1.
Newcastle, New South Wales
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Located 162 kilometres north-northeast of Sydney, at the mouth of the Hunter River, it is the predominant city within the Hunter Region. Famous for its coal, Newcastle is the largest coal exporting harbour in the world, beyond the city, the Hunter Region possesses large coal deposits. Geologically, the area is located in the part of the Sydney basin. Newcastle and the lower Hunter Region were traditionally occupied by the Awabakal and Worimi Aboriginal People, in September 1797 Lieutenant John Shortland became the first European settler to explore the area. His discovery of the area was largely accidental, as he had sent in search of a number of convicts who had seized HMS Cumberland as she was sailing from Sydney Cove. While returning, Lt. Shortland entered what he described as a very fine river. He returned with reports of the port and the areas abundant coal. Over the next two years, coal mined from the area was the New South Wales colonys first export, Newcastle gained a reputation as a hellhole as it was a place where the most dangerous convicts were sent to dig in the coal mines as harsh punishment for their crimes. By the start of the 19th century the mouth of the Hunter River was being visited by groups of men, including coal diggers, timber-cutters. Philip Gidley King, the Governor of New South Wales from 1800, in 1801, a convict camp called Kings Town was established to mine coal and cut timber. In the same year, the first shipment of coal was dispatched to Sydney and this settlement closed less than a year later. A settlement was attempted in 1804, as a place of secondary punishment for unruly convicts. The settlement was named Coal River, also Kingstown and then renamed Newcastle, the new settlement, comprising convicts and a military guard, arrived at the Hunter River on 27 March 1804 in three ships, HMS Lady Nelson, the Resource and the James. The convicts were rebels from the 1804 Castle Hill convict rebellion, Morpeth, New South Wales is a similar distance north of Newcastle as Morpeth, Northumberland is north of Newcastle upon Tyne. Under Captain James Wallis, commandant from 1815 to 1818, the conditions improved. The quality of these first buildings was poor, and only breakwater survives, during this period, in 1816, the oldest public school in Australia was built in East Newcastle. Newcastle remained a settlement until 1822, when the settlement was opened up to farming. As a penal colony, the rule was harsh, especially at Limeburners Bay
2.
Maitland, New South Wales
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It is on the New England Highway about 17 km from its start at Hexham. The city centre is located on the bank of the Hunter River. Surrounding areas include the cities of Cessnock and Singleton local government areas, originally Maitland was a culmination of three separate towns which arose roughly all around the same time. West Maitland, now just Maitland, was a privately founded town grew because of its proximity to the river. The other areas were East Maitland, which was established by the colonial New South Wales government, and Morpeth, another private town founded by Lieutenant Close, each town functioned as if they were separate municipalities. The name, Maitland, was reported in 1885 to have had its name taken from Sir George Maitland, under Secretary for the Colonies, and M. P. for the Borough of Whitchurch, in Hampshire, England. The present city was proclaimed in 1945 with the amalgamation of the three local government areas, the citys boundaries have been increased by incorporating parts of other local government areas since then. West Maitland was founded in 1820 close to the reach of the Hunter River where vessels with a shallow draft could navigate. Nearby Morpeth served as the head of navigation for larger ships, originally the route river route between Morpeth and West Maitland was 26 kilometres, today after various floods and river course changes this has reduced to just 9 kilometres. Maitland was therefore the point at which goods were unloaded for, and distributed to, accordingly, there were large warehouses built, which faced onto the main High Street and backed onto the Hunter River. For almost 20 years until the Victorian gold rush, Maitland was the second largest town in Australia, the arrival of the railway from Newcastle in the 1850s, coupled with the increasing silting of the river and larger ships spelt the end of the traditional river traffic. The first electricity connected in the area was to Maitland Town Hall in 1922, to the Halls front light. The first bridge to link West Maitland with what is now the suburb of Lorn was opened in 1869 and named in honour of the then Governor of New South Wales, the 4th Earl of Belmore. Although the bridge proved vital to the development, the floods of 1893,1913 and 1930 began to heighten the need for a new bridge that could withstand periodic flooding. A second Belmore Bridge, designed to withstand the impact of debris during floods, was adjacent to the 1869 bridge in 1964. The new bridge, which redirected traffic away from St. Andrews Street to a new intersection at the Maitland Court House, is one of the three main river crossings. Maitlands proximity to the Hunter River has resulted in a succession of floods since European settlement, over 200 floods have occurred on the Hunter River since settlement,13 of those higher than the rivers normal peak limit of 10.7 metres. Of these 13, all have had an effect on the city of Maitland
3.
Port Stephens Council
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Port Stephens Council is a local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. The area is just north of Newcastle and is adjacent to the Pacific Highway which runs through Raymond Terrace, the area is named after Port Stephens, which is the major geographical feature of the area. It extends generally from the Hunter River in the south, to near Clarence Town in the north, the Mayor of the Port Stephens Council is Bruce MacKenzie. In the southern part of the area are the communities of Bobs Farm, Fern Bay, Fullerton Cove, Salt Ash, Tomago. Tomago supports both rural and industrial communities while Williamtown is the location for a Royal Australian Air Force base that shares its airfield with Newcastle Airport, at the northern end of the area are Karuah and Twelve Mile Creek. Located adjacent to Port Stephens and straddling the Karuah River, Karuah is predominantly residential and it is the location of the largest Aboriginal community in the area. Twelve Mile Creek is almost exclusively rural, centrally located in the area, between Raymond Terrace and Port Stephens are Campvale, Ferodale and Medowie. Ferodale is dominated by Grahamstown Dam, a dam with a capacity of 131,800 megalitres that is a major source of fresh water in the region. The remainder of area is a mix of rural, semi-rural and residential developments. A map of the towns, suburbs and localities within the Port Stephens Council area is available from the Port Stephens Council website. At the 2011 census, there were 64,807 people in the Port Stephens local government area, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 3.6 per cent of the population, which was higher than the national and state averages of 2.5 per cent. The median age of people in the Port Stephens Council area was 42 years, children aged 0 –14 years made up 19.5 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 19.3 per cent of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over,52.0 per cent were married and 13.5 per cent were either divorced or separated, the median weekly income for residents within the Port Stephens Council area was significantly lower than the national average. At the 2011 census, the proportion of residents in the Port Stephens local government area who stated their ancestry as Australian or Anglo-Saxon exceeded 81 per cent of all residents. Port Stephens Council is composed of ten Councillors, including the Mayor, for a fixed term of office. The Mayor is directly elected while the nine other Councillors are elected proportionally as three separate wards, each electing three Councillors, in the initial proposal, Port Stephens Council was not included in any amalgamation proposals. The proposed merger has been met with significant opposition, thousands of residents have attended rallies and signed petitions opposed to the proposal, while 470 have attended public inquiry meetings. The state member for Port Stephens, Kate Washington, former state member Craig Baumann, federal Liberal member for Paterson, Bob Baldwin, spoke in parliament, urging the Liberal Baird government to reconsider the proposal, claiming this proposal seems to defy logic
4.
