1.
2nd millennium
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The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium
2.
17th century
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The 17th century was the century that lasted from January 1,1601, to December 31,1700, in the Gregorian calendar. The greatest military conflicts were the Thirty Years War, the Great Turkish War, in the Islamic world, the Ottoman, Safavid Persian and Mughal empires grew in strength. In Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Edo period at the beginning of the century, European politics were dominated by the Kingdom of France of Louis XIV, where royal power was solidified domestically in the civil war of the Fronde. With domestic peace assured, Louis XIV caused the borders of France to be expanded and it was during this century that English monarch became a symbolic figurehead and Parliament was the dominant force in government – a contrast to most of Europe, in particular France. It was also a period of development of culture in general,1600, On February 17 Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake by the Inquisition. 1600, Michael the Brave unifies the three Romanian countries, Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania after the Battle of Șelimbăr from 1599. 1601, Battle of Kinsale, England defeats Irish and Spanish forces at the town of Kinsale, driving the Gaelic aristocracy out of Ireland and destroying the Gaelic clan system. 1601, Michael the Brave, voivode of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, is assassinated by the order of the Habsburg general Giorgio Basta at Câmpia Turzii, 1601–1603, The Russian famine of 1601–1603 kills perhaps one-third of Russia. 1601, Panembahan Senopati, first king of Mataram, dies and passes rule to his son Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak 1601,1602, Matteo Ricci produces the Map of the Myriad Countries of the World, a world map that will be used throughout East Asia for centuries. 1602, The Portuguese send an expeditionary force from Malacca which succeeded in reimposing a degree of Portuguese control. 1602, The Dutch East India Company is established by merging competing Dutch trading companies and its success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age. 1602, Two emissaries from the Aceh Sultanate visit the Dutch Republic,1603, Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England. 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu takes the title of Shogun, establishing the Tokugawa Shogunate and this begins the Edo period, which will last until 1869. 1603–1623, After modernizing his army, Abbas I expands the Persian Empire by capturing territory from the Ottomans,1603, First permanent Dutch trading post is established in Banten, West Java. First successful VOC privateering raid on a Portuguese ship,1604, A second English East India Company voyage commanded by Sir Henry Middleton reaches Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda. 1605, Gunpowder Plot failed in England,1605, The fortresses of Veszprém and Visegrad are retaken by the Ottomans. 1605, February, The VOC in alliance with Hitu prepare to attack a Portuguese fort in Ambon,1605, Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak of Mataram establishes control over Demak, former center of the Demak Sultanate. 1606, Treaty of Vienna ends anti-Habsburg uprising in Royal Hungary,1606, Assassination of Stephen Bocskay of Transylvania
3.
18th century
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The 18th century lasted from January 1,1701 to December 31,1800 in the Gregorian calendar. During the 18th century, the Enlightenment culminated in the French, philosophy and science increased in prominence. Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age and this dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789-, though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror under Maximilien Robespierre. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power, the Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768. The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state, the once-powerful and vast kingdom, which had once conquered Moscow and defeated great Ottoman armies, collapsed under numerous invasions. European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as the Age of Sail continued. Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in North America in the 1760s, however, Britain lost many of its North American colonies after the American Revolution, which resulted in the formation of the newly independent United States of America. The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 1770s with the production of the steam engine. Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century, steam-powered machinery would radically change human society, western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, 1700-1721, Great Northern War between Tsarist Russia and the Swedish Empire. 1701, Kingdom of Prussia declared under King Frederick I,1701, Ashanti Empire is formed under Osei Kofi Tutu I. 1701–1714, The War of the Spanish Succession is fought, involving most of continental Europe, 1701–1702, The Daily Courant and The Norwich Post become the first daily newspapers in England. 1702, Forty-seven Ronin attack Kira Yoshinaka and then commit seppuku in Japan,1703, Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great, it is the Russian capital until 1918. 1703–1711, The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburg Monarchy,1704, End of Japans Genroku period. 1704, First Javanese War of Succession,1705, George Frideric Handels first opera, Almira, premieres. 1706, War of the Spanish Succession, French troops defeated at the Battles of Ramilies,1706, The first English-language edition of the Arabian Nights is published. 1707, The Act of Union is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments,1707, After Aurangzebs death, the Mughal Empire enters a long decline and the Maratha Empire slowly replaces it. 1707, Mount Fuji erupts in Japan for the first time since 1700,1707, War of 27 Years between the Marathas and Mughals ends in India
4.
19th century
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The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the worlds land, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, europes population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century, London became the worlds largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later, liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world, following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UKs Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the slave trade. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, americas 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia, in the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States of America. The 19th century also saw the creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain. Also, ladywear was a sensitive topic during this time. 1801, Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab,1801, Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801, Cairo falls to the British,1801, Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1802, Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time,1803, William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat. 1803, The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out Frances territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U. S. s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain,1803, The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina
5.
