1.
2nd millennium
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The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium
2.
17th century
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The 17th century was the century that lasted from January 1,1601, to December 31,1700, in the Gregorian calendar. The greatest military conflicts were the Thirty Years War, the Great Turkish War, in the Islamic world, the Ottoman, Safavid Persian and Mughal empires grew in strength. In Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Edo period at the beginning of the century, European politics were dominated by the Kingdom of France of Louis XIV, where royal power was solidified domestically in the civil war of the Fronde. With domestic peace assured, Louis XIV caused the borders of France to be expanded and it was during this century that English monarch became a symbolic figurehead and Parliament was the dominant force in government – a contrast to most of Europe, in particular France. It was also a period of development of culture in general,1600, On February 17 Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake by the Inquisition. 1600, Michael the Brave unifies the three Romanian countries, Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania after the Battle of Șelimbăr from 1599. 1601, Battle of Kinsale, England defeats Irish and Spanish forces at the town of Kinsale, driving the Gaelic aristocracy out of Ireland and destroying the Gaelic clan system. 1601, Michael the Brave, voivode of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, is assassinated by the order of the Habsburg general Giorgio Basta at Câmpia Turzii, 1601–1603, The Russian famine of 1601–1603 kills perhaps one-third of Russia. 1601, Panembahan Senopati, first king of Mataram, dies and passes rule to his son Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak 1601,1602, Matteo Ricci produces the Map of the Myriad Countries of the World, a world map that will be used throughout East Asia for centuries. 1602, The Portuguese send an expeditionary force from Malacca which succeeded in reimposing a degree of Portuguese control. 1602, The Dutch East India Company is established by merging competing Dutch trading companies and its success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age. 1602, Two emissaries from the Aceh Sultanate visit the Dutch Republic,1603, Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England. 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu takes the title of Shogun, establishing the Tokugawa Shogunate and this begins the Edo period, which will last until 1869. 1603–1623, After modernizing his army, Abbas I expands the Persian Empire by capturing territory from the Ottomans,1603, First permanent Dutch trading post is established in Banten, West Java. First successful VOC privateering raid on a Portuguese ship,1604, A second English East India Company voyage commanded by Sir Henry Middleton reaches Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda. 1605, Gunpowder Plot failed in England,1605, The fortresses of Veszprém and Visegrad are retaken by the Ottomans. 1605, February, The VOC in alliance with Hitu prepare to attack a Portuguese fort in Ambon,1605, Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak of Mataram establishes control over Demak, former center of the Demak Sultanate. 1606, Treaty of Vienna ends anti-Habsburg uprising in Royal Hungary,1606, Assassination of Stephen Bocskay of Transylvania
3.
18th century
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The 18th century lasted from January 1,1701 to December 31,1800 in the Gregorian calendar. During the 18th century, the Enlightenment culminated in the French, philosophy and science increased in prominence. Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age and this dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789-, though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror under Maximilien Robespierre. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power, the Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768. The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state, the once-powerful and vast kingdom, which had once conquered Moscow and defeated great Ottoman armies, collapsed under numerous invasions. European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as the Age of Sail continued. Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in North America in the 1760s, however, Britain lost many of its North American colonies after the American Revolution, which resulted in the formation of the newly independent United States of America. The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 1770s with the production of the steam engine. Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century, steam-powered machinery would radically change human society, western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, 1700-1721, Great Northern War between Tsarist Russia and the Swedish Empire. 1701, Kingdom of Prussia declared under King Frederick I,1701, Ashanti Empire is formed under Osei Kofi Tutu I. 1701–1714, The War of the Spanish Succession is fought, involving most of continental Europe, 1701–1702, The Daily Courant and The Norwich Post become the first daily newspapers in England. 1702, Forty-seven Ronin attack Kira Yoshinaka and then commit seppuku in Japan,1703, Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great, it is the Russian capital until 1918. 1703–1711, The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburg Monarchy,1704, End of Japans Genroku period. 1704, First Javanese War of Succession,1705, George Frideric Handels first opera, Almira, premieres. 1706, War of the Spanish Succession, French troops defeated at the Battles of Ramilies,1706, The first English-language edition of the Arabian Nights is published. 1707, The Act of Union is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments,1707, After Aurangzebs death, the Mughal Empire enters a long decline and the Maratha Empire slowly replaces it. 1707, Mount Fuji erupts in Japan for the first time since 1700,1707, War of 27 Years between the Marathas and Mughals ends in India
4.
