1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Union (American Civil War)
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The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force
3.
Artillery
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Artillery is a class of large military weapons built to fire munitions far beyond the range and power of infantrys small arms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach fortifications, and led to heavy, as technology improved, lighter, more mobile field artillery developed for battlefield use. This development continues today, modern self-propelled artillery vehicles are highly mobile weapons of great versatility providing the largest share of an armys total firepower, in its earliest sense, the word artillery referred to any group of soldiers primarily armed with some form of manufactured weapon or armour. In common speech, the artillery is often used to refer to individual devices, along with their accessories and fittings. However, there is no generally recognised generic term for a gun, howitzer, mortar, and so forth, the United States uses artillery piece, the projectiles fired are typically either shot or shell. Shell is a widely used term for a projectile, which is a component of munitions. By association, artillery may also refer to the arm of service that customarily operates such engines, in the 20th Century technology based target acquisition devices, such as radar, and systems, such as sound ranging and flash spotting, emerged to acquire targets, primarily for artillery. These are usually operated by one or more of the artillery arms, Artillery originated for use against ground targets—against infantry, cavalry and other artillery. An early specialist development was coastal artillery for use against enemy ships, the early 20th Century saw the development of a new class of artillery for use against aircraft, anti-aircraft guns. Artillery is arguably the most lethal form of land-based armament currently employed, the majority of combat deaths in the Napoleonic Wars, World War I, and World War II were caused by artillery. In 1944, Joseph Stalin said in a speech that artillery was the God of War, although not called as such, machines performing the role recognizable as artillery have been employed in warfare since antiquity. The first references in the historical tradition begin at Syracuse in 399 BC. From the Middle Ages through most of the era, artillery pieces on land were moved by horse-drawn gun carriages. In the contemporary era, the artillery and crew rely on wheeled or tracked vehicles as transportation, Artillery used by naval forces has changed significantly also, with missiles replacing guns in surface warfare. The engineering designs of the means of delivery have likewise changed significantly over time, in some armies, the weapon of artillery is the projectile, not the equipment that fires it. The process of delivering fire onto the target is called gunnery, the actions involved in operating the piece are collectively called serving the gun by the detachment or gun crew, constituting either direct or indirect artillery fire. The term gunner is used in armed forces for the soldiers and sailors with the primary function of using artillery. The gunners and their guns are usually grouped in teams called either crews or detachments, several such crews and teams with other functions are combined into a unit of artillery, usually called a battery, although sometimes called a company
4.
Battle of Cheat Mountain
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It was the first battle of the Civil War in which Robert E. Lee led troops into combat. Starting in May 1861, Union forces commanded by Maj. Gen. George B, following his victory at Rich Mountain, McClellan was transferred to command the Army of the Potomac, leaving Brig. Gen. William Rosecrans in command of western Virginia. Rosecrans concentrated his forces to protect the transportation lines in the region. Brig. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds was left in command of the Cheat Mountain district, defending the Staunton and Parkersburg Turnpike with four regiments totaling 1,800 men. Gen. Robert E. Lee was sent to western Virginia by Confederate President Jefferson Davis to coordinate the various Confederate forces in the region and regain lost Confederate territory. He arrived at the camps of the Army of the Northwest, commanded by Brig. Gen. William W. Loring, near the end of July, although he did not replace Loring, Lee did issue orders through him. The plan used Lorings Army of the Northwest, which was divided into six brigades for the battle, Loring was given command of Burkes and Gilhams brigades during the battle. The approaches by each of the three Confederate brigades were uncoordinated, rain, fog, mountainous terrain, and a dense forest limited visibility to minimal distances. As a result, each of the three Confederate brigades assigned to attack Cheat Summit Fort acted independently and never made contact with either of the other two Confederate brigades, the Union defenders on Cheat Summit were very familiar with the terrain and mountain trails. Rust and Anderson withdrew their 3,000 men although they faced only about 300 determined Federals outside the Union fortifications. At Elk Water, Reynoldss brigade faced three more Confederate brigades but refused to budge from well-prepared entrenchments, the Confederates did not press an attack after Col. John A. Washington, of Lees staff, was killed during a reconnaissance of the Union right. Lee called off the attack and, after maneuvering in the vicinity, Reynolds, meanwhile, planned an offensive against the Confederate forces stationed at the Greenbrier River. Reynoldss forces lost a total of 88 casualties, Confederate casualties were unreported, the battle had little effect on either the campaign or the war, both forces after the battle were in positions similar to their positions before the battle. In October, Lee left Cheat Mountain for Sewell Mountain in the Kanawha River valley with the troops of John B, floyd and Henry Wise, but he was forced to cancel the offensive operations he had planned because of low supplies and bad weather. Lee was recalled to Richmond on October 30 after achieving little in western Virginia, white Top, site of Cheat Summit Fort Cheat Mountain, site of the battle National Park Service battle description Lesser, W. Hunter. Rebels at the Gate, Lee and McClellan on the Front Line of a Nation Divided, newell, Clayton R. Lee Vs. McClellan, The First Campaign. R. E. Lee, A Biography, Vol.1, new York and London, Charles Scribners Sons,1934. War of the Rebellion, The Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Vol.5, R. E. Lees Cheat Mountain Campaign
5.
Battle of McDowell
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It followed Jacksons tactical defeat, but strategic victory, at the First Battle of Kernstown. Jacksons columns departed West View and Staunton, Virginia, on the morning of May 7, elements of Brig. Gen. Edward Allegheny Johnsons brigade composed the vanguard. At mid-afternoon, Union pickets were encountered at Rodgers tollgate, where the pike crosses Ramseys Draft, the Confederate force split into two columns to envelope the Union holding position on Shenandoah Mountain. Milroy ordered his force to withdraw and concentrate at McDowell, where he hoped to receive reinforcements, Milroy also positioned a section of artillery on Shaws Ridge to impede Johnsons descent from the crest of Shenandoah Mountain. These guns were withdrawn with their supports to McDowell. By dusk, Johnsons advance regiments reached Shaws Fork, where they encamped, because of the narrow roads and few camp sites, Jacksons army was stretched 8–10 miles back along the pike with its rear guard at Dry Branch Gap. Jackson established his headquarters at Rodgerss tollgate, during the night, Milroy withdrew behind the Bullpasture River to McDowell, establishing headquarters in the Hull House. Starting at dawn on May 8, the Confederate advance crossed Shaws Ridge, descended to the Cowpasture River at Wilsons House, and ascended Bullpasture Mountain. Reaching the crest of the ridge, Jackson and his mapmaker, Jedediah Hotchkiss, Johnson continued with the advance to the base of Sitlingtons Hill. Expecting a roadblock ahead, he diverged from the road into a narrow ravine that led to the top of the hill. After driving away Union skirmishers, Johnson deployed his infantry along the long, Jackson asked his staff to find a way to place artillery on the hill and to search for a way to flank the Union position to the north. Schenck arrived after a march from Franklin, West Virginia. Being senior to Milroy, Schenck assumed overall command of the Union force at McDowell with headquarters at the Hull House and he deployed his artillery, consisting of 18 guns, on Cemetery Hill and near the McDowell Presbyterian Church to defend the bridge over the Bullpasture River. He deployed his infantry in line from McDowell south along the river for about 800 yards and he placed one regiment on Hulls Hill, east of the river and overlooking the pike. Three companies of cavalry covered the flank on the road to the north of the village. Schenck and Milroy sent out skirmishers to contest the base of Sitlingtons Hill along the river, as Confederate forces on the crest of the hill increased in numbers, Schenck and Milroy conferred. Union scouts reported that the Confederates were attempting to bring artillery to the crest of the hill, in absence of an aggressive Confederate advance, Schenck and Milroy attempted a spoiling attack. Milroy advanced his brigade and the 82nd Ohio of Schencks brigade, about 3 p. m. Milroy personally led the attacking force, which crossed the bridge and proceeded up the ravines that cut the western slope of the hill
6.
Battle of Cross Keys
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Robert E. Lee for the Seven Days Battles outside Richmond, Virginia. The hamlet of Port Republic, Virginia, lies on a neck of land between the North and South Rivers, which conjoin to form the South Fork Shenandoah River, the 15th Alabama Infantry regiment was left to block the roads at Union Church. Jacksons headquarters were in Madison Hall at Port Republic, the army trains were parked nearby. Two Union columns converged on Jacksons position, the army of Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont, about 15,000 strong, moved south on the Valley Pike, the division of Brig. Gen. James Shields, about 10,000, advanced south from Front Royal in the Luray Valley, but was badly strung out because of the muddy Luray Road. At Port Republic, Jackson possessed the last intact bridge on the North River, Jackson determined to check Frémonts advance at Mill Creek, while meeting Shields on the east bank of the South Fork of the Shenandoah River. A Confederate signal station on Massanutten monitored Union progress, early in the morning on June 8, Frémonts men encountered the Confederate advanced guard near Cross Keys Tavern. A few shots were fired and the Union cavalry fell back onto their main body, shortly after dawn, Carroll scattered the Confederate pickets, forded the South River, and dashed into Port Republic. Jackson and his staff raced down the street from headquarters and across the bridge. Carroll deployed one gun aimed at the bridge and brought up another, Jackson directed the defense, ordering Captain William T. Poagues battery to unlimber on the north bank. Carrington brought up a gun from the vicinity of Madison Hall to rake the Main Street. Col. Samuel V. Fulkerson led his 37th Virginia Infantry in a charge across the bridge, Carroll retreated in confusion, losing his two guns, before his infantry could come within range. Three Confederate batteries unlimbered on the bluffs east of Port Republic on the bank of the South Fork. Carroll retired several miles north on the Luray Road, Jackson stationed Brig. Gen. William B. Taliaferros brigade in Port Republic and positioned the Stonewall Brigade near Bogota with the artillery to prevent any further surprises, meanwhile, Frémont, with Col. Gustave P. Cluserets brigade in the lead, renewed his advance from the vicinity of Harrisonburg. After driving away the Confederate skirmishers, Cluseret reached and deployed his right flank along the Keezletown Road near Union Church, one by one, the Union brigades came into line, Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck on Cluserets right, Brig. Gen. Robert H. Milroy on his left, bohlens and Col. John A. Koltess brigades were held in reserve near the center of the line. A regiment of Union cavalry moved south on the road to secure the right flank, batteries were brought to the front
7.
