 Sydney and later ABV-2 in Melbourne. Six stations, three in Melbourne and three in Sydney, were in operation in time to cover the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. The channels first television broadcast was inaugurated by prime minister Robert Menzies on 5 November at the Gore Hill studios in Sydney, although radio programmes could be broadcast nationally by landline, television relay facilities were not put in place until the early 1960s. This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each city by teleprinter, to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually. A purpose-built television studio opened in Sydney on 29 January 1958—replacing temporary sound studios used since ABC-TVs inception, in the same year, technical equipment was also moved to permanent locations, while main transmitters were introduced to Melbourne and Sydney in 1957 and 1958 respectively. Australian Broadcasting Corporation series which debuted in 1956 included TV Channell, starting in 1957 the two ABC stations then in operation each produced one live drama presentation each month, which would be kinescoped for broadcast in the other city. Weekly current-affairs programme Four Corners began in 1961, followed in the year by Profiles of Power. Direct relays between Sydney, Melbourne and Canberra were also established in 1961, replacing temporary microwave relays as a means of simultaneously airing programmes across multiple stations. Videotape equipment, allowing the sharing of footage with much greater ease, ABC-TV was one of the first television networks in Australia to embrace the rocknroll revolution of the late 1950s, most notably with Six OClock Rock, hosted by Johnny OKeefe. In 1967, the weeknightly television current-affairs programme This Day Tonight was launched on ABC-TV, teletext services were introduced to ABC-TV in 1983 to allow hearing impaired viewers access to closed captions. Nationwide, successor to This Day Tonight, was replaced in turn by a new, hour-long, having proved unsuccessful, it reverted to a state ABC News bulletin at 7,00 pm, with a state-based edition of The 7.30 Report following afterwards. Lateline and Media Watch also launched in the 1980s, the year 2001 saw the launch of a new logo to celebrate the introduction of digital terrestrial television in Australia. The logo was modified to a three-dimensional metallic design, the channels idents featured elements – fire, leaf and ice, and the slogan was updated to Everyones ABC. The idents also featured the silver ring that morphs into the ABC logo and this however did not last, as later in 2003, the channels idents were modified to feature everyday Australians. In 2005, The ABC have switched from the Supertext logo to their own Closed Captioning logo, on 19 December that year, the channels idents were revamped featuring a modified ABC logo transforming to a television. These idents were also carried onto ABC2, which launched in the same year, further cementing the change in identity was the change from the slogan Theres more to television to It begins with 1. After concerns in some sections of the media that the 43-year-old Lissajous curve brand was to disappear completely, june 2010 saw ABC1s high definition digital transmission terminated, to be replaced with a fourth channel, ABC News 24
25.
ABC HD (Australian TV channel)
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ABC HD is a national public television channel in Australia. It was available nationally to digital terrestrial and cable viewers in Australia. Following the governments decision to remove the SD Primary Channel limitations, starting on 1 January 2002, the ABC began a prime-time simulcast of ABCs Sydney station ABN, except that it had no watermark and was upconverted from standard definition to 1080i high definition. On 1 January 2005 it was changed to 576p to accommodate the launch of new channel ABC2, on 1 January 2008, the ABCs high definition simulcast was rebranded as ABC HD, relaunching as a high definition multichannel with its own logo and branding. The channel was also enhanced to 720p to mark the start of native high-definition content, throughout its multichannel era, ABC HD continued providing a high definition simulcast of ABN Sydney. As a result, viewers outside of New South Wales would see Sydney-based news bulletins, the purpose of this as of 2008, was to provide high-definition versions of ABC1 shows when available. The 2009 VFL Grand Final was shown live on ABC HD. For a time up until ABC HD branding ceased, ABC HD screened a 7,30 Select national highlights package instead of the Sydney version of Stateline. On 10 June 2010, ABC HDs unique branding was replaced with that of ABC1, ABC Director of Television Richard Finlayson announced in November 2015 that the ABC would recommence simulcasting in high definition in June 2016. However, the date was later pushed back to an indefinite time in late 2016 due to technical reasons. However, in contrast to its past, ABC HD provided region-specific simulcasting, additionally, the channel broadcast in MPEG-4 format as opposed to the traditional MPEG-2 format. As a result of the revival, ABC News 24 was reduced to a standard definition broadcast. Upon its revival on 6 December 2016, ABC HD returned to 1080i50 high definition, ABC HD covered all ABC-owned state stations. ABC HD is available to Foxtel cable subscribers via its HD+ package
26.
