1.
2nd millennium
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The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium
2.
14th century
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As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was the century lasting from January 1,1301, to December 31,1400. Political and natural disasters ravaged Europe, as well as the four khanates of the Mongol Empire and this period is considered the height of chivalry and marks the beginning of strong separate identities for both England and France. The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, beginning of the Ottoman Empire, early expansion into the Balkans. Early 14th century, Attributed to Kao Ninga Monk Sewing is made and it is now kept at The Cleveland Museum of Art. 1309, King Jayanegara succeeds Kertarajasa Jayawardhana as ruler of Majapahit, the Avignon papacy transfers the seat of the Popes from Italy to France The Great Famine of 1315-1317 kills millions of people in Europe. 1318, an Italian Franciscan monk, Mattiussi visited Sumatra, Java, in his record he described Majapahit kingdom. 1323, Malietoafaiga ordered cannibalism to be abolished in Tutuila, now known as American Samoa,1325, Forced out of previous locations, the Mexica found the city of Tenochtitlan 1328, Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit. Beginning of the Renaissance in Italy The death of the Ilkhan Abu Said in 1335, the Vijayanagara Empire is founded in South India by Harihara in 1336 The Hundred Years War begins when Edward III of England lays claim to the French throne. The French recruit troops and ships in Genoa, Monaco, Black Death kills around a third of the population of Europe. 1347, Adityawarman moved the capital of Dharmasraya and established the kingdom of Malayupura in Pagarruyung,1350, Hayam Wuruk, styled Sri Rajasanagara, succeeds Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi as ruler of Majapahit, his reign is considered the empires Golden Age. Under its military commander Gajah Mada, Majapahit stretches over much of modern-day Indonesia,1357, In the Battle of Bubat, the Sundanese royal family were massacred by the Majapahit army under the order of Gajah Mada. The death toll including Sundanese King Lingga Buana and the princess Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi that committed suicide,1365, The Old Javanese text Nagarakertagama is written. The end of Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty The Lollardy movement rises in England 1377, palembangs prince, Parameswara flees, eventually finding his way to Malacca and establishing it as a major international port. The Great Schism of the West begins in 1378, eventually leading to 3 simultaneous popes, singapore emerges for the first time as a fortified city and trading centre of some importance. Reunification of Poland under Władysław I of Poland Ciompi Revolt in Florence Peasants Revolt in England Islam reaches Terengganu, the Hausa found several city-states in the south of modern Niger. The Mali Empire expands westward and conquers Tekrur, the Scots win the Scottish Wars of Independence. 1392, Taejo of Joseon established Joseon Dynasty The Kalmar Union is established in 1397, uniting Norway, Sweden, iwan vault, Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Persia, is built. Work begins on the Great Enclosure at Great Zimbabwe, built of un-cemented, dressed stone, the citys population is now between 10,000 and 40,000
3.