Second Battle of Bull Run
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The Second Battle of Bull Run or Battle of Second Manassas was fought August 28–30,1862 in Prince William County, Virginia, as part of the American Civil War. Withdrawing a few miles to the northwest, Jackson took up strong concealed defensive positions on Stony Ridge, on August 28,1862, Jackson attacked a Union column just east of Gainesville, at Brawners Farm, resulting in a stalemate but successfully getting Popes attention. On that same day, the wing of Lees army commanded by Maj. Gen. James Longstreet broke through light Union resistance in the Battle of Thoroughfare Gap, Pope became convinced that he had trapped Jackson and concentrated the bulk of his army against him. On August 29, Pope launched a series of assaults against Jacksons position along a railroad grade. The attacks were repulsed with casualties on both sides. At noon, Longstreet arrived on the field from Thoroughfare Gap, on August 30, Pope renewed his attacks, seemingly unaware that Longstreet was on the field. The Union left flank was crushed and the army was back to Bull Run. Only an effective Union rear guard action prevented a replay of the First Manassas defeat, Popes retreat to Centreville was nonetheless precipitous. Success in this battle emboldened Lee to initiate the ensuing Maryland Campaign, after the collapse of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellans Peninsula Campaign in the Seven Days Battles of June 1862, Pope had achieved some success in the Western Theater, and Lincoln sought a more aggressive general than McClellan. Popes mission was to two basic objectives, protect Washington and the Shenandoah Valley, and draw Confederate forces away from McClellan by moving in the direction of Gordonsville. This allowed him to relocate Jackson to Gordonsville to block Pope, Lee had larger plans in mind. Since the Union Army was split between McClellan and Pope and they were separated, Lee saw an opportunity to destroy Pope before returning his attention to McClellan. He committed Maj. Gen. A. P. Hill to join Jackson with 12,000 men, on August 3, General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck directed McClellan to begin his final withdrawal from the Peninsula and to return to Northern Virginia to support Pope. McClellan protested and did not begin his redeployment until August 14, on August 9, Nathaniel Bankss corps attacked Jackson at Cedar Mountain, gaining an early advantage, but a Confederate counterattack led by A. P. Hill drove Banks back across Cedar Creek. Jacksons advance was stopped, however, by the Union division of Brig. Gen. James B, by now Jackson had learned that Popes corps were all together, foiling his plan of defeating each in separate actions. He remained in position until August 12, then withdrew to Gordonsville, on August 13, Lee sent Longstreet to reinforce Jackson. From August 22 to 25, the two fought a series of minor actions along the Rappahannock River
8.
Artillery battery
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The term is also used in a naval context to describe groups of guns on warships. Historically the term referred to a cluster of cannon in action as a group. Such batteries could be a mixture of cannon, howitzer, or mortar types, a siege could involve many batteries at different sites around the besieged place. The term also came to be used for a group of cannon in a fixed fortification and they were usually organised with between six and 12 ordnance pieces, often including cannon and howitzers. By the late 19th century battery had become standard mostly replacing company or troop, in the 20th century the term was generally used for the company level sub-unit of an artillery branch including field, air-defence, anti-tank and position. 20th-century firing batteries have been equipped with mortars, guns, howitzers, rockets, during the Napoleonic Wars some armies started grouping their batteries into larger administrative and field units. Groups of batteries combined for field combat employment called Grand Batteries by Napoleon, administratively batteries were usually grouped in battalions, regiments or squadrons and these developed into tactical organisations. These were further grouped into regiments, simply group or brigades, to further concentrate fire of individual batteries, from World War I they were grouped into artillery divisions in a few armies. Coastal artillery sometimes had completely different organizational terms based on shore defence sector areas, the rank of a battery commander has also varied, but is usually a lieutenant, captain, or major. The number of guns, howitzers, mortars or launchers in a battery has also varied. In the 19th century four to 12 guns was usual as the number to maneuver into the gun line. By late 19th century the artillery battery was divided into a gun line. The gun line consisted of six guns and 12 ammunition mules, during the American Civil War, artillery batteries often consisted of six field pieces for the Union Army and four for the Confederate States Army, although this varied. Batteries were divided into sections of two guns apiece, each section normally under the command of a lieutenant, the full battery was typically commanded by a captain. Often, particularly as the war progressed, individual batteries were grouped into battalions under a major or colonel of artillery, in the 20th century it varied between four and 12 for field artillery, or even two pieces for very heavy pieces. Other types of such as anti-tank or anti-aircraft have sometimes been larger. Some batteries have been dual-equipped with two different types of gun or mortar, and taking whichever was more appropriate when they deployed for operations, from the late 19th century field artillery batteries started to become more complex organisations. Fixed artillery refers to guns or howitzers on mounts that were anchored in one spot, or on carriages intended to be moved only for the purposes of aiming
9.
Union Army
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The Union Army was the land force that fought for the Union during the American Civil War,1861 to 1865. It included the permanent regular army of the United States, which was augmented by numbers of temporary units consisting of volunteers as well as conscripts. The Union Army fought and eventually defeated the Confederate Army during the war, at least two and a half million men served in the Union Army, almost all were volunteers. About 360,000 Union soldiers died from all causes,280,000 were wounded and 200,000 deserted. When the American Civil War began in April 1861, there were only 16,000 men in the U. S. Army, and of these many Southern officers resigned and joined the Confederate army. The U. S. Army consisted of ten regiments of infantry, four of artillery, Lincolns call forced the border states to choose sides, and four seceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. The war proved to be longer and more extensive than anyone North or South had expected, the call for volunteers initially was easily met by patriotic Northerners, abolitionists, and even immigrants who enlisted for a steady income and meals. Over 10,000 Germans in New York and Pennsylvania immediately responded to Lincolns call, as more men were needed, however, the number of volunteers fell and both money bounties and forced conscription had to be turned to. Nevertheless, between April 1861 and April 1865, at least two and a million men served in the Union Army, of whom the majority were volunteers. It is a misconception that the South held an advantage because of the percentage of professional officers who resigned to join the Confederate army. At the start of the war, there were 824 graduates of the U. S, Military Academy on the active list, of these,296 resigned or were dismissed, and 184 of those became Confederate officers. Of the approximately 900 West Point graduates who were civilians,400 returned to the Union Army and 99 to the Confederate. Therefore, the ratio of Union to Confederate professional officers was 642 to 283, the South did have the advantage of other military colleges, such as The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute, but they produced fewer officers. The Union Army was composed of numerous organizations, which were generally organized geographically, Military Division A collection of Departments reporting to one commander. Military Divisions were similar to the modern term Theater, and were modeled close to, though not synonymous with. Department An organization that covered a region, including responsibilities for the Federal installations therein. Those named for states usually referred to Southern states that had been occupied and it was more common to name departments for rivers or regions. District A subdivision of a Department, there were also Subdistricts for smaller regions
10.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
11.
25th Ohio Infantry
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The 25th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The 25th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, on March 17,1862, Company G was permanently detached and redesignated the 12th Ohio Battery. The regiment was attached to Cheat Mountain, District West Virginia, milroys Command, Cheat Mountain, District West Virginia, to April 1862. Milroys Brigade, Department of the Mountains, to June 1862, 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, I Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, 2nd Brigade, Gordons Division, Folly Island, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, to January 1864. District of Hilton Head, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, District of Hilton Head, South Carolina, Department of the South, to October 1864. 3rd Separate Brigade, Department of the South, to November 1864, 1st Brigade, Coast Division, Department of the South, to February 1865. 3rd Separate Brigade, Hilton Head, South Carolina, Department of the South, 1st Separate Brigade, District of Charleston, South Carolina, Department of the South, to August 1865. 4th Separate Brigade, District of Western South Carolina, Department of the South, Department of the South to June 1866. The 25th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service on June 18,1866, ordered to western Virginia July 29, and duty along the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad from Grafton to the Ohio River, until August 21. Moved to Cheat Mountain Summit, Va, August 21,1861, and duty there August 25-November 25. Operations on Cheat Mountain September 11–17, action at Cheat Mountain September 12. Duty at Huttonsville November 25,1861 to February 27,1862, expedition to Camp Baldwin December 11–13,1861. Action at Camp Allegheny, Buffalo Mountain, December 12, expedition to Huntersville December 31,1861 to January 6,1862. Duty at Beverly, Cheat Mountain, March, expedition on the Seneca April 1–12. March from Franklin to Strasburg May 26-June 10, pursuing Jackson up the Shenandoah Valley, battle of Cross Keys June 8. Duty at Sperryville and Centreville, Va. until August, battle of Cedar Mountain August 9. Popes Campaign in northern Virginia August 16-September 2, battle of Bull Run August 29–30
12.
I Corps (Union Army)
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I Corps was the designation of three different corps-sized units in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The first two were units of limited life, the third was one of the most distinguished and veteran corps in the entire Union Army. The term First Corps is also used to describe the First Veteran Corps from 1864 to 1866, the I Corps was activated March 13,1862, when President Abraham Lincoln ordered the creation of a four-corps army, then under the command of Major General George B. McClellan. The first commander of corps was Major General Irvin McDowell. One of its divisions, the Pennsylvania Reserves, was sent to join the main army in June. Temporarily attached to the V Corps, it saw action at Gaines Mill. Division commander Brig. Gen. George McCall and future I Corps commander Brig. Gen. John Reynolds were both captured and freed in an exchange that August. It rejoined the Army of the Potomac and crossed the Potomac River into Maryland to fight at South Mountain, John Reynolds was temporarily detached to train militia troops in his home state of Pennsylvania and did not participate in the Maryland Campaign. At Antietam, the I Corps was among the first troops to fight and suffered losses in the battles around the cornfield. Hooker was wounded in the foot during the battle and command of the I Corps devolved on Meade, in October, Reynolds returned and was made commander of the corps. Having fought three battles in six weeks, the I Corps was severely depleted, an influx of new volunteer regiments arrived to replenish its ranks, and by November it was back up to full strength. At Fredericksburg, Meade and John Gibbons divisions fought Stonewall Jacksons corps south of the town while Doubledays division was held in reserve, the I Corps did not see any significant action in the Chancellorsville Campaign. In its last major battle, the Battle of Gettysburg, General Reynolds was killed just as the first troops arrived on the field, and command was inherited by Major General Abner Doubleday. Although putting up a fight, the I Corps was overwhelmed by the Confederate Third Corps. It was forced to retreat through the town of Gettysburg, taking up positions on Cemetery Hill after the 16th Maines brave stand of which only 39 soldiers returned. The next day, the command was given to Major General John Newton and this was a controversial move that deeply offended the more senior Doubleday. Newton led it through the remainder of the battle, including the defense against Picketts Charge, and through the Mine Run Campaign that fall
13.
