1.
2nd millennium
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The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium
2.
16th century
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The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1500 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600. It is regarded by historians as the century in which the rise of the West occurred, during the 16th century, Spain and Portugal explored the worlds seas and opened worldwide oceanic trade routes. In Europe, the Protestant Reformation gave a blow to the authority of the papacy. European politics became dominated by conflicts, with the groundwork for the epochal Thirty Years War being laid towards the end of the century. In Italy, Luca Pacioli published the first work ever on accounting, in United Kingdom, the Italian Alberico Gentili wrote the first book on public international law and divided secularism from canon law and Roman Catholic theology. In the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire continued to expand, with the Sultan taking the title of Caliph, China evacuated the coastal areas, because of Japanese piracy. Japan was suffering a civil war at the time. Mughal Emperor Akbar extended the power of the Mughal Empire to cover most of the South Asian sub continent and his rule significantly influenced arts, and culture in the region. These events directly challenged the notion of an immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotle. Polybius The Histories translated into Italian, English, German and French, medallion rug, variant Star Ushak style, Anatolia, is made. It is now kept at The Saint Louis Art Museum,1500, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain was born. 1500, Guru Nanak the beginning and spreading of the 5th largest Religion in the World Sikhism,1500, Spanish navigator Vicente Yáñez Pinzón encounters Brazil but is prevented from claiming it by the Treaty of Tordesillas. 1500, Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal,1500, The Ottoman fleet of Kemal Reis defeats the Venetians at the Second Battle of Lepanto. 1501, Michelangelo returns to his native Florence to begin work on the statue David,1501, Safavid dynasty reunified Iran and ruled over it until 1736. Safavids adopt a Shia branch of Islam,1502, First reported African slaves in The New World 1503, Foundation of the Sultanate of Sennar by Amara Dunqas, in what is modern Sudan 1503, Spain defeats France at the Battle of Cerignola. Considered to be the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms,1503, Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa and completes it three years later. 1503, Nostradamus was born on either December 14, or December 21,1504, A period of drought, with famine in all of Spain. 1504, Death of Isabella I of Castile, Joanna of Castille became the Queen,1505, Zhengde Emperor ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty
3.
17th century
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The 17th century was the century that lasted from January 1,1601, to December 31,1700, in the Gregorian calendar. The greatest military conflicts were the Thirty Years War, the Great Turkish War, in the Islamic world, the Ottoman, Safavid Persian and Mughal empires grew in strength. In Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Edo period at the beginning of the century, European politics were dominated by the Kingdom of France of Louis XIV, where royal power was solidified domestically in the civil war of the Fronde. With domestic peace assured, Louis XIV caused the borders of France to be expanded and it was during this century that English monarch became a symbolic figurehead and Parliament was the dominant force in government – a contrast to most of Europe, in particular France. It was also a period of development of culture in general,1600, On February 17 Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake by the Inquisition. 1600, Michael the Brave unifies the three Romanian countries, Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania after the Battle of Șelimbăr from 1599. 1601, Battle of Kinsale, England defeats Irish and Spanish forces at the town of Kinsale, driving the Gaelic aristocracy out of Ireland and destroying the Gaelic clan system. 1601, Michael the Brave, voivode of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, is assassinated by the order of the Habsburg general Giorgio Basta at Câmpia Turzii, 1601–1603, The Russian famine of 1601–1603 kills perhaps one-third of Russia. 1601, Panembahan Senopati, first king of Mataram, dies and passes rule to his son Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak 1601,1602, Matteo Ricci produces the Map of the Myriad Countries of the World, a world map that will be used throughout East Asia for centuries. 1602, The Portuguese send an expeditionary force from Malacca which succeeded in reimposing a degree of Portuguese control. 1602, The Dutch East India Company is established by merging competing Dutch trading companies and its success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age. 1602, Two emissaries from the Aceh Sultanate visit the Dutch Republic,1603, Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England. 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu takes the title of Shogun, establishing the Tokugawa Shogunate and this begins the Edo period, which will last until 1869. 1603–1623, After modernizing his army, Abbas I expands the Persian Empire by capturing territory from the Ottomans,1603, First permanent Dutch trading post is established in Banten, West Java. First successful VOC privateering raid on a Portuguese ship,1604, A second English East India Company voyage commanded by Sir Henry Middleton reaches Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda. 1605, Gunpowder Plot failed in England,1605, The fortresses of Veszprém and Visegrad are retaken by the Ottomans. 1605, February, The VOC in alliance with Hitu prepare to attack a Portuguese fort in Ambon,1605, Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak of Mataram establishes control over Demak, former center of the Demak Sultanate. 1606, Treaty of Vienna ends anti-Habsburg uprising in Royal Hungary,1606, Assassination of Stephen Bocskay of Transylvania
4.