ABC Kids (Australia)
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ABC Kids is the name of the Australian Broadcasting Corporations part-time channel, broadcasting shows between the hours of 5am and 7. 30pm in each local Australian market for children 6 and under. ABC Kids shares the same bandwidth as ABC2 which broadcasts outside of ABC Kids scheduled hours, in 1991, all childrens programming on the ABC was organised into a daily broadcasting block under the name ABC For Kids. This new programming block featured a range of programming ranging from preschoolers to young children, the logo featured six blocks with the top row lettered A, B and C, and the bottom row featuring an apple, a bee and a carrot beneath their respective letter. In 2001, the ABC For Kids timeslot was rebranded as ABC Kids, a new logo was also introduced, featuring a solid green Lissajous curve with ABC Kids in lowercase blue letters in front. The service was inaugurated by former ABC Managing Director, Jonathan Shier. The ABC launched the channel without additional funding, hoping that its success would prompt an additional government grant, ABC Kids was broadcast from 6, 00am to 6, 00pm, with the remaining broadcasting time occupied by its sister service Fly TV. Fly TV was launched on 1 November 2001 to feature programming aimed at teenagers and young adults and broadcast a 6-hour block from 6, 00pm to 12, 00am, which was repeated again from 12, 00am to 6, 00am. In addition to their availability on free-to-air television, the ABC Kids/Fly TV channel was available on Austar channel 14. The ABC Kids/Fly TV channel was discontinued on 30 June 2003 in the first of a series of cuts to save around A$25 million a year for the ABC, however, the ABC Kids brand still remained throughout this period on the ABCs daily childrens broadcasting block. After the close of the ABC Kids/Fly TV channel, programming for younger Fly TV viewers was integrated into the ABC Kids broadcasting block. In 2009, two blocks of childrens programming were launched as ABC For Kids, running from 8, 00am to 11, 00am and 2, 55pm to 4. From 4 December 2009, a new childrens block, ABC For Kids on 2 was launched on ABC2 in 2009-2011. Some ABC2 programmes had to be cancelled or relocated to other channels, the classic ABC For Kids logo from 1991 was rendered in 3D when the ABC For Kids name was revived. On 2 May 2011, the all childrens programming was removed from the main ABC channel and was divided between the ABC2 childrens block and ABC3. The ABC2 childrens block was rebranded as ABC4 Kids and was refocused as a channel for preschoolers sharing the same bandwidth of ABC2 between 6am and 7pm. A new logo based on the ABC3 logo was also introduced, Broadcasting of the channel was rescheduled to begin at 5am instead of 6am on 7 July 2014. On 2 March 2015, the name of the channel was changed to ABC Kids, official website shows A to Z
27.
ABC Me
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ABC Me is an Australian childrens public digital television multichannel owned by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. It was officially launched by then-Prime Minister Kevin Rudd on 4 December 2009 and 12 October 2015, in September 2007, the Australian government announced a proposal to launch a new digital-only childrens channel, ABC3. A new ABC channel appeared on television receivers in 2008, as a placeholder for the future ABC3 channel, ABC3 was considered by the Australia 2020 Summit and given as one of the recommendations to the Government. On 18 June 2009, the Corporation began its first public ABC3 campaign to scout for new hosting talent, on 22 October 2009, eight presenters were announced. Amberley Lobo and Kayne Tremills would host Studio 3, with Ben Crawley as a roving reporter, on 4 December 2009 at 5pm, the hour-long Countdown to 3 special was broadcast on the channel and was simulcast on ABC1. In 2011, James Elmer joined as co-host of Studio 3 along with Kayne, on 4 December 2011, the winners from the MeOn3 contest were revealed as Alfie Gledhill and Olivia Phyland. On 14 September 2012, Alfie left Studio 3 to pursue acting dreams, in October 2012, Comedian Khaled Khalafala joined Studio 3, and stayed with the crew until early 2013 before leaving. In March 2013 the Janitor and Bubbles the goldfish supposedly left Studio 3 for Venezuela, tim Matthews, Grace Koh and Ivy Latimer later joined James and Liv in June 2014 after winning The 3 Factor competition. In August 2016, it was announced that ABC3 would rebrand as ABC Me on 19 September 2016, the rebranded channel is reported to be designed to reflect and celebrate the lives, interests and diversity of young Australians and will increase its focus to primary school children. The channels programming runs from 6am to 9pm during the weekdays and 6am to 10pm during the weekends, 6am to 10, 30pm daily, and targets the 6-15-year-old age group. At 10, 45pm, the closes and displays the signpost saying returns at 6. It broadcasts a range of genres, including comedy, drama, music, animation, extreme sports, wildlife, the channel aims to feature at least 50% Australian produced content. News To Me is a show that is hosted by the channels presenters and it premiered on Monday 19 September 2016 at 5,10 pm. Program playout for ABC Me is controlled from ABQ, the ABCs Brisbane station, on delayed to technical at ABCs new playout facility, MediaHub. Programmes such as Studio 3 and Prank Patrol are filmed and produced at ABV in Melbourne, unlike commercial channels, ABC Me is not constrained by a local content quota and portions of its programming are sourced from foreign broadcasters such as CBBC, Teletoon and YTV. Programmes currently broadcast on the channel include, Blue Zoo BTN Newsbreak Bushwhacked, freaktown Grojband The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange Horrible Histories Iron Man, Armored Adventures K-On. Casa DeEVIL Castaway CJ the DJ Chuck Finn Creature Features Dance Academy Dancing Down Under The Day My Butt Went Psycho, dead Gorgeous The Deep Desdemona Dex Hamilton, Alien Entomologist Dont Blame the Koalas Double Trouble Eugenie Sandler P. I. The Genie From Down Under Get Ace The Gift Go Lingo, im a Teenage Outlaw The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange History Hunters Horrible Histories How To Be Indie Iron Man, Armored Adventures I. N. K
28.