Cessnock, New South Wales
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Cessnock is a city in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia, about 52 km by road west of Newcastle. It is the centre of the City of Cessnock LGA and was named after an 1826 grant of land called Cessnock Estate. The local area was known as The Coalfields, and it is the gateway city to the vineyards of the Hunter Valley, which includes Pokolbin, Mount View, Lovedale, Broke, Rothbury. The estimated urban population of Cessnock was 22,596 at June 2015, having grown at an annual rate, year-on-year. The transition to wine service centre from a prosperous mining town has been a long. Cessnock lies between Australia’s earliest European settlements – Sydney, the Hawkesbury River and Newcastle, lying on the land route between these important settlements it provided early European contact with indigenous people who have inhabited the Cessnock area for more than 3,000 years. The Wonnarua people were the inhabitants at the time of European contact. Many were killed or died as a result of European diseases, others were forced onto neighbouring tribal territory and killed. The city of Cessnock abounds in place names and names with indigenous association which is indicative of this settlement and include Congewai, Kurri Kurri, Laguna, Nulkaba. Pastoralists commenced settling the land in the 1820s, Cessnock was named by Scottish settler John Campbell, after his grandfathers baronial Cessnock Castle in Galston, East Ayrshire, to reflect the aristocratic heritage and ambitions for this estate. The township of Cessnock developed from 1850, as a centre at the junction of the Great North Road from Sydney to the Hunter Valley, with branches to Maitland. The establishment of the South Maitland coalfields generated extensive land settlement between 1903 and 1923, the current pattern of urban development, transport routes and industrial landscape was laid at this time. The decline of mining on the South Maitland Coalfields has been paralleled by growth in the wine industry, the Hunter Valley wine-growing area near Cessnock is Australias oldest wine region and one of the most famous, with around 1,800 hectares under vine. The vineyards of Pokolbin, Mount View and Allandale, with their rich volcanic soils tended by entrepreneurial vignerons, are also the focus of a thriving and growing tourism industry, the extension and eventual completion of the F3 Freeway, created a property and tourism boom during the 1990s. Cessnock has begun to develop other tourist ventures beyond the industry such as championship golf courses, hot air ballooning, sky-diving. The city council has actively pursued a policy of urban renewal in the city centre since 2001, the local council was one of the first to introduce a recycling program for waste disposal in the state. The town is located in the alluvial and volcanic soils of the Hunter Valley. Rich coal seams underlie much of the area, the Brokenback Range rises to the west of the city
5.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
6.
Hertz
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The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in SI multiples kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, kilo means thousand, mega meaning million, giga meaning billion and tera for trillion. Some of the units most common uses are in the description of waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio-. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers, the hertz is equivalent to cycles per second, i. e. 1/second or s −1. In English, hertz is also used as the plural form, as an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed, commonly used multiples are kHz, MHz, GHz and THz. One hertz simply means one cycle per second,100 Hz means one hundred cycles per second, and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, the rate of aperiodic or stochastic events occur is expressed in reciprocal second or inverse second in general or, the specific case of radioactive decay, becquerels. Whereas 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second,1 Bq is 1 aperiodic radionuclide event per second, the conversion between a frequency f measured in hertz and an angular velocity ω measured in radians per second is ω =2 π f and f = ω2 π. This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, as with every International System of Units unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case. Note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase. — Based on The International System of Units, the hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1930, the term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the 1970s. One hobby magazine, Electronics Illustrated, declared their intention to stick with the traditional kc. Mc. etc. units, sound is a traveling longitudinal wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infants ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, the range of ultrasound, infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular and atomic vibrations extends from a few femtoHz into the terahertz range and beyond. Electromagnetic radiation is described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz. Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz
7.
Amplitude modulation
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Amplitude modulation is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the wave is varied in proportion to the waveform being transmitted. That waveform may, for instance, correspond to the sounds to be reproduced by a loudspeaker and this technique contrasts with frequency modulation, in which the frequency of the carrier signal is varied, and phase modulation, in which its phase is varied. AM was the earliest modulation method used to transmit voice by radio and it was developed during the first two decades of the 20th century beginning with Roberto Landell De Moura and Reginald Fessendens radiotelephone experiments in 1900. It remains in use today in many forms of communication, for example it is used in two way radios, VHF aircraft radio, Citizens Band Radio, and in computer modems. AM is often used to refer to mediumwave AM radio broadcasting, when it reaches its destination, the information signal is extracted from the modulated carrier by demodulation. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude or strength of the oscillations is what is varied. For example, in AM radio communication, a continuous wave signal has its amplitude modulated by an audio waveform before transmission. The audio waveform modifies the amplitude of the wave and determines the envelope of the waveform. In the frequency domain, amplitude modulation produces a signal with power concentrated at the carrier frequency, each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of the modulating signal, and is a mirror image of the other. Standard AM is thus sometimes called double-sideband amplitude modulation to distinguish it more sophisticated modulation methods also based on AM. One disadvantage of all amplitude modulation techniques is that the receiver amplifies and detects noise, increasing the received signal to noise ratio, say, by a factor of 10, thus would require increasing the transmitter power by a factor of 10. For this reason AM broadcast is not favored for music and high fidelity broadcasting, another disadvantage of AM is that it is inefficient in power usage, at least two-thirds of the power is concentrated in the carrier signal. The carrier signal contains none of the information being transmitted. However its presence provides a means of demodulation using envelope detection, providing a frequency. The receiver may regenerate a copy of the frequency from a greatly reduced pilot carrier to use in the demodulation process. Even with the carrier totally eliminated in double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission, carrier regeneration is possible using a Costas phase-locked loop and this doesnt work however for single-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission, leading to the characteristic Donald Duck sound from such receivers when slightly detuned. Single sideband is used widely in amateur radio and other voice communications both due to its power efficiency and bandwidth efficiency
8.
Frequency modulation
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In telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. This contrasts with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the wave varies. This modulation technique is known as frequency-shift keying, FSK is widely used in modems and fax modems, and can also be used to send Morse code. Frequency modulation is used for FM radio broadcasting. For this reason, most music is broadcast over FM radio, frequency modulation has a close relationship with phase modulation, phase modulation is often used as an intermediate step to achieve frequency modulation. Mathematically both of these are considered a case of quadrature amplitude modulation. While most of the energy of the signal is contained within fc ± fΔ, the frequency spectrum of an actual FM signal has components extending infinitely, although their amplitude decreases and higher-order components are often neglected in practical design problems. Mathematically, a baseband modulated signal may be approximated by a continuous wave signal with a frequency fm. This method is also named as Single-tone Modulation. As in other systems, the modulation index indicates by how much the modulated variable varies around its unmodulated level. e. The maximum deviation of the frequency from the carrier frequency. For a sine wave modulation, the index is seen to be the ratio of the peak frequency deviation of the carrier wave to the frequency of the modulating sine wave. If h ≪1, the modulation is called narrowband FM, sometimes modulation index h<0.3 rad is considered as Narrowband FM otherwise Wideband FM. In the case of digital modulation, the carrier f c is never transmitted, rather, one of two frequencies is transmitted, either f c + Δ f or f c − Δ f, depending on the binary state 0 or 1 of the modulation signal. If h ≫1, the modulation is called wideband FM, if the frequency deviation is held constant and the modulation frequency increased, the spacing between spectra increases. The carrier and sideband amplitudes are illustrated for different modulation indices of FM signals, for particular values of the modulation index, the carrier amplitude becomes zero and all the signal power is in the sidebands. Since the sidebands are on sides of the carrier, their count is doubled, and then multiplied by the modulating frequency to find the bandwidth. For example,3 kHz deviation modulated by a 2.2 kHz audio tone produces an index of 1.36. Suppose that we limit ourselves to only those sidebands that have an amplitude of at least 0.01
9.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
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The Australian Broadcasting Corporation is Australias national public broadcaster, owned and funded by the government. The ABC plays a role in the history of broadcasting in Australia. With a total budget of A$1. Founded in 1929 as the Australian Broadcasting Company, it was made a state-owned corporation on 1 July 1932 as the Australian Broadcasting Commission. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 changed the name of the organisation to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, although funded and owned by the government, the ABC remains editorially independent as ensured through the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983. The ABC is sometimes referred to as Aunty, originally in imitation of the British Broadcasting Corporations nickname. The first public station in Australia opened in Sydney on 23 November 1923 under the call sign 2SB with other stations in Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth. It also nationalised the Australian Broadcasting Company which had created by entertainment interests to supply programs to various radio stations. Over the next four years the stations were reformed into a broadcasting organisation through regular program relays. The Australian broadcast radio spectrum was constituted of the ABC and the commercial sector, in 1942 The Australian Broadcasting Act was passed, giving the ABC the power to decide when, and in what circumstances, political speeches should be broadcast. Directions from the Minister about whether or not to broadcast any matter now had to be made in writing and it was used only once, in 1963. In the same year, Kindergarten of the Air began on ABC Radio in Perth, cater argues that reform was urgently needed in 1945, By the end of World War II, the ABC was a decadent, hollow institution. Its authority had been compromised by a poorly drafted charter and further undermined by timid management, poor governance, in April 1945, Boyer refused to accept the post of chairman until Prime Minister Curtin issued a mandate of independence which Boyer drafted itself. The ABC commenced television broadcasting in 1956, and followed the earlier practice of naming the station after the first letter of the base state. ABN-2 Sydney was inaugurated by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 5 November 1956, with the first broadcast presented by Michael Charlton, aBV-2 followed two weeks later, on 18 November 1956. Stations in other cities followed, ABQ-2, ABS-2, ABW-2. ABC-3 Canberra opened in 1961, and ABD-6 started broadcasting in 1971, although radio programs could be distributed nationally by landline, television relay facilities were not in place until the early 1960s. This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each city by teleprinter, to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually
10.