15th century
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The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian years 1400 to 1500. In Europe, the 15th century is seen as the bridge between the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the Early modern period. Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the European miracle of the following centuries, in religious history, the Roman Papacy was split in two parts in Europe for decades, until the Council of Constance. The division of the Catholic Church and the unrest associated with the Hussite movement would become factors in the rise of the Protestant Reformation in the following century. The event forced Western Europeans to find a new route, adding further momentum to what was the beginning of the Age of Discovery. Explorations by the Spanish and Portuguese led to European sightings of the Americas and these expeditions ushered in the era of the Portuguese and Spanish colonial empires. The fall of Constantinople led to the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy and these two events played key roles in the development of the Renaissance. The Spanish Reconquista leads to the fall of the Emirate of Granada by the end of the century, ending over seven centuries of Muslim rule. The Hundred Years War end with a decisive French victory over the English in the Battle of Castillon, financial troubles in England following the conflict results in the Wars of the Roses, a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England. The conflicts ends with the defeat of Richard III by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth Field, establishing the Tudor dynasty in the later part of the century. In Asia, under the rule of the Yongle Emperor, who built the Forbidden City and commanded Zheng He to explore the world overseas, tamerlane established a major empire in the Middle East and Central Asia, in order to revive the Mongol Empire. In Africa, the spread of Islam leads to the destruction of the Christian kingdoms of Nubia, the formerly vast Mali Empire teeters on the brink of collapse, under pressure from the rising Songhai Empire. In the Americas, both the Inca Empire and the Aztec Empire reach the peak of their influence, 1400s 1401, Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day central India 1402, Ottoman and Timurid Empires fight at the Battle of Ankara resulting in Timurs capture of Bayezid I. 1402, Sultanate of Malacca founded by Parameshwara,1403, The Yongle Emperor moves the capital of China from Nanjing to Beijing. 1403, The settlement of the Canary Islands signals the beginning of the Spanish Empire, 1405–1433, Zheng He of China sails through the Indian Ocean to India, Arabia, and East Africa to spread Chinas influence and sovereignty. 1405, Paregreg war, Majapahit civil war of succession between Wikramawardhana against Wirabhumi, 1405–1407, The first voyage of Zheng He, a massive Ming dynasty naval expedition visited Java, Palembang, Malacca, Aru, Samudera and Lambri. 1410s 1410, The Battle of Grunwald is the battle of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War leading to the downfall of the Teutonic Knights. 1410–1413, Foundation of St Andrews University in Scotland,1414, Khizr Khan, deputised by Timur to be the governor of Multan, takes over Delhi founding the Sayyid dynasty
4.
16th century
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The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1500 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600. It is regarded by historians as the century in which the rise of the West occurred, during the 16th century, Spain and Portugal explored the worlds seas and opened worldwide oceanic trade routes. In Europe, the Protestant Reformation gave a blow to the authority of the papacy. European politics became dominated by conflicts, with the groundwork for the epochal Thirty Years War being laid towards the end of the century. In Italy, Luca Pacioli published the first work ever on accounting, in United Kingdom, the Italian Alberico Gentili wrote the first book on public international law and divided secularism from canon law and Roman Catholic theology. In the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire continued to expand, with the Sultan taking the title of Caliph, China evacuated the coastal areas, because of Japanese piracy. Japan was suffering a civil war at the time. Mughal Emperor Akbar extended the power of the Mughal Empire to cover most of the South Asian sub continent and his rule significantly influenced arts, and culture in the region. These events directly challenged the notion of an immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotle. Polybius The Histories translated into Italian, English, German and French, medallion rug, variant Star Ushak style, Anatolia, is made. It is now kept at The Saint Louis Art Museum,1500, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain was born. 1500, Guru Nanak the beginning and spreading of the 5th largest Religion in the World Sikhism,1500, Spanish navigator Vicente Yáñez Pinzón encounters Brazil but is prevented from claiming it by the Treaty of Tordesillas. 1500, Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal,1500, The Ottoman fleet of Kemal Reis defeats the Venetians at the Second Battle of Lepanto. 1501, Michelangelo returns to his native Florence to begin work on the statue David,1501, Safavid dynasty reunified Iran and ruled over it until 1736. Safavids adopt a Shia branch of Islam,1502, First reported African slaves in The New World 1503, Foundation of the Sultanate of Sennar by Amara Dunqas, in what is modern Sudan 1503, Spain defeats France at the Battle of Cerignola. Considered to be the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms,1503, Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa and completes it three years later. 1503, Nostradamus was born on either December 14, or December 21,1504, A period of drought, with famine in all of Spain. 1504, Death of Isabella I of Castile, Joanna of Castille became the Queen,1505, Zhengde Emperor ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty
5.