ABC News (TV channel)
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ABC News 24 is an Australian 24-hour news channel launched and owned by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The channel replaced the former ABC High Definition simulcast of ABC TV, the majority of the channels content is produced from the ABC Ultimo Centre in Sydney, which the public can view being presented from an atrium looking into the news presentation studio. ABC News 24s early morning programme, News Breakfast and the evening programme The World is produced at the ABC Southbank Centre in Melbourne, due to the rebroadcast of ABC HD on 6 December 2016, ABC News 24 reduced to standard definition. The ABC announced in January 2010 that it planned to launch a 24-hour news channel, the logo of ABC News 24 was revealed by Freeview in their new promotion on Tuesday 22 June. The official promotional reel for ABC News 24 was launched on digital channel 24 between 6 and 8 July, speculation about a launch date for ABC News 24 took place in the weeks prior to the official announcement. The ABC announced on 13 July 2010 that the channel would have its first live broadcast on 22 July, in November 2016, the ABC announced that ABC News 24 and ABC NewsRadio will be rebranded under a unified ABC News brand. The relaunch will occur on 10 April 2017, since the commencement of regular broadcasting, the reaction to the new news channel has been mixed. In Senate Estimates hearings in February 2012 the broadcaster confirmed a $2.5 million shortfall in the budget for its news and current affairs division and imposed a 1. However, Independent Senator Nick Xenophon has blamed the reported $20 million annual cost of the network for cutbacks in ABC TV sports coverage of the SANFL. However, the network has seen success with high viewership compared to competitor Sky News Australia, with reach exceeding 2 million viewers weekly, the channels highest primetime viewership share was 9. 5% during 2016 Federal election coverage on 2 July 2016. These draw upon the ABCs own resources and those of its broadcasters, the BBC, TVNZ, PBS, NHK. Live rolling news coverage on the channel is presented on weekdays by Joe OBrien, Ros Childs, in addition, The Business is shown in an earlier timeslot than currently scheduled on ABC TV. On 30 September 2010, the ABC announced the first new programme to be shown on ABC News 24 titled Capital Hill and it is now broadcast every weekday at 1,00 pm AEST/AEDT and is hosted by Greg Jennett. These BBC World News broadcasts come live into ABC News 24 before being broadcast around Australia, about two hours of two Al Jazeera Newshour bulletins are also broadcast. Conversely, ABC News 24 has also criticised for not turning to rolling coverage. ABC News 24 can be streamed online at the ABCs website, however, the news stream on both sites is not available outside of Australia, and unlike other programming on iView it is not currently offered as unmetered content by any internet service providers. The ABC News 24 stream is available in medium and high bandwidth varieties on the iView site.30 with Leigh Sales Lateline with Tony Jones & Emma Alberici Dr
29.
Australia Plus
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It is not free-to-air in most countries, being only available via paid cable and satellite services. The television and online service broadcasts 24 hours a day on 7 days a week, to approximately 44 countries in Asia, the channel broadcasts a mix of programming, including lifestyle, drama, sports, English-language learning programs, childrens programming and news and current affairs. The international television services current incarnation launched on 1 January 2002 and it was partially funded by Australias Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, as well as some advertising. The channel is targeted at audiences in 44 countries across parts of Asia. Australia network, along with international radio network Radio Australia, is a part of the ABCs International, Corporate Strategy, in the 2014 Australian federal budget, all funding to the Australia Network was cut and its closure was announced. It was officially replaced by Australia Plus from 29 September 2014, Australia Television International the forerunner to Australia Network was launched on 17 February 1993. The new channel was to be funded by a combination of government subsidies, paul Keating launched Australia Television International on 17 February 1993 – televised live to 50 countries in the southeast Asian region, from the ABCs television studios in Gore Hill. Funding cuts made in the 1997–1998 federal budget, and recommendations made in the Mansfield Report, under Sevens direction the channel continued to receive federal funding, and carry some ABC News. Despite efforts made by Seven to expand into Asia using the service, Seven chose not to bid, while Imparja Televisions application was unsuccessful. The tender was renewed in 2005 however the ABC was re-awarded control of the service, soon after, the network stopped showing content from Sky News Australia, replaced with bulletins produced by the ABCs own news and current affairs division from its Southbank studios in Melbourne. Following a restructure of the ABC in early 2007, Australia Network became a part of the Corporations International, Corporate Strategy, several Australia Network programmes are also available online in Australia on the ABCs iview platform. Australia Network became available in Malaysia on Astro in December 2008,80 jobs, mostly in Melbourne, were lost and the government was forced to compensate the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 10 million dollars for breaking its contract. Following the closure of Australian Network, Australia Plus, a new multi-platform international service was launched on 29 September 2014 as a replacement, the channel will continue to broadcast entertainment, sports, education and English learning shows from ABC through Asia and Pacific partners. Big events from Australia, such as Melbourne Cup, Sydneys New Years Eve Fireworks, News bulletins are shown in the mornings, lunchtime and evenings. Australia Plus News is presented from the ABCs Sydney studios with additional content from Canberra and stories from ABC reporters based in and around Asia and the Pacific. Following the channels relaunch in 2006, four new correspondents based in New Delhi, Beijing, some programs produced by ABC News and Current Affairs are shown on the channel. News programs ABC News Breakfast, Weekend Breakfast, Grandstand, The World and The World This Week, in addition, other current affairs programs such as Financial Review Sunday, Living Black, Insight and Dateline are also broadcast on Australia Plus. Part of the 2014 relaunch has resulted in several ABC News 24 programs being telecast on the channel as well, Australia Plus Television broadcasts a number of Australian sporting events, such as W-League matches, Melbourne Cup, Australian Football League matches and highlights from A-League
30.