19th century
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The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the worlds land, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, europes population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century, London became the worlds largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later, liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world, following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UKs Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the slave trade. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, americas 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia, in the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States of America. The 19th century also saw the creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain. Also, ladywear was a sensitive topic during this time. 1801, Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab,1801, Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801, Cairo falls to the British,1801, Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1802, Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time,1803, William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat. 1803, The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out Frances territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U. S. s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain,1803, The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina
5.
1720s
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February 11 – Sweden and Prussia sign the Treaty of Stockholm. February 17 – Treaty of The Hague signed between Spain, Britain, France, Austria and the Dutch Republic, ending the War of the Quadruple Alliance, february 29 – Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden resigns to let her husband Frederick I take over as king of Sweden. She had desired a joint rule, in a manner to William and Mary in Britain. March 24 – The Riksdag of the Estates elects Frederick I new King of Sweden, April – South Sea Bubble in England, A scheme for the South Sea Company to take over most of the unconsolidated national debt of Britain massively inflated share prices. July 12 – The Lords Justice in Great Britain attempt to curb some of the excesses of the markets during the South Sea Bubble. September – South Sea Bubble, The English stock market crashes with dropping prices for stock in the South Sea Company, november 16 – Pirate Calico Jack Rackham is brought to trial at Spanish Town in Jamaica, he is hanged at Port Royal two days later. Tuscarora people leave North Carolina as a result of European colonization, the Town on Queen Annes Creek, North Carolina is renamed Edenton in honor of North Carolina Governor Charles Eden, it is incorporated in 1722. Introduction of the Guild Regulation of 1720 in Sweden, the Kangxi Emperor announces that all western businessmen in China can trade only in Guangzhou. Edmond Halley is appointed as Astronomer Royal for England, the Academia Real da Historia is founded in Lisbon, Portugal. Il teatro alla moda, a pamphlet by Benedetto Marcello, is published anonymously in Venice. The first yacht club in the world, the Royal Cork Yacht Club, is founded in Ireland, january 6 – The Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble in England publishes its findings. March 24 – Johann Sebastian Bachs Brandenburg concertos completed and dedicated to Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt, April – Pirates John Taylor and Olivier Levasseur capture the 700-ton Portuguese galleon Nossa Senhora do Cabo at Réunion. The total value of treasure on board is estimated as between £100,000 and £875,000, one of the largest pirate hauls ever, April 4 – Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. May 8 – Pope Innocent XIII succeeds Pope Clement XI as the 244th pope, september 10 – The Treaty of Nystad is signed, ending the Great Northern War. November 2 – The Romanov and architect of the Great Northern War Peter I, is proclaimed the first Emperor of All the Russias and this replaces the 176-year-long Tsardom of Russia with the Russian Empire. December 22 – Philip V of Spain signs in Lerma a Royal Decree transforming the Seminary of Saint Rose of Lima in Caracas into the Universidad Real y Pontificia de Caracas, regular mail service between London and New England is established. A suggestion box is developed under the shogun of Japan. March 8 – Battle of Gulnabad in Persia, Pashtun people of Afghanistan led by Mahmud Hotak decisively defeat forces of the Persian Safavid dynasty, April 5 – Dutch admiral Jacob Roggeveen lands on what is now Easter Island
6.
