1.
William Kent
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William Kent was an eminent English architect, landscape architect and furniture designer of the early 18th century. As a landscape gardener he revolutionised the layout of estates, but had limited knowledge of horticulture and he complemented his houses and gardens with stately furniture for major buildings including Hampton Court Palace, Chiswick House, Devonshire House and Rousham. Kent was born in Bridlington, Yorkshire, and baptised, on 1 January 1686, Kents career began as a sign and coach painter who was encouraged to study art, design and architecture by his employer. A group of Yorkshire gentlemen sent Kent for a period of study in Rome, by 18 November he was in Florence, staying there until April 1710 before finally setting off for Rome. In 1713 he was awarded the medal in the second class for painting in the annual competition run by the Accademia di San Luca for his painting of A Miracle of S. Andrea Avellino. During his stay in Rome, he painted the ceiling of the church of San Giuliano dei Fiamminghi with the Apotheosis of St. Julian, the most significant meeting was between Kent and Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington. Kent started practising as a relatively late, in the 1730s. He is better remembered as an architect of the revived Palladian style in England, Burlington gave him the task of editing The Designs of Inigo Jones. With some additional designs in the Palladian/Jonesian taste by Burlington and Kent and these neo-antique buildings were inspired as much by the architecture of Raphael and Giulio Romano as by Palladio. Walpoles son Horace described Kent as below mediocrity as a painter, a restorer of science as an architect, a theatrically Baroque staircase and parade rooms in London, at 44 Berkeley Square, are also notable. Kents domed pavilions were erected at Badminton House and at Euston Hall, Kent could provide sympathetic Gothic designs, free of serious antiquarian tendencies, when the context called, he worked on the Gothic screens in Westminster Hall and Gloucester Cathedral. When Kent died, the work was completed by Stephen Wright, as a landscape designer, Kent was one of the originators of the English landscape garden, a style of natural gardening that revolutionised the laying out of gardens and estates. Smaller Kent works can be found at Shotover Park, Oxfordshire, including a faux Gothic eyecatcher and his all-but-lost gardens at Claremont, Surrey, have recently been restored. It is often said that he was not above planting dead trees to create the mood he required. Kents only real downfall was said to be his lack of knowledge and technical skill. Claremont, Stowe, and Rousham are places where their joint efforts can be viewed, Stowe and Rousham are Kents most famous works. At the latter, Kent elaborated on Bridgemans 1720s design for the property, adding walls, at Stowe, Kent used his Italian experience, particularly with the Palladian Bridge. At both sites Kent incorporated his naturalistic approach, the royal barge he designed for Frederick, Prince of Wales can still be seen at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich
2.
Rousham House
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Rousham House is a country house at Rousham in Oxfordshire, England. The house, which has been continuously in the ownership of one family, was built circa 1635, further alterations were carried out in the 19th century. The celebrated gardens are open to the every day, the house is open by appointment. In the 1630s Sir Robert Dormer bought the manor of Rousham and he immediately began construction of the present house but work was halted by the start of the English Civil War. The Dormers were a Royalist family and the house was attacked by Parliamentary soldiers who stripped the lead from the newly completed roofs, in 1649 the estate was inherited by Robert Dormers son, also Robert. He left the house much as his father had created it, however, he did more to restore the family fortunes by marrying twice, each time to an heiress. His second wife was the daughter of Sir Charles Cottrell, a courtier of Charles II. Colonel Robert Dormer-Cottrell, the grandson of the builder, inherited Rousham in 1719. Initially he employed Charles Bridgeman to lay out the gardens in the new, bridgemans layout of the garden was completed circa 1737. Rousham was then inherited by the Colonels brother, General James Dormer-Cottrell and he called in William Kent to further enhance and develop the garden that Bridgeman created. This Kent did with success over the next four years. In 1741 Sir Clement Cottrell-Dormer inherited the estate, the interiors were altered a century later but the hall, the principal room of the house, has survived alteration by successive generations unchanged, and remains as completed in the 17th century. The house contains collections of Jacobean and 18th-century furniture, paintings and statuary. The gardens, created by Bridgeman and then Kent, overlook a curve of the River Cherwell, Bridgeman had laid out the layout of the garden, with meandering walks through the woods, and pools of varying degrees of formality. Kents theme was to create and transform the landscape created by Bridgeman into an Augustan landscape to recall the glories. Thus the Roman Forum was to be recreated in the verdant English countryside, the garden is Daphne in little, Walpole told George Montagu, the sweetest little groves, streams, glades, porticoes, cascades, and river, imaginable, all the scenes are perfectly classic. A separate garden closer to the house evokes the spirit of the Tudor, one memorial in the church commemorates three sons of the family killed in combat in the First World War. The house and grounds have been used as filming locations for productions including ITVs Lewis, Rousham House is still the home of the Cottrell-Dormer family
3.