1690s
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January 6 – Joseph, son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of the Romans. January 7 – The first recorded full peal is rung, at St Sepulchre-without-Newgate in the City of London, January 14 – The clarinet is said to have been invented in Nuremberg, Germany. February 3 – The Massachusetts Bay Colony issues the first paper money in North America, may 20 – England passes the Act of Grace, forgiving followers of the deposed James II. June 14 – King William III of England lands in Ireland to confront James II, June 8 – Siddi general Yadi Sakat razes the Mazagon Fort in Mumbai. July 10 – Anglo-Dutch navy defeated by the French in the Battle of Beachy Head, july 11 – Battle of the Boyne, north of Dublin. King William III of England defeats the deposed James II who returns to exile in France, the rebellion in Ireland continues for a further year until the Orange army gains full control. July 26 – French landing party raids and burns Teignmouth in Devon, however, with the loss of James IIs position in Ireland, any plans for a real invasion are soon shelved and Teignmouth is the last-ever French attack on England. September 25 – The only issue of Publick Occurrences is published in Boston, Massachusetts, October 6–12 October – Massachusetts Puritans led by Sir William Phips besiege the city of Quebec. October 8 – Ottomans recapture Belgrade during Great Turkish War, november 17 – Barclays Is founded in London, England. December – Earliest recorded sighting of the planet Uranus, by John Flamsteed, december 29 – An earthquake hits Ancona in the Papal States of Italy. Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Carnojevic leads the first of the two Great Serbian Migrations into the Habsburg Empire, following Ottoman atrocities in Kosovo, the Hearth Tax is abolished in Scotland, one year after its abolition in England and Wales. Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiters atmosphere, arcangelo Corelli publishes his Concerti Grossi. The Barrage Vauban, a work in the city of Strasbourg was completed Possible year of the disappearance of the western part of the island of Buise in St. Peters Flood. March 5 – Nine Years War, French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons, march 20 – Leislers Rebellion, A new governor arrives in New York – Jacob Leisler surrenders after a standoff of several hours. March 29 – The Siege of Mons ends in the city’s surrender, april 9 – A fire at the Palace of Whitehall in London destroys its Stone Gallery. May 6 – The Spanish inquisition condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 xuetas in Palma, when 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake. May 16 – Jacob Leisler is hanged for treason, June 23 – Ahmed II succeeds Suleiman II as emperor of the Ottoman Empire. July 12 Pope Innocent XII becomes the 242nd pope, succeeding Pope Alexander VIII, Williamite War in Ireland, Battle of Aughrim, Protestant Williamite forces led by Godert de Ginkell decisively defeat Jacobites under the Marquis de St Ruth
6.
1700s (decade)
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January 26 – At approximately 9 p. m. the Cascadia earthquake occurred with an estimated moment magnitude of 8. 7–9.2. This megathrust earthquake ruptured about 1,000 kilometers of the Cascadia Subduction Zone, February 3 – The Lesser Great Fire destroys a substantial part of central Edinburgh, Scotland. February 12 – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia by Denmark, Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland, Swedens ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the Swedish Meteor. February 27 – Island of New Britain discovered by William Dampier in the western Pacific, March 1 – Protestant Germany and Denmark–Norway adopt the Gregorian calendar. March 1, March 11, February 29 – Swedish calendar adopted, early March – William Congreves comedy The Way of the World is first performed in London. March 25 – Treaty of London signed between France, England and Holland, april – Fire destroys many buildings in Gondar, the capital of Ethiopia, including two in the palace complex. May 5 Within a few days of John Drydens death, his last written work is performed as part of Vanbrughs version of The Pilgrim, William Penn begins monthly meetings for blacks advocating emancipation. July 11 – The Prussian Academy of Sciences is founded with Gottfried Leibniz as president, summer – Charles XII of Sweden counter-attacks his enemies by invading Zealand, assisted by an Anglo-Dutch naval squadron under Sir George Rooke, rapidly compelling the Danes to submit to peace. August 18 – Peace of Travendal concluded between the Swedish Empire, Denmark–Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal, on the same day, Augustus II, King of Poland, and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, enter the war against Sweden. Late summer – A Russian army invades Swedish Estonia and besieges the town of Narva, November 1 – Charles II, last Spanish king of the House of Habsburg, dies insane at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid leaving no children. November 15 – Louis XIV accepts the Spanish crown on behalf of his grandson Philip of Anjou, November 18 – Battle of Olkieniki, Lithuanian Civil War, victory for the anti-Sapieha coalition. November 23 – Pope Clement XI succeeds Pope Innocent XII as the 243rd pope, November 30 – Battle of Narva in Estonia. Having led his army of 8,000 on a march from Denmark to Estonia. December 28 – Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester, is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, mission San Xavier del Bac is founded in New Spain near Tucson, as a Spanish Roman Catholic mission. An inventory made for the Medici family of Florence is the first documentary evidence for a piano, an English translation of the novel Don Quixote, translated from the original by many hands and published by Peter Motteux, begins publication in London. While popular among readers, it eventually come to be known as one of the worst translations of the novel. The value of sales of English manufactured products to the Atlantic economy is £3.9 million, date – Lions become extinct in Libya
7.
1710s
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February 28 – Battle of Helsingborg, Fourteen thousand Danish invaders under Jørgen Rantzau are decisively defeated by an equally large Swedish army under Magnus Stenbock. April 10 – The worlds first copyright legislation, Britains Statute of Anne, april 19 – Anne, Queen of Great Britain, meets the Four Mohawk Kings. June – Protestant Swiss and German Palatines under the leadership of Christoph von Graffenried travel to Bath County in the Province of Carolina, the settlers displace the native town of Chattoka and found New Bern, named for von Graffenrieds hometown of Bern, Switzerland. June 8 – The Tuscarora nation sends a petition to the Province of Pennsylvania, protesting the seizure of their lands, October 13 – Queen Annes War, The French surrender ending the Siege of Port Royal gives the British permanent possession of Nova Scotia. In Sweden, the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala is founded as the Collegium curiosorum, John Smithwick begins brewing Smithwicks ale at Kilkenny, Ireland. Beijing becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Istanbul, january – Carys Rebellion, The Lords Proprietor appoint Edward Hyde to replace Thomas Cary as the governor of the North Carolina portion of the Province of Carolina. Hydes policies are deemed hostile to Quaker interests, leading former governor Cary, February – French settlers at Fort Louis de la Mobile celebrate Mardi Gras in Mobile by parading a large papier-mache ox head on a cart. The attack fails and Carys forces retreat, London première of Rinaldo by George Frideric Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage. July 21 – The Treaty of the Pruth is signed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, july – Carys Rebellion, Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia dispatches a company of Royal marines to assist Governor Hyde. After hearing of this, Carys troops abandon all of their fortifications along the Pamlico River, Cary and many of his supporters are soon caught and sent to England as prisoners, ending Carys Rebellion. August 22 – The Quebec Expedition, a British attempt to attack Quebec as part of Queen Annes War, september 8 – The South Sea Company receives a Royal Charter in Britain. September 10 – John Lawson, Christoph von Graffenried,2 African American slaves and 2 Native Americans leave on an expedition from New Bern. September 14 – Tuscarora natives capture John Lawson, Christoph von Graffenried and their expeditionary party, september 16 – Tuscarora natives kill John Lawson. Christoph von Graffenried and one African American slave are known to have set free. October 14 – Yostos kills Tewoflos, becoming Emperor of Ethiopia, November 7 – Dutch East India Company ship Liefde runs aground and sinks on Shetland with the loss of all but one of her 300 crew. Alexander Pope publishes the poem An Essay on Criticism in London, John Shore invents the tuning fork. February 10 – A Huilliche rebellion begins in Chiloé Archipelago, February 30 – Sweden temporarily adopts February 30 as a day to adjust the Swedish Calendar back to the Julian calendar. May 19 – Peter the Great moves the capital of Russia from Moscow to Saint Petersburg, may 22 – Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor crowned king of Hungary
8.