1730s
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January 29 – Anna Ivanovna becomes empress, following the death of her cousin, Emperor Peter II. March 12 – John Glas deposed from the Church of Scotland, april 8 – Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New York City, is dedicated. May 15 – Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, retires from his role in the government of Great Britain, leaving Robert Walpole as sole and undisputed leader of the Cabinet. In the new Walpole Ministry, Sir William Strickland, 4th Baronet, becomes Secretary at War, spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington briefly becomes Lord Privy Seal. July 8 – Earthquake affects Valparaiso in the Viceroyalty of Peru, july 12 – Pope Clement XII succeeds Pope Benedict XIII as the 246th pope. September 17 – Mahmud I succeeds Ahmed III as Ottoman Emperor, October 22 – Construction of the Ladoga Canal linking the Neva and Svir Rivers, one of the first major navigable canals constructed in Russia, is completed. March 16 – The Treaty of Vienna is signed between the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and Spain. April 2 – The town of Raynham, Massachusetts in Bristol County is entered as a new town by the governor and court of Massachusetts, New England, America. April – British trader Robert Jenkins has his ear cut off by Spanish coast guards in Cuba, july 1 – Benjamin Franklin and fellow-subscribers start the Library Company of Philadelphia. The town is out in 1733 and incorporated as Wilmington in 1740. English Captain Charles Gough rediscovers Gough Island in the South Atlantic, laura Bassi becomes the first official female university teacher on being appointed professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna at the age of 21. John Bevis observes the Crab Nebula for the first time in the modern era, the Royal Theatre of Mantua is built by Ferdinando Galli Bibiena. January 21st - Russia and Persia sign the Treaty of Riascha at Resht, based on the terms of the agreement, Russia would no longer establish claims over Persian territories. June 9 – James Oglethorpe is granted a charter for the colony of Georgia. August – Mikhail Gvozdev in the Sviatoi Gavriil makes the first known crossing of the Bering Strait, september 16 – The magnitude 5.8 Montreal earthquake occurs in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. December 7 – The original Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, London is opened, december –139 members of the Parlement of Paris exiled by order of King Louis XV secure their recall. The Republic of Genoa regains Corsica, the worlds first lightship is moored at the Nore in the Thames Estuary of England. This years General Assembly of the Church of Scotland gives rise to the First Secession of 1733, Benjamin Franklin, writing under the name Richard Saunders, begins publication of Poor Richards Almanack
7.
1740s
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April 8 – War of the Austrian Succession, The Royal Navy captures the Spanish ship of the line Princesa off Cape Finisterre and takes her into British service. May 31 – Frederick II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, July 11 – Pogrom, Jews are expelled from Little Russia. August 1 – The song Rule, Britannia. is first performed at Cliveden, august 17 – Pope Benedict XIV succeeds Pope Clement XII as the 247th pope. October 9–22 – Batavia massacre, Troops of the Dutch East India Company massacre 5, october 20 – Maria Theresa inherits the hereditary dominions of the Habsburg Monarchy under the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. However, her succession to the Holy Roman Empire is contested widely because she is a woman, november – Hertford College, Oxford, is founded for the first time. November 6 – Samuel Richardsons popular and influential epistolary novel Pamela, or, december 16 – Frederick II of Prussia invades the Habsburg possession of Silesia, starting the War of the Austrian Succession. By an act of the Parliament of Great Britain, alien immigrants in the colonies receive British nationality, adam Smith enters Balliol College, Oxford. George Whitefield founds the Bethesda Orphanage near Savannah, Georgia, Spain begins construction on Fort Matanzas in the Matanzas Inlet, approximately 15 miles south of St. Augustine, Florida. Annual British iron production reaches 17,000 tons, the University of Pennsylvania is officially established. April – The New York Slave Insurrection, a plot to set fire to New York City, is discovered, april 10 – An Austrian army is defeated by Prussian troops of Frederick the Great at Mollwitz. May – Vitus Bering sets out from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to map the coasts of Siberia, may – Spanish victory in Battle of Cartagena de Indias over Great Britain. June 25 – Maria Theresa of Austria is crowned Queen Regnant of Hungary in Bratislava, July 8 – Jonathan Edwards repeats his Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God sermon at Enfield, Connecticut. July 15 – Alexei Chirikov sights land in Southeast Alaska and sends some men aboard his ship ashore in a longboat, august 10 – Battle of Colachel, The Raja of Travancore defeats a Dutch East India Company naval expedition. November 25–26 – Franco-Bavarian troops commanded by Maurice of Saxony storm Prague, december 6 – Elizabeth of Russia becomes czarina after a palace coup. December 19 – Vitus Bering dies in his expedition east of Siberia, december 25 – Anders Celsius develops his own thermometer scale, Centigrade, the predecessor of the Celsius scale. Stemmatographia by Hristofor Zhefarovich, regarded as the first Serbian and Bulgarian secular printed book, is printed in Vienna, the population of China reaches c.143 million. Royal Order of Scotland is founded, January – The House of Commons of Great Britain votes on the alleged rigging of the Chippenham by-election. It becomes a motion of no confidence which leads to the resignation of Robert Walpole, January 9 – Robert Walpole made Earl of Orford and resigns as First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, effectively ending his period as Prime Minister of Great Britain
8.