Grand Canal (Venice)
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The Grand Canal is a canal in Venice, Italy. It forms one of the major corridors in the city. Public transport is provided by buses and private water taxis. It is 3.8 km long, and 30 to 90 m wide, with an average depth of five meters. The banks of the Grand Canal are lined with more than 170 buildings, most of which date from the 13th to the 18th century, and demonstrate the welfare and art created by the Republic of Venice. The noble Venetian families faced huge expenses to show off their richness in suitable palazzos, this contest reveals the citizens’ pride and the deep bond with the lagoon. Amongst the many are the Palazzi Barbaro, Ca Rezzonico, Ca dOro, Palazzo Dario, Ca Foscari, Palazzo Barbarigo and to Palazzo Venier dei Leoni, the churches along the canal include the basilica of Santa Maria della Salute. Centuries-old traditions, such as the Historical Regatta, are perpetuated every year along the Canal, because most of the citys traffic goes along the Canal rather than across it, only one bridge crossed the canal until the 19th century, the Rialto Bridge. Most of the palaces emerge from water without pavement, consequently, one can only tour past the fronts of the buildings on the grand canal by boat. The Grand Canal probably follows the course of an ancient river flowing into the lagoon, adriatic Veneti groups already lived beside the formerly-named Rio Businiacus before the Roman age. They lived in houses and on fishing and commerce. Increasing trade followed the doge and found in the deep Grand Canal a safe, drainage reveals that the city became more compact over time, at that time the Canal was wider and flowed between small, tide-subjected islands connected by wooden bridges. Along the Canal, the number of houses increased, buildings combining the warehouse. A portico covers the bank and facilitates the ships unloading, from the portico a corridor flanked by storerooms reaches a posterior courtyard. Similarly, on the first floor a loggia as large as the portico illuminates the hall into which open the merchants rooms, the façade is thereby divided into an airy central part and two more solid sides. A low mezzanine with offices divides the two floors, the fondaco house often had lateral defensive towers, as in the Fondaco dei Turchi. More public buildings were built along the Canal at Rialto, palaces for commercial and financial Benches, in 1181 Nicolò Barattieri constructed a pontoon bridge connecting Rialto to Mercerie area, which was later replaced by a wooden bridge with shops on it. Warehouses for flour and salt were more peripheral, from the Byzantine empire, goods arrived together with sculptures, friezes, columns and capitals to decorate the fondaco houses of patrician families
4.
Algeciras
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Algeciras is a port city in the south of Spain, and is the largest city on the Bay of Gibraltar. The Port of Algeciras is one of the largest ports in Europe and it is situated 20 km north-east of Tarifa on the Río de la Miel, which is the southernmost river of the Iberian peninsula and continental Europe. In 2015, it had a population of 118,920, the area of the city has been populated since prehistory, and the earliest remains belong to Neanderthal populations from the Paleolithic. Recently it has proposed that the site of Iulia Transducta was the Villa Vieja of Algeciras. After being destroyed by the Goths and their Vandal allies, the city was founded again in April 711 by the invading Moors, as the first city created by the Amazigh on the occupied Spanish soil. In the year 859 AD Viking troops on board 62 drekars and commanded by the leaders Hastein, after looting the houses of the rich, they burnt the Aljama mosque and the Banderas mosque. Reorganized near the medina, the managed to recover the city and make the invaders run away. It enjoyed a period of independence as a taifa state from 1035-1058. It was named al-Jazirah al-Khadra after the offshore Isla Verde, the name is derived from this original Arabic name. In 1278, Algeciras was besieged by the forces of the Kingdom of Castile under the command of Alfonso X of Castile and his son and this siege was the first of a series of attempts to take the city and ended in failure for the Castilian forces. An armada sent by Castile was also annihilated whilst trying to blockade the citys harbor, after many centuries of Muslim rule, the tide of the reconquista arrived at Algeciras. In July 1309 Ferdinand IV of Castile laid siege to Algeciras as well as Gibraltar, the latter fell into Christian hands, but Muslim Algeciras held on for the following three decades, until Alfonso XI of Castile resumed its siege. In March 1344, after years of siege, Algeciras surrendered. On winning the city, Alfonso XI made it the seat of a new diocese, established by Pope Clement VIs bull Gaudemus et exultamus of 30 April 1344, no longer a residential bishopric, Aliezira is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see. The city was retaken by the Moors in 1368 and it was destroyed on the orders of Muhammed V of Granada. The site was abandoned, but was refounded in 1704 by refugees from Gibraltar following the territorys capture by Anglo-Dutch forces in the War of the Spanish Succession. It was fortified to guard against British raids with installations such as the Fuerte de Isla Verde built to guard key points, the city was rebuilt on its present rectangular plan by Charles III of Spain in 1760. In July 1801, the French and Spanish navies fought the British Royal Navy offshore in the Battle of Algeciras, the city became the scene for settling a major international crisis as it hosted the Algeciras Conference in 1906
5.