1720s
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February 11 – Sweden and Prussia sign the Treaty of Stockholm. February 17 – Treaty of The Hague signed between Spain, Britain, France, Austria and the Dutch Republic, ending the War of the Quadruple Alliance, february 29 – Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden resigns to let her husband Frederick I take over as king of Sweden. She had desired a joint rule, in a manner to William and Mary in Britain. March 24 – The Riksdag of the Estates elects Frederick I new King of Sweden, April – South Sea Bubble in England, A scheme for the South Sea Company to take over most of the unconsolidated national debt of Britain massively inflated share prices. July 12 – The Lords Justice in Great Britain attempt to curb some of the excesses of the markets during the South Sea Bubble. September – South Sea Bubble, The English stock market crashes with dropping prices for stock in the South Sea Company, november 16 – Pirate Calico Jack Rackham is brought to trial at Spanish Town in Jamaica, he is hanged at Port Royal two days later. Tuscarora people leave North Carolina as a result of European colonization, the Town on Queen Annes Creek, North Carolina is renamed Edenton in honor of North Carolina Governor Charles Eden, it is incorporated in 1722. Introduction of the Guild Regulation of 1720 in Sweden, the Kangxi Emperor announces that all western businessmen in China can trade only in Guangzhou. Edmond Halley is appointed as Astronomer Royal for England, the Academia Real da Historia is founded in Lisbon, Portugal. Il teatro alla moda, a pamphlet by Benedetto Marcello, is published anonymously in Venice. The first yacht club in the world, the Royal Cork Yacht Club, is founded in Ireland, january 6 – The Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble in England publishes its findings. March 24 – Johann Sebastian Bachs Brandenburg concertos completed and dedicated to Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt, April – Pirates John Taylor and Olivier Levasseur capture the 700-ton Portuguese galleon Nossa Senhora do Cabo at Réunion. The total value of treasure on board is estimated as between £100,000 and £875,000, one of the largest pirate hauls ever, April 4 – Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. May 8 – Pope Innocent XIII succeeds Pope Clement XI as the 244th pope, september 10 – The Treaty of Nystad is signed, ending the Great Northern War. November 2 – The Romanov and architect of the Great Northern War Peter I, is proclaimed the first Emperor of All the Russias and this replaces the 176-year-long Tsardom of Russia with the Russian Empire. December 22 – Philip V of Spain signs in Lerma a Royal Decree transforming the Seminary of Saint Rose of Lima in Caracas into the Universidad Real y Pontificia de Caracas, regular mail service between London and New England is established. A suggestion box is developed under the shogun of Japan. March 8 – Battle of Gulnabad in Persia, Pashtun people of Afghanistan led by Mahmud Hotak decisively defeat forces of the Persian Safavid dynasty, April 5 – Dutch admiral Jacob Roggeveen lands on what is now Easter Island
9.
1730s
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January 29 – Anna Ivanovna becomes empress, following the death of her cousin, Emperor Peter II. March 12 – John Glas deposed from the Church of Scotland, april 8 – Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New York City, is dedicated. May 15 – Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, retires from his role in the government of Great Britain, leaving Robert Walpole as sole and undisputed leader of the Cabinet. In the new Walpole Ministry, Sir William Strickland, 4th Baronet, becomes Secretary at War, spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington briefly becomes Lord Privy Seal. July 8 – Earthquake affects Valparaiso in the Viceroyalty of Peru, july 12 – Pope Clement XII succeeds Pope Benedict XIII as the 246th pope. September 17 – Mahmud I succeeds Ahmed III as Ottoman Emperor, October 22 – Construction of the Ladoga Canal linking the Neva and Svir Rivers, one of the first major navigable canals constructed in Russia, is completed. March 16 – The Treaty of Vienna is signed between the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and Spain. April 2 – The town of Raynham, Massachusetts in Bristol County is entered as a new town by the governor and court of Massachusetts, New England, America. April – British trader Robert Jenkins has his ear cut off by Spanish coast guards in Cuba, july 1 – Benjamin Franklin and fellow-subscribers start the Library Company of Philadelphia. The town is out in 1733 and incorporated as Wilmington in 1740. English Captain Charles Gough rediscovers Gough Island in the South Atlantic, laura Bassi becomes the first official female university teacher on being appointed professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna at the age of 21. John Bevis observes the Crab Nebula for the first time in the modern era, the Royal Theatre of Mantua is built by Ferdinando Galli Bibiena. January 21st - Russia and Persia sign the Treaty of Riascha at Resht, based on the terms of the agreement, Russia would no longer establish claims over Persian territories. June 9 – James Oglethorpe is granted a charter for the colony of Georgia. August – Mikhail Gvozdev in the Sviatoi Gavriil makes the first known crossing of the Bering Strait, september 16 – The magnitude 5.8 Montreal earthquake occurs in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. December 7 – The original Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, London is opened, december –139 members of the Parlement of Paris exiled by order of King Louis XV secure their recall. The Republic of Genoa regains Corsica, the worlds first lightship is moored at the Nore in the Thames Estuary of England. This years General Assembly of the Church of Scotland gives rise to the First Secession of 1733, Benjamin Franklin, writing under the name Richard Saunders, begins publication of Poor Richards Almanack
10.