1450s
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February 7 – John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk, marries Lady Margaret Beaufort. February 26 – Francesco Sforza enters Milan after a siege, becoming Duke of the city-state, march – French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the English commander in France, Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, in Caen. April 15 – Battle of Formigny, French troops under the Comte de Clermont defeat an English army under Sir Thomas Kyriel, may 8 – Jack Cades Rebellion, Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI of England. May 9 – Abdal-Latif Mirza, a Timurid dynasty monarch, is assassinated, may 13 – Charles VIII of Sweden, also serving as Carl I of Norway, is declared deposed from the latter throne in favor of Christian I of Denmark. June 18 – Battle of Seven Oaks, Jack Cades rebels are driven from London by loyal troops, july 6 – Caen surrenders to the French. July 12 – Jack Cade is slain in a skirmish, august 12 – Cherbourg, the last English territory in Normandy, surrenders to the French. October 5 – Jews are expelled from Lower Bavaria by order of Duke Ludwig IX, november 3 – The University of Barcelona is founded. November 23 – First Siege of Krujë, Albanian victory, Ottoman army of approximately 100,000 men retreats from Albania, wolves enter Paris and kill 40 citizens. Machu Picchu a pre-Columbian Inca site located 2,400 meters above sea level believed to be under construction, Johannes Gutenberg has set up his movable type printing press as a commercial operation in Mainz by this date. February 3 – Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, february 14 – Louis XI of France marries Charlotte of Savoy. April 11 – Celje acquires market town status and town rights by orders from Count Frederic II of Celje, april 19 – In the Delhi Sultanate, the Afghan Lodi dynasty succeeds the Turkish Sayyid dynasty. June 30 – French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne, august 20 – The French capture Bayonne, the last English stronghold in Guyenne. October 28 – Revolt of Ghent, Ghent takes up arms against Philip the Good, the University of Glasgow is founded. Nicholas of Cusa invents concave lens spectacles to treat myopia, february 22 – Homicide of William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas by James II of Scotland at Stirling Castle. March 19 – Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor becomes the last to be crowned in Rome, may 31 – Revolt of Ghent, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, officially declares war on Ghent. June 18 – Pope Nicholas V issues the bull Dum Diversas, october English troops under John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, land in Guyenne, France, and retake most of the province without a fight. A major eruption of the South Pacific volcano Kuwae in Vanuatu has a subsequent global cooling effect, portuguese navigator Diogo de Teive discovers the islands of Corvo and Flores in the Azores. Battle of Bealach nam Broig, a Scottish clan battle, april – Tarabya and Studius are taken by the Ottoman Empire in preparation for the assault on Constantinople, as are the Prince Islands, by the Ottoman fleet under Admiral Baltaoglu
6.
1460s
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March 5 – King Christian I of Denmark issues the Treaty of Ribe, enabling himself to become Count of Holstein and regain control of Denmarks lost Duchy of Schleswig. June 26 – Wars of the Roses, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick and Edward, Earl of March land in England with an army and march on London. July 4 – The cannons of the Tower of London, still in Lancastrian hands, are fired on the city of London, the Tower is surrendered on July 19. July 10 – Wars of the Roses, Battle of Northampton, Warwick and March defeat a Lancastrian army and it is agreed that York will be Henrys heir, disinheriting the Kings son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales. August 3 – While supervising a siege of English occupiers of Roxburgh Castle, Yorks son Edward becomes leader of the Yorkist faction. Ali Bey Mihaloğlu captures Michael Szilágyi, portuguese navigator Pedro de Sintra reaches the coast of modern-day Sierra Leone. Famine in the Deccan Plateau of India, a monk, Leonardo da Pistoia, arrives in Florence from Macedonia with the Corpus Hermeticum. The University of Basel is founded in Switzerland, february 2 – Battle of Mortimers Cross, Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales. February 17 – Second Battle of St Albans, England, The Earl of Warwicks army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, March 4 – The Duke of York seizes London and proclaims himself King Edward IV of England. March 5 – Henry VI of England is deposed by Edward, March 29 – Battle of Towton, Edward IV defeats Queen Margaret to make good his claim to the English throne. July 10 – Stephen Tomašević becomes last King of Bosnia on the death of his father Stephen Thomas, he is crowned on November 17 in Saint Marys Church, june 28 – Edward, Richard of Yorks son, is crowned as Edward IV, King of England. July – Byzantine general Graitzas Palaiologos honourably surrenders Salmeniko Castle, last garrison of the Despotate of the Morea, July 22 – Louis XI of France succeeds Charles VII of France as king. August 15 – The Empire of Trebizond, the last major Romano-Greek outpost, falls to the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II, November 26 – Severe earthquake in LAquila. Cirencester Grammar School is founded in south-west England by the Bishop of Durham, Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli become students of Verrocchio. Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is founded by the Ottomans, François Villon writes Le Grand Testament. March 27 – Vasili II of Russia dies, and is succeeded by his son Ivan III of Russia, june 17 – Vlad III Dracula attempts to assassinate Mehmed II in The Night Attack, forcing Mehmed to retreat from Wallachia. July 1 – Battle of Seckenheim, september 17 – Thirteen Years War – Battle of Świecino, The Kingdom of Poland defeats the Teutonic Order. September – Mehmed II captures the town of Mytilene, thus conquering the island of Lesbos, in the Siege of Mytilene The Jews are expelled from Mainz, portugal begins to settle the Cape Verde islands with slaves from the coast of Guinea
7.
