1.
1737 in architecture
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The year 1737 in architecture involved some significant events. Samuel Eliot House in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, the ceiling of the chapter house in Porto Cathedral is decorated. Approximate date - New Nostell Priory in Yorkshire, England, designed by James Paine, begun
2.
1739 in architecture
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See also,1738 in architecture, other events of 1739,1740 in architecture and the architecture timeline. Holy Trinity Church, designed by Christian August Naumann, completed, Church of Santa Felicita, Florence, rebuilt by Ferdinando Ruggieri, completed. Church of Saint Ildefonso, Porto, Portugal, inaugurated, crowcombe Court, Somerset, England, designed by Thomas Parker, completed. Old Colony House, Newport, Rhode Island, designed by Richard Munday
3.
1728 in architecture
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The year 1728 in architecture involved some significant events. October 20–23 - Copenhagen Fire of 1728, catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Expectación in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, is completed. Seaton Delaval Hall in Northumberland, designed by Sir John Vanbrugh, is completed, white Lodge, Richmond Park, near London, designed by Roger Morris, is completed as Stone Lodge. St Johns, Smith Square in London, designed by Thomas Archer, is completed for the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches, james Gibbs A Book of Architecture, containing designs of buildings and ornaments is published in London, including a version of the Gibbs surround. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Antoine-Victor Desmarais
4.
1729 in architecture
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The year 1729 in architecture involved some significant events. Completion of Kinlet Hall, Shropshire, England, designed by Francis Smith of Warwick, completion of Marble Hill House, Twickenham, near London, designed by Roger Morris. Christ Church, Spitalfields, and St George in the East in London, chiswick House in London is designed by Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and William Kent. The Palladian Dormitory at Westminster School in London is designed by Richard Boyle, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Joseph Eustache de Bourge
5.
1731 in architecture
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The year 1731 in architecture involved some significant events. Basilica of Superga in Italy, designed by Filippo Juvarra, is completed, cumbernauld House in Scotland, to designs by William Adam, is built. Hôtel Peyrenc de Moras in Paris, designed by Jean Aubert, is completed, jakobstad Church in Finland, designed by Johan Knubb, is built. Jerusalems Church in Berlin, designed by Philipp Gerlach, is completed, royal Theatre in Mantua, Italy, designed by Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena, is built. Trooditissa Monastery on Cyprus is built, staircase of Schloss Bruchsal in Baden is designed by Balthasar Neumann
6.
1732 in architecture
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The year 1732 in architecture involved some significant events. August - York Assembly Rooms in England, designed by Lord Burlington, are opened, the Mansion House, York, is also completed this year. October 2 - Goodmans Fields Theatre, London, designed by Edward Shepherd, is opened, December 7 - Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, London, designed by Edward Shepherd, is opened. Trinity College Library in Dublin, designed by Thomas Burgh, is completed, nicola Salvi begins work on the new Trevi Fountain in Rome. Work on Palais Rohan in Strasbourg, designed by Robert de Cotte, is started Prix de Rome, architecture, april 22 - John Johnson, English architect July 21 - James Adam, Scottish-born architect December 15 - Carl Gotthard Langhans, Prussian architect Giacomo Amato, Sicilian architect
7.
1733 in architecture
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The year 1733 in architecture involved some significant events. Clandon Park, designed by Giacomo Leoni, completed, St John Horsleydown and St Luke Old Street in London, both designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor and John James, are completed for the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches. Wades Bridge, Aberfeldy, Scotland, designed by William Adam, january 4 - Robert Mylne, Scottish architect December 7 - Edward Lovett Pearce, Irish palladian architect
8.
1734 in architecture
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See also,1733 in architecture, other events of 17341735 in architecture and the architecture timeline. The Drum, Edinburgh, designed by William Adam, san Giuseppe alla Lungara, Rome, designed by Ludovico Rusconi Sassi. Sivasagar Sivadol Hindu temples, Sivasagar, Assam, palladio Londinensis, or, The London art of building
9.
1735 in architecture
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The year 1735 in architecture involved some significant events. The North Quad of All Souls College at the University of Oxford, reconstruction of Cathedral of San Carlos De Borromeo in Cuba is completed. Major reconstruction of Udine Cathedral in the Republic of Venice by Domenico Rossi is completed, church of San Francesco di Paola, Milan, designed by Marco Antonio Bianchi, is consecrated. Chandos Mausoleum in Canons Park near London, designed by James Gibbs, is built, spanish Riding School in Vienna, designed by Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach, is completed. Rokeby Hall in the north of England, designed by Thomas Robinson, is completed, 8-9 Henrietta Street, Dublin, are built. October 27 - William Newton, English architect Antonio Beduzzi, Italian architect and interior designer working in Vienna
10.