1707
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As of the start of 1707, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. In the Swedish calendar it was a year starting on Tuesday, one day ahead of the Julian. January 1 – John V is crowned King of Portugal and the Algarves in Lisbon, january 16 – The Treaty of Union of the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England is ratified by the Parliament of Scotland. March 3 – Death of the Emperor Aurangzeb in Delhi, march 19 – The Act of Union with Scotland is ratified by the Parliament of England. Following this, Philip V of Spain promulgates the first Nueva Planta decrees, bringing the Kingdoms of Valencia, may 23 – Volcanic eruption in the Santorini caldera begins. July 29–August 21 – War of the Spanish Succession, Battle of Toulon – Allies are obliged to withdraw, october 22 – Scilly naval disaster, four Royal Navy ships run aground in the Isles of Scilly because of faulty navigation. Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell and at least 1450 sailors all drown, october 23 – The Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain first meets in London. October 28 – Hōei earthquake, the most powerful in Japan until 2011, december 16 – The last recorded eruption of Mount Fuji begins in Japan. December 24 – The first British Governor of Gibraltar, directly appointed by Queen Anne, Roger Elliott, december – Charles XII of Sweden launches his campaign to conquer Russia, marching to the east from Leipzig with 60,000 coalition troops. Another 16,000 soldiers are waiting on the outskirts of Riga, a fortress is founded on the future site of Ust-Abakanskoye. The Lao empire of Lan Xang officially ends and splits into the kingdoms of Vientiane, Luang Prabang, hacienda Juriquilla is built in Querétaro, Mexico
11.
1709
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As of the start of 1709, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. In the Swedish calendar it was a year starting on Friday, one day ahead of the Julian. January 6 – Western Europes Great Frost of 1709, the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, in France, the coast of the Atlantic and Seine river freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the North Sea, january 10 – Abraham Darby I successfully produces cast iron using coke fuel at his Coalbrookdale blast furnace in Shropshire, England. After sacking Guayaquil, he and Selkirk will visit the Galápagos Islands, march 28 – Johann Friedrich Böttger reports the first production of hard-paste porcelain in Europe, at Dresden. May – First influx into Britain of poor families of German Palatines from the Rhenish Palatinate. June 27 – Great Northern War, Battle of Poltava, In the Ukraine, Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, defeats Charles XII of Sweden, july 27 – Emperor Nakamikado accedes to the throne of Japan. July 30 – War of the Spanish Succession, Capture of Tournai by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, august 8 – The hot air balloon of Bartolomeu de Gusmão flies in Portugal. August 28 – Pamheiba is crowned King of Manipur, october 9 – War of the Spanish Succession, British army captures Mons. October 12 – The city of Chihuahua in Mexico is founded, december 25 – From London, ten ships leave for the New York Colony, carrying over 4,000 people. Trinity School is founded as the Charity School of Trinity Church in New York City, the second Eddystone Lighthouse, erected off the south west coast of England by John Rudyerd, is completed. Publication of the first modern edition of William Shakespeares plays in London, de Nostri Temporis Studiorum Rationae is published by Neapolitan philosopher Giambattista Vico. Priceless medieval altarpieces by Michael Pacher are destroyed, date – Eleanor Glanville, English entomologist
12.
1711
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As of the start of 1711, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. In the Swedish calendar it was a year starting on Sunday, one day ahead of the Julian. January – Carys Rebellion, The Lords Proprietor appoint Edward Hyde to replace Thomas Cary as the governor of the North Carolina portion of the Province of Carolina. Hydes policies are deemed hostile to Quaker interests, leading former governor Cary, february – French settlers at Fort Louis de la Mobile celebrate Mardi Gras in Mobile by parading a large papier-mache ox head on a cart. The attack fails and Carys forces retreat, London première of Rinaldo by George Frideric Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage. July 21 – The Treaty of the Pruth is signed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, july – Carys Rebellion, Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia dispatches a company of Royal marines to assist Governor Hyde. After hearing of this, Carys troops abandon all of their fortifications along the Pamlico River, Cary and many of his supporters are soon caught and sent to England as prisoners, ending Carys Rebellion. August 22 – The Quebec Expedition, a British attempt to attack Quebec as part of Queen Annes War, september 8 – The South Sea Company receives a Royal Charter in Britain. September 10 – John Lawson, Christoph von Graffenried,2 African American slaves and 2 Native Americans leave on an expedition from New Bern. September 14 – Tuscarora natives capture John Lawson, Christoph von Graffenried and their expeditionary party, september 16 – Tuscarora natives kill John Lawson. Christoph von Graffenried and one African American slave are known to have set free. October 14 – Yostos kills Tewoflos, becoming Emperor of Ethiopia, november 7 – Dutch East India Company ship Liefde runs aground and sinks on Shetland with the loss of all but one of her 300 crew. Alexander Pope publishes the poem An Essay on Criticism in London, John Shore invents the tuning fork
13.