Webcast
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A webcast is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand, essentially, webcasting is broadcasting over the Internet. The largest webcasters include existing radio and TV stations, who simulcast their output through online TV or online radio streaming, Webcasting usually consists of providing non-interactive linear streams or events. Rights and licensing bodies offer specific webcasting licenses to those wishing to carry out Internet broadcasting using copyrighted material, Webcasting is used extensively in the commercial sector for investor relations presentations, in e-learning, and for related communications activities. However, webcasting does not bear much, if any, relationship to web conferencing, the ability to webcast using cheap/accessible technology has allowed independent media to flourish. There are many notable independent shows that broadcast regularly online, often produced by average citizens in their homes they cover many interests and topics. Webcasts relating to computers, technology, and news are particularly popular, Webcasting differs from podcasting in that webcasting refers to live streaming while podcasting simply refers to media files placed on the Internet. Webcasting is the distribution of media files through the internet, pakman from Apple, they launched the Macintosh New York Music Festival from July 17–22,1995. This event audio webcast concerts from more than 15 clubs in New York City, Apple later webcast a concert by Metallica on June 10,1996 live from Slims in San Francisco. In 1995, Benford E. Standley produced one of the first audio/video webcasts in history, on August 13,1998, it is generally believed the first webcast wedding took place, between Alan Knecht and Carrie Silverman in Toronto Canada. The live signal was broadcast via satellite to PA, then encoded and streamed via the BGEA website, the first teleconferenced/webcast wedding to date is believed to have occurred on December 31,1998. Dale Ficken and Lorrie Scarangella wed on this date as they stood in a church in Pennsylvania, on November 4,1994, Stef van der Ziel distributed the first live video images over the web from the Simplon venue in Groningen. On November 7,1994, WXYC, the radio station of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet. Translated versions including Subtitling are now possible using SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, a wedcast is a webcast of a wedding. It allows family and friends of the couple to watch the wedding in time on the Internet. Webcasting a funeral is also a service provided by funeral homes. Although it has been around for a decade, cheaper broadband, the strain of travel. International Webcasting Association Media clip Podcast Streaming media Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language Video blog Web radio Webisode Webinar PR Newswire
11.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
12.
William Tell Overture
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The William Tell Overture is the overture to the opera William Tell, whose music was composed by Gioachino Rossini. William Tell premiered in 1829 and was the last of Rossinis 39 operas, after which he went into semi-retirement, although he continued to compose cantatas, sacred music, the overture is in four parts, each following without pause. There has been repeated use of parts of this overture in both music and popular media, most famously as the theme music for The Lone Ranger in radio, television. It was also used as the music for the British television series The Adventures of William Tell. Franz Liszt prepared a piano transcription of the overture in 1838 which became a staple of his concert repertoire, there are also transcriptions by other composers, including versions by Louis Gottschalk for two and four pianos and a duet for piano and violin. The overture, which lasts for approximately 12 minutes, paints a picture of life in the Swiss Alps. It was described by Hector Berlioz, who usually loathed Rossinis works, but unlike an actual symphony with its distinct movements, the overtures parts transition from one to the next without a break. Prelude, Dawn The Prelude is a passage in E major. It begins in E minor with a cello which is in turn answered by the remaining cellos. An impending storm is hinted at by two very quiet timpani rolls resembling distant thunder, the section ends with a very high sustained note played by the first cello. Storm This dynamic section in E minor is played by the full orchestra and it begins with the violins and violas. Their phrases are punctuated by short wind instrument interventions of three each, first by the piccolo, flute and oboes, then by the clarinets. The storm breaks out in full with the entrance of the French horns, trumpets, trombones, the volume and number of instruments gradually decreases as the storm subsides. The section ends with the flute playing alone, Ranz des Vaches This pastorale section in G major signifying the calm after the storm begins with a Ranz des Vaches or Call to the Cows, featuring the cor anglais. The horn then plays in alternating phrases with the flute, culminating in a duet with the triangle accompanying them in the background, the melody appears several times in the opera, including the final act, and takes on the character of a leitmotif. This segment is used in animated cartoons to signify daybreak. It alludes to the act, which recounts the Swiss soldierss victorious battle to liberate their homeland from Austrian repression. Although there are no horses or cavalry charges in the opera, this segment is used in popular media to denote galloping horses
13.
Prime Minister of Australia
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The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
14.
Standard Telephones and Cables
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Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd was a British telephone, telegraph, radio, telecommunications, and related equipment R&D manufacturer. During its history, STC invented and developed several groundbreaking new technologies including pulse code modulation, the company was founded in 1883 in London as International Western Electric by Western Electric, shortly after becoming the telephone equipment supplier for the Bell System in the United States. In mid-1982 it became an independent company and was listed on the London Stock Exchange, at one time it was a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It was bought by Nortel in 1991, the company was established in 1883 as an agent for the US Western Electric company that also had a factory in Antwerp, Belgium. The London operation sold US-designed telephones and exchanges to fledgling British telephone companies, because of the costs of importing product, the company purchased a failing cable factory at North Woolwich in London in 1898. In addition to making lead-sheathed cables, the factory started assembling equipment from components imported from Belgium and the US, using advanced American thinking and designs, and after incorporation as a British legal entity in 1910, Western Electric Ltd’s future looked bright. World War I brought this progress to a sudden halt, the company contributed to the war effort in military communications and the cable and wireless technologies they used. Radio technology was being initiated in the USA and this gave Western Electric a post-war advantage as radio broadcasting was introduced in Britain. With its competitors, it set up the British Broadcasting Company as well as producing radio receivers, electron tube technology was commercially exploited. In 1925, Western Electric sold off its international operations, as well as the electrical equipment merchandizing operations. The buyer of the operations was the infant ITT Corporation, founded by Sosthenes Behn less than ten years previously with an aggressive. To fit with its worldwide operations, ITT renamed its new UK operation Standard Telephones and Cables. The new organization employed entrepreneurial risk taking, based on solid research, alec Reeves and Alan Blumlein could both be defined as perfect employees. In 1933, Brimar was established to manufacture American-pattern electron tubes at Foots Cray, technical milestones were numerous and were crowned by the coverage of Queen Elizabeth IIs Coronation in 1953. The steady spread of TV transmission and availability over Britain very often used STC technology, in other areas, ship-to-ship, ship-to-shore and civil aviation communications took on modern characteristics with STCs products. In time, international and intercontinental submarine telephone contact became possible, feasible, questions of product and installation quality and absolute reliability were overcome and STC became a major player with its production unit in Southampton opened in 1956. Coverage graduated from rivers, estuaries, the English Channel, the North Sea, STC became the world leader in this field after acquiring Submarine Cables Ltd in 1970. Digital technology began to supplant analogue with Bells invention of transistors, STCs first PCM link in 1964 had waited nearly 30 years for material technology to make it work
15.