ABN (TV station)
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ABN is the Australian Broadcasting Corporations television station in Sydney. The station began broadcasting on 5 November 1956 and its main transmitter, however, remains at Gore Hill. The station can be received throughout the state through a number of relay transmitters, aBN-2 Sydney opened on 5 November 1956 with full-time colour broadcasting introduced in March 1975. Later, the ABC moved its operations to its broadcasting centre in Ultimo. ABN Sydney shares its digital broadcast centre facilities with Sydneys community television station TVS, the station has also previously carried a number of programs originally produced at other Channel 31 stations in other states. ABN commenced digital television transmission in January 2001, broadcasting on VHF Channel 12 while maintaining analogue transmission on VHF Channel 2, the analogue signal for ABN was shut off at 9. 00am AEDST, Tuesday,3 December 2013. ABNs schedule is similar to the national ABC schedule, with the exception of news, current affairs, sport and occasionally. ABC News New South Wales is presented by Juanita Phillips and Jeremy Fernandez, the weeknight bulletins also incorporate NSW weather forecasts presented by Graham Creed as well as a national finance segment presented by Alan Kohler in Melbourne. The following stations relay ABN throughout New South Wales, Notes,1, HAAT estimated from http, //www. itu. int/SRTM3/ using EHAAT. ABHN also broadcasts on analog UHF channel 48 with 1200 kW ERP at 441 m HAAT, ABHN was on VHF channel 5 from its 1963 sign-on until the late 1970s, moving to its current channel in order to accommodate FM radio. ABQN was on VHF channel 5 from its 1966 sign-on until 1988, ABTN was on VHF channel 1 from its 1966 sign-on until 1990. ABWN was on VHF channel 5A from its 1963 sign-on until 1988, analogue transmission ceased as of 15 December 2010 as part of the national shutdown of analogue television. Analogue transmission ceased as of 5 June 2012 as part of the shutdown of analogue television. Analogue transmission ceased as of 27 November 2012 as part of the shutdown of analogue television
31.
ABV (TV station)
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ABV is the Australian Broadcasting Corporations television station in Melbourne, Victoria. The station began broadcasting on 19 November 1956 and is transmitted throughout the state via a network of relay transmitters, ABV was the second television station founded in Victoria with HSV-7 which opened at the same month of 1956 as the first TV station in Victoria. The studios are located in Southbank and Elsternwick, and transmitter at Mount Dandenong, ABC News Victoria is presented by Ian Henderson from Monday to Thursday and Tamara Oudyn from Friday to Sunday. The weeknight bulletins also incorporate weather forecasts presented by Paul Higgins as well as a national finance segment presented by Alan Kohler, the main fill-in presenters are Guy Stayner, Frances Bell, Paul Higgins and Gloria Kalache. ABV also carries coverage of Victorian Football League matches on Saturday afternoons during the season. Former sports presenter Angela Pippos resigned in October 2007 after being demoted as weeknight sports presenter to weekend presenter in 2004 to make way for Peter Wilkins, Pippos was suspended for one week while she made her decision not to stand, but resigned just weeks later. She now presents the breakfast program on Sport Radio 927, in 2008, an unusual event occurred when ABC News Victoria won one week in the 2008 television ratings season, and also drew in another week with Seven News Melbourne. Early efforts by the station included Variety View, Melbourne Magazine, Sweet and Low, the first dramatic production by the station was a live, 30-minute play called Roundabout which aired on 4 January 1957. The following stations relay ABV throughout Victoria, Notes,1, HAAT estimated from http, //www. itu. int/SRTM3/ using EHAAT. ABGV was on VHF channel 3 from its 1963 sign-on until 1991, ABLV was on VHF channel 4 from its 1963 sign-on until 1991, moving to its current channel in order to accommodate FM radio. ABMV was on VHF channel 4 from its 1965 sign-on until sometime in the 1990s, ABRV was on VHF channel 3 from its 1963 sign-on until sometime around 1991, moving to VHF channel 11 in order to accommodate FM radio. It moved to its current channel in 2000 in order to accommodate digital television in Melbourne, ABMV was on VHF channel 6 until the 30 June 2010 due to the Analogue switchoff in the Mildura/Sunraysia region 7. Analogue transmissions ceased as of 5 May 2011 as part of the conversion to digital television, television broadcasting in Australia ABV-2 historical info Corrine Kerby & Oscar Whitbread behind the scenes. Clive Winmill Compere of ABV-2s Childrens Hour picture at SLV
32.