1712
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As of the start of 1712, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. In the Swedish calendar it began as a year starting on Monday and remained so until Thursday. By adding a leap day Sweden reverted to the Julian calendar. Sweden finally made the switch from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar in 1753, February 10 – A Huilliche rebellion begins in Chiloé Archipelago. February 30 – Sweden temporarily adopts February 30 as a day to adjust the Swedish Calendar back to the Julian calendar, may 19 – Peter the Great moves the capital of Russia from Moscow to Saint Petersburg. May 22 – Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor crowned king of Hungary, july 24 Battle of Denain, The French defeat a combined Dutch-Austrian force. Battle of Villmergen, Reformed cantons of Switzerland defeat the Catholic cantons, december 9 – Battle of Gadebusch, Sweden defeats Denmark and Saxony. The Treaty of Aargau is signed by Catholics and Protestants, establishing Protestant dominance in Switzerland, after many years of settlement, the Town on Queen Annes Creek is established as a courthouse for Chowan County, North Carolina. The town is renamed Edenton in 1720 and incorporated in 1722, the VOC Zuytdorp is wrecked off the coast of Western Australia. John Arbuthnot creates the character of John Bull to represent Britain
14.
1713
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As of the start of 1713, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 17 – Tuscarora War, Colonel James Moore leads the Carolina militia out of Albemarle County, heavy snows force the troops to take refuge in Fort Reading on the Pamlico River. February 1 – Skirmish at Bender February 4 – Tuscarora War, February 25 – Frederick William I of Prussia begins his reign. March 1 – Tuscarora War, Colonel James Moores Carolina militia lays siege to the Tuscaroran stronghold of Fort Neoheroka, march 20 – Tuscarora War, Colonel James Moores Carolina militia launches a major offensive against Fort Neoheroka. March 23 – Tuscarora War, Fort Neoheroka falls to the Carolina militia, two Tuscaroran allies, the Machapunga and Coree tribes, continue offensive actions against North Carolina. March 27 – First Treaty of Utrecht between Great Britain and Spain, philip V accepted by Britain and Austria as king of Spain, Spain cedes Gibraltar and Minorca to Britain. April 11 – Second Treaty of Utrecht between Britain and France ends the War of the Spanish Succession, France cedes Newfoundland, Acadia, Hudson Bay and St Kitts to Britain. April 14 – First performance, in London, of Joseph Addisons libertarian play Cato, a Tragedy, which will be influential on both sides of the Atlantic. April 19 – With no living heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor. June 1 – Tuscarora War, Colonel James Moore leads the Carolina militia into the Pamlico Peninsula to defeat the Machapunga, june 23 – French residents of Acadia given one year to declare allegiance to Great Britain or leave Nova Scotia. July 13 – The Treaty of Portsmouth brings an end to Queen Annes War, september 1 – Tuscarora War, The Carolina militia led by Colonel James Moore returns to South Carolina after mixed success in the campaign against the Machapunga and Coree. Ars Conjectandi, a work on probability by Jacob Bernoulli is published eight years after his death, by his nephew
15.
1710 in architecture
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The year 1710 in architecture involved some significant events. Cathedral of Saint Virgin Mary, Minsk, fifth Chapel of Versailles completed by Robert de Cotte. Karlskirche, designed by Paul du Ry, built, paoay Church on Luzon in the Philippines completed. Mansion House, Dublin, Ireland, built as a private residence, ca Pesaro on the Grand Canal completed by Gian Antonio Gaspari to the 1659 design of Baldassarre Longhena
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1710 in science
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The year 1710 in science and technology involved some significant events. The Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala is founded in Uppsala, Sweden, edmond Halley, comparing his observations with Ptolemys catalog, discovers the proper motion of some fixed stars. Alexis Littré, in his treatise Diverses observations anatomiques, is the first physician to suggest the possibility of performing a lumbar colostomy for an obstruction of the colon, stephen Hales makes the first experimental measurement of the capacity of a mammalian heart. Jakob Christof Le Blon invents a three-color printing process with red, blue, years later he adds black introducing the earliest four-color printing process. René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur produces a paper on the use of spiders to produce silk, john Arbuthnot publishes An argument for Divine Providence, taken from the constant regularity observed in the births of both sexes in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
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1710 in Sweden
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Events from the year 1710 in Sweden Monarch – Charles XII February - Battle of Helsingborg - Arvid Horn appointed Privy Council Chancellery. - Vyborg is taken by the Russians, July - The Great Northern War plague outbreak reach Stockholm. 15 July –10 October - Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia August-September - The Great Northern War plague outbreak spread from the capital to the Swedish country, - Riga is taken by the Russians. 24 September - Battle of Køge Bay - Reval is taken by the Russians, - Scania is taken by the Danes. - Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala - Lars Gathenhielm is given permission to act as a privateer in the Baltic Sea. Ulrica Catharina Stromberg, courtier 3 November - Maria de Croll, concert vocalist - Anna Maria Thelott, artist Media related to 1710 in Sweden at Wikimedia Commons
18.
Gregorian calendar
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The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582, the calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar involving a 0. 002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes and solstices—particularly the northern vernal equinox, transition to the Gregorian calendar would restore the holiday to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when introduced by the early Church. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe, the last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923. Many countries that have used the Islamic and other religious calendars have come to adopt this calendar for civil purposes. The reform was a modification of a made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included reducing the number of years in four centuries from 100 to 97. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the date of Easter. For example, the years 1700,1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the years 1600 and 2000 are. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the years position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox, the date was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes, the Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days. To unambiguously specify a date, dual dating or Old Style, dual dating gives two consecutive years for a given date, because of differences in the starting date of the year, and/or to give both the Julian and the Gregorian dates. The Gregorian calendar continued to use the calendar era, which counts years from the traditional date of the nativity. This year-numbering system, also known as Dionysian era or Common Era, is the predominant international standard today, the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, in the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this day was inserted by doubling 24 February. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers, the cycles repeat completely every 146,097 days, which equals 400 years
19.