Clerkenwell
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Clerkenwell is an area of central London in the London Borough of Islington. It was an ancient parish and from 1900 to 1965 formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury, the well after which it was named was rediscovered in 1924. The watchmaking and watch repairing trades were once of great importance, in the 1850s the south-western part of Clerkenwell was known as Londons Little Italy because around 2,000 Italians had settled in the area. There are officially over 200,000 Italians in London, the Italian Procession of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Sagra takes place each July in the streets surrounding the church. A small number of Italian businesses remain from the century including organ builders Chiappa Ltd. Many other Italian firms survive from the period but have relocated elsewhere, Clerkenwell took its name from the Clerks Well in Farringdon Lane. In the Middle Ages, the London Parish clerks performed annual mystery plays there, Part of the well remains visible, incorporated into a 1980s building called Well Court. It is visible through a window of that building on Farringdon Lane, access to the well is managed by Islington Local History Centre and visits can be arranged by appointment. The Monastic Order of the Knights Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem had its English headquarters at the Priory of Clerkenwell, St Johns Gate survives in the rebuilt form of the Priory Gate. Its gateway, erected in 1504 in St Johns Square, served various purposes after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, for example, it was the birthplace of the Gentlemans Magazine in 1731, and the scene of Dr Johnsons work in connection with that journal. In modern times the gatehouse again became associated with the order and was in the early 20th century the headquarters of the St John Ambulance Association, an Early English crypt remains beneath the chapel of the order, which was otherwise mostly rebuilt in the 1950s after wartime bombing. The notorious deception of the Cock Lane Ghost, in which Johnson took great interest, was perpetrated nearby, the Charterhouse, near the boundary with the City of London, was originally a Carthusian monastery. Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries the Charterhouse became a mansion and one owner, Thomas Sutton, subsequently left it with an endowment as a school. The almhouse remains but the relocated to Surrey and its part of the site is now a campus of Barts and The London School of Medicine. As it was a suburb beyond the confines of the London Wall, Clerkenwell was outside the jurisdiction of the somewhat puritanical City fathers, during the Elizabethan era Clerkenwell contained a notorious brothel quarter. In Shakespeares Henry IV, Part 2, Falstaff complains about Justice Shallow boasting of the wildness of his youth, the Clerkenwell Bridewell, a prison and correctional institute for prostitutes and vagrants, was known for savage punishment and endemic sexual corruption. In the 17th century South Clerkenwell became a place of residence. Oliver Cromwell owned a house on Clerkenwell Close, just off the Green, several aristocrats had houses there, most notably the Duke of Northumberland, as did people such as Erasmus Smith
6.
Ansbach Residence
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Residenz Ansbach, also known as Markgrafenschloß, is a palace in Ansbach, Germany. It was the government seat of the Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, today it is the administrative seat of the government of Middle Franconia. The Great Hall and the Orangerie in its garden serve as venues for the music festival Bachwoche Ansbach. The palace was developed from a medieval building, from 1398 to 1400 Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg, expanded a Stiftshof outside the city walls to a water castle. Structural remains are preserved in the northwest wing of the present building, george Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, ordered the Swabian architect Blasius Berwart to build a palace. It was erected in Renaissance style from 1565 to 1575, a large hall was built from 1565 to 1575, now called the Gothische Halle because of its rib vault. It now houses the largest collection of fayence and porcelain of the former Ansbacher Manufaktur, a century later, the major construction was done by Gabriel de Gabrieli, by Karl Friedrich von Zocha, and by Leopold Retti. Between 1705 and 1738 the building was changed to its present form, Gabriel de Gabrieli created before 1709 the southeast wing with the main facade in a style similar to Viennese Baroque. The interior dates from 1734 to 1745 under architect Leopoldo Retti, carlo Carlone created a fresco on the ceiling of the Festsaal. Meissen porcelain is shown in the Spiegelkabinett and it had a garden that was laid out in the 16th century and modified in the 18th century with an orangerie. The castle has richly furnished state rooms on the first floor, in 1791, Karl August von Hardenberg, Prussias representative in Ansbach, added board rooms and a library. Between 1962 and 1974, the last major renovations to the castle were completed, the Bavarian Administration of State-owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes is in charge of the buildings and the museum. A garden was first mentioned in the 16th century in the accounts of Leonhart Fuchs. Between 1723 and 1750, it was designed as a Baroque garden, severely damaged during World War II, it was reconstructed after the war, including an herb garden with many medicinal plants and a house to keep potted plants in winter. Chief architect Carl Friedrich von Zocha created an Orangerie as a center of the gardens. It was begun in 1726, but seems to have been incomplete when Frederick the Great visited in September 1743, on 14 December 1833 Kaspar Hauser suffered a fatal stab wound in the backyard garden. At the site a small gothic pillar is engraved HIC OCCULTUS OCCULTO OCCISUS EST, not far away, in 1825 a monument to the poet Johann Peter Uz was Ansbach built with a bronze bust by Carl Alexander Heideloff. The inscription on the pedestal reads, THE WISE, THE POET
7.