1736 in architecture
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Karlskirche in Vienna, designed by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, is completed by his son, Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach. Melk Abbey in Austria, designed by Jakob Prandtauer, is completed, town church of Piaseczno in Poland, designed by Carl Frederick Pöppelmann, is built. Rebuilt church of St George the Martyr Southwark in London, designed by John Price, is completed, rebuilt St Swithuns Church, Worcester, England, designed by Thomas and Edward Woodward, is completed. Rebuilt Reformed Church, Șimleu Silvaniei in Romania is completed and consecrated, reconstruction of church of San Marcuola on the Grand Canal in Venice, designed by Antonio Gaspari, is completed by Giorgio Massari. Church and Convent of Capuchins in Antigua Guatemala is consecrated, khan Sulayman Pasha in Damascus is completed. Đình Bảng communal house in Vietnam is completed, roskilde Royal Mansion, designed by Lauritz de Thurah, is completed. Hermitage Hunting Lodge, designed by Lauritz de Thurah, is completed, scots Mining Company House at Leadhills in Scotland, attributed to William Adam, is built. North wing of house at Bregentved on the Danish island of Zealand, the Burroughs Building at Peterhouse, Cambridge, England, designed by James Burrough, is built. York House, St Jamess Palace, London, is built, marschall Palais in Wilhelmstraße, Berlin, designed by Philipp Gerlach, is built
11.
1740 in architecture
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The year 1740 in architecture involved some significant events. In Ballymena, the original Ballymena Castle burns down, teatro di Santa Maria, Florence built. Château dHérouville, France, designed by Gaudot, built, in Boston, Massachusetts, Faneuil Hall, the covered market, is built by Huguenot merchant Pierre Faneuil. Old Library, Bristol, probably designed by James Paty the Elder, Örskär lighthouse, Sweden, rebuilt in stone to the design of Carl Hårleman. South Wing of St Bartholomews Hospital, London, designed by James Gibbs, Saint Sampsons Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, designed by Pietro Antonio Trezzini, consecrated Old First Presbyterian Church built. Chaurasi Khambon ki Chhatri, Bundi, Rajasthan, built, in Philadelphia, the house which will become known as Betsy Ross House is built. Church of Santa María de Loreto, Achao on the Chiloé Archipelago completed by about this date, thomas Cooley, English-born architect working in Ireland Antonio Montauti, Italian sculptor, medallist and possible architect Approximate date - John Strahan, English architect
12.
1741 in architecture
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The year 1741 in architecture involved some significant events. Auberge de Castille in Valletta, Malta, remodelled to a plan attributed to Andrea Belli, new building for the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in Scotland, designed by William Adam, opens. Mineral Water Hospital, Bath, England, designed by John Wood, santissimo Nome di Maria al Foro Traiano in Rome, designed by Antoine Derizet, completed about this date. Construction begins on the following Palladian style buildings The Berlin Court Opera, russborough House in Ireland, to a design by Richard Cassels
13.
1742 in architecture
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The year 1742 in architecture involved some significant events. Hôtel de Caumont, Aix-en-Provence, designed by Robert de Cotte and Georges Vallon, kozłówka Palace, Poland, designed by Józef Fontana II, completed. Palace of Portici, Italy, designed by Antonio Canevari, completed, palais Rohan, Strasbourg, Alsace, designed by Robert de Cotte, completed. Malplaquet House, east London, England, built, berlin Court Opera, designed by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff, inaugurated. Queen Mary Court at Greenwich Hospital, London, planned by Wren and Hawksmoor, redland Chapel, Bristol, England, designed probably by John Strahan or William Halfpenny, built. Batty Langley publishes Ancient Architecture Restored in England, a pattern book for Gothic Revival architecture. March 13 - Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Prussian architect June 29 - Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach, Austrian architect
14.
1744 in architecture
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The year 1744 in architecture involved some significant events. Giác Lâm Pagoda in Saigon is built by Lý Thụy Long, sabil-Kuttab of Katkhuda in Cairo, designed by Katkhuda of Egypt, is built. Tombul Mosque in Shumen, Ottoman Empire, is completed, st Botolphs Aldgate church in the City of London, designed by George Dance the Elder, is completed. St John the Baptists Church, Knutsford in England, designed by J. Garlive, is completed, twelve Collegia in Saint Petersburg, designed by Domenico Trezzini and Theodor Schwertfeger, is completed. The second Summer Palace in Saint Petersburg, designed by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, is completed, remodelling of the Hirschholm Palace in Denmark to a design by Lauritz de Thurah is completed. Remodelling of the Princes Mansion, Copenhagen in Denmark by Nicolai Eigtved is completed, the Würzburg Residence in Germany, designed by Balthasar Neumann with Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt, Maximilian von Welsch, Robert de Cotte and Germain Boffrand, is completed. Morelia Cathedral in Mexico is completed, alamo Mission in San Antonio is begun. Holden Chapel at Harvard University is completed, st. Peters Church in the Great Valley of Chester County, Pennsylvania, is built. Withcote Chapel in Leicestershire, England, is remodelled, st. Martins Church, Warsaw, is reconstructed to a design by Karol Bay at about this date. August 7 - Thomas Harrison, English architect September 20 or 21 - Giacomo Quarenghi, Italian-born architect
15.
1746 in architecture
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The year 1746 in architecture involved some significant events. Mansion of Ledreborg on Zealand, designed by Johan Cornelius Krieger, asamkirche, Munich, designed by Egid Quirin Asam and Cosmas Damian Asam, completed. Old Trinity Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Russia, completed, st Lawrences Church, Mereworth, England, consecrated. Rebuilding of main chapel of the Cathedral of Évora, Portugal, designed by João Frederico Ludovice, second phase of construction of Poppelsdorf Palace near Bonn completed. Foundation stone of new Inveraray Castle in Scotland laid, august 3 – James Wyatt, English architect May 15 – John James, English architect June 8 – Giacomo Leoni, Venetian-born architect
16.