Army of Virginia
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The Army of Virginia was organized as a major unit of the Union Army and operated briefly and unsuccessfully in 1862 in the American Civil War. It should not be confused with its opponent, the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. The Army of Virginia was constituted on June 26,1862, by General Orders Number 103, from four existing departments operating around Virginia, Maj. Gen. John Pope commanded the new organization, which was divided into three corps of over 50,000 men. Three corps of Maj. Gen. George B, mcClellans Army of the Potomac later were added for combat operations. Bankss corps of the Army of Virginia fought against Stonewall Jackson at the Battle of Cedar Mountain, gaining initial advantage, but was defeated by a Confederate counterattack led by A. P. Hill. The entire army was defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run by Jackson, Longstreet, and Lee. On September 12,1862, the units of the Army of Virginia were merged into the Army of the Potomac, major General John Pope The first three corps were given numeric designations that overlapped with those in the Army of the Potomac. They were redesignated as shown for the Maryland Campaign and later, battles and Leaders of the Civil War Army Organization during the Civil War Opposing Forces at Second Bull Run
14.
XI Corps (Union Army)
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The XI Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War, best remembered for its involvement in the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg in 1863. The XI Corps was an amalgamation of two separate commands and these were John Fremonts Army of the Mountain Department and Louis Blenkers division of German immigrants. Blenker had led a German brigade at First Bull Run, although it was held in reserve and saw no major fighting, intended to go to the Virginia Peninsula in the spring of 1862, Blenkers troops were instead detached and sent out west to join Fremont. The combined command suffered a number of losses to Stonewall Jackson that spring in the Shenandoah Valley, soldiers had not been paid in months and many were dropping from illness and straggling. Blenker himself was injured in a fall from his horse during the Northern Virginia Campaign in August. On June 26,1862, President Abraham Lincoln ordered that the troops of the Mountain Department, Frémont, shall constitute the First Army Corps, under the command of General Frémont. The corps thus formed was, for the most part, the same as the one known as the XI Corps. This order of President Lincoln was included in the one constituting John Popes Army of Virginia, frémonts troops had seen considerable service in western Virginia, having fought hard in the Valley Campaign against Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson at McDowell and Cross Keys. Fremont refused to serve under John Pope and resigned, major General Franz Sigel thus assumed command of the corps on June 29. Many of the German soldiers could speak little English beyond I fights mit Sigel, President Lincoln chose Sigel less for his military skills than his influence on this important political constituency. Sigel was in command at the Second Battle of Bull Run, where the corps encountered more hard fighting, losing 295 killed,1,361 wounded, at this time the three divisions were commanded by Generals Robert C. Schenck, Adolph von Steinwehr, and Carl Schurz, there was also an independent brigade attached, under the command of Brig. Gen. Robert H. Milroy. 129, September 12,1862, the designation was changed to that of the XI Army Corps. During the Maryland Campaign, and during the fall of 1862, in December, it marched to Fredericksburg, but was not present at the battle, after which it went into winter quarters at Stafford, Virginia. With the ascension of Joseph Hooker to command of the army in February 1863, because of this and because the XI Corps was the smallest in the Army of the Potomac, he felt that it deserved to be enlarged. His request denied, Sigel angrily resigned his command, replacing him was Maj. Gen. Oliver Otis Howard, who had lately been complaining that he deserved a corps command since General Daniel Sickles had gotten one. It contained 27 regiments of infantry, of which 13 were German regiments, the men of the XI Corps were good soldiers, for the most part tried and veteran troops, but their leadership let them down. On May 1, Robert E. Lee and his subordinate, Stonewall Jackson, came up with a risky and they would split their 40, 000-man force at Chancellorsville, with Jackson taking his Second Corps of 28,000 men around to attack the Union right flank
15.
Army of the Potomac
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The Army of the Potomac was the principal Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was created in July 1861 shortly after the First Battle of Bull Run and was disbanded in June 1865 following the surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in April. The Army of the Potomac was created in 1861, but was only the size of a corps. Its nucleus was called the Army of Northeastern Virginia, under Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell, and it was the army fought the wars first major battle. The arrival in Washington, D. C. of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan dramatically changed the makeup of that army, on July 26,1861, the Department of the Shenandoah, commanded by Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. The men under Bankss command became a division in the Army of the Potomac. The army started with four corps, but these were divided during the Peninsula Campaign to produce two more, after the Second Battle of Bull Run, the Army of the Potomac absorbed the units that had served under Maj. Gen. John Pope. It is a popular, but mistaken, belief that John Pope commanded the Army of the Potomac in the summer of 1862 after McClellans unsuccessful Peninsula Campaign, on the contrary, Popes army consisted of different units, and was named the Army of Virginia. The Army of the Potomac underwent many changes during its existence. The army was divided by Ambrose Burnside into three divisions of two corps each with a Reserve composed of two more. Thereafter the individual corps, seven of which remained in Virginia, Hooker also created a Cavalry Corps by combining units that previously had served as smaller formations. In late 1863, two corps were sent West, and—in 1864—the remaining five corps were recombined into three, burnsides IX Corps, which accompanied the army at the start of Ulysses S. Grants Overland Campaign, rejoined the army later. For more detail, see the section Corps below, the Army of the Potomac fought in most of the Eastern Theater campaigns, primarily in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. After the end of the war, it was disbanded on June 28,1865, the Army of the Potomac was also the name given to General P. G. T. Beauregards Confederate army during the early stages of the war. However, the name was changed to the Army of Northern Virginia. In 1869 the Society of the Army of the Potomac was formed as a veterans association and it had its last reunion in 1929. Because of its proximity to the cities of the North, such as Washington. Philadelphia, and New York City, the Army of the Potomac received more media coverage than the other Union field armies
16.
XXII Corps (Union Army)
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XXII Corps was a corps in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was created on February 2,1863, to consist of all troops garrisoned in Washington, D. C. many of its units were transferred to the Army of the Potomac during Grants Overland Campaign. This Corps did not include the regiments that passed through Washington. Nor does it include the regiments from the Army of the Potomac, Army of Georgia. Civil War Armies at the time took their name from the Department that it was out of. This is the reason for the naming of the Army of the Potomac, at the time of the war, the Union named most of its departments, and thus its armies, after naturally occurring landmarks, specifically water courses, i. e. The Army of the Potomac, The Army of the James, The Army of the Gulf, in opposition, the Confederacy named most of their Armies for geographic areas and states. Comprising all of the United States east of the Mississippi River, formed on January 1,1861, there were many Departments formed within its borders, and finally destablished August 17,1861. Its primary focus was to employ a chain of command to all units until the departments could be formed. Headquartered in Albany, New York, it was commanded by Major General John E. Wool, constituted April 9,1861, to include Washington, D. C. to its original boundaries of Arlington, Virginia, and the state of Maryland as far as Bladensburg. It was formed to center on the defense of the national capital, the Department of the Potomac, formed July 25,1861 and destablished August 16,1861, provide for the defense of the city of Washington, D. C. This Department was entrusted with the duty of protecting the United States capital, commanded by Major General George B. McClellan. A Military District during the Civil War was a formation within a Department for the purpose of reporting directly to the department commander for administrative affairs, the Military District of Washington was organized June 26,1862, to include Washington, D. C. Alexandria, Virginia, and Fort Washington, Maryland and it was a District under the Department of the Potomac. It was incorporated into the Department of the Rappahanock from April 4,1862 through June 26,1862, on February 2,1863 it merged into the Department of Washington. Commanded by Brigadier General James S. Wadsworth and it was merged into the Army of Virginia as III Corps on June 26,1862, with Major General Irwin McDowell as its commander. The Defenses of Washington D. C. was a short lived command, used for the consolidation of all the defenses of the area including and surrounding Washington, D. C. Its main focus was on the maintaining of the fortifications in extending in a ring around Washington, the size of it would expand throughout the war to include the entirety of the counties in the surrounding states of Maryland and Virginia
17.