ABQ
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ABQ is the Australian Broadcasting Corporations television station in Brisbane, Queensland. It began broadcasting on 2 November 1959 and is based at headquarters on Brisbanes South Bank. The station is received throughout the state through a number of relay transmitters, aBQs schedule largely consists of national ABC Television programming with opt-outs for news and current affairs, rugby league and state election coverage. For many years, the station was based at studios in the suburb of Toowong. In late 2006, the Toowong studios were abandoned due to a high rate of breast cancer at the facility. An independent study examined 10 cases of breast cancer reported at the studios, on 10 January 2012, ABC Brisbane moved into a new facility in South Bank. ABC News Queensland, is presented by Karina Carvalho on weeknights, weather is presented by Jenny Woodward and Craig Zonca. Finance is presented by Alan Kohler in Melbourne, Australian Story Landline The following stations relay ABQ throughout Queensland, Notes,1. HAAT estimated from http, //www. itu. int/SRTM3/ using EHAAT, ABDQ was on VHF channel 3 from its 1963 sign-on until 1993, moving to its current channel in order to accommodate FM radio. ABMQ was on VHF channel 4 from its 1967 sign-on until 1988, ABRQ was on VHF channel 3 from its 1963 sign-on until 1988, moving to its current channel in order to accommodate FM radio. ABSEQ was on VHF channel 9 from its 1974 sign-on until 1989, analogue transmission ceased on 6 December 2011 as part of the national shutdown of analogue television Mary Kathleen also had a relay station from 15 December 1971 until the town was abandoned ca
33.
ABS (TV station)
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ABS is the Australian Broadcasting Corporations television station in Adelaide, South Australia. It began broadcasting on 11 March 1960 from studios in the suburb of Collinswood, the stations transmitter is located at Mount Lofty, and is one of a series of relay transmitters located throughout the state. ABS commenced digital television transmission in January 2001, broadcasting on VHF Channel 12 while maintaining analogue transmission on VHF Channel 2, the analogue signal for ABS was shut off at 9. 00am CST, Tuesday,2 April 2013. ABC News South Australia is presented by Jessica Harmsen on weeknights, the weeknight bulletins also incorporate national finance segment is presented by Alan Kohler in Melbourne. Weekend bulletins feature local sport bulletins presented by Neil Cross, the weekly local current affairs program,7.30 South Australia is broadcast each Friday night at 7, 30pm and presented by Simon Royal. In an email to staff, Scott says close our Adelaide television production studio, the economics of the television sector make it difficult to maintain small-scale operations. It is more efficient to base production in Sydney and Melbourne. TV’s aim is to work with the independent sector on programming that better reflects local diversity, to demonstrate accountability, the ABC will deliver detailed annual reports on its local production, including dollars invested and programs made. The following stations relay ABS throughout South Australia, Notes,1, HAAT estimated from http, //www. itu. int/SRTM3/ using EHAAT. ABCS was on VHF channel 7 from its 1973 sign-on until sometime in the 1980s, analogue transmissions ceased as of 15 December 2010 as part of the national shutdown of analogue television
34.
ABW (TV station)
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ABW is the Australian Broadcasting Corporations television station in Perth, Western Australia. The station began broadcasting on 7 May 1960 from studios on Adelaide Terrace in downtown Perth, the station is relayed throughout the state by a number of transmitters as well as on the Optus Aurora free-to-view satellite television platform. In 2005 the station moved to a new digital broadcast centre in East Perth, ABC News Western Australia is presented by James McHale, Rebecca Dollery for weather on weeknights and Pamela Medlen on weekends. Trevor Jenkins presents local sport bulletins on Saturdays and Sundays, the weeknight bulletins also incorporates a national finance segment presented by Alan Kohler in Melbourne. The Western Australian edition of 7.30 is presented by Andrew OConnor each Friday night, due to different time zones, ABW also receives a local version of the Midday Report produced from the ABN Sydney studios. ABW used to live coverage of West Australian Football League matches every Saturday afternoon throughout the season until 2014. TVW now carries this along with the other seven network stations i. e. SAS, due to different time zones in Australia, the bulletin goes live to air on the east coast at 5. 30pm and a separate local edition is produced for the west coast. ABW commenced digital television transmission in January 2001, broadcasting on VHF Channel 12 while maintaining analogue transmission on VHF Channel 2, the analogue signal for ABW was shut off at 9. 00am Western Standard Time, Tuesday,16 April 2013. The following stations relay ABW throughout Western Australia, Television broadcasting in Australia 720 ABC Perth – radio station located in the same building
35.