Beresfield, New South Wales
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Beresfield /ˈbɛrəsfiːld/ is a north-western suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia 22 kilometres from Newcastles central business district. It is part of the City of Newcastle local government area, the suburb of Beresfield had a population of 7,078 in 2011. Beresfield, like the suburbs of Tarro, Woodberry and Thornton, is located on a low ridge rising out of the surrounding floodplain. Beresfield is divided by Anderson Drive which runs east to west, the part of Beresfield to the north of Anderson Drive includes the shopping centre and railway station. The part south of Anderson Drive includes the club, swimming pool, sports oval, golf course and Newcastle Memorial Park cemetery. It has a station, which opened in 1925. The station is served by NSW TrainLinks Hunter line, the suburb is bisected by the New England Highway. The first public school in Beresfield was Upper Hexham Public School, the closest public secondary school is Francis Greenway High School. Beresfield has a shopping centre featuring a post office, banks, Safeways supermarket, newsagent, physiotherapist, doctors surgeries, petrol stations, take-aways. There is a branch of the Newcastle Region Library and a police station. Sporting facilities include a pool, bowling club, golf course, cricket oval and rugby. Churches include the Anglican church of St Pauls, which held its first service in 1949, the first timber St Pauls and its hall were built in 1955. A second brick church was built in 1980 following a fire, in the 1970s a new Roman Catholic parish church, Our Lady of Lourdes, was built at Beresfield. The original parish church had been located in Tarro, a station was opened at Beresfiled and to serve as a mass centre a former Army hut was transported from Greta and erected where the present parish church now stands. St Judes was demolished with the new church taking the title of the old Parish church, active clubs and associations include local Scouting, Girl Guides, Lions & Rotary Clubs. Beresfield Thornton Girl Guide District is an active youth organisation. The Girl Guides continue to service to the local community by participating in Clean Up Australia Day, fundraising for charity. Beresfield is the location of Newcastle Memorial Park cemetery and crematorium, the Kent Colliery was located in Beresfield
16.
New Plymouth
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New Plymouth is the major city of the Taranaki Region on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is named after the British city of Plymouth from where the first English settlers migrated, the New Plymouth District includes New Plymouth City and several smaller towns. The New Plymouth District is the 10th largest district in New Zealand, the district has a population of 74,184 – about two-thirds of the total population of the Taranaki Region. This includes New Plymouth City, Waitara, Inglewood, Oakura, Okato, the city itself is a service centre for the regions principal economic activities including intensive pastoral activities as well as oil, natural gas and petrochemical exploration and production. It is also the financial centre as the home of the TSB Bank. As described under awards, New Plymouth won multiple awards in 2008, the city was in 2010 chosen as one of two walking & cycling Model Communities by the government. Based on New Plymouths already positive attitude towards cyclists and pedestrians and it is also noted for being a coastal city with a mountain within 30 minutes drive, where residents and visitors to New Plymouth can snowboard, ski, water ski and surf all in the same day. In 1828 Richard Dicky Barrett set up a trading post at Ngamotu after arriving on the trading vessel Adventure, Barrett traded with the local Māori and helped negotiate the purchase of land from them on behalf of the New Zealand Company. Settlers were selected by the Plymouth Company, which was set up to attract emigrants from the West Country of England, the first of the towns settlers arrived on the William Bryan, which anchored off the coast on 31 March 1841. The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 created the New Plymouth Province, with a Provincial Council given jurisdiction over an area of 400, five years later the name of the province changed to Taranaki Province. The province was abolished in 1876, a Town Board was formed in 1863 and in August 1876 the town was constituted as a borough. Its new status did little to overcome some outside perceptions, however, I find a great liking for this slow, old hole. It is a quiet, unassuming place and has not done so much to attract immigrants and settlers by exaggerating reports, as some districts have done. The Fitzroy Town District was merged with New Plymouth borough in August 1911, Vogeltown, Frankleigh Park and Westown were added a year later, by 1913 the town had a population of 7538. New Plymouth was declared a city in 1949, every three years the Mayor,14 councillors and 16 community board members are elected by the New Plymouth Districts enrolled voters. The full council, sub-committees and standing committees meet on a six-weekly cycle, the Policy and Monitoring standing committees have delegated authority from the council to make final decisions on certain matters, and they make recommendations to the council on all others. The four community boards–Clifton, Waitara, Inglewood and Kaitake–as well as the subcommittees, New Plymouth District Councils annual operating revenue for 2008/2009 is more than $188 million. The current Mayor of New Plymouth is Andrew Judd, in May 2016 Judd announced that he will not run for mayor again in the upcoming local government elections
17.
Heterodyne
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Heterodyning is a radio signal processing technique invented in 1901 by Canadian inventor-engineer Reginald Fessenden that creates new frequencies by combining or mixing two frequencies. Heterodyning is used to one frequency range into another, new one. The two frequencies are combined in a nonlinear signal-processing device such as a tube, transistor, or diode. In the most common application, two signals at frequencies f1 and f2 are mixed, creating two new signals, one at the sum f1 + f2 of the two frequencies, and the other at the difference f1 − f2 and these new frequencies are called heterodynes. Typically only one of the new frequencies is desired, and the signal is filtered out of the output of the mixer. Heterodynes are related to the phenomenon of beats in acoustics, a major application of the heterodyne process is in the superheterodyne radio receiver circuit, which is used in virtually all modern radio receivers. In 1901, Reginald Fessenden demonstrated a direct-conversion heterodyne receiver or beat receiver as a method of making continuous wave radiotelegraphy signals audible, fessendens receiver did not see much application because of its local oscillators stability problem. While complex isochronous electromechanical oscillators existed, a stable yet inexpensive local oscillator was not available until Lee de Forest invented the vacuum tube oscillator. In a 1905 patent, Fessenden stated that the stability of his local oscillator was one part per thousand. In radio telegraphy, the characters of text messages are translated into the short duration dots, Radio telegraphy was much like ordinary telegraphy. One of the problems was building high power transmitters with the technology of the day, when these damped waves were received by a simple detector, the operator would hear an audible buzzing sound that he could transcribe back into alpha-numeric characters. With the development of the arc converter radio transmitter in 1904, CW Morse code signals are not amplitude modulated, but rather consist of bursts of sinusoidal carrier frequency. When CW signals are received by an AM receiver, the operator does not hear a sound, the direct-conversion detector was invented to make continuous wave radio-frequency signals audible. The heterodyne or beat receiver has a local oscillator that produces a radio signal adjusted to be close in frequency to the signal being received. When the two signals are mixed, a frequency equal to the difference between the two frequencies is created. By adjusting the oscillator frequency correctly, the beat frequency is in the audio range. Thus the Morse code dots and dashes are audible as beeping sounds and this technique is still used in radio telegraphy, the local oscillator now being called the beat frequency oscillator or BFO. Fessenden coined the word heterodyne from the Greek roots hetero- different, an important and widely used application of the heterodyne technique is in the superheterodyne receiver, which was invented by U. S. engineer Edwin Howard Armstrong in 1918
18.
2UH
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ABC Upper Hunter is an Australian radio station. It is the Upper Hunter service of the ABC Local Radio network, ABC Upper Hunter commenced as a local relay of Newcastles 2NC in 1964. While there was some local information on the station, the reporter responsible was based in Newcastle and it wasnt until 1990 when a local office of the ABC was established in the Upper Hunter, basing itself in Market Lane Muswellbrook. Mike Pritchard joined the broadcaster from the Scone Advocate newspaper, and has been the stations rural reporter ever since, in 1997, the station moved to its current facilities in Brook Street. Throughout 2009, the stations programming went on hiatus while the studios were upgraded with digital equipment, Rural programming came from ABC New England North West, while local news and other programming continued to originate from ABC Newcastle. Regular programming resumed mid-year once the upgrade was complete, ABC Upper Hunter transmits on both the AM and FM bands from four transmitter sites in the Upper Hunter. The main AM signal, with the callsign 2UH, operates on 1044 kHz and this signal is transmitted from the Broadcast Australia site on Sandy Creek Road just outside Muswellbrook. The station relays its programs on the FM band from three sites, all using the callsign 2HVR. The station produces local programming for both its local frequencies and for Newcastles ABC Radio National frequency, two rural reports are produced, one for the Lower Hunter and transmitted on the Radio National frequency at 5. 30am weekday mornings and infrequently podcast online. The second is an Upper Hunter-focused report, and airs at 6. 35am on ABC Upper Hunters local frequencies following a news bulletin from the Muswellbrook studios. A local breakfast program follows at 7. 00am with another news bulletin transmitted at 7. 30am before crossing to the network for the national news and AM. The station opts out of programming from 1233 ABC Newcastle to carry The Country Hour at 12. 00pm. A Hunter-based news bulletin is aired during the Country Hour at 12. 30pm from the Newcastle studios and this is simulcast on the Newcastle Radio National frequency. Radio National program Late Night Live often originates from these studios, as presenter Phillip Adams, in mid-2009, the station launched a new hour-long program called Upper Hunter Weekend, which previews events in the Upper Hunter for the coming weekend. It airs Friday mornings at 11am, and is hosted by Silas Moss, mike Pritchard - Hunter Rural and Resources Report and breakfast presenter. 1233 ABC Newcastle ABC Upper Hunter ACMA technical documents ABC Upper Hunter Hunter Rural and Resources Report
19.