Ab urbe condita
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Ab urbe condita is a Latin phrase meaning from the founding of the City, traditionally dated to 753 BC. AUC is a system used by some ancient Roman historians to identify particular Roman years. Renaissance editors sometimes added AUC to Roman manuscripts they published, giving the impression that the Romans usually numbered their years using the AUC system. The dominant method of identifying Roman years in Roman times was to name the two consuls who held office that year, the regnal year of the emperor was also used to identify years, especially in the Byzantine Empire after 537 when Justinian required its use. The traditional date for the founding of Rome of 21 April 753 BC, was initiated by 1st century BC scholar Marcus Terentius Varro, the correctness of Varros calculation has not been confirmed but it is still used worldwide. From Emperor Claudius onwards, Varros calculation superseded other contemporary calculations, celebrating the anniversary of the city became part of imperial propaganda. Claudius was the first to hold magnificent celebrations in honour of the citys anniversary, hadrian and Antoninus Pius held similar celebrations, in 121 AD and 147/148 AD respectively. During 248 AD, Philip the Arab celebrated Romes first millennium, coins from his reign commemorate the celebrations. The Anno Domini year numbering was developed by a monk named Dionysius Exiguus in Rome during 525, in his Easter table the year 532 AD was equated with the regnal year 248 of Emperor Diocletian. It was later calculated that the year 1 AD corresponds to the Roman year 754 AUC, based on Varros epoch
20.
Balinese saka calendar
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The Balinese saka calendar is one of two calendars used on the Indonesian island of Bali. Unlike the 210-day pawukon calendar, it is based on the phases of the moon, based on a lunar calendar, the saka year comprises twelve months, or sasih, of 30 days each. The months are adjusted by allocating two lunar days to one day every 9 weeks. This day is called ngunalatri, Sanskrit for minus one night, the length of these months is calculated according to the normal 63-day cycle. Both sets of days are numbered 1 to 15, the first day of the year is usually the day after the first new moon in March. Note, however, that Nyepi falls on the first day of Kadasa, the calendar is 78 years behind the Gregorian calendar, and is calculated from the beginning of the Saka Era in India. It is used alongside the 210-day Balinese pawukon calendar, and Balinese festivals can be calculated according to either year, the Indian saka calendar was used for royal decrees as early as the ninth century CE. The same calendar was used in Java until Sultan Agung replaced it with the Javanese calendar in 1633, the Balinese Hindu festival of Nyepi, the day of silence, marks the start of the Saka year. Tilem Kepitu, the last day of the 7th month, is known as Siva Ratri, devotees stay up all night and meditate. There are another 24 ceremonial days in the Saka year, usually celebrated at Purnama, ISBN9813018496 Hobart, Angela, Ramseyer, Urs & Leeman, Albert The Peoples of Bali, Blackwell Publishers. ISBN063117687 X Ricklefs, M. C, A History of Modern Indonesia, MacMillan, ISBN 978-0-333-24380-0
21.
Bengali calendars
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The Bengali Calendar or Bangla Calendar is a solar calendar used in the region of Bengal. A revised version of the calendar is the national and official calendar in Bangladesh, the New Year in the Bengali calendar is known as Pôhela Bôishakh. The Bengali Era or Anno Bengal, the Bengali year is 594 less than the AD or CE year in the Gregorian calendar if it is before Pôhela Bôishakh, the revised version of the Bengali calendar was officially adopted in Bangladesh in 1987. However, it is not followed in India where the traditional version continues to be followed due to occurrence of Hindu festivals based on a particular sidereal solar day. The Bengali calendar is a solar calendar, the calendar was developed by Alauddin Husain Shah, a Hussain Shahi sultan of Bengal by combining the lunar Islamic calendar with the solar calendar, prevalent in Bengal. All theories agree that the Mughal Emperor, Akbar was instrumental in promulgating the Bengali calendar, Akbar modified, developed and re introduced the Bengali Calendar in order to make tax collection easier in Bengal. The calendar was called as Tarikh-e-Elahi. Sources credit the idea to Alauddin Husain Shah, akbars royal astronomer Fathullah Shirazi developed the Bengali calendar, by synthesizing the Lunar Islamic and Solar calendars. The calendar started with the Islamic calendar value, but the Sanskrit month names were used from the earlier version, the distinctive characteristic of the Bengali year was that rather than being a lunar calendar, it was based on a union of the solar and lunar year. This was essentially a great promotion as the solar and lunar years were formulated in very diverse systems, primarily this calendar was named as Fasli Sôn and then Bônggabdô. The Bengali Year was launched on 1584 AD or 992 AH and this was the day that Akbar defeated Hemu in the clash of Panipat to ascend the throne. The month of Muharram in the year 963 AH was equal to the month of Boishakh in the Bengali calendar, in the Tarikh-e-Elahi version of the calendar, each day of the month had a separate name, and the months had different names from what they have now. The Bengali calendar consists of 6 seasons, known as Rreetu ঋতু or Kal কাল, hence after some centuries the months will shift far away from the actual seasons. But the new revised version of the Bengali calendar used in Bangladesh will continue to maintain the seasons on time as mentioned above. The Bengali Calendar incorporates the seven-day week as used by other calendars. The names of the days of the week in the Bengali Calendar are based on the Navagraha, the day begins and ends at sunrise in the Bengali calendar, unlike in the Gregorian calendar, where the day starts at midnight. Pôhela Bôishakh in West Bengal and other states of India with Bengali diaspora, is celebrated on 14/15 April of the Gregorian calendar, however, according to the revised version of the calendar, now followed in Bangladesh, Pôhela Bôishakh always falls on 14 April. It is not clear, from what ground they start counting of 1st Bengali calendar year from the 593AD, the length of a year is counted as 365 days, as in the Gregorian calendar
22.