Army of the Cumberland
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The Army of the Cumberland was one of the principal Union armies in the Western Theater during the American Civil War. It was originally known as the Army of the Ohio, the origin of the Army of the Cumberland dates back to the creation of the Army of the Ohio in November 1861, under the command of Brig. Gen. Robert Anderson. When Rosecrans assumed command, the army and the XIV Corps were the same unit, general Orders No.168 was the order passed by the Union Army on October 24,1862, that called for the commissioning the XIV Corps into the Army of the Cumberland. The armys first significant combat under the Cumberland name was at the Battle of Stones River, after the battle the army and XIV Corps were separated. The former Center wing became XIV Corps, the Right wing became XX Corps, Rosecrans still retained command of the army. He next led it through the Tullahoma Campaign and at the Battle of Chickamauga, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant arrived at Chattanooga. Reinforcements from the Army of the Potomac and the Army of the Tennessee also arrived, in the Battles for Chattanooga, Grant had been leery of using the Army of the Cumberland in the main fighting, fearing their morale to be too low after the defeat at Chickamauga. The Army of the Cumberland was given the task of seizing the rifle pits at the base of Missionary Ridge. However, once they achieved their objective, four divisions stormed up the ridge, when Grant angrily asked who had ordered those troops up the ridge both Thomas and Gordon Granger, a corps commander in the army, responded they did not know. Granger then replied, Once those boys get started, all hell cant stop em and he created an army group of the Army of the Cumberland, the Army of the Tennessee, and the Army of the Ohio and marched towards Atlanta in May 1864. On the way to Atlanta they fought in battles and skirmishes including the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain. In September, Atlanta fell to Shermans army group, Hood moved north from Atlanta, Sherman chose not to follow him and instead dispatched some of the Army of the Cumberland and the Army of the Ohio after him. Thomas finally met Hood at the Battle of Nashville and crushed him, other elements of the Army of the Cumberland marched to the sea and north through the Carolinas with Sherman, under the command of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum. These forces became the Unions Army of Georgia and participated in the Grand Review of the Armies in Washington, D. C. before President Andrew Johnson in 1865. Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press,2001. Forces in the Civil War Daniel, Larry J, days of Glory, The Army of the Cumberland, 1861–1865. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press,2004, the Good Men Who Won the War, Army of the Cumberland Veterans and Emancipation Memory. Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press,2010, all for the Regiment, The Army of the Ohio, 1861–1862. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press,2001, the Army of the Cumberland, Its Organizations, Campaigns, and Battles
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Ohio in the American Civil War
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During the American Civil War, the State of Ohio played a key role in providing troops, military officers, and supplies to the Union army. Due to its location in the Northern United States and burgeoning population. Despite the states boasting a number of very powerful Republican politicians, portions of Southern Ohio followed the Peace Democrats and openly opposed President Abraham Lincolns policies. Ohio played an important part in the Underground Railroad prior to the war, several leading generals were from Ohio, including Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, and Philip H. Sheridan. Five Ohio-born Civil War officers would serve as the President of the United States. The Fighting McCooks gained fame as the largest immediate family ever to become officers in the U. S. Army. The state was spared many of the horrors of war as two minor battles were fought within its borders. Morgans Raid in the summer of 1863 spread terror among the populace, Ohio troops fought in nearly every major campaign during the war. Nearly 7,000 Buckeye soldiers were killed in action and its most significant Civil War site is Johnsons Island, located in Sandusky Bay of Lake Erie. Barracks and outbuildings were constructed for a prisoner of war depot, over three years more than 15,000 Confederate men were held there. The island includes a Confederate cemetery where about 300 men were buried, much of southern Ohios economy depended upon trade with the South across the Ohio River, which had served for years as passage and a link with the slave states of Virginia and Kentucky. Most of the population was solidly against secession and in favor of a strong central government. During the 1860 Presidential Election, Ohio voted in favor of Abraham Lincoln over Stephen Douglas, senator and Governor Salmon P. Chase as Secretary of the Treasury. Prominent Ohio politicians in Congress included Senators John Sherman and Benjamin F. Wade, during the war, three men would serve as Governor of Ohio– William Dennison, David Tod and John Brough. Without being asked by the War Department, Dennison sent Ohio troops into western Virginia, the convention led to the admission of West Virginia as a free state. Tod became known as the friend, for his determined efforts to help equip. He was noted for his response in calling out the state militia to battle Confederate raiders. Through the middle of the war, the Copperhead movement had appeal in Ohio, driven in part by noted states rights advocate, Congressman Clement Vallandigham, after General Ambrose E. Burnside ordered his arrest and took Vallandigham to Cincinnati for trial
19.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
20.
Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
21.
Frederick H. Dyer
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Frederick Henry Dyer served as a drummer boy in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Born in 1849, Dyer lost both his parents in childhood, in July 1863, at the age of 14, already two years into the civil war, Dyer and a friend ran away from school with the intention of joining the army. Although his friends aunt provided guardian consent for him to enlist as a minor, Dyer carefully assumed his friends surname, Metzger, to avoid being traced and returned to school. On July 25, having passed the physical examination, he became a drummer boy in Company H of the 7th Connecticut Infantry Regiment. Dyer continued to serve with Company H during the two years of the war. It is unknown whether he participated in any fighting. The 7th Connecticut was equipped with Spencer carbines in December 1863, Dyer stopped using his false name after the war. He attended Russell Military Institute and Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, Connecticut, from the age of 18, he became a commercial traveller – an occupation he maintained for about fourteen years – moving between various cities in the states of Pennsylvania and New York. He moved to Philadelphia in 1870, where he manufactured and sold escutcheons to veterans, in 1875 he was married in Bridgeville, Delaware and moved to Pittsburgh until the fall of 1876, then moved to Washington, Pennsylvania. Whilst living in Washington he went into business with a H. Frank Ward, forming Dyer and Ward – Printers, Stationers and Binders, Dyer moved around on business, residing in several cities between 1885 and 1912, before settling his family in Cleveland, Ohio. Dyer remained in Des Moines until 1912, to promote the Compendium from his office, before moving to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1867, Dyer became a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, a patriotic society of civil war Union veterans. It was around this time that he started to acquire details about Union regiments and his job as a commercial traveller brought him in touch with many veterans and officials, from whom he gathered official figures. The statistics he collected expanded into areas, from regiments to details of formations, battles, movements. Dyer utilized the materials available at the War Department, namely the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion. After 35 years of gathering, he moved into a single room in Des Moines to start producing a compendium worthy of print. He made seven revisions, each taking around seven months, as he sifted through piles of paperwork and notes, to produce an accurate account of the Union army. Working day and night, sleeping in a bed placed close to his desk, he toiled over the Compendium from 1904 until 1908, part II – Chronological record of the campaigns, battles, engagements, actions, combats, sieges, skirmishes. Etc. in the United States 1861 to 1865, the original Compendium, which was bound in morocco leather and pebbled cloth, sold at $10 apiece
22.
1st Ohio Infantry
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The 1st Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the Western Theater in a number of campaigns, with the outbreak of the Civil War in the spring of 1861, President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers from nearly every state. In April, recruiters quickly filled the quota for a number of regiments in the state of Ohio, with several regiments enlisting for 3-months, including a command designated as the 1st Ohio. Mustering in April 17,1861, under Colonel Alexander M. McCook, it travelled by train to Washington, D. C. for garrison duty in the capitals fortifications, the regiment was placed in Schencks Brigade, Tylers Division, Irvin McDowells Army of Northeastern Virginia. It first saw action at Vienna, Virginia, on June 17 and it fought at the First Battle of Bull Run and helped cover the armys bitter retreat to Washington. The regiment soon returned to Ohio and mustered out August 2, after the term of service was over in August, a number of the men re-enlisted for 3-years in the reconstituted 1st OVI, under the command of Col. Benjamin F. Smith. The regiment was organized at Camp Corwin in Dayton between August 5 and October 30, receiving muskets, uniforms, and accoutrements, on the last day of August, the regiment entrained for Cincinnati for additional training and guard duty. The 1st OVI left Ohio in November 1861 for Louisville, Kentucky, from there, they were posted in a number of Kentucky towns through February 1862, striving to keep the border state in the Union. In late winter 1862, the regiment was attached to the 4th Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of the Ohio, serving in Tennessee under Don Carlos Buell at Shiloh. There on April 7, the regiment became engaged about 10 a. m. losing 2 men killed,2 officers and 45 men wounded, following Shiloh, the regiment served in Mississippi during the Siege of Corinth before moving to a variety of places in Alabama. In August, the regiment returned to Kentucky as the army pursued Confederates under Braxton Bragg, the well-travelled regiment then marched to Nashville, Tennessee, in October and November. It stayed in Nashville until December 26, when the regiment departed for a campaign that culminated in the Battle of Stones River. Under the command of Maj. Joab A. Stafford, the regiment saw action at the Battle of Chickamauga and it marched to Knoxville as part of the army relieving the Confederate siege of Union forces at that city. Yet another reorganization of the resulted in the 1st OVI being assigned to the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, 4th Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland. It fought under Grant at Missionary Ridge, where the 1st OVI was the first regiment to plant its colors on the hilltop, the regiment spent much of the rest of the fall on scouting duty in Tennessee. The 1st Ohio Volunteer Infantry mustered out of the Union army from September 24 to October 14,1864, a number of recruits re-enlisted and transferred to the 18th Ohio Volunteer Infantry on October 31,1864, and remained on duty through the end of the Civil War. The regiment lost during its service 5 officers and 116 enlisted men killed and it was engaged in 24 battles and skirmishes, lost 527 men in action, and marched 2,500 miles. Following the war, the veterans erected a monument on the Shiloh National Military Park, the regiment is also commemorated on the Soldiers and Sailors Monument in Public Square in downtown Cleveland
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Camp Chase
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Camp Chase was a military staging and training camp established in Columbus, Ohio in May 1861 after the start of the American Civil War. It also included a section for use as a camp during the American Civil War. The camp was closed and dismantled after the war, and the site has been redeveloped for residential and commercial use, the Camp Chase Cemetery is located in what is now the Hilltop neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio. The Camp Chase Site, including the cemetery, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Camp Chase was a Civil War camp established in May 1861, on land leased by the U. S. Government. It replaced the much smaller Camp Jackson, the main entrance was on the National Road 4 miles west of Downtown Columbus, Ohio. Boundaries of the camp were present-day Broad Street, Hague Avenue, Sullivant Avenue, the nearby Camp Thomas served as a similar base for the Regular Army. As many as 150,000 Union soldiers and 25,000 Confederate prisoners passed through its gates from 1861–1865, by February 1865, over 9,400 men were held at the prison. More than 2,200 Confederates are buried in the Camp Chase Cemetery, four future presidents passed through Camp Chase with Union forces, Andrew Johnson, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, and William McKinley, the prison camp held Confederates captured during Morgans Raid in 1863, including Col. Basil W. Duke. The camp was closed in 1865, and by September 1867, dismantled buildings, usable items, in 1895, former Union soldier William H. Knauss organized the first memorial service at the cemetery. In 1906 he published a history of the camp, the Memorial Arch was dedicated in 1902. From 1912 to 1994, the United Daughters of the Confederacy held annual services to commemorate Confederate soldiers who had been held, the Hilltop Historical Society now sponsors the event on the second Sunday in June. The Lady in Gray is purportedly an apparition that haunts Camp Chase Cemetery, the story goes that the ghost is looking for her lost love, and cannot find him in the cemetery. The woman is described as young, in her teens or early twenties, dressed entirely in gray. She was seen quite often for years, before disappearing completely. Aside from the Confederate Cemetery, the land that formerly housed Camp Chase has been redeveloped as a residential and commercial area known as Westgate. A corner stone to the camp is located in front of the Westgate #623 Masonic Temple and this development was built in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The Camp Chase Site, including the cemetery, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the story of Camp Chase,1906 Not to Be Forgotten, Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places lesson plan Historic American Landscapes Survey No
24.