1747 in architecture
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The year 1747 in architecture involved some significant events. Sanssouci in Potsdam, designed by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff, is completed, reconstruction of church of Santi Quaranta Martiri e San Pasquale Baylon, Rome, by Giuseppe Sardi is completed. Visitation of Mary Church, designed by Candido Zulliani, is consecrated, the tower of St. Marys Church, Rotherhithe, London, is built by Lancelot Dowbiggin. Usk Bridge, Monmouthshire, designed by William Edwards, is completed, vincenzo Brenna, Florentine-born architect April 24 - Johann Georg Fischer, German architect
17.
1748 in architecture
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The year 1748 in architecture involved some significant events. Duke Street, Bath, England, designed by John Wood, holywell Music Room, Oxford, England, the oldest purpose-built concert hall in Europe, designed by Dr. Thomas Camplin. Mansion House, Doncaster, Yorkshire, England, designed by James Paine, is completed, margravial Opera House in Bayreuth, Bavaria, designed by Joseph Saint-Pierre with interior by Giuseppe Galli Bibiena and his son Carlo, is completed. Rebuilt Teatro San Samuele in Venice is opened, chapel at Fulneck Moravian Settlement, Yorkshire, England, completed. Igreja Matriz de Belazaima do Chão, Águeda Municipality, Portugal, Åkerö Manor in Södermanland, Sweden, designed by Carl Hårleman, built. Honing Hall in Norfolk, England, built, garron Bridge on Inveraray Castle estate in Scotland, designed by Roger Morris and/or his kin Robert Morris, completed
18.
1730s in archaeology
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The decade of the 1730s in archaeology involved some significant events. 1738, Herculaneum is rediscovered, buried in volcanic ash near Pompeii,1732, John Horsley - Britannia Romana. 1735, Prospero Alpini - Historiæ Ægypti Naturalis,1736, Francis Drake - Eboracum 1731, December 8 - Antiquarian John Freeman buries a time capsule in the grounds of his house at Fawley Court in England
19.
William Kent
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William Kent was an eminent English architect, landscape architect and furniture designer of the early 18th century. As a landscape gardener he revolutionised the layout of estates, but had limited knowledge of horticulture and he complemented his houses and gardens with stately furniture for major buildings including Hampton Court Palace, Chiswick House, Devonshire House and Rousham. Kent was born in Bridlington, Yorkshire, and baptised, on 1 January 1686, Kents career began as a sign and coach painter who was encouraged to study art, design and architecture by his employer. A group of Yorkshire gentlemen sent Kent for a period of study in Rome, by 18 November he was in Florence, staying there until April 1710 before finally setting off for Rome. In 1713 he was awarded the medal in the second class for painting in the annual competition run by the Accademia di San Luca for his painting of A Miracle of S. Andrea Avellino. During his stay in Rome, he painted the ceiling of the church of San Giuliano dei Fiamminghi with the Apotheosis of St. Julian, the most significant meeting was between Kent and Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington. Kent started practising as a relatively late, in the 1730s. He is better remembered as an architect of the revived Palladian style in England, Burlington gave him the task of editing The Designs of Inigo Jones. With some additional designs in the Palladian/Jonesian taste by Burlington and Kent and these neo-antique buildings were inspired as much by the architecture of Raphael and Giulio Romano as by Palladio. Walpoles son Horace described Kent as below mediocrity as a painter, a restorer of science as an architect, a theatrically Baroque staircase and parade rooms in London, at 44 Berkeley Square, are also notable. Kents domed pavilions were erected at Badminton House and at Euston Hall, Kent could provide sympathetic Gothic designs, free of serious antiquarian tendencies, when the context called, he worked on the Gothic screens in Westminster Hall and Gloucester Cathedral. When Kent died, the work was completed by Stephen Wright, as a landscape designer, Kent was one of the originators of the English landscape garden, a style of natural gardening that revolutionised the laying out of gardens and estates. Smaller Kent works can be found at Shotover Park, Oxfordshire, including a faux Gothic eyecatcher and his all-but-lost gardens at Claremont, Surrey, have recently been restored. It is often said that he was not above planting dead trees to create the mood he required. Kents only real downfall was said to be his lack of knowledge and technical skill. Claremont, Stowe, and Rousham are places where their joint efforts can be viewed, Stowe and Rousham are Kents most famous works. At the latter, Kent elaborated on Bridgemans 1720s design for the property, adding walls, at Stowe, Kent used his Italian experience, particularly with the Palladian Bridge. At both sites Kent incorporated his naturalistic approach, the royal barge he designed for Frederick, Prince of Wales can still be seen at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich
20.