Berber calendar
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The Berber calendar is the agricultural calendar traditionally used by Berbers. It is also known as the fellaḥi, the calendar is utilized to regulate the seasonal agricultural works. It is used in lieu of the Islamic calendar, a calendar considered ill-adapted for agriculture because it does not relate to seasonal cycles. The current Berber calendar is a legacy of the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis, the latter calendar was used in Europe before the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, with month names derived from Latin. Berber populations previously used various indigenous calendars, such as that of the Guanche autochthones of the Canary Islands, however, relatively little is known of these ancient calendrical systems. Not much is known about the division of time among the ancient Berbers, some elements of a pre-Islamic, and almost certainly a pre-Roman calendar, emerge from some medieval writings, analyzed by Nico van den Boogert. Some correspondences with the traditional Tuareg calendar suggest that in antiquity there existed, with degree of diffusion. According to a 17th-century manuscript by Tomás Marín de Cubas, they computed their year, called Acano and it began in summer, when the sun enters in Cancer, on June 21, at the first conjunction they celebrated nine festival days for the crop. The name of one month is known in the native language. It seems it was the month of the year, corresponding to August. Such a name, in case it was made up by something like *wen that of + smet, may correspond, in the list of medieval Berber month names, with the ninth and tenth months, but data are too scarce for this hypothesis to be deepened. The agricultural Berber calendar still in use is almost certainly derived from the Julian calendar, the only slight discrepancy lies in that the extra day in leap years is not usually added at the end of February, but at the end of the year. Jean Servier has doubted that the calendar descends directly from the Julian calendar of the Latin era, there are standard forms for the names of the Amazigh calendar. The table below provides the forms used in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. In some areas they may be different due to communication and manipulation by the government. Moreover, pronunciation differs according to the region, the coldest period is made up by 20 white nights, from 12 to 31 dujamber, and 20 black nights, beginning on the first day of yennayer, corresponding to the Gregorian 14 January. The first day of the year is celebrated in various ways in the different parts of North Africa, a widespread tradition is a meal with particular foods, which vary from region to region, but in many zones it is provided by the sacrifice of an animal. In Algeria, such a holiday is celebrated even by people who dont use the Berber calendar in daily life
23.
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
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Anne became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union, two of her realms, the kingdoms of England and Scotland, united as a sovereign state known as Great Britain. She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death, Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II, who had no legitimate children. Her father, James, was first in line to the throne and his suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England, and on Charless instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican. Three years after he succeeded Charles, James was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Annes Dutch Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife, Annes elder sister Mary II. Although the sisters had been close, disagreements over Annes finances, status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Marys accession, William and Mary had no children. After Marys death in 1694, William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702, as queen, Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians, who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents, the Whigs. The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession and her close friendship with Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, turned sour as the result of political differences. Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life, from her thirties onwards, she grew increasingly lame and obese. Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband, Prince George of Denmark, she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart. Anne was born at 11,39 p. m. on 6 February 1665 at St Jamess Palace, London, the child and second daughter of James, Duke of York. At her Anglican baptism in the Chapel Royal at St Jamess, her sister, Mary, was one of her godparents, along with the Duchess of Monmouth. The Duke and Duchess of York had eight children, but Anne, as a child, Anne suffered from an eye condition, which manifested as excessive watering known as defluxion. For medical treatment, she was sent to France, where she lived with her grandmother, Queen Henrietta Maria. Following her grandmothers death in 1669, Anne lived with an aunt, Henrietta Anne, on the sudden death of her aunt in 1670, Anne returned to England. Her mother died the following year, as was traditional in the royal family, Anne and her sister were brought up separated from their father in their own establishment at Richmond, London. On the instructions of Charles II, they were raised as Protestants, placed in the care of Colonel Edward and Lady Frances Villiers, their education was focused on the teachings of the Anglican church. Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was appointed as Annes preceptor, around 1671, Anne first made the acquaintance of Sarah Jennings, who later became her close friend and one of her most influential advisors
24.
Buddhist calendar
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While the calendars share a common lineage, they also have minor but important variations such as intercalation schedules, month names and numbering, use of cycles, etc. In Thailand, the name Buddhist Era is a numbering system shared by the traditional Thai lunisolar calendar. The Southeast Asian lunisolar calendars are based on an older version of the Hindu calendar. One major difference is that the Southeast Asian systems, unlike their Indian cousins, instead, they employ their versions of the Metonic cycle. However, since the Metonic cycle is not very accurate for sidereal years, yet no coordinated structural reforms of the lunisolar calendar have been undertaken. Today, the traditional Buddhist lunisolar calendar is used mainly for Theravada Buddhist festivals, the Thai Buddhist Era, a renumbered Gregorian calendar, is the official calendar in Thailand. The Burmese calendar in turn was based on the original Surya Siddhanta system of ancient India, one key difference with Indian systems is that the Burmese system has followed a variation of the Metonic cycle. It is unclear from where, when or how the Metonic system was introduced, the Burmese system, and indeed the Southeast Asian systems, thus use a strange combination of sidereal years from Indian calendar in combination with the Metonic cycle better for tropical years. In all Theravada traditions, the epochal year 0 date was the day in which the Buddha attained parinibbāna. However, not all agree on when it actually took place. In Burmese Buddhist tradition, it was 13 May 544 BCE, but in Thailand, it was 11 March 545 BCE, the date which the current Thai lunisolar and solar calendars use as the epochal date. In Myanmar, the difference between BE and CE can be 543 or 544 for CE dates, and 544 or 543 for BCE dates, in Sri Lanka, the difference between BE and CE is 544. The calendar recognizes two types of months, synodic month and sidereal month, the Synodic months are used to compose the years while the 27 lunar sidereal days, alongside the 12 signs of the zodiac, are used for astrological calculations. The days of the month are counted in two halves, waxing and waning, the 15th of the waxing is the civil full moon day. The civil new moon day is the last day of the month, because of the inaccuracy of the calendrical calculation systems, the mean and real New Moons rarely coincide. The mean New Moon often precedes the real New Moon, as the Synodic lunar month is approximately 29.5 days, the calendar uses alternating months of 29 and 30 days. Various regional versions of Chula Sakarat/Burmese calendar existed across various regions of mainland Southeast Asia, unlike Cambodian and Burmese systems, Kengtung, Lan Na, Lan Xang and Sukhothai systems refer to the months by numbers, not by names. The Buddhist calendar is a calendar in which the months are based on lunar months
25.