Upper Hunter Shire
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The Upper Hunter Shire is a local government area in the Upper Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. The Shire was formed in May 2004 from the Scone Shire and parts of Murrurundi, the Mayor of the Upper Hunter Shire Council is Cr. Wayne Bedggood. The towns of the Upper Hunter are Scone, Aberdeen, Murrurundi, of the towns, only Aberdeen on the Shires south eastern border is situated on the Hunter River. At the 2011 census, there were 13,754 people in the Upper Hunter Shire local government area, of these 49.9 per cent were male and 50.1 per cent were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 3.9 per cent of the population, the median age of people in the Upper Hunter Shire was 39 years, which was marginally higher than the national median of 37 years. Children aged 0 –14 years made up 21.2 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years, of people in the area aged 15 years and over,51.6 per cent were married and 11.6 per cent were either divorced or separated. Population growth in the Upper Hunter Shire between the 2006 census and the 2011 census was 6.00 per cent, the median weekly income for residents within the Upper Hunter Shire was marginally lower than the national average. At the 2011 census, the proportion of residents in the Upper Hunter Shire local government area who stated their ancestry as Australian or Anglo-Saxon exceeded 85 per cent of all residents, Upper Hunter Shire Council is composed of nine Councillors elected proportionally as a single ward. All Councillors are elected for a fixed term of office. The Mayor is elected by the Councillors at the first meeting of the Council. The most recent election was held on 10 September 2016 and the makeup of the Council is as follows, the current Council, elected in 2016, in order of election, is, The Upper Hunter is the largest horse-rearing region in Australia. The Burning Mountain Nature Reserve, near Wingen, is the site of a coal seam fire that has been burning for several thousand years. The council also owns several FM rebroadcasters of ABC Radio National and SBS Radio, under the self-help schemes run by those broadcasters
20.
Newcastle Knights
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The Newcastle Knights are an Australian professional rugby league club based in Newcastle, New South Wales. They compete in Australasias premier rugby competition, the National Rugby League premiership. The club has won two premierships over its history and is one of two clubs that has never lost a grand final in which it has participated. It has also produced players as Paul Harragon, Robbie ODavis, Danny Buderus. The teams home ground is McDonald Jones Stadium, a Newcastle rugby league team had been assembled from players in the Newcastle Rugby League to compete in various competitions for most of the 20th century. The Newcastle Knights entered the NSWRL competition in 1988 with Allan McMahon as coach, Newcastle had previously been invited to field a team in the NSWRL competition for the 1982 season but declined, worried it would weaken the areas local league competition. The Canberra Raiders were admitted to the 1982 competition in their place, the team was a success from the start, becoming one of the most popular clubs in its first season. By 1990, the team was enough to enter a play-off for fifth spot. The club won their first competition, the Nissan Sevens, in 1991 and made the playoffs in 1992, the Knights made the semi-finals again in 1995 when the competition became the Australian Rugby League, and won the reserve grade premiership the same year. The club stayed loyal to the ARL when Rupert Murdoch started Super League in an attempt to win pay television rights to rugby league and this decision was very popular in the Newcastle and Hunter Region areas. News Limited formed the Hunter Mariners to compete with the Knights in the one and only season of Super League in Australia, from 1997–2003, the Knights achieved a finals berth for seven consecutive years. The Knights won the 1997 Australian Rugby League premiership, defeating the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 22–16 in the Grand Final, the match is best remembered for its classic finish – Darren Albert breaking a 16-all deadlock with his try just seven seconds from full-time. This win was a morale boost to the district following the closure of the areas biggest employer. Seventy per cent of the squad were Newcastle juniors. In this year Robbie ODavis won the Clive Churchill Medal, the three were suspended, despite ODavis claims the club was not notified his drug was banned until after his positive test, and MacDougalls medical reason for taking the steroids. In addition, the Knights terminated Wayne Richards contract, in 1998, the Knights finished equal on competition points with the Brisbane Broncos, but finished second on points differential. The Knights came third in 2000, followed by a National Rugby League Premiership victory over the Parramatta Eels in 2001, Newcastle were handed heavy underdog status, but shocked the Eels with a 24–0 halftime lead, and the eventual 30–24 win. In 2002, the club finished equal with the New Zealand Warriors on competition points but, once again, finished second in the minor premiership due to inferior points differential
21.
Newcastle Jets FC
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Newcastle United Jets Football Club, commonly known as Newcastle Jets, is an Australian professional soccer club based in Newcastle, New South Wales. It competes in the premier competition, the A-League, under licence from Football Federation Australia. The club was formed in 2000 when it joined the National Soccer League and was one of three former NSL clubs to join in the formation of the A-League. Newcastle Jets have won one A-League championship, after defeating rivals Central Coast Mariners 1–0 in the 2008 A-League Grand Final, in 2009, Newcastle competed in the AFC Champions League for the first time, reaching the Round of 16. In May 2015, FFA revoked Newcastles licence after owner Nathan Tinkler placed the club into voluntary administration, a new A-League club will be formed for the 2015–16 season, under the same name and colours. The club plays home games at McDonald Jones Stadium, an affiliated youth team competes in the National Youth League and in the National Premier Leagues Northern NSW competition. A womens team competes in the W-League, the youth and womens matches are played at Wanderers Oval and Adamstown Oval. Newcastle United was formed in 2000 by Cypriot-Australian businessman Con Constantine from the remnants of the Newcastle Breakers club, the Breakers were dissolved when Soccer Australia revoked its NSL licence at the conclusion of the 1999/2000 season. At the formation of Newcastle United the home ground was moved back to where Newcastle KB United played, the Newcastle United club were reasonably successful, competing in two of the last three Final Series and finishing second in the League behind Perth Glory in the 2001–02 season. The club renamed and re-badged themselves the Newcastle United Jets Football Club at the start of the new national league and this was done to try and create and project a new image of the club and to avoid confusion with the English Premier League club Newcastle United. The name Jets is a reference to RAAF Base Williamtown, located just 20 kilometres north of Newcastle, the clubs logo depicts three F/A-18 Hornets, which the Royal Australian Air Force has based at Williamtown. Instead, the club signed Richard Money for the 2005–2006 season, in 2006 Money was replaced with Nick Theodorakopoulos after Money returned to England to take the managers job at Walsall. His assistant Gary van Egmond was the coach for the remainder of the 2005–6 season. The club surprised many observers in the Australian game by signing Ned Zelic, reports suggested the Jets were attempting to bring former Liverpool and England striker Stan Collymore out of retirement. With the leadership of Gary van Egmond Newcastle has achieved the highest amount of out of all clubs in their last fourteen games and have also scored the most goals. Newcastle were eventually eliminated in the final by Adelaide, the game going to penalties after finishing at 1 all. Season 3 of the A-League saw a number of Newcastles biggest stars of the previous season leave the club, captain Paul Okon retired, fan favourite Milton Rodriguez returned to Colombia and Johnny Warren Medal winner Nick Carle moved to Turkey to link up with Gençlerbirliği S. K. New recruits included Joel Griffiths twin brother Adam and previous European Golden Boot winner Mario Jardel, although significant excitement surrounded the capture of Jardel, as time went by it was obvious he was well past his prime and received little game time
22.