Camp Dennison
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Camp Dennison was a military recruiting, training, and medical post for the United States Army during the American Civil War. It was located near Cincinnati, Ohio, not far from the Ohio River, the camp was named for Cincinnati native William Dennison, Ohios governor at the start of the war. With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, George B. McClellan was joined by Joshua H. Bates and another member of the militia in preparing the plans for the new camp. The site was chosen by then Captain William S. Rosecrans. The land was on sides of the Little Miami Railroad tracks, which ended at Cincinnatis Public Landing. There are variable area listed, but 700 acres of land appears to have been rented from the Buckingham and they were offered $12 to $20 per acre per month, a figure named without negotiation, and considered generous. Rosecrans laid out the camp via survey around April 24,1861, the first post commander was Melancthon Smith Wade, a Cincinnatian who was a former general in the Ohio Militia. The LMR could transport volunteers from Central Ohio, and from areas along those tracks and it was the Little Miami Railroad which could transport troops quickly into Cincinnati in case of enemy threat. However, among the men sent, there were less than a dozen muskets among them. One can view the land of Camp Dennison via Google, the Little Miami Railroad tracks are now a bicycle trail. More than 50,000 Union soldiers were mustered in or out of service at Camp Dennison, as many as 12,000 occupied the camp at any one time. Within the first week, inclement weather made life very hard on those who were first there and they had no chance to build substantial structures, and the weather turned cold and accompanied by a lot of rain. The fields became a sea of mud, the camp hospital was established on the ground floor of the Waldschmidt barn, after horses were liveried elsewhere, the manure removed, and fresh straw laid down. Camp Dennison along with its cities of Indian Hill and Madeira have a curfew of 1 AM, Many men contracted pneumonia. For a time, the hospital was simply a shelter, although there was minimal bedding, as the war progressed, shortly after the Battle of Shiloh a military hospital was established on the grounds of Camp Dennison, with over 200 beds situated in a series of wooden barracks. These wooden barracks were used to house soldiers, but were converted into hospital wards. There were considerably more men sent there over the course of the war, the nearby Waldschmidt Cemetery served as the temporary gravesite for 340 Union soldiers and 31 Confederate soldiers who were prisoners of war. The bodies were reinterred at Spring Grove Cemetery or at Camp Chase in Columbus in the late 1860s, the end of the Civil War in 1865 eliminated the need for Camp Dennison, which was deactivated in September
25.
Camp Harrison
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Camp Harrison was one of several Union Army training posts in Hamilton County, Ohio, established during the American Civil War. The post was named for former president William Henry Harrison, who was from North Bend, the soldiers at Camp Harrison usually remained at the camp for only a short time for training before being shipped off to assignments in the South. The initial post commander was Ohio militia Brig. Gen. Joshua H. Bates, Camp Harrison Camp Harrison Letter of William H
26.
Camp Thomas
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Camp Thomas was a United States Regular Army training facility located in North Columbus, Ohio, during the American Civil War. It was primarily used to organize and train new regiments for service in the Western Theater. With the outbreak of the Civil War and the bombardment of Fort Sumter in South Carolina, Carrington had been commissioned to raise troops for the expanded United States Army in Ohio, Indiana, and Pennsylvania. In July 1861, he established a camp on the Solomon Beers farm along the Delaware Road. He named the new facility Camp Thomas in honor of Colonel Lorenzo Thomas, Camp Thomas augmented the nearby Camp Chase, a similar military camp established for the states regiments raised for the volunteer Union Army. The camp was located on property owned by Soloman Beers, north of the present day Dodrige Street, temporary structures were erected for the new camps headquarters, as well as the guard room and hospital. Streets were lined out and tents erected as shelters for the new recruits. Among the prominent officers at Camp Thomas during the war was Captain William J. Fetterman and he would later be killed and his troops massacred by Sioux Indians. Major William Axton Stokes, later a leading Philadelphia attorney, for a period commanded Camp Thomas. For most of the war, Camp Thomas served as the headquarters for the 18th U. S. Infantry, with the roster of the First Battalion being filled by Colonel Carrington, later in the month, Carrington organized the Second Battalion of six additional companies. In October, General-in-Chief Winfield Scott arrived in Columbus to tour the camp, the 18th Infantry drilled at the camp for several weeks before moving to the front lines in Kentucky. A similar camp was authorized by Scott at Perryville, Maryland, on 3 November 1861, a battalion of the 16th U. S. Infantry under Major Sidney Coolidge arrived at Camp Thomas after its base, Camp Slemmer in Chicago. Additional recruits arrived and, by the end of the month, for most of the war, Camp Thomas was under the jurisdiction of Brig. Gen. John S. Mason. A few volunteer regiments and artillery batteries, such as the 22nd Ohio Battery, frequent attempts were made to convince the Army to erect more permanent structures than tents and the three canvas-roofed timber buildings, but these were denied. Columbus officials hoped that brick or stone buildings would prove more lasting, following the Civil War, the camp was decommissioned. By order of the Secretary of War, Camp Thomas was discontinued as a depot for the Regular Army early in October 1866. Buildings erected for the camp were sold, with some converted to houses in the vicinity of the camp, by 1900 most traces of the camp were essentially gone
27.
Department of the Ohio
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Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan was designated as its first commander. McClellan led efforts in the spring and early summer of 1861 to occupy the area of western Virginia that wanted to remain in the Union and his forces defeated two small Confederate armies and paved the way for the region to later became the state of West Virginia. After McClellan was reassigned to command the Army of the Potomac, under his directive, troops pushed southward towards Huntsville, Alabama, from Chattanooga, Tennessee, but were turned away. Then, General Orders No.97 commanded Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell to assume command of the department, all the forces of the department were then organized into the Army of the Ohio with Buell in command. The Department of the Ohio was dissolved in March 11,1862, when it was merged into the Department of the Mississippi and the Department of the Mountains. The Department of the Ohio was recreated on August 19,1862, and consisted of the states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright was assigned to command the reconstituted department. In September, western Virginia was added to the department, along with all Federal troops in the region. On March 25,1863, after the Senate refused to confirm Wrights promotion to major general, Wright, after briefly occupying a subordinate command in Louisville, Kentucky, transferred in May 1863 to the Army of the Potomac to command the 1st Division of VI Corps. Burnside consolidated all the forces of the department and created the XXIII Corps, elements of the new Army of the Ohio helped repel Morgans Raid, although the entire army rarely functioned as a single unit during this campaign. On October 16,1863, the Department of the Ohio became part of the Military Division of the Mississippi, under the overall command of Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. Due to illness, Burnside asked to be relieved of command after the Battle of Fort Sanders and was replaced by Maj. Gen. John G. Foster on December 9. On February 9,1864, Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield assumed command of the Department of the Ohio, for much of the remainder of the war, the department was synonymous with the Army of the Ohio. Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press,2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. Its Border Annals, Its Part in the Indian Wars, in the War of 1812, in the Mexican War, and in the War of the Rebellion, with a Prefix, Giving a Compendium of the History of the United States. War Department, The War of the Rebellion, a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901
28.
George B. McClellan
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George Brinton McClellan was an American soldier, civil engineer, railroad executive, and politician. A graduate of West Point, McClellan served with distinction during the Mexican-American War, although McClellan was meticulous in his planning and preparations, these very characteristics hampered his ability to challenge aggressive opponents in a fast-moving battlefield environment. He chronically overestimated the strength of units and was reluctant to apply principles of mass. McClellan organised and led the Union army in the Peninsula Campaign in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862 and it was the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. General McClellan failed to maintain the trust of President Abraham Lincoln and he did not trust his commander-in-chief and was privately derisive of him. McClellan went on to become the unsuccessful Democratic Party nominee in the 1864 presidential election against Lincoln, the effectiveness of his campaign was damaged when he repudiated his partys platform, which promised an end to the war and negotiations with the Confederacy. He served as the 24th Governor of New Jersey from 1878 to 1881 and he eventually became a writer, and vigorously defended his Civil War conduct. Most modern authorities have assessed McClellan as a battlefield general. Some historians view him as a capable commander whose reputation suffered unfairly at the hands of pro-Lincoln partisans who made him a scapegoat for the Unions military setbacks. After the war, Ulysses S. Grant was asked for his opinion of McClellan as a general and he replied, McClellan is to me one of the mysteries of the war. Also, when Robert E. Lee was asked who was the best Union general, George Brinton McClellan was born in Philadelphia, the son of a prominent surgeon, Dr. George McClellan, the founder of Jefferson Medical College. His fathers family was of Ulster Scots heritage and his mother was Elizabeth Sophia Steinmetz Brinton McClellan, daughter of a leading Pennsylvania family, a woman noted for her considerable grace and refinement. The couple had five children, a daughter, Frederica, then three sons, John, George, and Arthur, and finally a daughter, Mary. McClellan was the great-grandson of Revolutionary War general Samuel McClellan, of Woodstock and he attended the University of Pennsylvania in 1840 at age 13, resigning himself to the study of law. After two years, he changed his goal to military service, with the assistance of his fathers letter to President John Tyler, young George was accepted at the United States Military Academy in 1842, the academy having waived its normal minimum age of 16. At West Point, he was an energetic and ambitious cadet, deeply interested in the teachings of Dennis Hart Mahan and his closest friends were aristocratic Southerners such as James Stuart, Dabney Maury, Cadmus Wilcox, and A. P. Hill. He graduated in 1846, second in his class of 59 cadets and he was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. McClellans first assignment was with a company of engineers formed at West Point and he arrived near the mouth of the Rio Grande in October 1846, well prepared for action with a double-barreled shotgun, two pistols, a saber, a dress sword, and a Bowie knife
29.
Fighting McCooks
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The Fighting McCooks were members of a family of Ohioans who reached prominence as officers in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Two brothers, Daniel and John McCook, and thirteen of their sons were involved in the army. Six of the McCooks reached the rank of general or higher. Several family members were killed in action or died from their wounds, following the war, several others reached high political offices, including governorships and diplomatic posts. Daniel McCook, a Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, attorney, had moved to eastern Ohio in 1826 and his younger brother John also soon moved to the Buckeye State. Their clans would become known as the Tribe of Dan. Their father, another George McCook, had emigrated from Armoy and he had declined an offer of a Lieutenants commission in the regular army and is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio. A granite memorial to Daniel McCook, Jr. is at the Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield, and a marker to his father is located on State Route 124, near Buffington Island in the Ohio River. A number of the McCooks, as well as wives and children, are interred in Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati, Ohio, as well as Bend, Oregon and Miami, Florida. Whalen, Charles and Barbara, The Fighting McCooks, Americas Famous Fighting Family, Ohio Historical Society Howes Historical Collections of Ohio. Ohio Historical Marker in Carrollton Kenyon College
30.