Byzantine calendar
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The Byzantine calendar, also called Creation Era of Constantinople or Era of the World, was the calendar used by the Eastern Orthodox Church from c.691 to 1728 in the Ecumenical Patriarchate. It was also the official calendar of the Byzantine Empire from 988 to 1453, the calendar was based on the Julian calendar, except that the year started on 1 September and the year number used an Anno Mundi epoch derived from the Septuagint version of the Bible. Its year one, the date of creation, was September 1,5509 BC. It is not known who invented the World era and when, nevertheless, the first appearance of the term is in the treatise of a certain monk and priest, Georgios, who mentions all the main variants of the World Era in his work. He also already regards it as the most convenient for the Easter computus and this date underwent minor revisions before being finalized in the mid-7th century, although its precursors were developed c. By the second half of the 7th century, the Creation Era was known in Western Europe, by the late 10th century around AD988, when the era appears in use on official government records, a unified system was widely recognized across the Eastern Roman world. The era was ultimately calculated as starting on September 1, Thus historical time was calculated from the creation, and not from Christs birth, as in the west. The Eastern Church avoided the use of the Anno Domini system of Dionysius Exiguus, meanwhile, as Russia received Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium, she inherited the Orthodox Calendar based on the Byzantine Era. After the collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, the era continued to be used by Russia and it was only in AD1700 that the Byzantine World Era in Russia was changed to the Julian Calendar by Peter the Great. It still forms the basis of traditional Orthodox calendars up to today, September AD2000 began the year 7509 AM. Both of these early Christian writers, following the Septuagint version of the Old Testament, the Alexandrian Era developed in AD412, was the precursor to the Byzantine Era. After the initial attempts by Hippolytus, Clement of Alexandria and others, the Alexandrine monk Panodorus reckoned 5904 years from Adam to the year AD412. This created the Alexandrian Era, whose first day was the first day of the proleptic Alexandrian civil year in progress,29 August 5493 BC, with the ecclesiastical year beginning on 25 March 5493 BC. This system presents in a sort of way the mystical coincidence of the three main dates of the worlds history, the beginning of Creation, the Incarnation. It was the first day of the year in the medieval Julian calendar, the Alexandrian Era of March 25,5493 BC was adopted by church fathers such as Maximus the Confessor and Theophanes the Confessor, as well as chroniclers such as George Syncellus. Its striking mysticism made it popular in Byzantium especially in monastic circles and it had for its basis a chronological list of events extending from the creation of Adam to the year AD627. The chronology of the writer is based on the figures of the Bible, St. John Chrysostom says in his Homily On the Cross and the Thief, that Christ, opened for us today Paradise, which had remained closed for some 5000 years. St. Isaac the Syrian writes in a Homily that before Christ, for five thousand five hundred
26.
Chinese calendar
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Traditional Chinese calendar is a lunisolar calendar which reckons years, months and days according to astronomical phenomena. It is used for activities in China and overseas Chinese communities. It depictures and lists the dates of traditional Chinese holidays, and guides Chinese people in selecting the most auspicious days for weddings, funerals, moving, in the Chinese calendar, the days begin and end at midnight. The months begin on the day with the dark moon, the years begin with the dark moon near the midpoint between winter solstice and spring equinox. The solar terms are the important components of the Chinese calendar, in a month, there are one to three solar terms. The currently used traditional Chinese calendar is the end result of centuries of evolution, many astronomical and seasonal factors were added by ancient scientists, and people can reckon the date of natural phenomena such as the moon phase and tide upon the Chinese calendar. The Chinese calendar has over 100 variants, whose characteristics reflect the evolutionary path. As with Chinese characters, different variants are used in different parts of the Chinese cultural sphere, calendars in Mongolia and Tibet have absorbed elements from the Chinese calendar and elements from other systems, but they are not direct descendants of the Chinese calendar. The official calendar in China is the Gregorian calendar, but the traditional Chinese calendar still plays an important role there. The Chinese calendar is known officially as the Rural Calendar, but is referred to by other names, such as the Former Calendar. The Chinese calendar preserves traditional East Asian culture, although the month sequences of Chinese calendar is decided by the solar term, the Chinese calendar is not an agriculture calendar. The Chinese calendar has greatly influenced the traditional calendars around Asia, the calendar has a year, month and date frame. The key elements are the day, synodic month and solar year, the Chinese calendar is a lunisolar calendar, similar to the Hindu and Hebrew calendars. The concepts in the Chinese, Hindu, and Hebrew calendars, day, in the Chinese calendar, a day starts from the midnight, in the Hindu calendars, a day starts from sunrise, and in the Hebrew calendar, a day starts from sunset. Month, the time is based on the obliquity of the moon path, a month is about 29 17/32 days. Phase, 1/30 month, 12° obliquity of the moon path, a unique concept of dating method in the Hindu calendar, a phase is about 63/64 day, which derived out the 64 divinatory symbols. Date, the day number in a month, in the Chinese and Hebrew calendars, days are numbered in sequence from 1 to 29 or 30, and in the Hindu calendars, the days are numbered according to the number of the phase in the days. In the Hindu calendars, some dates may be vacant, Year, the time based on the earths revolution
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