18th century
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The 18th century lasted from January 1,1701 to December 31,1800 in the Gregorian calendar. During the 18th century, the Enlightenment culminated in the French, philosophy and science increased in prominence. Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age and this dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789-, though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror under Maximilien Robespierre. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power, the Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768. The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state, the once-powerful and vast kingdom, which had once conquered Moscow and defeated great Ottoman armies, collapsed under numerous invasions. European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as the Age of Sail continued. Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in North America in the 1760s, however, Britain lost many of its North American colonies after the American Revolution, which resulted in the formation of the newly independent United States of America. The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 1770s with the production of the steam engine. Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century, steam-powered machinery would radically change human society, western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, 1700-1721, Great Northern War between Tsarist Russia and the Swedish Empire. 1701, Kingdom of Prussia declared under King Frederick I,1701, Ashanti Empire is formed under Osei Kofi Tutu I. 1701–1714, The War of the Spanish Succession is fought, involving most of continental Europe, 1701–1702, The Daily Courant and The Norwich Post become the first daily newspapers in England. 1702, Forty-seven Ronin attack Kira Yoshinaka and then commit seppuku in Japan,1703, Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great, it is the Russian capital until 1918. 1703–1711, The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburg Monarchy,1704, End of Japans Genroku period. 1704, First Javanese War of Succession,1705, George Frideric Handels first opera, Almira, premieres. 1706, War of the Spanish Succession, French troops defeated at the Battles of Ramilies,1706, The first English-language edition of the Arabian Nights is published. 1707, The Act of Union is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments,1707, After Aurangzebs death, the Mughal Empire enters a long decline and the Maratha Empire slowly replaces it. 1707, Mount Fuji erupts in Japan for the first time since 1700,1707, War of 27 Years between the Marathas and Mughals ends in India
5.
1680s
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January, King Amangkurat II of Mataram personally stabbed Trunajaya, who had led a failed rebellion against Mataram, during a ceremonial visit. February – The Reverend Ralph Davenant dies, leaving £100 in his will to start up a new school for the boys of Whitechapel. May – The volcano Krakatoa erupts, probably on a small scale. July 8 – The first documented tornado in America kills a servant at Cambridge, August 21 – Pueblo Revolt, Pueblo Indians capture Santa Fe from the Spanish. August 24 – Comédie-Française is founded by decree of Louis XIV of France as La maison de Molière in Paris, november 14 – The Great Comet of 1680 is first sighted. November 17 – Whigs organize processions to burn effigies of the pope in London, chambers of Reunion decide on complete annexation of Alsace. The first Portuguese governor is appointed to Macau, the Swedish city of Karlskrona is founded, as the Royal Swedish Navy relocates there. January 3 – Treaty of Bakhchisarai between the Ottoman vassal Crimean Khanate and the Russian Empire, march 4 – Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that will later become Pennsylvania. April – Following the death of its last count, the Palatinate-Landsberg passes to the King of Sweden, may 15 – The Canal du Midi in France is opened officially as the Canal Royal de Languedoc. August 12 – The Ahom King Gadadhar Singha or Gadapani, who takes the Tai name Supaatphaa, August 31 – English perjurer Titus Oates is told to leave his state apartments in Whitehall, his fame begins to wane and he is soon arrested and imprisoned for sedition. September 30 – France annexes the city of Strasbourg, previously an imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. October 28 – A London woman is publicly flogged for the crime of involving herself in politics, December 22 – King Charles II of England signs a warrant for the building of the Royal Hospital Chelsea in London for wounded and retired soldiers. Collections are made in England for needy French refugees, the bell Emmanuel in Notre Dame de Paris is recast. The Port of Honfleur in France is re-modelled by Abraham Duquesne, the basilica of Santa Maria della Salute in Venice, designed by Baldassarre Longhena in 1631, is dedicated. Possible date – The last dodo bird is killed, march 11 – Work begins on construction of the Royal Hospital Chelsea for old soldiers in London, England. April 7 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, exploring rivers in America, reaches the mouth of the Mississippi River. April 9 – At the mouth of the Mississippi River, near modern Venice, Louisiana, Robert de La Salle buries an engraved plate, may 6 – Louis XIV of France moves his court to Versailles. May 7 – The reign of Peter the Great officially begins in Russia, may 11 – Moscow Uprising of 1682, A mob takes over the Kremlin and lynches the leading boyars and military commanders
6.