Johnson's Island
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Johnsons Island is a 300-acre island in Sandusky Bay, located on the coast of Lake Erie,3 miles from the city of Sandusky, Ohio. It was the site of a camp for Confederate officers captured during the American Civil War. Johnsons Island was the only Union prison exclusively for Southern officers but, civilians who were arrested as guerrillas, or bushwhackers, were also imprisoned on the island. During its three years of operation, more than 15,000 men were incarcerated there, the island is named after L. B. Johnson, the owner of the beginning about 1852. It was originally named Bulls Island by its first owner, Epaphras* W. Bull, in late 1861, Federal officials selected Johnson’s Island as the site for a prisoner of war camp to hold up to 2,500 captured Confederate officers. The island offered easy access by ship for supplies to construct and maintain a prison, Sandusky Bay offered more protection from the elements than on other nearby islands, which were also closer to Canada in the event of a prison break. Woods of hickory and oak trees could provide lumber and fuel, the U. S. government leased half the island from private owner Leonard B. Johnson for $500 a year, and for the duration of the war carefully controlled access to the island. The 16. 5-acre prison opened in April 1862, a 15-foot-high wooden stockade surrounded 12 two-story prisoner housing barracks, a hospital, latrines, sutler’s stand, three wells, a pest house, and two large mess halls. More than 40 buildings stood outside the walls, including barns, stables, a limekiln, forts, barracks for officers. They were used by the 128th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, which guarded the prison, lieutenant Christopher Columbus Nash, later the sheriff of Grant Parish, Louisiana, who directed the Colfax Riot in 1873, was also imprisoned at Johnsons Island. The prisoners had a community, with amateur theatrical performances, publishing. They were not operational until March 1865, in the final months. More than 15,000 men passed through Johnson’s Island until it was closed in September 1865, wardens lost only about 200 prisoners as a result of the harsh Ohio winters, food and fuel shortages, and disease. Johnsons Island had one of the lowest mortality rates of any Civil War prison, confederates made many escape attempts, including efforts by some to walk across the frozen Lake Erie to freedom in Canada. A handful of escapes were successful, after the war, the prison camp was abandoned. Most of the buildings were auctioned off by the Army, and some were razed after falling into disrepair, and the last-remaining circa-1861 block-house, here, finally burned by accident in 1901. -- About 1894, a summer-resort was established at the eastern-end of the island, but its pavilion burned in 1897 -- and, although the pavilion was later rebuilt, afterward, during the first-half of the 20th-Century, the land was used for farming and rock quarrying
31.
Clement Vallandigham
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Clement Laird Vallandigham was an Ohio politician and leader of the Copperhead faction of anti-war Democrats during the American Civil War. He served two terms in the United States House of Representatives, in 1863 he was convicted at an Army court martial of opposing the war, and exiled to the Confederacy. He ran for governor of Ohio in 1863 from exile in Canada, Clement Laird Vallandigham was born July 29,1820 in New Lisbon, Ohio, to Clement and Rebecca Laird Vallandigham. His father, a Presbyterian minister, educated his son at home, in 1841, Vallandigham had a dispute with the college president at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. He was honorably dismissed, but he never received a degree, edwin M. Stanton, the future Secretary of War under President Lincoln, was Vallandighams close friend before the Civil War. Stanton lent Vallandigham $500 for a law course and to begin his own practice, both Vallandigham and Stanton were Democrats, but they had opposing views of slavery. Shortly after beginning to practice law in Dayton, Vallandigham entered politics and he was elected as a Democrat to the Ohio legislature in 1845 and 1846, and served as editor of a weekly newspaper, the Dayton Empire, from 1847 until 1849. While in the Ohio state legislature, Vallandigham voted against the repeal of the Black Laws, in 1851 Vallandigham sought the Democratic nomination to be Ohios lieutenant governor, but the party declined to nominate him. Vallandigham ran for Congress in 1856, but he was narrowly defeated and he appealed to the Committee of Elections of the House of Representatives, claiming that illegal votes had been cast. The House eventually agreed, and Vallandigham was seated on the next to last day of the term, the delay was due to the division which had arisen in the Democratic party upon the Lecompton question. He was reelected by a margin in 1858 and won again in 1860. Vallandigham lost his bid for a full term in 1862 by a relatively large vote. However, his loss was at least partially due to redistricting his Congressional district, despite this loss, some still considered him to be a future presidential candidate. In October 1859, radical abolitionist John Brown raided Harpers Ferry, Virginia, Vallandigham was always a vigorous supporter of constitutional states rights. He believed the government had no power to regulate any legal institution. He also believed the states had a right to secede. Vallandigham was a believer in low tariffs and that slavery was a matter for each state to decide, during the ensuing war, he would become one of Lincolns most outspoken critics. On February 20,1861, Vallandigham delivered a speech titled The Great American Revolution to the House of Representatives and he accused the Republican Party of being belligerent and advocated a choice of peaceable disunion upon the one hand, or Union through adjustment and conciliation upon the other
32.
Knights of the Golden Circle
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The Knights of the Golden Circle was a secret society in the mid-nineteenth-century United States. The original objective of the KGC was to annex a golden circle of territories in Mexico, Central America, northern South America, and the Caribbean for inclusion in the United States as slave states. In either case, the goal was to increase the power of the Southern slave-holding upper class to such a degree that it could never be dislodged, milligan, they were imprisoned for their activities. George W. L. Bickley, an Indiana-born doctor, editor and he organized the first castle, or local branch, in Cincinnati in 1854. Hounded by creditors, he left Cincinnati in the late 1850s and traveled through the East and South, the groups original goal was to provide a force to colonize the northern part of Mexico and the West Indies. In 1858, future Confederate States Army brigadier general Elkanah Greer established KGC castles in East Texas and this measure, which supported the goal of the KGC, failed to be adopted. In the spring of 1860, Elkanah Greer had become general, as volunteers continued to join McCulloch the following day, United States Army Brevet Maj. Gen. David E. Twiggs decided to surrender the arsenal peacefully to the secessionists. Twiggs was appointed a general in the Confederate States Army on May 22,1861. KGC members also figured prominently among those who, in 1861, in May 1861, members of the KGC and the Confederate Rangers attacked a building which housed a pro-Union newspaper, the Alamo Express, owned by J. P. Newcomb, and burned it down. Other KGC members followed Brig. Gen. Henry Hopkins Sibley on the 1862 New Mexico Campaign, both Baylor and Trevanion Teel, Sibleys captain of artillery, had been among the KGC members who rode with Ben McCulloch. In an angry letter to Seward, Pierce denied that he knew anything about the KGC, California Senator Milton Latham subsequently did so when he entered the entire Pierce-Seward correspondence into the Congressional Globe. It became strongest among Copperheads, some of felt that the Civil War was a mistake. Some supported slavery and others were worried about the power of the federal government, in the summer of 1863, Congress authorized a military draft, which the administration soon put into operation. During the 1863 Gettysburg Campaign, scam artists in south-central Pennsylvania sold Pennsylvania Dutch farmers $1 paper tickets purported to be from the Knights of the Golden Circle. Along with a series of hand gestures, these tickets were supposed to protect the horses. When Confederate Maj. Gen. Jubal Earlys infantry division passed through York County, Pennsylvania and they often paid with Confederate States dollars or with drafts on the Confederate government. Stuart also reported the alleged KGC tickets when documenting the campaign and their attempt was detected and they were seized on the night of their intended departure. In late 1863, the KGC reorganized as the Order of American Knights, in 1864, it became the Order of the Sons of Liberty, with the Ohio politician Clement L. Vallandigham, most prominent of the Copperheads, as its supreme commander
33.
Albert G. Jenkins
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Albert Gallatin Jenkins was an attorney, planter, representative to the United States Congress and First Confederate Congress, and a Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War. The commander of a brigade of cavalry from what would become West Virginia, he was wounded at the Battle of Cloyds Mountain near Dublin. Jenkins was born to wealthy planter Capt. William Jenkins and his wife Jeanette Grigsby McNutt in Cabell County, Virginia, at age fifteen, he attended Marshall Academy. He graduated from Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1848, Jenkins was admitted to the bar the same year and practiced in Charleston, before inheriting a portion of his fathers sprawling plantation in 1859. He was named a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in Cincinnati in 1856, with the outbreak of the Civil War and Virginias subsequent secession, Jenkins declined running for a third term and resigned from Congress in early 1861. He returned home and raised a company of mounted partisan rangers, by June, his company had enrolled in the Confederate Army as a part of the 8th Virginia Cavalry, with Jenkins as its colonel. Early in 1862, Jenkins left the army to become a delegate to the First Confederate Congress and he was appointed brigadier general August 1,1862, and returned to active duty. Throughout the fall, his men performed well, continuing to harass Union troops and supply lines, in September, Jenkinss cavalry raided northern Kentucky and now West Virginia. They briefly entered extreme southern Ohio near Buffington Island, becoming one of the first organized Confederate units to enter a Northern state, in December, Robert E. Lee requested that Jenkins and his men transfer to the Shenandoah Valley. After spending the winter foraging for supplies, he led his men on a raid in March 1863 through western Virginia, during the Gettysburg Campaign, Jenkins brigade formed the cavalry screen for Richard S. Ewells Second Corps. Jenkins led his men through the Cumberland Valley into Pennsylvania and seized Chambersburg and he accompanied Ewells column to Carlisle, briefly skirmishing with Union militia at the Battle of Sporting Hill near Harrisburg. During the subsequent Battle of Gettysburg, Jenkins was wounded on July 2 and he did not recover sufficiently to rejoin his command until fall. He spent the part of 1864 raising and organizing a large cavalry force for service in western Virginia. By May, Jenkins had been appointed Commander of the Department of Western Virginia with his headquarters at Dublin, hearing that Union Brig. Gen. George Crook had been dispatched from the Kanawha Valley with a large force, Jenkins took the field to contest the Federal arrival. On May 9,1864, he was wounded and captured during the Battle of Cloyds Mountain. A Union surgeon amputated Jenkins arm, but he never recovered and he was initially buried in New Dublin Presbyterian Cemetery. After the war, his remains were reinterred at his home in Greenbottom, near Huntington and he was later reinterred in the Confederate plot in Spring Hill Cemetery in Huntington. Jenkinss home, Green Bottom, has restored and is now a museum run by the West Virginia Division of Culture
34.