Matvey Kazakov
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Matvey Fyodorovich Kazakov was a Russian Neoclassical architect. Most of his works were destroyed by the Fire of 1812 and his father was a government clerk and a former serf who earned his freedom by serving in the Navy. When Kazakov was twelve years old, he joined the school of Dmitry Ukhtomsky. After a devastating fire in Tver in 1761, Kazakov was assigned to rebuild Tver as an architect under P. R. Nikitin. The Travel, or Transit, Palace was completed by Kazakov in 1767, in 1768, Kazakov joined Vasili Bazhenov’s Great Kremlin Palace project. Both architects were the same age—30 years old—but had very different educations, Bazhenov received a formal European education, while Kazakov learned his trade repairing Kremlin relics and never traveled far from Moscow. His enormous utopian project dragged slowly until its dissolution in 1774, by this time, Kazakov was already working on private orders, architects were in high demand after a 1773 fire razed the wealthy Tverskaya Street. Kazakov stepped out of Bazhenov’s shadow, receiving his first personal royal commission to design a temporary Prechistenka palace for Catherine II and this job brought him a Crown Architect’s license and a steady flow of private orders. In 1775, Kazakov and Bazhenov worked together again on temporary royal pavilions for the celebration of peace with Turkey and these Gothic structures inspired Catherine II to award the architects two independent commissions in Gothic style—Tsaritsyno Palace to Bazhenov and Petrovsky Palace to Kazakov. Numerous private houses built by Kazakov shaped the city before 1812 and these were very simple classicist structures consisting of a symmetrical rectangular core with portico and very modest exterior decoration. Kazakovs Moscow disappeared in the fire of 1812, the few surviving houses were later altered, rebuilt, Kazakovs legacy remains in public buildings, country palaces and churches. Kazakovs major works, unlike Bazhenovs and the houses of his own design, are almost invariably centered on Kazakovs trademark rotunda halls. Petrovsky Palace or Petroff Palace was begun in 1776 and officially completed November 3,1780 and this palace was intended to be the last overnight station of royal journeys from St. Petersburg to Moscow. Catherine visited once, in 1785, Paul I abandoned it, Napoleon lived in it, and watched the city in flames, the palace was restored in the 1830s and again in 1874 with minor alterations. The red-brick castle with white detail originally had two royal apartments on the first floor and plenty of space on the ground floor. They all converge on a central rotunda hall, the building remained a royal hotel until 1918, but also housed a variety of non-royal residents, Lermontov used to stay in the castle at his friends apartment. Starting in 1920, the palace housed Zhukovsky Air Force Academy, as of today, the palace is closed, expecting a massive reconstruction or restoration. City Hall plans to convert it either to a luxury hotel or another Presidents lodge
8.
Protestantism
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Protestantism is a form of Christianity which originated with the Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy. The term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although there were earlier breaks from or attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church—notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Protestants reject the notion of papal supremacy and deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The Five solae summarize the reformers basic differences in theological beliefs, in the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Baltic states, and Iceland. Reformed churches were founded in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, the political separation of the Church of England from Rome under King Henry VIII brought England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement. Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, some Protestant denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership, while others are confined to a single country. A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of families, Adventism, Anglicanism, Baptist churches, Reformed churches, Lutheranism, Methodism. Nondenominational, evangelical, charismatic, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity. Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities, the edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier. During the Reformation, the term was used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical, which refers to the gospel, was more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations in the Lutheran and Calvinist traditions in Europe, above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the German-speaking area, such as the EKD. In continental Europe, an Evangelical is either a Lutheran or a Calvinist, the German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and it traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. Protestantism as a term is now used in contradistinction to the other major Christian traditions, i. e. Roman Catholicism. Initially, Protestant became a term to mean any adherent to the Reformation movement in Germany and was taken up by Lutherans. Even though Martin Luther himself insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ, French and Swiss Protestants preferred the word reformed, which became a popular, neutral and alternative name for Calvinists
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