Rousham House
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Rousham House is a country house at Rousham in Oxfordshire, England. The house, which has been continuously in the ownership of one family, was built circa 1635, further alterations were carried out in the 19th century. The celebrated gardens are open to the every day, the house is open by appointment. In the 1630s Sir Robert Dormer bought the manor of Rousham and he immediately began construction of the present house but work was halted by the start of the English Civil War. The Dormers were a Royalist family and the house was attacked by Parliamentary soldiers who stripped the lead from the newly completed roofs, in 1649 the estate was inherited by Robert Dormers son, also Robert. He left the house much as his father had created it, however, he did more to restore the family fortunes by marrying twice, each time to an heiress. His second wife was the daughter of Sir Charles Cottrell, a courtier of Charles II. Colonel Robert Dormer-Cottrell, the grandson of the builder, inherited Rousham in 1719. Initially he employed Charles Bridgeman to lay out the gardens in the new, bridgemans layout of the garden was completed circa 1737. Rousham was then inherited by the Colonels brother, General James Dormer-Cottrell and he called in William Kent to further enhance and develop the garden that Bridgeman created. This Kent did with success over the next four years. In 1741 Sir Clement Cottrell-Dormer inherited the estate, the interiors were altered a century later but the hall, the principal room of the house, has survived alteration by successive generations unchanged, and remains as completed in the 17th century. The house contains collections of Jacobean and 18th-century furniture, paintings and statuary. The gardens, created by Bridgeman and then Kent, overlook a curve of the River Cherwell, Bridgeman had laid out the layout of the garden, with meandering walks through the woods, and pools of varying degrees of formality. Kents theme was to create and transform the landscape created by Bridgeman into an Augustan landscape to recall the glories. Thus the Roman Forum was to be recreated in the verdant English countryside, the garden is Daphne in little, Walpole told George Montagu, the sweetest little groves, streams, glades, porticoes, cascades, and river, imaginable, all the scenes are perfectly classic. A separate garden closer to the house evokes the spirit of the Tudor, one memorial in the church commemorates three sons of the family killed in combat in the First World War. The house and grounds have been used as filming locations for productions including ITVs Lewis, Rousham House is still the home of the Cottrell-Dormer family
21.
San Simeone Piccolo
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San Simeone Piccolo is a church in the sestiere of Santa Croce in Venice, northern Italy. From across the Grand Canal it faces the railroad terminal serving as entrypoint for most visitors to the city, built in 1718-38 by Giovanni Antonio Scalfarotto, the church shows the emerging eclecticism of Neoclassical architecture. It accumulates academic architectural quotations, much like the contemporaneous Karlskirche in Vienna, the centralized circular church design and the metal dome recalls Byzantine models and San Marco, though the numerous centrifugal chapels are characteristic of Post-Tridentine churches. This was one of the last churches built in Venice, in one of its poorer sestieri, the pediment of the entrance has a marble relief depicting The Martyrization of the Saints by Francesco Penso, known as il Cabianca. Saint Simon was apparently the cousin of Christ, martyred as a Jew by the Romans. The mass is celebrated according to the 1962 Roman Missal by the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter
22.
Grand Canal (Venice)
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The Grand Canal is a canal in Venice, Italy. It forms one of the major corridors in the city. Public transport is provided by buses and private water taxis. It is 3.8 km long, and 30 to 90 m wide, with an average depth of five meters. The banks of the Grand Canal are lined with more than 170 buildings, most of which date from the 13th to the 18th century, and demonstrate the welfare and art created by the Republic of Venice. The noble Venetian families faced huge expenses to show off their richness in suitable palazzos, this contest reveals the citizens’ pride and the deep bond with the lagoon. Amongst the many are the Palazzi Barbaro, Ca Rezzonico, Ca dOro, Palazzo Dario, Ca Foscari, Palazzo Barbarigo and to Palazzo Venier dei Leoni, the churches along the canal include the basilica of Santa Maria della Salute. Centuries-old traditions, such as the Historical Regatta, are perpetuated every year along the Canal, because most of the citys traffic goes along the Canal rather than across it, only one bridge crossed the canal until the 19th century, the Rialto Bridge. Most of the palaces emerge from water without pavement, consequently, one can only tour past the fronts of the buildings on the grand canal by boat. The Grand Canal probably follows the course of an ancient river flowing into the lagoon, adriatic Veneti groups already lived beside the formerly-named Rio Businiacus before the Roman age. They lived in houses and on fishing and commerce. Increasing trade followed the doge and found in the deep Grand Canal a safe, drainage reveals that the city became more compact over time, at that time the Canal was wider and flowed between small, tide-subjected islands connected by wooden bridges. Along the Canal, the number of houses increased, buildings combining the warehouse. A portico covers the bank and facilitates the ships unloading, from the portico a corridor flanked by storerooms reaches a posterior courtyard. Similarly, on the first floor a loggia as large as the portico illuminates the hall into which open the merchants rooms, the façade is thereby divided into an airy central part and two more solid sides. A low mezzanine with offices divides the two floors, the fondaco house often had lateral defensive towers, as in the Fondaco dei Turchi. More public buildings were built along the Canal at Rialto, palaces for commercial and financial Benches, in 1181 Nicolò Barattieri constructed a pontoon bridge connecting Rialto to Mercerie area, which was later replaced by a wooden bridge with shops on it. Warehouses for flour and salt were more peripheral, from the Byzantine empire, goods arrived together with sculptures, friezes, columns and capitals to decorate the fondaco houses of patrician families
23.