Black Brigade of Cincinnati
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The Black Brigade of Cincinnati was a military unit that was organized, in 1862, during the American Civil War, when the city of, Cincinnati, Ohio was in danger of being attacked, by Confederate Army. The black, male population of the Cincinnati Black Brigade, were among the very first African Americans to be employed, in the early years, of the American Civil War, Ohio was a free state, where slavery was illegal. In southern Ohio, the city, of Cincinnati, was along the Ohio River. These unfortunate men, were treated like slaves, during the construction of the perimeter, around Cincinnati, on the Ohio. Between, the harsh, working conditions imposed, on the conscripts and the extreme brutality, of the quasi-military, police guards. Soon after, Union Army officer, Major General Lew Wallace put Colonel William M. Dickson in charge and made sure the men finally received fair treatment, the soldiers of Black Brigade, received their own military unit flag and $13 a month, Union Army privates pay. The Brigade continued to work, as a detail, until September 20. The Brigade had only one fatality, Joseph Johns who was killed, in an accident, because of the racial segregation, of the military, at that time, the city would not allow black men, to join the all, white, volunteer militia. The Black Brigade were never intended to be activated, as armed soldiers and saw no combat, the officers of the brigade as of September 6,1862 were all white, and included, commander, William M. Dickson, Adjutant-General, T. C. Day, Commissary, H. McBurney, Quartermaster, J. S. Hill, Assistant Adjutant-General, Jacob Reior. The Black Brigade of Cincinnati was later recognized, as the first organization, of African Americans, to be used for military purposes, by the North,1864, accessed at Ohio Historical Society Jan 22,2007
35.
Battle of Fort Fizzle
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Adopted by Congress on March 13,1863, the Conscription Act authorized President Abraham Lincoln to draft men into military service in states that did not meet their volunteer quotas. When Federal officials tried to enforce the act in Holmes County in June, about 900 to 1000 locals built a fort, equipped with four artillery pieces. The episode ended when the last four resisters who had assaulted a Federal draft official turned themselves in, forty-three men from the Napoleon area were indicted for assaulting an officer and preventing the execution of law. The armed men involved in the rescue were indicted for treason. An additional 37 men were indicted for their involvement in activities in parts of Holmes County. Of the 80 men involved in these activities the cases of just two men went to trial, only one man, Laurant Blanchat was found guilty. Sentenced to six months at hard labor at the Ohio Penitentiary, the prosecution of every other case was eventually dropped. In 2009, the landmark Fort Fizzle became a designated town with the same zip code as Glenmont. List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Ohio History Central Online Encyclopedia, Battle of Fort Fizzle Ohio Historical Marker #3-38, Holmes County Draft Riots Drouhard and it Dont Look Right For the Times, The Factual History of the Holmes County Rebellion,2005
36.
Morgan's Raid
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Morgans Raid was a highly publicized incursion by Confederate cavalry into the northern U. S. states of Indiana and Ohio during the American Civil War. The raid took place from June 11–July 26,1863, and is named for the commander of the Confederates, Morgans Confederates during the 46 day raid covered more than 1,000 miles, beginning in Tennessee and ending in northern Ohio. Morgans raid coincided with the Vicksburg Campaign and the Gettysburg Campaign, however, it was meant to draw away tens of thousands of U. S. troops away from these major campaigns and to frighten Northern civilians into demanding their troops be recalled to defend them. Morgan and other officers were kept in the Ohio state penitentiary, but they tunneled their way out and casually took a train to Cincinnati. To many Confederates, the daring expedition behind enemy lines became known as The Great Raid of 1863, however, along with Gettysburg and Vicksburg, it was another in a string of defeats for the Confederate army that summer. Some Northern newspapers derisively labeled Morgans expedition as The Calico Raid, Gen. Braxton Bragg, the regional Confederate commander, had intended for Morgans cavalrymen to provide a distraction by entering Kentucky. Morgan, however, confided to some of his officers that he had desired to invade Indiana. Bragg had given him carte blanche to ride throughout Tennessee and Kentucky, on July 2, hoping to disrupt Union communication lines, Morgan rode into Kentucky, where admiring citizens openly welcomed his cavalrymen. Crossing the rain-swollen Cumberland River at Burkesville, Morgans division advanced to the Green River, Morgan soon surprised and captured the garrison at Lebanon. He trapped 400 men from the 20th Kentucky in the railroad depot. In a sharp fight, Federal troops killed Morgans youngest brother Thomas during the final charge. Morgan finally captured and paroled the Federal troops, a grieving Morgan continued northward towards Louisville, riding through Springfield, Bardstown, and Garnettsville. Along the way, the Confederates endured several more small skirmishes with Federals, just south of the city, however, he turned his remaining men to the northwest and headed for the Ohio River. At Springfield, Morgan sent a detachment north and east of Louisville and this detachment crossed the Ohio River at Twelve Mile Island, but they were captured near New Pekin, Indiana, before they could rejoin Morgan. Ellsworth did this throughout the journey, especially in Indiana, Morgan had sent spy Thomas Hines and a party of 25 Confederates on a secret mission into Indiana in June to determine if the local Copperheads would support or join Morgans impending raid. After visiting the local Copperhead leader, Dr. William A. Bowles, Hines learned that no desired support would be forthcoming. He and his scouts were soon identified as actually being Confederates and he wandered around Kentucky for a week seeking information on Morgans whereabouts. By now reduced to 1,800 men, Morgans main column had arrived on the morning of July 8 at Brandenburg, Kentucky, a town along the Ohio River
37.
Battle of Buffington Island
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Delayed overnight, Morgan was almost surrounded by Union cavalry the next day, and the resulting battle ended in a Confederate rout, with over half of the 1, 700-man Confederate force being captured. General Morgan and some 700 men escaped, but the daring raid finally ended on July 26 with his surrender after the Battle of Salineville. Morgans Raid was of little consequence, but it did spread terror among much of the population of southern and eastern Ohio. Twelve days later, when a second Federal army began its Tullahoma Campaign, with his path now relatively clear, Morgan headed eastward on July 13 past Cincinnati and rode across southern Ohio, stealing horses and supplies along the way. Ohio Governor David Tod called out the militia, and volunteers formed companies to protect towns. As a dense fog and darkness settled in, Morgan decided to camp for the night to allow his jaded men and he was concerned that even if he pushed aside the enemy troops, he might lose additional men in the darkness as they tried to navigate the narrow ford. The delay proved to be a fatal mistake, the US Navys Mississippi Squadron was involved in Battle of Buffington Island. Morgan had brought cannons with his column. A heavy river blockade and a means was realized early in the chase while Morgans column traveled easterly towards Cincinnati, Ohio. Lt Commander Leroy Fitchs fleet included the Brilliant, Fairplay, Moose, Reindeer, St. Clair, Silver Lake, Springfield, Victory, Naumkeag, and Queen City, a few of these steamers lagged behind to zone-up protecting against a possible doubling back of Morgans column. The forward vessels were assigned a patrol zone along the Mason, Jackson. Naumkeag patrolled from Point Pleasant, West Virginia to Eight Mile Island zone and Springfield guarded from Pomeroy, victorys cannon balls have been found along Leading Creek, Ohio, its patrol from Middleport, Ohio to Eight Mile Island along the West Virginia river bank. The Magnolia, Imperial, Alleghany Belle, and Union tinclads, the amphibious division tinclads had four to six large jonboats used to fire rifles from, for landing to give chase and pickup prisoners. Fitchs flagship was the ironclad USS Moose, Moose and Fitchs dispatch privateer, Imperial, were tied up within earshot of the island the night before the battle. It has been written that Fitch had the boilers fired up and shooting its cannons at the island on first rifle fire. Allegheny Belle was a little farther down tied up along the Ohio side, having heard Mooses cannons, it made steam and soon brought up Burnsides amphibious infantry. The 9th West Virginia Infantry were delivered by packets working under Fort Union to the high banked and these were commanded by Colenel I. H. Duval under Federal Command at Wheeling, West Virginia. The regiment was composed largely of refugees, who, having driven from home, were fighting with a desperation that was not excelled by any troops in any army
38.
Battle of Salineville
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The Battle of Salineville occurred July 26,1863, near Salineville, Ohio during Morgans Raid in the American Civil War. It was one of the northernmost military actions involving the Confederate States Army, the Union victory shattered John Hunt Morgans remaining Confederate cavalry and led to his capture later that day. On July 8,1863, Morgan crossed the Ohio River at Brandenburg, Kentucky, after a victory at the Battle of Corydon, Morgan proceeded eastward into Ohio, pursued by Federal troops under Brig. Gen. James M. Shackelford. On July 19, Morgan attempted to cross the Ohio River into West Virginia at Buffington Island, upriver from Pomeroy in Meigs County, some of his men did make it across the river and back to the South. Edward H. Hobson and Henry M. Judah captured an estimated 800 –1,200 of Morgans force, General Morgan and the remaining 400 men of his command escaped, cut off from the river crossings. When another attempt to ford the river failed, he headed north, eventually reaching Columbiana County, still hoping to cross the Ohio River at some point and head back to the South. With his horses playing out and his men emotionally and physically exhausted, Morgans weary men were isolated, under constant pursuit, and heading deeper into enemy territory. Eventually, Morgan was flanked and cut off by Union forces on July 26,1863 at Salineville, near Lisbon, badly outnumbered, Morgan attempted to cut his way out from the estimated 3,000 Federals. He lost 364 men in a firefight that lasted no more than an hour, remarkably, General Morgan and a small number of his men initially managed to elude capture. However, at 2,00 p. m. they surrendered to Union Maj. George W. Rue of the 9th Kentucky Cavalry near West Point, today, a historical marker commemorates the location of the surrender. Rue disregarded that surrender and insisted that Morgan formally surrender to the Union forces, troops escorted Morgan to Columbus, Ohio, where he and many of his officers were imprisoned in the Ohio Penitentiary. Many of his soldiers were sent to Camp Chase and other prisoner of war camps in the North. In July and August 1863 Ohio Governor David Tod led an inquiry into Morgans surrender, Governor Tod concluded that Captain Burbridge was actually James Burbick, a private citizen of New Lisbon, Ohio, who had never served as an officer in the Ohio Militia. As such, Governor Tod ruled that he had no authority over Morgan, another Confederate action, the St. Albans raid, was farther north than the Battle of Salineville. On October 19,1864, thirty Confederates slipped southward from Canada and raided St. Albans, however, they were not an official command of the Confederate army but probably connected to the Confederate Secret Service to conduct the St. Albans Raid. General Morgan’s place of surrender at West Point is considered to be the northernmost point reached by an officially organized Confederate body during the Civil War, John H. Morgan Surrender Site Conway, W. Fred. The Most Incredible Prison Escape of the Civil War, cincinnati, Ohio, Miami Printing and Pub. Co. The Longest Raid of the Civil War, mowery, David L. Morgans Great Raid, The Remarkable Expedition from Kentucky to Ohio
39.