2HD
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2HD is an Australian radio station in New South Wales. Owned and operated as part of the Super Radio Network of stations, it broadcasts a news talk and classic hits format to Newcastle, New South Wales. First broadcast on 27 January 1925, it was established by founder Hugh Douglas - from which the station derives its name - and is based in studios in Sandgate alongside sister station New FM, 2HD began broadcasting on 27 January 1925, a day after Sydneys 2UE began operations. The stations call sign are the initials of the founder, Hugh Douglas, Douglas was a keen amateur radio enthusiast for some years prior to 1925, and an Alderman on the Newcastle City Council from 1919 to 1922. Harrys full name was Hugh Alexander McKay Douglas and he was also the first person to own a sulky and car tyre business in Newcastle as well as having the first bowser petrol station in Newcastle. He was a man ahead of his time, the station was originally in the suburb of Hamilton, New South Wales, but moved to the corner of Darby and King Streets soon after. Douglas sold the station to William Johnston in 1928, who sold the station to the Airsales Broadcasting Company two years later in 1930. Airsales owned the company for 10 years, and was responsible for the move to its studio building in Sandgate. Although the building itself is different, the middle section of the building is still the 1931 building. Under controversial circumstances during World War II, 2HD was closed in 1941, at the time, around 25 staff were employed by the station, and stories claimed that the stations owners were sending covert messages, based on the timing of the music being played etc. 2HD remained silent until near the end of the war when the Australian Labor Party and the Labor Council of New South Wales bought the station, and resumed transmissions on 15 January 1945. One of 2HDs notable personalities of the 1930s was Uncle Rex Sinclair, the Labor Party and the NSW Labour Council owned 2HD from 1945 until 1999. For the first 29 years of its ownership, the station was under the management of Jim Storey, with his wife Twink acting as program director, other announcers during this time included Harry Randall, Stuart Dibbley and Tom Delaney. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, 2HD was one of the shareholders of local television station NBN Television. 2HD broadcast in the popular The Good Guys of Life format, also used by other stations, towards the end of this period, announcer Geoff Gregory joined the station, but was better known as a program director, and host of the Sunday night program Country Sounds. After the Good Guys era ended, 2HD transmitted other formats including Easy Alternative, in 1977, the original office building on Maitland Road Sandgate was closed. The increased traffic and the location of the road near the old building was taking its toll, a new administration building, nicknamed the submarine was built, and NSW Premier Neville Wran opened the building in 1977. In the late 1970s-early 1980s, the station was the subject of a bid from NBN, which resulted in a shake-up in ownership at the television station
23.
Sky Sports Radio
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2KY broadcasts live commentary of thoroughbred, harness and greyhound racing. Over 1,500 races are covered each week, including the pre and post race form, night broadcasts of trotting began in 1949 with greyhound racing following soon after. In the 1960s the station took over thoroughbred racing commentary from 2GB, by the mid-1970s Saturday afternoon racing broadcasts had started. In 1992 the station started establishing a network of narrowcast relay transmitters. 2KY was one of the stations of Digital Audio Broadcasting in Australia. In 2001 the station was acquired by Sky Channel Pty Ltd, more recently, Sky Channel Pty Ltd and 2KY were acquired by the NSW TAB, which in turn was acquired by Tabcorp. 2KY, and Tabcorps other broadcast network Sport 927 jointly present the National Racing Network, the National Racing Service on 2KY features every TAB meeting throughout Australia, as well as coverage of race meetings in New Zealand and Hong Kong and to a lesser extent the USA and UK. Although racing is the main-stay on 2KY other sports are featured, the Big Sports Breakfast features a range of national and international sports each weekday morning. Other programs cover Rugby League, Soccer and Fishing, the BSB is presented by Terry Kennedy and former Australian test Cricketer Michael Slater. Slater debuted in early 2008, replacing Richard Freedman after 7 years on the show, together, TK and Slats host the weekday 0530-0900 breakfast shift to talk all things in sport. Slater is cricket commentator for the Nine Network and Bigpond, and has appeared on the Triple M sport show Dead Set Legends
24.
SBS Radio
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SBS Radio is a service provided by the Special Broadcasting Service. to inform, educate and entertain Australians, especially those of non-English-speaking backgrounds. SBS Radio originally began as two stations based in Melbourne and Sydney, set up to provide pre-recorded information about the then-new Medibank health care system in other than English. Most programs contain a mix of news, current affairs, sport, community information, the exceptions are Alchemy, the English language news program World View, and overnight programming from the BBC World Service. SBS Radio has three radio services, Radio 1, Radio 2 and Radio 3, as well as a national FM service. Radio 1 is available on AM in Sydney, Melbourne, Canberra and Wollongong while Radio 2 is available on FM in Sydney, Melbourne and Canberra, Radio 3 is only available on digital platforms. Additionally, a few community stations in areas without dedicated SBS Radio transmitters carry some SBS Radio content, All of these services are also available online. The old slogans were The many voices of one Australia and Six Billion Stories and Counting. SBS Radio began a trial of RDS in Sydney and Melbourne FM areas, in November 2012. RDS provides Now and Next information for the current and pending program information, the RDS PS on FM radio is SBSRadio in Melbourne and Sydney. SBS began broadcasting the SBS Radio EPG on digital television in November 2012, data is provided real time for DAB+ clients, and a forward schedule for DTV, by Aim Rapid 2, from All In Media, see. Pay television data is delivered by HWW, SBS Radio 3 service, began broadcasting 29 April 2013. It is available on VAST, DAB+, DTV and Online, Radio 3 services were added to all FOXTEL/Pay TV platforms, including Austar and Optus from 2 September 2013. SBS Radio is managed, monitored and maintained via SBS Radio Operations, distribution of SBS content is managed by third-parties such as Broadcast Australia and other specialist vendors. Based in Sydney and Melbourne, the Radio Operations teams within SBS monitor, switch programming sources, none of the languages which have programs on Radio 3 are available on analogue radio. Aboriginal and African services are conducted in English. The German service includes English segments, Arabic is also simulcast with SBS Arabic24, but is broadcasts Arabic program Good Morning Australia. SBS Radio homepage SBS Radio frequencies SBS Radio One stream SBS Radio Two stream SBS PopAsia stream SBS Chill stream
25.
ABC News (radio)
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ABC NewsRadio is an Australian Broadcasting Corporation 24-hour news radio service. It is available on a number of broadcasts around Australia, including AM/FM radio, some pay-TV platforms, also broadcast, at the end of each days sitting, is a recording of Question Time for the chamber that was not broadcast live that day. These restrictions do not apply to the broadcasts of Newsradio. Parliamentary broadcasting was commenced by Ben Chifleys government on 10 July 1946 and these broadcasts received their own frequencies in the 1980s as PNN. The PNN/ABC NewsRadio service was introduced in August 1994 to utilise the Parliamentary broadcasting frequencies which were not being used when Parliament was not in session. ABC NewsRadio has a 24-hour news format, including finance, science and IT reports. NewsRadio also rebroadcasts international programming from the BBC, DW-Radio, Radio Netherlands, ABC NewsRadio callsigns for stations on the AM radio band are always xPB, where x is the number denoting the particular state or territory and PB stands for Parliamentary Broadcasting. ABC NewsRadio stations on the FM radio band use callsigns of the format xPNN, ABC NewsRadio also uses resources from around the world such as news bulletins and programs from the BBC. From September 2001, the 24-hour news format began live streaming on the Internet. When Parliament is in session, listeners who have Internet access may still receive the NewsRadio service even when the NewsRadio network is broadcasting Parliamentary proceedings over the air, from 2004, this was extended to FTA digital satellite and subscription TV services. In 2009, separate standard and parliamentary feeds were launched on terrestrial radio in the state capitals. FM transmission was expanded greatly during a 2006-2009 program and it planned to increase the AM/FM coverage from 78% of the population to 95%. In November 2016, the ABC announced that ABC NewsRadio and ABC News 24 will be rebranded as ABC News on 10 April 2017, the following carry parliamentary services, including Question Time, when parliament is in session. Australian Football League broadcasts may also interrupt news coverage in NSW, Queensland and the ACT
26.