Giovanni Antonio Scalfarotto
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Giovanni Antonio Scalfarotto was an Italian architect from Venice. He is said to have taught architectural drawing to the engraver Giovanni Piranesi, like many eclectic architects of his time, it is difficult to pin down a specific style. He was likely limited in part because of the weight of tradition in many of his projects. For example, his designs for the façade of the chiesa of San Rocco, completed posthumously, looked peculiarly antique and he designed the present bell tower for the church of San Salvador and San Bartolomeo near the Rialto. He is best known for the designs of the church of San Simeone Piccolo across the Grand Canal from the railroad station. His nephew, Tommaso Temanza was also an architect in Venice
24.
Algeciras
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Algeciras is a port city in the south of Spain, and is the largest city on the Bay of Gibraltar. The Port of Algeciras is one of the largest ports in Europe and it is situated 20 km north-east of Tarifa on the Río de la Miel, which is the southernmost river of the Iberian peninsula and continental Europe. In 2015, it had a population of 118,920, the area of the city has been populated since prehistory, and the earliest remains belong to Neanderthal populations from the Paleolithic. Recently it has proposed that the site of Iulia Transducta was the Villa Vieja of Algeciras. After being destroyed by the Goths and their Vandal allies, the city was founded again in April 711 by the invading Moors, as the first city created by the Amazigh on the occupied Spanish soil. In the year 859 AD Viking troops on board 62 drekars and commanded by the leaders Hastein, after looting the houses of the rich, they burnt the Aljama mosque and the Banderas mosque. Reorganized near the medina, the managed to recover the city and make the invaders run away. It enjoyed a period of independence as a taifa state from 1035-1058. It was named al-Jazirah al-Khadra after the offshore Isla Verde, the name is derived from this original Arabic name. In 1278, Algeciras was besieged by the forces of the Kingdom of Castile under the command of Alfonso X of Castile and his son and this siege was the first of a series of attempts to take the city and ended in failure for the Castilian forces. An armada sent by Castile was also annihilated whilst trying to blockade the citys harbor, after many centuries of Muslim rule, the tide of the reconquista arrived at Algeciras. In July 1309 Ferdinand IV of Castile laid siege to Algeciras as well as Gibraltar, the latter fell into Christian hands, but Muslim Algeciras held on for the following three decades, until Alfonso XI of Castile resumed its siege. In March 1344, after years of siege, Algeciras surrendered. On winning the city, Alfonso XI made it the seat of a new diocese, established by Pope Clement VIs bull Gaudemus et exultamus of 30 April 1344, no longer a residential bishopric, Aliezira is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see. The city was retaken by the Moors in 1368 and it was destroyed on the orders of Muhammed V of Granada. The site was abandoned, but was refounded in 1704 by refugees from Gibraltar following the territorys capture by Anglo-Dutch forces in the War of the Spanish Succession. It was fortified to guard against British raids with installations such as the Fuerte de Isla Verde built to guard key points, the city was rebuilt on its present rectangular plan by Charles III of Spain in 1760. In July 1801, the French and Spanish navies fought the British Royal Navy offshore in the Battle of Algeciras, the city became the scene for settling a major international crisis as it hosted the Algeciras Conference in 1906
25.
Marx Memorial Library
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The Marx Memorial Library in London holds more than 43,000 books, pamphlets and newspapers on Marxism, Scientific Socialism and Working class history. It is a Grade II listed building, the Library also features the fresco The worker of the future upsetting the economic chaos of the present, painted by Jack Hastings in 1935 with the assistance of the American artist, Clifford Wight. The Library opened in 1933 at 37a Clerkenwell Green, formerly home to many radical organisations, the Library now also houses The Printers Collection consisting of the archives of the printing and papermaking unions of the UK and Ireland. The collection includes documents, magazines, photographs, badges. The archive was opened in March 2009 by Derek Simpson Joint General Secretary of Unite and Tony Burke, the building now occupied by the library was originally built in 1738 to house the Welsh Charity School. It was designed by James Steer, and the funded by subscriptions. The school moved out to a new home in Gray’s Inn Lane in 1772, the building subsequently became a public house, the Northumberland Arms, and was put to other commercial uses. The Press expanded to take over the building in 1908–9. It was during this period, in 1902–3, that the exiled V. I, lenin worked in the building, publishing seventeen issues of his newspaper Iskra from here. The office he allegedly used has been preserved as a memorial to him, in fact, following a further period of commercial use, the Marx Memorial Library occupied part of the building in 1933, eventually taking over the whole. The work was necessarily so drastic that the result is described as a modern quasifacsimile—of the original only the outer quoins can have survived. Betjeman, J. Briggs, Asa, Broadwood, Evelyn, Driberg, Tom, Hill, Christopher, Paget, Paul, Spear, Ruskin, et al
26.