ABC (TV station)
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ABC is the Australian Broadcasting Corporations television station in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The station began broadcasting on 18 December 1962 and broadcasts from studios in Dickson and its main transmitter is at Black Mountain. ABC News Canberra is presented by Dan Bourchier on weeknights and Craig Allen on weekends, the weeknight bulletins incorporate a national finance section presented by Alan Kohler in Melbourne. A new studio set was introduced in mid-2014 to match the rest of the ABC News network, the weekly current affairs program,7.30 ACT was presented by Chris Kimball until its cancellation in 2014
36.
ABD (TV station)
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ABD is the Australian Broadcasting Corporations television station in Darwin, Northern Territory. The station was the first to go to air in Darwin and its studios are located in the inner city of Darwin, with analog transmitter on Blake Street and digital transmitter on Deloraine Road. The station is received throughout the territory through a number of relay transmitters, ABD follows a schedule similar to the ABCs statewide stations, opting out regularly for local news, current affairs and sport programming. The nightly local ABC News is presented by Eleni Roussos on weeknights, the weeknight bulletins also incorporate a national finance segment presented by Alan Kohler in Melbourne. ABD also airs coverage of Northern Territory Football League matches every Saturday afternoon during the season. The analogue signal for ABD was shut off at 9. 00am CST, the following stations relay ABD throughout the Northern Territory, Notes,1. HAAT estimated from http, //www. itu. int/SRTM3/ using EHAAT
37.
ABC Radio and Regional Content
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ABC Radio and Regional Content is the division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation responsible for radio output and regional content. The first public station in Australia opened in Sydney on 23 November 1923 under the call sign 2SB. Other stations in Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth and Hobart followed, a licensing scheme administered by the Postmaster-Generals Department, was soon established allowing certain stations government funding, albeit with restrictions placed on their advertising content. In 1924 the licensing system was changed, the Postmaster-Generals Department collected all licence fees and broadcasters were funded as either A-Class or B-Class stations. A-Class stations received government funding and were able to take limited advertising, while B-Class stations received no government funding, by 1925 many of the A-Class stations were in financial difficulty. A1927 Royal Commission into wireless broadcasting recommended that radio licence fees be pooled to fund larger A-Class stations, the government established the National Broadcasting Service to take over the 12 A-Class licences as they came up for renewal from 1928. The original legislation permitted advertising, but this was removed from the Act before it came into effect, at the same time, the government created the Australian Broadcasting Company to supply programs to the new national broadcaster. As a result, the Australian Broadcasting Commission was established on 1 July 1932 to take over the Australian Broadcasting Company, the ABC was to be based on the BBC model, funded primarily from listener license fees with some direct government grants. The Australian Broadcasting Commissions original twelve radio stations were, These formed the basis for the present-day ABC Local Radio and Radio National networks. Conductor Sir Bernard Heinze was appointed musical adviser to the ABC in 1934, while in 1937. Two years later, the Commission began publishing the ABC Weekly - a radio magazine promoting the ABCs local radio, over the next four years the stations were reformed into a cohesive broadcasting organisation through regular program relays, coordinated by a centralised bureaucracy. The Australian broadcast radio spectrum at the time was made up of the ABC, during the broadcasters first decades, programs generally consisted of music, news and current affairs, sport, drama, childrens educational supplements and school broadcasts. Because recording technology was still primitive, all ABC programs were broadcast live until 1935. For this purpose, the ABC established broadcasting orchestras in each state, in addition, all 38 of Shakespeares plays were performed live between 1936 and 1938. Local drama was produced, with a competition for plays and sketches from Australian authors held in 1934. Talks from prominent figures of the such as King George V, Pope Pius XI, British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, Adolf Hitler. News bulletins, however, continued to be read in each state from local newspapers, during the Second World War, the ABC continued to recruit staff, including a greater proportion of women to replace men who had joined the armed forces. The organisation established reporting and recording facilities in a number of locations, including the Middle East, Greece
38.
ABC Classic FM
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ABC Classic FM is a classical music radio station available in Australia, and internationally online. It is operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ABC Classic FM was established in 1976 as ABC-FM, and later for a short time was known as ABC Fine Music, before adopting its current name. It was the ABCs first experiment in FM broadcasting – which had become a necessity in Australia as broadcasters ran out of AM frequencies on which to transmit, ABC Classic FM was inspired partly by the example of BBC Radio 3. ABC Classic FMs studios were established at the ABC studios in Collinswood, the ABCs decision to establish ABC Classic FM in Adelaide was significant because most of the ABCs radio and television national program origination infrastructure is located in Sydney. ABC Classic FM broadcasts classical music, operas, recitals and live concerts, live music is a major feature of ABC Classic FM schedule. Concerts are broadcast from around Australia and Internationally, via the European Broadcasting Union, since 2001, ABC Classic FM has organised a number of Classic 100 Countdown surveys. The results of survey are decided by votes cast by the listeners of the radio station. The works are broadcast in order of popularity over seven to ten days. The countdown culminates in the broadcast of a concert featuring the most popular pieces and finishes with the number one listener choice. A feature of the countdown is that piece is kept secret until just before its broadcast. Each November on ABC Classic FM is Australian music month, where Australian artists are heavily promoted and this includes more Australian composition broadcast every day, some free, limited-entry concerts around the country, all-Australian albums of the week, and lots of live Australian concerts. In common with all ABC Radio stations, it also carries news bulletins produced by ABC News, on 19 December 2005, in line with the policy applied at every ABC Radio network, these news bulletins became state-based rather than national. On weekdays, ABC Classic FMs news bulletins are broadcast hourly from 06,00 until 19.00 AEST/AEDT, at weekends, news bulletins are broadcast hourly from 05,00 till 10,00, then at 12,00,17,00 and 19,00. All news broadcasts, other than an extended 10-minute bulletin at 07,00, ABC Classic 2, a music-only talk-free streaming station, was established in June 2014. It broadcasts only via a stream and is available on the ABCs Android. Classic 2 specialises in streaming popular styles of classical music, the music on Classic 2 is performed exclusively by leading Australian orchestras, ensembles and soloists. No opera or vocal works are included in the playlist, during daytime and evenings Classic 2 typically broadcasts short excerpts from the classical repertoire, for example single movements from full symphonies. Between midnight and 06,00, longer works are included, ABC Classic 2 is managed and programmed by the ABC Classic FM team
39.