1690s
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January 6 – Joseph, son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of the Romans. January 7 – The first recorded full peal is rung, at St Sepulchre-without-Newgate in the City of London, January 14 – The clarinet is said to have been invented in Nuremberg, Germany. February 3 – The Massachusetts Bay Colony issues the first paper money in North America, may 20 – England passes the Act of Grace, forgiving followers of the deposed James II. June 14 – King William III of England lands in Ireland to confront James II, June 8 – Siddi general Yadi Sakat razes the Mazagon Fort in Mumbai. July 10 – Anglo-Dutch navy defeated by the French in the Battle of Beachy Head, july 11 – Battle of the Boyne, north of Dublin. King William III of England defeats the deposed James II who returns to exile in France, the rebellion in Ireland continues for a further year until the Orange army gains full control. July 26 – French landing party raids and burns Teignmouth in Devon, however, with the loss of James IIs position in Ireland, any plans for a real invasion are soon shelved and Teignmouth is the last-ever French attack on England. September 25 – The only issue of Publick Occurrences is published in Boston, Massachusetts, October 6–12 October – Massachusetts Puritans led by Sir William Phips besiege the city of Quebec. October 8 – Ottomans recapture Belgrade during Great Turkish War, november 17 – Barclays Is founded in London, England. December – Earliest recorded sighting of the planet Uranus, by John Flamsteed, december 29 – An earthquake hits Ancona in the Papal States of Italy. Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Carnojevic leads the first of the two Great Serbian Migrations into the Habsburg Empire, following Ottoman atrocities in Kosovo, the Hearth Tax is abolished in Scotland, one year after its abolition in England and Wales. Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiters atmosphere, arcangelo Corelli publishes his Concerti Grossi. The Barrage Vauban, a work in the city of Strasbourg was completed Possible year of the disappearance of the western part of the island of Buise in St. Peters Flood. March 5 – Nine Years War, French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons, march 20 – Leislers Rebellion, A new governor arrives in New York – Jacob Leisler surrenders after a standoff of several hours. March 29 – The Siege of Mons ends in the city’s surrender, april 9 – A fire at the Palace of Whitehall in London destroys its Stone Gallery. May 6 – The Spanish inquisition condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 xuetas in Palma, when 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake. May 16 – Jacob Leisler is hanged for treason, June 23 – Ahmed II succeeds Suleiman II as emperor of the Ottoman Empire. July 12 Pope Innocent XII becomes the 242nd pope, succeeding Pope Alexander VIII, Williamite War in Ireland, Battle of Aughrim, Protestant Williamite forces led by Godert de Ginkell decisively defeat Jacobites under the Marquis de St Ruth
7.