1470s
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March 12 – Wars of the Roses in England – Battle of Losecoat Field, The House of York defeats the House of Lancaster. March 20 – The Battle of Nibley Green is the last fought between the armies of feudal magnates in England. May 15 – Charles VIII of Sweden, who has served three terms as King of Sweden, dies, Sten Sture the Elder proclaims himself Regent of Sweden the following day and is recognised by the estates on June 1. July 12 – The Ottomans capture Euboea, october 3 – Warwick releases Henry VI of England from the Tower of London and restores him to the throne. December 18 – Lê Thánh Tông leads the Đại Việt army into Champa, the first contact occurs between Europeans and the Fante nation of the Gold Coast, when a party of Portuguese land and meet with the King of Elmina. Johann Heynlin introduces the printing press into France and prints his first book that same year, in Tonga, in or around 1470, the Tuʻi Tonga dynasty cedes its temporal powers to the Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua dynasty, which will remain prominent until about 1600. Between this year and 1700,8,888 witches are tried in the Swiss Confederation,5,417 of them are executed, sir George Ripley dedicates his book The Compound of Alchemy to the King Edward IV of England. March 1 – Emperor Le Thanh Tong captures the Champa Capital, march – The Yorkist King Edward IV returns to England to reclaim his throne. April 14 – Battle of Barnet, Edward defeats the Lancastrian army under Warwick, may 4 – Battle of Tewkesbury, King Edward defeats a Lancastrian army under Queen Margaret and her son, Edward of Westminster the Prince of Wales, who is killed. Later in the month, King Henry VI of England is murdered, july 14 – Battle of Shelon, The forces of Muscovy defeat the Republic of Novgorod. August 9 – Pope Sixtus IV succeeds Pope Paul II, to become the 212th pope, august 24 – King Afonso V of Portugal conquers the Moroccan town of Arzila. August 29 – The Portuguese occupy Tangiers after its population flees the city. October 10 – Battle of Brunkeberg in Stockholm, Sweden, The forces of Regent of Sweden Sten Sture the Elder, with the help of farmers and miners, repel an attack by Christian I, King of Denmark. December 21 - Discovery of the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe by Portuguese navigators, pachacuti Inca Yupanqui of the Inca Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui. João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar cross the Equator, the southern hemisphere is discovered and sailors begin to be guided by a new constellation, the Southern Cross. Portuguese sailors reach Mina de Ouro on the Gold Coast and explore Cape St. Catherine, Mina de Ouro becomes the chief center for the gold trade and a major source of revenue for the crown. Moorish exiles from Spain, led by Moulay Ali Ben Moussa Ben Rached El Alami, marsilio Ficinos translations of the Hermetica into Latin, De potestate et sapientia Dei, are published. February 20 – Orkney and Shetland are returned by Norway to Scotland, December 31 – The city council of Amsterdam prohibits snowball fights, Neymant en moet met sneecluyten werpen nocht maecht noch wijf noch manspersoon