ABC News (radio)
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ABC NewsRadio is an Australian Broadcasting Corporation 24-hour news radio service. It is available on a number of broadcasts around Australia, including AM/FM radio, some pay-TV platforms, also broadcast, at the end of each days sitting, is a recording of Question Time for the chamber that was not broadcast live that day. These restrictions do not apply to the broadcasts of Newsradio. Parliamentary broadcasting was commenced by Ben Chifleys government on 10 July 1946 and these broadcasts received their own frequencies in the 1980s as PNN. The PNN/ABC NewsRadio service was introduced in August 1994 to utilise the Parliamentary broadcasting frequencies which were not being used when Parliament was not in session. ABC NewsRadio has a 24-hour news format, including finance, science and IT reports. NewsRadio also rebroadcasts international programming from the BBC, DW-Radio, Radio Netherlands, ABC NewsRadio callsigns for stations on the AM radio band are always xPB, where x is the number denoting the particular state or territory and PB stands for Parliamentary Broadcasting. ABC NewsRadio stations on the FM radio band use callsigns of the format xPNN, ABC NewsRadio also uses resources from around the world such as news bulletins and programs from the BBC. From September 2001, the 24-hour news format began live streaming on the Internet. When Parliament is in session, listeners who have Internet access may still receive the NewsRadio service even when the NewsRadio network is broadcasting Parliamentary proceedings over the air, from 2004, this was extended to FTA digital satellite and subscription TV services. In 2009, separate standard and parliamentary feeds were launched on terrestrial radio in the state capitals. FM transmission was expanded greatly during a 2006-2009 program and it planned to increase the AM/FM coverage from 78% of the population to 95%. In November 2016, the ABC announced that ABC NewsRadio and ABC News 24 will be rebranded as ABC News on 10 April 2017, the following carry parliamentary services, including Question Time, when parliament is in session. Australian Football League broadcasts may also interrupt news coverage in NSW, Queensland and the ACT
40.
Radio National
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ABC Radio National, known on-air as RN, is an Australia-wide Public Service Broadcasting radio network run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Radio National broadcasts national programming in subjects that include news and current affairs, some programs are relayed on Radio Australia, the ABCs international free-to-air shortwave service. Radio National currently has 327 transmitter sites and covers over 98% of the inhabited areas of Australia. Remote areas are served by satellite service, all radio programs are available for live streaming over the Internet, and most as audio-on-demand, or for download as MP3s for at least four weeks after broadcast. Some programs are available as MP3s going back to 2005, when Radio National commenced podcasting, about 25% of shows, mainly the flagship weekly shows, have written transcripts archived back to 1996. The outsourced Australian Broadcasting Company supplied programs from 1929, in 1932 a commission was established, merging the original ABC company and the National Broadcasting Service. Radio Nationals Sydney station 2FC first test broadcast on 5 December 1923, 2FC stood for Farmer and Company, the original owner of the station before the ABC took it over. The origins of the stations in the network were, 3AR Melbourne –26 January 1924 Associated Radio Company of Australia, organized by Esmond Laurence Kiernan. They used a MT7A valve for the high power RF stage. The power supply was 12,000 volts from three phase power rectified by MR7 valves, note also that 4QG commenced with a 500 Watt transmitter which continued for about 6 months until the 5 kW unit was commissioned. The radio transmitters for 3AR and 2FC were upgraded to 10 kW in a contract let in 1938 to STC, the transmitters were designed by Charles Strong in London, and were notable in using negative feedback to ensure a high quality flat frequency response. From 1947 until the mid-1980s, Radio 2 was broadcast to the metropolitan centres. It contained most of the ABCs national programming, the power level of 2FC 3AR and 5CL was upgraded to 50 kW in the early 1950s. The transmitters for these were housed in the building as the radio 1 network. The final stage contained three parallel 3J/261E air cooled triodes running in class C amplifier at 90% efficiency and these were driven by a class B modulator with the same type of valves. In the 1970s, the program format began to take on a more serious tone. Art critic Peter Timm later remarked that the network is virtually the only non-print media forum for art in this country, in the early 1980s the broadcast footprint was extended with the construction of the first of over 300 regional FM transmitters. In 1985, the ABC renamed Radio 2 as Radio National, since 1990, all Radio National stations have had the same callsign format, Radio National preceded by the appropriate number for the state or territory, sometimes followed by the locality
41.