Clerkenwell
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Clerkenwell is an area of central London in the London Borough of Islington. It was an ancient parish and from 1900 to 1965 formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury, the well after which it was named was rediscovered in 1924. The watchmaking and watch repairing trades were once of great importance, in the 1850s the south-western part of Clerkenwell was known as Londons Little Italy because around 2,000 Italians had settled in the area. There are officially over 200,000 Italians in London, the Italian Procession of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Sagra takes place each July in the streets surrounding the church. A small number of Italian businesses remain from the century including organ builders Chiappa Ltd. Many other Italian firms survive from the period but have relocated elsewhere, Clerkenwell took its name from the Clerks Well in Farringdon Lane. In the Middle Ages, the London Parish clerks performed annual mystery plays there, Part of the well remains visible, incorporated into a 1980s building called Well Court. It is visible through a window of that building on Farringdon Lane, access to the well is managed by Islington Local History Centre and visits can be arranged by appointment. The Monastic Order of the Knights Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem had its English headquarters at the Priory of Clerkenwell, St Johns Gate survives in the rebuilt form of the Priory Gate. Its gateway, erected in 1504 in St Johns Square, served various purposes after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, for example, it was the birthplace of the Gentlemans Magazine in 1731, and the scene of Dr Johnsons work in connection with that journal. In modern times the gatehouse again became associated with the order and was in the early 20th century the headquarters of the St John Ambulance Association, an Early English crypt remains beneath the chapel of the order, which was otherwise mostly rebuilt in the 1950s after wartime bombing. The notorious deception of the Cock Lane Ghost, in which Johnson took great interest, was perpetrated nearby, the Charterhouse, near the boundary with the City of London, was originally a Carthusian monastery. Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries the Charterhouse became a mansion and one owner, Thomas Sutton, subsequently left it with an endowment as a school. The almhouse remains but the relocated to Surrey and its part of the site is now a campus of Barts and The London School of Medicine. As it was a suburb beyond the confines of the London Wall, Clerkenwell was outside the jurisdiction of the somewhat puritanical City fathers, during the Elizabethan era Clerkenwell contained a notorious brothel quarter. In Shakespeares Henry IV, Part 2, Falstaff complains about Justice Shallow boasting of the wildness of his youth, the Clerkenwell Bridewell, a prison and correctional institute for prostitutes and vagrants, was known for savage punishment and endemic sexual corruption. In the 17th century South Clerkenwell became a place of residence. Oliver Cromwell owned a house on Clerkenwell Close, just off the Green, several aristocrats had houses there, most notably the Duke of Northumberland, as did people such as Erasmus Smith
27.
Ansbach Residence
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Residenz Ansbach, also known as Markgrafenschloß, is a palace in Ansbach, Germany. It was the government seat of the Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, today it is the administrative seat of the government of Middle Franconia. The Great Hall and the Orangerie in its garden serve as venues for the music festival Bachwoche Ansbach. The palace was developed from a medieval building, from 1398 to 1400 Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg, expanded a Stiftshof outside the city walls to a water castle. Structural remains are preserved in the northwest wing of the present building, george Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, ordered the Swabian architect Blasius Berwart to build a palace. It was erected in Renaissance style from 1565 to 1575, a large hall was built from 1565 to 1575, now called the Gothische Halle because of its rib vault. It now houses the largest collection of fayence and porcelain of the former Ansbacher Manufaktur, a century later, the major construction was done by Gabriel de Gabrieli, by Karl Friedrich von Zocha, and by Leopold Retti. Between 1705 and 1738 the building was changed to its present form, Gabriel de Gabrieli created before 1709 the southeast wing with the main facade in a style similar to Viennese Baroque. The interior dates from 1734 to 1745 under architect Leopoldo Retti, carlo Carlone created a fresco on the ceiling of the Festsaal. Meissen porcelain is shown in the Spiegelkabinett and it had a garden that was laid out in the 16th century and modified in the 18th century with an orangerie. The castle has richly furnished state rooms on the first floor, in 1791, Karl August von Hardenberg, Prussias representative in Ansbach, added board rooms and a library. Between 1962 and 1974, the last major renovations to the castle were completed, the Bavarian Administration of State-owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes is in charge of the buildings and the museum. A garden was first mentioned in the 16th century in the accounts of Leonhart Fuchs. Between 1723 and 1750, it was designed as a Baroque garden, severely damaged during World War II, it was reconstructed after the war, including an herb garden with many medicinal plants and a house to keep potted plants in winter. Chief architect Carl Friedrich von Zocha created an Orangerie as a center of the gardens. It was begun in 1726, but seems to have been incomplete when Frederick the Great visited in September 1743, on 14 December 1833 Kaspar Hauser suffered a fatal stab wound in the backyard garden. At the site a small gothic pillar is engraved HIC OCCULTUS OCCULTO OCCISUS EST, not far away, in 1825 a monument to the poet Johann Peter Uz was Ansbach built with a bronze bust by Carl Alexander Heideloff. The inscription on the pedestal reads, THE WISE, THE POET
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Matvey Kazakov