Cincinnati in the American Civil War
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During the American Civil War, the Ohio River port city of Cincinnati, Ohio, played a key role as a major source of supplies and troops for the Union Army. The Queen City became a major path for escaped slaves. Leading abolitionists such as Lyman Beecher, James Birney, Salmon P. Chase, Levi Coffin and they often encountered local resistance, including violent actions from those with opposing viewpoints. Several locations in the region were alleged to be stops on the Underground Railroad, debates held at the Lane Theological Seminary fueled the anti-slavery controversy. Many of the citys swelling immigrant population, including Germans, embraced the fledgling Republican Party, in 1859, Abraham Lincoln made his first political visit to Cincinnati, where he challenged presidential hopeful Stephen Douglass views on slavery. The Cincinnati Daily Times, a Democratic newspaper, openly supported the Souths right to secede, at the outset of the war in early 1861, hundreds of Cincinnatis young men flocked to military service. Among the more prominent regiments raised in Cincinnati was the 9th Ohio Infantry, the city gave $250,000.00 for the organization of this unit. In May 1861, the United States Sanitary Commission recruited associate members in Cincinnati, through their efforts, the Good Samaritan Hospital was completed as a medical facility for injured or wounded soldiers. A year later, they established a Soldiers Home, the city became noted as a major source of gunboats and other Union Navy vessels from the burgeoning shipyards in the east side Fulton neighborhood along the Ohio River. Boilers, armor plating, and cast iron cannons were manufactured in Cincinnati. The city also was a distribution point for grain, pork, beef, other food. With the outbreak of the Civil War, George B, McClellan, a prominent Cincinnati resident and the commander of Ohios state militia, was charged with selecting a site for a recruitment and training center for southern Ohio. He chose a tract of land near Indian Hill, Ohio,17 miles from Cincinnati. More than 50,000 Union soldiers were mustered in or out of service at Camp Dennison, as many as 12,000 occupied the camp at any one time. Among the posts commanders was Cincinnati horticulturalist and former Ohio Militia general Melancthon Wade, shortly after the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, a military hospital was established on the grounds of Camp Dennison, with over 200 beds situated in a series of wooden barracks. The nearby Waldschmidt Cemetery served as the gravesite for Union soldiers. As the war progressed, Camp Dennison became a significant base of operations for Federal military units heading south to the front lines. Another significant U. S. Army training camp near Cincinnati was Camp Harrison, located six miles north of Cincinnati, on the Cincinnati, the post was named for President William Henry Harrison, who was from Hamilton County
40.
Cleveland in the American Civil War
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Cleveland, Ohio, was an important Northern city during the American Civil War. It provided thousands of troops to the Union Army, as well as millions of dollars in supplies, equipment, food, prior to the Civil War, residents of Cleveland viewed the slaveholding South based on political affiliation. As the 1860 election year approached and impending clouds of war loomed, for example, The Cleveland Herald and Gazette and The Cleveland Leader, both largely Republican papers, argued that Southern injustices had driven John Brown to raid Harpers Ferry in October 1859. The Plain Dealer, a largely Democratic publication, blamed Brown, Republican leader Abraham Lincoln spoke in the city during the 1859 gubernatorial election, and won 58% of the vote in 9 of 11 wards for the Presidency in 1860. As the secession crisis loomed closer, the rhetoric of Cleveland newspapers became more and more heated. The Herald celebrated Lincolns victory as one of right over wrong, of Unionists over secession-minded southern Democrats, the Plain Dealer, meanwhile, warned that secession was imminent. Lincoln came through Cleveland on his way to Washington, D. C. for his inauguration, however, this coalition did not go untested. The Civil War years brought a boom to Cleveland. The city made the transition from a town to an industrial giant. Railroad iron and gun-carriage axles were manufactured for military use, due to the cutoff of Southern trade, Cleveland opened its first tobacco factory, T. Maxfield & Co. in 1862. The citys garment industry also began to prosper, the German Woolen Factory became the first company to manufacture wool cloth in Cleveland. By 1865, its banks held $2.25 million in capital, in 1863, 22% of all U. S. warships built for use on the Great Lakes were built in Cleveland. That figure increased by 1865 to 44%, civilian aid to the military centered on establishment and maintenance of the Soldiers Aid Society of Northern Ohio, the U. S. General Hospital, Camp Taylor, and Camp Cleveland, food, blankets, and reading material were provided by citizens to recruits at both military camps until government stores and equipment could be distributed. Those Clevelanders who died in the war were honored at Woodland Cemetery with the memorials commemorating the 7th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment, another famous regiment with Cleveland ties was the 8th Ohio Infantry, which helped repel Picketts Charge. In April 1865, the Lincoln funeral train stopped briefly in Cleveland, the issue of full emancipation still lingered. The Plain Dealer, on the hand, argued that the only purpose of the war was to preserve the Union. Following the war, the Soldiers and Sailors Monument was erected in Public Square, Ohio in the American Civil War Cleveland Civil War Roundtable Cleveland Civil War Roundtable website Condon, George E. Yesterdays Cleveland ISBN 0-912458-73-9
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Sultana (steamboat)
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Sultana was a Mississippi River side-wheel steamboat. On April 27,1865, the boat exploded in the worst maritime disaster in United States history and this disaster was overshadowed in the contemporary press by other events, most particularly the killing on the previous day of President Lincolns assassin, John Wilkes Booth. The wooden steamboat was constructed in 1863 by the John Litherbury Boatyard in Cincinnati, registering 1,719 tons, the steamer normally carried a crew of 85. For two years, she ran a route between St. Louis and New Orleans, frequently commissioned to carry troops. Under the command of Captain J. Cass Mason of St. Louis, Sultana left St. Louis on April 13,1865, bound for New Orleans, Louisiana. On the morning of April 15, she was tied up at Cairo, upon reaching Vicksburg, Mississippi, Mason was approached by Lt. Col. Reuben Hatch, the chief quartermaster at Vicksburg. Hatch had a deal for Mason, the U. S. government would pay $5 per enlisted man and $10 per officer to any steamboat captain that would take a group north. Knowing that Mason was in need of money, Hatch suggested that if he could guarantee Mason a full load of about 1,400 prisoners, hoping to walk away with a pocketful of cash, Mason quickly agreed to the offered bribe. Leaving Vicksburg, the Sultana traveled down river to New Orleans, on April 21,1865, the Sultana left New Orleans with 75 to 100 cabin passengers, deck passengers, and a small amount of livestock. About an hour south of Vicksburg, one of the Sultanas four boilers sprang a leak, under reduced pressure, the steamboat limped into Vicksburg to get the boiler repaired and to pick up her promised load of prisoners. Although the mechanic wanted to cut out and replace a ruptured seam, Mason knew that such a job would take a few days, by the time the repairs would be completed, the prisoners would have been sent home on other boats. Instead of taking two or three days, the temporary repair took only one, during her time in port, and while the repair was being made, the Sultana took on the paroled prisoners. Although the Sultana had a capacity of only 376, by the time she backed away from Vicksburg on the night of April 24,1865. Many of the men had weakened by their incarceration in the Confederate prison camps. The men were packed into every available space, and the overflow was so severe that in some places, the Sultana spent two days traveling upriver, fighting against one of the worst spring floods in the rivers history. At some places, the river overflowed the banks and spread out three miles wide, trees along the river bank were almost completely covered, until only the very tops of the trees were visible above the swirling, powerful water. On April 26, the Sultana stopped at Helena, Arkansas, near 7,00 P. M. the Sultana reached Memphis, Tennessee, and the crew began unloading 120 tons of sugar from the hold. Near midnight, the Sultana left Memphis, went a short distance upriver to take on a new load of coal, near 2,00 A. M. on April 27,1865, when the Sultana was just seven miles north of Memphis, her boilers suddenly exploded
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Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Cleveland)
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The Cuyahoga County Soldiers and Sailors Monument is a monument to Civil War soldiers and sailors from Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Located in the southeast quadrant of Public Square in downtown Cleveland and it was designed by architect Levi Scofield, who also created the monuments sculptures. Schnitzer was the architect who oversaw the creation of the structure. The monument is open to the public free of charge. The monument consists of a 125-foot black Quincy granite shaft erected on a base constructed of rough-hewn granite blocks trimmed in sandstone. Four bronze groupings at its base depict the four branches of the Union Army— the Navy, Cavalry, Infantry, inside the memorial building are a series of marble tablets listing 9,000 Civil War veterans that served with Cuyahoga County regiments or were from Cuyahoga County. Restoration of the monument began October 26,2008, and was expected to last approximately nine months with a cost $1.5 million, funds came from federal, state and local governments, veterans and community groups. When the marble tablets were created, names were etched with acid, over time, the dyes from the ink leached into the marble and discolored it. Workers cleaned each name and restored the marbles original patina, the renovated monument opened June 5,2010, with $2 million spent on work. From the time of dedication until the 1940s, plantings around the monument depicted 24 army corps badges and 5 badges of Civil War organizations, the plants cost $6,500 and were specially cultivated for the project. The 24 army badges could not be recreated because of budget constraints, in 2011, researchers discovered that the names of 140 black soldiers from the area were omitted from the tablets. The commission overseeing the monument said it will add the names, Ohio in the Civil War History of Cleveland, Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Monument Commission Soldiers and Sailors Monument at Find a Grave
This article contains text from a text now in the public domain: Dyer, Frederick H. (1908). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. Des Moines, IA: Dyer Publishing Co.