Triple J
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Triple J is a government-funded, national Australian radio station intended to appeal to listeners between the ages of 18 and 25 which began broadcasting in January 1975. The station places an emphasis on broadcasting Australian and alternative music compared to commercial stations. Triple J is government-owned and is a division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2JJ commenced broadcasting at 11,00 am, Sunday 19 January 1975, at 1540 kHz on the AM band. The new Australian Broadcasting Corporation station was given the official call-sign 2JJ, the station was restricted largely to the greater Sydney region, and its local reception was hampered by inadequate transmitter facilities. However, its frequency was a clear channel nationally, so it was heard at night throughout south-eastern Australia. After midnight the station would often use ABC networks – during their off air time slot – to increase its broadcasting range and its first broadcast demonstrated a determination to distinguish itself from other Australian radio stations. The first on-air presenter, DJ Holger Brockmann, notably used his own name, owing to 2SMs restrictive policies at the time, Brockmann, whose real name was considered too foreign-sounding, had been forced to work using the pseudonym Bill Drake in prior positions. After an introductory audio collage that featured sounds from the countdown and launch of Apollo 11, Brockmann launched the stations first-ever broadcast with the words, Wow, and then cued The Skyhooks You Just Like Me Cos Im Good in Bed. The choice of a Skyhooks song to introduce the station was significant, choosing an Australian band reflected Double Jays commitment to Australian content at a time when American acts dominated commercial pop stations. Most notably, the song was one of tracks from the Skyhooks album that had been banned from airplay on commercial radio by the industrys peak body. In contrast, their Sydney rival, 2SM, was owned by a company controlled by the Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney. The inspiration gained from the UK led to Double J adopting the tradition of weekly, live-in-the-studio performances by pop, gough Whitlam was unable to also fulfill his aspiration for the establishment of a National Youth Radio Network, as he was controversially sacked. We also heard that the ABC was worried about its audience dying off, additionally, the station was one of a series of innovations that stemmed from the recommendations in the McLean Report of 1974. By the time 2JJ went to air, the Whitlam government was in its months of office. Marius Webb, one of the stations co-ordinators recalls an ABC executive informing him, thank you very much, Ive got another meeting. On 11 November 1975, Whitlams commission was revoked by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, in the subsequent 1975 federal election, Labor was defeated by the Liberal-National Party coalition that was led by Malcolm Fraser. During the more conservative media climate that emerged in the Fraser years, in its early years 2JJs on-air staff were mainly recruited from either commercial radio or other ABC stations. Later, in another first, the roster also featured presenters who did not come from a radio industry background, including singer-songwriters Bob Hudson and John J. Francis, and actor Lex Marinos
42.
ABC Local Radio
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ABC Local Radio is a network of publicly owned radio stations in Australia, operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC Local Radio stations broadcast across the continent using terrestrial transmitters and its programming consists of news, current affairs, talkback, entertainment, sport, music and local affairs. They are usually reckoned as the flagship ABC radio stations in their areas, originally, Local Radio was known internally as ABC Radio 1 in metropolitan regions and ABC Radio 3 in regional areas. Radio 1 was a local format while Radio 3 was more networked and included content from the national programme. In the 1980s, Radio National emerged from Radio 2 and Radio 3 dropped its Radio 2 content with Radio 1 becoming ABC Metro Radio and Radio 3 becoming ABC Regional Radio. The Regional Radio stations provided local programming in breakfast and drive, some different, local market formats emerged, including the Darwin Metro 8DDD, FM105.7 and Gold Coast Regional, ABC Coast FM,91.7. Up until the mid-1990s, the majority of the radio stations identified on-air as. In the 1990s, a different convention was used, generally as ABC Radio or FM, in 2000, these two almost identical networks merged as ABC Local Radio. In January 2017, ABC Local Radio rebranded with a new logo, the new round logo reflects the dropping of the call numbers of each local radio station as part of the networks multiplatform philosophy. All stations now use the format ABC Radio with the region, until 2015, the regional stations usually simulcast one of the metropolitan stations when they werent airing local programming. Usually, they simulcast their states capital city station, an exception was 999 ABC Broken Hill, in 2015, the ABC formed a Regional Division to again split its regional stations from the metropolitan counterparts. 1233 ABC Newcastle was transferred from the network to the new regional division and 14 of the regional networks member stations began streaming. During the mid-afternoon and evening, the stations will act as satellites of the nearest metropolitan station. Despite the loss of 100 websites from the ABC, the Regional network introduced local news websites for its 48 stations containing a mix of news, Radio National Radio Australia Timeline of Australian radio ABC Local Radio Australian Broadcasting Corporation