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Matvey Fyodorovich Kazakov was a Russian Neoclassical architect. Most of his works were destroyed by the Fire of 1812 and his father was a government clerk and a former serf who earned his freedom by serving in the Navy. When Kazakov was twelve years old, he joined the school of Dmitry Ukhtomsky. After a devastating fire in Tver in 1761, Kazakov was assigned to rebuild Tver as an architect under P. R. Nikitin. The Travel, or Transit, Palace was completed by Kazakov in 1767, in 1768, Kazakov joined Vasili Bazhenov’s Great Kremlin Palace project. Both architects were the same age—30 years old—but had very different educations, Bazhenov received a formal European education, while Kazakov learned his trade repairing Kremlin relics and never traveled far from Moscow. His enormous utopian project dragged slowly until its dissolution in 1774, by this time, Kazakov was already working on private orders, architects were in high demand after a 1773 fire razed the wealthy Tverskaya Street. Kazakov stepped out of Bazhenov’s shadow, receiving his first personal royal commission to design a temporary Prechistenka palace for Catherine II and this job brought him a Crown Architect’s license and a steady flow of private orders. In 1775, Kazakov and Bazhenov worked together again on temporary royal pavilions for the celebration of peace with Turkey and these Gothic structures inspired Catherine II to award the architects two independent commissions in Gothic style—Tsaritsyno Palace to Bazhenov and Petrovsky Palace to Kazakov. Numerous private houses built by Kazakov shaped the city before 1812 and these were very simple classicist structures consisting of a symmetrical rectangular core with portico and very modest exterior decoration. Kazakovs Moscow disappeared in the fire of 1812, the few surviving houses were later altered, rebuilt, Kazakovs legacy remains in public buildings, country palaces and churches. Kazakovs major works, unlike Bazhenovs and the houses of his own design, are almost invariably centered on Kazakovs trademark rotunda halls. Petrovsky Palace or Petroff Palace was begun in 1776 and officially completed November 3,1780 and this palace was intended to be the last overnight station of royal journeys from St. Petersburg to Moscow. Catherine visited once, in 1785, Paul I abandoned it, Napoleon lived in it, and watched the city in flames, the palace was restored in the 1830s and again in 1874 with minor alterations. The red-brick castle with white detail originally had two royal apartments on the first floor and plenty of space on the ground floor. They all converge on a central rotunda hall, the building remained a royal hotel until 1918, but also housed a variety of non-royal residents, Lermontov used to stay in the castle at his friends apartment. Starting in 1920, the palace housed Zhukovsky Air Force Academy, as of today, the palace is closed, expecting a massive reconstruction or restoration. City Hall plans to convert it either to a luxury hotel or another Presidents lodge
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1812 in architecture
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The year 1812 in architecture involved some significant events. July 6 - The Laigh Milton Viaduct, built to carry the Kilmarnock, october 10 - The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, in London, designed by Benjamin Dean Wyatt, the fourth theatre on the site, hosts its first production. The original Breidenbacher Hof hotel in Düsseldorf, Germany, opens to the public, the Egyptian Hall in Piccadilly, London, designed by P. F. Robinson, is completed. St. Johns Cathedral is completed, the first church to be built in the colony of British Honduras, the Flag Tower of Hanoi is completed. Temple of Diana, Valtice, Moravia, designed by Joseph Hardtmuth, is built, the Mahmoudiya Mosque in Jaffa, modern-day Israel, is completed. Castle Cottage, Newport-on-Tay, Scotland, is built, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Tilman-François Suys. William Adams Vitruvius Scoticus is published posthumously by his grandson William Adam of Blair Adam in Edinburgh, - Eduard van der Nüll, Viennese architect November 7 - Matvey Kazakov, Russian neoclassical architect date unknown - Cosimo Morelli, Italian neoclassical architect
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1817 in architecture
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The year 1817 in architecture involved some significant events. Dulwich Picture Gallery in London, designed by John Soane as the first purpose-built public art gallery, is completed and opened, the Second Bank of the United States, in Philadelphia, designed by William Strickland, starts to operate. In Nassau, Bahamas, the lighthouse on Hog Island is built, church of St. James the Great, Sedgley, in the Black Country of England, designed by Thomas Lee, is completed although not opened until 1823. Thomas Rickman - An Attempt to discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Antoine Garnaud
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Francesco Galli Bibiena
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Francesco Galli, called Francesco da Bibiena, a member of the theatrical Galli de Bibiena family and younger brother of Ferdinando Galli, was born at Bologna in 1659. He first studied under Lorenzo Pasinelli, but he was instructed in the school of Carlo Cignani. His knowledge of architecture and perspective was considerable, but he excelled in figures, Francesco worked at Piacenza, Parma, and Rome, and then became ducal architect at Mantua. After a stay in Genoa and Naples he was called to Vienna and he worked successively for the Emperors Leopold I and Joseph I, and was invited to Madrid by Philip V, who appointed him his principal architect. Francesco was known for his achievements in scenic design. He was the first member of the Bibiena family to build theatres as well as to design sets, in 1700 he completely renovated the theatre in Hofburg, Vienna, for Emperor Leopold I. The large theatre was known as the Große Komödiensaal, which became the Court Theater. The opera house, however, burned down in 1747, the Hoftheaters architecture greatly influenced theatre design in Germany and Austria throughout the first half of the eighteenth century. After a short stay in Italy and in Lorraine, he was invited by Emperor Joseph I, back to the Hofburg, to work as the First Theatrical Engineer and as a scene-painter/decorator from 1709-1712. He was also the architect of the theatre at Nancy, France, of the Teatro Filarmonico at Verona, which some called the finest theatre in Italy. In 1726, Francesco returned to Bologna, where he directed the Clementine Academy, although his father, Giovanni Galli da Bibiena, had a distinguished career, it was Francesco and his older brother Ferdinando that established the familys artistic reputation and its fortune
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1650s in architecture
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1650 - The Marian column in Prague is erected. 1651 - Collegiate Church of Saint Magdalena and Saint Stanisław in Poznań is started,1652 - Church of the Resurrection, Kostroma. 1653 The Taj Mahal mausoleum at Agra in India is completed, the Radziwiłł Palace, Vilnius, is completed. 1656 The Jama Masjid, Delhi, is completed, the colonnade of St. Peters Basilica in Rome is started by Gian Lorenzo Bernini. 1658 - Terraced houses at 52-55 Newington Green in London, perhaps by Thomas Pidcock, are completed,1659 Ca Pesaro on the Grand Canal is started by Baldassarre Longhena. Tomb of Nadira Begum in Lahore is started