Radio National
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ABC Radio National, known on-air as RN, is an Australia-wide Public Service Broadcasting radio network run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Radio National broadcasts national programming in subjects that include news and current affairs, some programs are relayed on Radio Australia, the ABCs international free-to-air shortwave service. Radio National currently has 327 transmitter sites and covers over 98% of the inhabited areas of Australia. Remote areas are served by satellite service, all radio programs are available for live streaming over the Internet, and most as audio-on-demand, or for download as MP3s for at least four weeks after broadcast. Some programs are available as MP3s going back to 2005, when Radio National commenced podcasting, about 25% of shows, mainly the flagship weekly shows, have written transcripts archived back to 1996. The outsourced Australian Broadcasting Company supplied programs from 1929, in 1932 a commission was established, merging the original ABC company and the National Broadcasting Service. Radio Nationals Sydney station 2FC first test broadcast on 5 December 1923, 2FC stood for Farmer and Company, the original owner of the station before the ABC took it over. The origins of the stations in the network were, 3AR Melbourne –26 January 1924 Associated Radio Company of Australia, organized by Esmond Laurence Kiernan. They used a MT7A valve for the high power RF stage. The power supply was 12,000 volts from three phase power rectified by MR7 valves, note also that 4QG commenced with a 500 Watt transmitter which continued for about 6 months until the 5 kW unit was commissioned. The radio transmitters for 3AR and 2FC were upgraded to 10 kW in a contract let in 1938 to STC, the transmitters were designed by Charles Strong in London, and were notable in using negative feedback to ensure a high quality flat frequency response. From 1947 until the mid-1980s, Radio 2 was broadcast to the metropolitan centres. It contained most of the ABCs national programming, the power level of 2FC 3AR and 5CL was upgraded to 50 kW in the early 1950s. The transmitters for these were housed in the building as the radio 1 network. The final stage contained three parallel 3J/261E air cooled triodes running in class C amplifier at 90% efficiency and these were driven by a class B modulator with the same type of valves. In the 1970s, the program format began to take on a more serious tone. Art critic Peter Timm later remarked that the network is virtually the only non-print media forum for art in this country, in the early 1980s the broadcast footprint was extended with the construction of the first of over 300 regional FM transmitters. In 1985, the ABC renamed Radio 2 as Radio National, since 1990, all Radio National stations have had the same callsign format, Radio National preceded by the appropriate number for the state or territory, sometimes followed by the locality
27.
Rhema FM Newcastle
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99.7 Rhema FM is the local Christian radio station for the Newcastle and Hunter Region in New South Wales, Australia. It is supported totally by members, volunteers, faith and sponsorship advertising and they are a small Australian not-for-profit organisation with registered charitable status. Starting out on temporary broadcast on 11 May 1987, they were granted a permanent licence from 1 December 1999 and they also provide an external free program known as Rhema Catchup. com where all missed programs on-air can be listened to online. The station is supported by the Christian community with large amounts of funding coming from their annual Rhemathon fundraiser. Rhema FM Newcastle is Gods Christian radio station in Newcastle and the Hunter Regions
28.
2RPH
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2RPH is an Australian radio reading service that reads newspapers and magazines for the benefit of those who have difficulties reading for themselves. It is the Sydney station of the RPH Network, the 2RPH Sydney and 3RPH Melbourne were available free to air on the Optus Aurora radio platform via Optus C1 before the switch over to the more restrictive VAST platform. Now only the 3RPH Melbourne service is the only RPH service available free-to-air on Optus C1, the need for a radio reading service was realised in New South Wales in 1983 with the establishment of 2RPH as a Community Benefit Organisation, incorporated as a Co-operative Society. The station began operating on 18 April 1983, the first broadcast frequency was off the main broadcast band, and was thus unsuitable, as many people could not receive the station. These facilities are still in use and provide a signal to most parts of Greater Sydney. Originally designed for the vision-impaired, elderly, and infirm, currently many English language teachers instruct their students to tune in, volunteers prepare, produce, and present all the programs, including readings from magazines and other publications, which are pre-recorded. Many of these programs are re-broadcast by RPH stations in other parts of Australia. 2RPH is the largest supplier of programs to the network feed. Applicants for on-air work must pass an audition carefully designed to demonstrate their skills at reading aloud, volunteer positions are often available for behind-the-scenes duties. List of Australian radio stations Radio Print Handicapped Network Community Radio Network Official website
29.
Triple J
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Triple J is a government-funded, national Australian radio station intended to appeal to listeners between the ages of 18 and 25 which began broadcasting in January 1975. The station places an emphasis on broadcasting Australian and alternative music compared to commercial stations. Triple J is government-owned and is a division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2JJ commenced broadcasting at 11,00 am, Sunday 19 January 1975, at 1540 kHz on the AM band. The new Australian Broadcasting Corporation station was given the official call-sign 2JJ, the station was restricted largely to the greater Sydney region, and its local reception was hampered by inadequate transmitter facilities. However, its frequency was a clear channel nationally, so it was heard at night throughout south-eastern Australia. After midnight the station would often use ABC networks – during their off air time slot – to increase its broadcasting range and its first broadcast demonstrated a determination to distinguish itself from other Australian radio stations. The first on-air presenter, DJ Holger Brockmann, notably used his own name, owing to 2SMs restrictive policies at the time, Brockmann, whose real name was considered too foreign-sounding, had been forced to work using the pseudonym Bill Drake in prior positions. After an introductory audio collage that featured sounds from the countdown and launch of Apollo 11, Brockmann launched the stations first-ever broadcast with the words, Wow, and then cued The Skyhooks You Just Like Me Cos Im Good in Bed. The choice of a Skyhooks song to introduce the station was significant, choosing an Australian band reflected Double Jays commitment to Australian content at a time when American acts dominated commercial pop stations. Most notably, the song was one of tracks from the Skyhooks album that had been banned from airplay on commercial radio by the industrys peak body. In contrast, their Sydney rival, 2SM, was owned by a company controlled by the Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney. The inspiration gained from the UK led to Double J adopting the tradition of weekly, live-in-the-studio performances by pop, gough Whitlam was unable to also fulfill his aspiration for the establishment of a National Youth Radio Network, as he was controversially sacked. We also heard that the ABC was worried about its audience dying off, additionally, the station was one of a series of innovations that stemmed from the recommendations in the McLean Report of 1974. By the time 2JJ went to air, the Whitlam government was in its months of office. Marius Webb, one of the stations co-ordinators recalls an ABC executive informing him, thank you very much, Ive got another meeting. On 11 November 1975, Whitlams commission was revoked by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, in the subsequent 1975 federal election, Labor was defeated by the Liberal-National Party coalition that was led by Malcolm Fraser. During the more conservative media climate that emerged in the Fraser years, in its early years 2JJs on-air staff were mainly recruited from either commercial radio or other ABC stations. Later, in another first, the roster also featured presenters who did not come from a radio industry background, including singer-songwriters Bob Hudson and John J. Francis, and actor Lex Marinos
30.