1700s (decade)
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January 26 – At approximately 9 p. m. the Cascadia earthquake occurred with an estimated moment magnitude of 8. 7–9.2. This megathrust earthquake ruptured about 1,000 kilometers of the Cascadia Subduction Zone, February 3 – The Lesser Great Fire destroys a substantial part of central Edinburgh, Scotland. February 12 – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia by Denmark, Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland, Swedens ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the Swedish Meteor. February 27 – Island of New Britain discovered by William Dampier in the western Pacific, March 1 – Protestant Germany and Denmark–Norway adopt the Gregorian calendar. March 1, March 11, February 29 – Swedish calendar adopted, early March – William Congreves comedy The Way of the World is first performed in London. March 25 – Treaty of London signed between France, England and Holland, april – Fire destroys many buildings in Gondar, the capital of Ethiopia, including two in the palace complex. May 5 Within a few days of John Drydens death, his last written work is performed as part of Vanbrughs version of The Pilgrim, William Penn begins monthly meetings for blacks advocating emancipation. July 11 – The Prussian Academy of Sciences is founded with Gottfried Leibniz as president, summer – Charles XII of Sweden counter-attacks his enemies by invading Zealand, assisted by an Anglo-Dutch naval squadron under Sir George Rooke, rapidly compelling the Danes to submit to peace. August 18 – Peace of Travendal concluded between the Swedish Empire, Denmark–Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal, on the same day, Augustus II, King of Poland, and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, enter the war against Sweden. Late summer – A Russian army invades Swedish Estonia and besieges the town of Narva, November 1 – Charles II, last Spanish king of the House of Habsburg, dies insane at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid leaving no children. November 15 – Louis XIV accepts the Spanish crown on behalf of his grandson Philip of Anjou, November 18 – Battle of Olkieniki, Lithuanian Civil War, victory for the anti-Sapieha coalition. November 23 – Pope Clement XI succeeds Pope Innocent XII as the 243rd pope, November 30 – Battle of Narva in Estonia. Having led his army of 8,000 on a march from Denmark to Estonia. December 28 – Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester, is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, mission San Xavier del Bac is founded in New Spain near Tucson, as a Spanish Roman Catholic mission. An inventory made for the Medici family of Florence is the first documentary evidence for a piano, an English translation of the novel Don Quixote, translated from the original by many hands and published by Peter Motteux, begins publication in London. While popular among readers, it eventually come to be known as one of the worst translations of the novel. The value of sales of English manufactured products to the Atlantic economy is £3.9 million, date – Lions become extinct in Libya
8.
1710s
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February 28 – Battle of Helsingborg, Fourteen thousand Danish invaders under Jørgen Rantzau are decisively defeated by an equally large Swedish army under Magnus Stenbock. April 10 – The worlds first copyright legislation, Britains Statute of Anne, april 19 – Anne, Queen of Great Britain, meets the Four Mohawk Kings. June – Protestant Swiss and German Palatines under the leadership of Christoph von Graffenried travel to Bath County in the Province of Carolina, the settlers displace the native town of Chattoka and found New Bern, named for von Graffenrieds hometown of Bern, Switzerland. June 8 – The Tuscarora nation sends a petition to the Province of Pennsylvania, protesting the seizure of their lands, October 13 – Queen Annes War, The French surrender ending the Siege of Port Royal gives the British permanent possession of Nova Scotia. In Sweden, the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala is founded as the Collegium curiosorum, John Smithwick begins brewing Smithwicks ale at Kilkenny, Ireland. Beijing becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Istanbul, january – Carys Rebellion, The Lords Proprietor appoint Edward Hyde to replace Thomas Cary as the governor of the North Carolina portion of the Province of Carolina. Hydes policies are deemed hostile to Quaker interests, leading former governor Cary, February – French settlers at Fort Louis de la Mobile celebrate Mardi Gras in Mobile by parading a large papier-mache ox head on a cart. The attack fails and Carys forces retreat, London première of Rinaldo by George Frideric Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage. July 21 – The Treaty of the Pruth is signed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, july – Carys Rebellion, Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia dispatches a company of Royal marines to assist Governor Hyde. After hearing of this, Carys troops abandon all of their fortifications along the Pamlico River, Cary and many of his supporters are soon caught and sent to England as prisoners, ending Carys Rebellion. August 22 – The Quebec Expedition, a British attempt to attack Quebec as part of Queen Annes War, september 8 – The South Sea Company receives a Royal Charter in Britain. September 10 – John Lawson, Christoph von Graffenried,2 African American slaves and 2 Native Americans leave on an expedition from New Bern. September 14 – Tuscarora natives capture John Lawson, Christoph von Graffenried and their expeditionary party, september 16 – Tuscarora natives kill John Lawson. Christoph von Graffenried and one African American slave are known to have set free. October 14 – Yostos kills Tewoflos, becoming Emperor of Ethiopia, November 7 – Dutch East India Company ship Liefde runs aground and sinks on Shetland with the loss of all but one of her 300 crew. Alexander Pope publishes the poem An Essay on Criticism in London, John Shore invents the tuning fork. February 10 – A Huilliche rebellion begins in Chiloé Archipelago, February 30 – Sweden temporarily adopts February 30 as a day to adjust the Swedish Calendar back to the Julian calendar. May 19 – Peter the Great moves the capital of Russia from Moscow to Saint Petersburg, may 22 – Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor crowned king of Hungary