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Protestantism
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Protestantism is a form of Christianity which originated with the Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy. The term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although there were earlier breaks from or attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church—notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Protestants reject the notion of papal supremacy and deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The Five solae summarize the reformers basic differences in theological beliefs, in the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Baltic states, and Iceland. Reformed churches were founded in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, the political separation of the Church of England from Rome under King Henry VIII brought England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement. Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, some Protestant denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership, while others are confined to a single country. A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of families, Adventism, Anglicanism, Baptist churches, Reformed churches, Lutheranism, Methodism. Nondenominational, evangelical, charismatic, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity. Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities, the edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier. During the Reformation, the term was used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical, which refers to the gospel, was more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations in the Lutheran and Calvinist traditions in Europe, above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the German-speaking area, such as the EKD. In continental Europe, an Evangelical is either a Lutheran or a Calvinist, the German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and it traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. Protestantism as a term is now used in contradistinction to the other major Christian traditions, i. e. Roman Catholicism. Initially, Protestant became a term to mean any adherent to the Reformation movement in Germany and was taken up by Lutherans. Even though Martin Luther himself insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ, French and Swiss Protestants preferred the word reformed, which became a popular, neutral and alternative name for Calvinists
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Church (building)
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A church building, often simply called a church, is a building used for Christian religious activities, particularly worship services. The term in its sense is most often used by Christians to refer to their religious buildings. In traditional Christian architecture, the church is arranged in the shape of a Christian cross. When viewed from plan view the longest part of a cross is represented by the aisle, towers or domes are often added with the intention of directing the eye of the viewer towards the heavens and inspiring church visitors. The earliest identified Christian church was a church founded between 233 and 256. During the 11th through 14th centuries, a wave of building of cathedrals, a cathedral is a church, usually Roman Catholic, Anglican, Oriental Orthodox or Eastern Orthodox, housing the seat of a bishop. In standard Greek usage, the word ecclesia was retained to signify both a specific edifice of Christian worship, and the overall community of the faithful. This usage was retained in Latin and the languages derived from Latin, as well as in the Celtic languages. In the Germanic and some Slavic languages, the word kyriak-ós/-ē/-ón was adopted instead, in Old English the sequence of derivation started as cirice, then churche, and eventually church in its current pronunciation. German Kirche, Scottish kirk, Russian церковь, etc. are all similarly derived, according to the New Testament, the earliest Christians did not build church buildings. Instead, they gathered in homes or in Jewish worship places like the Second Temple or synagogues, the earliest archeologically identified Christian church is a house church, the Dura-Europos church, founded between 233 and 256. During the 11th through 14th centuries, a wave of building of cathedrals, in addition to being a place of worship, the cathedral or parish church was used by the community in other ways. It could serve as a place for guilds or a hall for banquets. Mystery plays were performed in cathedrals, and cathedrals might also be used for fairs. The church could be used as a place to thresh and store grain, a common architecture for churches is the shape of a cross. These churches also often have a dome or other large vaulted space in the interior to represent or draw attention to the heavens. Other common shapes for churches include a circle, to represent eternity, or an octagon or similar star shape, another common feature is the spire, a tall tower on the west end of the church or over the crossing. The Latin word basilica was used to describe a Roman public building
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1660s in architecture
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1660 - Completion of Moti Masjid in the Red Fort of Delhi. Tilya-Kori Madrasah in the Registan of Samarkand,1661 - Work begins on Versailles, near Paris. 1662 King Charles Court of the Greenwich Hospital in London, designed by John Webb, coleshill House in the Vale of White Horse, England, designed by Roger Pratt, completed. 1663-1665 - Kingston Lacy in Dorset and Horseheath Hall in Cambridgeshire, 1664-1667 - Clarendon House in London, designed by Roger Pratt, built. 1665 September 21 - New chapel at Pembroke College, Cambridge, England, chapel of Brasenose College, Oxford is consecrated. SantAndrea al Quirinale in Rome, designed by Bernini, is completed,1667 January 27 - The Opernhaus am Taschenberg in Dresden, designed by Wolf Caspar von Klengel, is opened. Saint Peters Square in the Vatican City, designed by Bernini, is completed,1669 July 9 - Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford, England, designed by Christopher Wren for University ceremonial, is inaugurated. September 28 - Second Royal Exchange, London, designed by Edward Jarman, is opened for business,1666, September 2–5 - The Great Fire of London destroys most of the city including Old St Pauls Cathedral. 1668 - Roger Pratt becomes the first person knighted for services to architecture,1669 - Christopher Wren appointed Surveyor of the Kings Works in England
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