KOFM (Newcastle)
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KOFM is an Australian radio station, licensed to, and serving Newcastle and surrounds. It broadcasts at 102.9 megahertz on the FM band from its studios in Charlestown and it is owned by Southern Cross Austereo and Its sister station is NXFM. The station commenced operations as 2KO, based in the Newcastle suburb of Kotara on August 1,1931, founded by Allen Fairhall 2KO was licensed to The Newcastle Broadcasting Company. The station operated on 1410 kHz with a strength of 25 watts. The station launched from the backyard of a home, with the licensees dining room being the only studio the station had at the time. Programs ran from 7 to 10 p. m. later moving into daytime programming, ten minutes of ad time was sold during the week, selling around 15 pounds of revenue for the station. Chief Engineer was K. N. Greenhalgh AMIRE, studio & Production Manager was 2KO Chief Announcer Harold Pickhover. Advertising & Merchandising Manager was Keith F. Winser F. O. A, in its time on the AM band, the station had its power increased twice, first to 2,000 watts, and then to 5,000 watts, using a directional aerial system. In the days before television, peak listening time was around 8pm, but with television arriving in the country in the late 1950s and these changes led to 2KO becoming one of the first, if not the first, Top 40 music radio stations in Australia. This took the audience by storm, and helped re-established radio as the personal medium, in 1978, as part of a nationwide realignment of radio station frequencies, 2KO moved to 1413 kHz. In May 1988, 2KO moved to its current facilities at 252 Pacific Highway Charlestown, KOFM / NXFM use MAESTRO for music play out & Automation after network programs until live assist. On October 12,1992, 2KO converted to the FM band, changing its callsign to 2KKO, four years later, on January 22,1996, the parent company of KOFM, Radio Newcastle Pty. Ltd. was purchased by Austereo. A few more years later, Austereo sold 50% to RG Capital Radio Network, whose stake in the station then transferred in 2004 to Macquarie Regional RadioWorks, on April 2011 Southern Cross Media bought out Austereo for $714 million giving Southern Cross Media full ownership of KOFM. They also poached long time 2HD commentator Gary Harley to continue his role as commentator on Knights games until dismissal early 2014 and they do not carry 2GBs coverage anymore due to 2MMMs Successful bid for NRL Broadcast rights
31.
ABC Classic FM
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ABC Classic FM is a classical music radio station available in Australia, and internationally online. It is operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ABC Classic FM was established in 1976 as ABC-FM, and later for a short time was known as ABC Fine Music, before adopting its current name. It was the ABCs first experiment in FM broadcasting – which had become a necessity in Australia as broadcasters ran out of AM frequencies on which to transmit, ABC Classic FM was inspired partly by the example of BBC Radio 3. ABC Classic FMs studios were established at the ABC studios in Collinswood, the ABCs decision to establish ABC Classic FM in Adelaide was significant because most of the ABCs radio and television national program origination infrastructure is located in Sydney. ABC Classic FM broadcasts classical music, operas, recitals and live concerts, live music is a major feature of ABC Classic FM schedule. Concerts are broadcast from around Australia and Internationally, via the European Broadcasting Union, since 2001, ABC Classic FM has organised a number of Classic 100 Countdown surveys. The results of survey are decided by votes cast by the listeners of the radio station. The works are broadcast in order of popularity over seven to ten days. The countdown culminates in the broadcast of a concert featuring the most popular pieces and finishes with the number one listener choice. A feature of the countdown is that piece is kept secret until just before its broadcast. Each November on ABC Classic FM is Australian music month, where Australian artists are heavily promoted and this includes more Australian composition broadcast every day, some free, limited-entry concerts around the country, all-Australian albums of the week, and lots of live Australian concerts. In common with all ABC Radio stations, it also carries news bulletins produced by ABC News, on 19 December 2005, in line with the policy applied at every ABC Radio network, these news bulletins became state-based rather than national. On weekdays, ABC Classic FMs news bulletins are broadcast hourly from 06,00 until 19.00 AEST/AEDT, at weekends, news bulletins are broadcast hourly from 05,00 till 10,00, then at 12,00,17,00 and 19,00. All news broadcasts, other than an extended 10-minute bulletin at 07,00, ABC Classic 2, a music-only talk-free streaming station, was established in June 2014. It broadcasts only via a stream and is available on the ABCs Android. Classic 2 specialises in streaming popular styles of classical music, the music on Classic 2 is performed exclusively by leading Australian orchestras, ensembles and soloists. No opera or vocal works are included in the playlist, during daytime and evenings Classic 2 typically broadcasts short excerpts from the classical repertoire, for example single movements from full symphonies. Between midnight and 06,00, longer works are included, ABC Classic 2 is managed and programmed by the ABC Classic FM team
32.
Hit106.9 Newcastle
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Hit106.9 Newcastle is an Australian radio station, licensed to, and serving Newcastle, New South Wales and surrounding areas. It broadcasts at 106.9 MHz on the FM band from its studios in Charlestown and it is owned by Southern Cross Austereo and is part of Hit Network. KOFM is a station sharing the same building. Hit 106. 9s history can be traced back to Singleton radio station 2HR, the station launched on August 30,1937. Shareholders included the Singleton Argus and the Robinson Family, three years later, the station was moved to Maitland, with transmitter at Lochinvar. In those days, 2HR operated on 680 kHz with 300 watts of power, programs were originated locally between 6,30 am and 6,30 pm, before taking the Macquarie feed at 6,30 pm. In the 1950s, 2HR was relocated to Newcastle, with its transmitter located in Bolwarra, station manager Ken Robinson was a former Army officer, and his identification number had the letters NX. Therefore, the station was given the callsign 2NX, and a new frequency at 1360 kHz, in 1971, 2NXs owners Hunter Broadcasters were purchased by the Catholic Broadcasting Company, owned by the Catholic Church. 2NX programming still was relayed to 2NM overnight during this time, in the early 1990s, the Catholic Church got out of broadcasting, and sold 2NX to Radio Newcastle, which was later taken over by Austereo, and then sold a 50% stake to RG Capital Radio Network. 2NX was granted a license to convert to FM in the 90s and moved to 106.9 MHz, branding itself originally as X107, on April 2011 Southern Cross Media bought out Austereo for more than 700 million giving Southern Cross Media full ownership of NX FM. On December 152016 NXFM became known as Hit 106.9 in Southern Cross Austereo’s mass re-branding of its radio network. Hit 106.9 are a sponsor of local A-League team the Newcastle Jets
33.
Call sign
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In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base
34.
ABC Local Radio
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ABC Local Radio is a network of publicly owned radio stations in Australia, operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC Local Radio stations broadcast across the continent using terrestrial transmitters and its programming consists of news, current affairs, talkback, entertainment, sport, music and local affairs. They are usually reckoned as the flagship ABC radio stations in their areas, originally, Local Radio was known internally as ABC Radio 1 in metropolitan regions and ABC Radio 3 in regional areas. Radio 1 was a local format while Radio 3 was more networked and included content from the national programme. In the 1980s, Radio National emerged from Radio 2 and Radio 3 dropped its Radio 2 content with Radio 1 becoming ABC Metro Radio and Radio 3 becoming ABC Regional Radio. The Regional Radio stations provided local programming in breakfast and drive, some different, local market formats emerged, including the Darwin Metro 8DDD, FM105.7 and Gold Coast Regional, ABC Coast FM,91.7. Up until the mid-1990s, the majority of the radio stations identified on-air as. In the 1990s, a different convention was used, generally as ABC Radio or FM, in 2000, these two almost identical networks merged as ABC Local Radio. In January 2017, ABC Local Radio rebranded with a new logo, the new round logo reflects the dropping of the call numbers of each local radio station as part of the networks multiplatform philosophy. All stations now use the format ABC Radio with the region, until 2015, the regional stations usually simulcast one of the metropolitan stations when they werent airing local programming. Usually, they simulcast their states capital city station, an exception was 999 ABC Broken Hill, in 2015, the ABC formed a Regional Division to again split its regional stations from the metropolitan counterparts. 1233 ABC Newcastle was transferred from the network to the new regional division and 14 of the regional networks member stations began streaming. During the mid-afternoon and evening, the stations will act as satellites of the nearest metropolitan station. Despite the loss of 100 websites from the ABC, the Regional network introduced local news websites for its 48 stations containing a mix of news, Radio National Radio Australia Timeline of Australian radio ABC Local Radio Australian Broadcasting Corporation
35.
999 ABC Broken Hill
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The station began as 2NB in 1948, originally broadcasting on 760 AM. It now broadcasts on the main AM frequency of 999 kHz along with a low power FM repeater. Unlike the rest of New South Wales, Broken Hill operates as part of South Australias ABC Local Radio network and this is because Broken Hill is on Central Time, while the rest of New South Wales is on Eastern Time