1750s
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January – A fire in Istanbul destroys 10,000 homes. April – A second fire devastates Istanbul, a third fire later in the year destroys a further 10,000 homes. April 4 – A small earthquake hits Warrington, England, March 20 – First number of Samuel Johnsons The Rambler appears. May – Riots break out in Paris, France fueled by rumors of police abducting children, July 9 – Traveller Jonas Hanway leaves St. Petersburg to return home via Germany and the Netherlands. Later the same year, Hanway reputedly becomes the first Englishman to use an umbrella, July 11 – Halifax, Nova Scotia is almost completely destroyed by fire. August 23 – A small earthquake hits Spalding, Lincolnshire, England, September 30 – A small earthquake hits Northampton, England. November 11 – A riot breaks out in Lhasa, Tibet, november 18 – Westminster Bridge is officially opened in London. Hannah Snell reveals her sex to her Royal Marines compatriots, the King of Dahomey has income of 250,000 pounds from the overseas export of slaves. Maruyama Okyo paints The Ghost of Oyuki, Britain produces c. 2% of the entire worlds output of industrial goods and the Industrial Revolution begins. Galley slavery is abolished in Europe, upon his death, Frederick I of Sweden is succeeded as king by Adolf Frederick. March 31 – Frederick, Prince of Wales dies in London and is succeeded by his son and his mother Augusta of Saxe-Gotha becomes Dowager Princess of Wales. May 11 – The Pennsylvania legislature grants a charter to Benjamin Franklin, July 28 – Kingdom of Kartli defeats a large army of Tabriz Khanate under Erekle II in the Battle of Kirkhbulakh July 31 – Fire destroys 1,000 houses in Stockholm. August 13 – The Academy and College of Philadelphia, predecessor to the private University of Pennsylvania, opens its doors, September 13 – Kalvária Banská Štiavnica in the Kingdom of Hungary is completed. October 27 – The Hōreki period begins in Japan, december 3 – Battle of Arnee in India, A British East India Company-led force under Robert Clive defeats and routs a much larger Franco-Indian army under the command of Raza Sahib at Arni. Ferdinando Galiani published the first modern analysis, Della Moneta In the University of Glasgow Adam Smith is appointed professor of logic. Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus publishes his Philosophia Botanica, the first textbook of descriptive systematic botanical taxonomy, maria Theresa thaler minted, it becomes an international currency. 1751–1775 – 13% of appointees to audiencias in the Spanish Empire are Creoles, January 30 – The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar. February 11 – Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the United States, is opened, February 27 – The Virginia Assembly passes a law making maiming a felony, in response to the practice of gouging
9.
1760s
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January 9 – Afghans defeat Marathas in Battle of Barari Ghat. January 22 – Seven Years War – At the Battle of Wandiwash in India, january 28 – Benning Wentworth creates the New Hampshire Grant of Pownal, Vermont. February 15 – The British Royal Navy ship HMS Royal Katherine runs aground off Bolt Head in England with the loss of 699 lives. February 27 – Seven Years War – French and Indian War & Anglo-Cherokee War, the attack is repelled by the militia under the command of General Hugh Waddell. March 20 – The Great Fire of Boston, Massachusetts, destroys 349 buildings, may–July – Tackys War, a slave rebellion, occurs in Jamaica. June 4 – Expulsion of the Acadians, New England planters arrive to land in Nova Scotia taken from the Acadians. July 3 – A lightning strike causes a fire at Portsmouth Royal Dockyard in England. July 8 – Seven Years War – French and Indian War, Battle of Restigouche, july 19 – A formal request is made to the Spanish government as to allow the founding of the later city of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. July 31 – Seven Years War – Battle of Warburg, The Anglo-Hanoverian army of Ferdinand of Brunswick storms Warburg, August 21 – The church of Our Lady of Candlemas of Mayagüez is founded, establishing the basis for the founding of the city. September 8 – Seven Years War, Jeffery Amherst captures Montreal, september 18 – The town of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, is founded. October 5 The wedding of Princess Isabella of Parma and Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, october 9 – Seven Years War, Russian troops enter Berlin. October 16 – Seven Years War – Battle of Kloster-Kamp, Ferdinand of Brunswick is beaten back from the Rhine by a French army, october 25 – George II of Great Britain dies, his grandson George III ascends to the throne. November 3 – Seven Years War – Battle of Torgau, In another extremely hard battle, Frederick defeats Dauns Austrians, Dr. James Fordyces two-volume compendium, Sermons for Young Women, is published. Western countries pay 3,000,000 ounces of silver for Chinese goods, approximate date – Abu Dhabi is founded. January 14 – Third Battle of Panipat, Ahmad Shah Durrani and his coalition decisively defeat the Maratha Confederacy, january 16 – The British capture Pondichéry, India from the French. February 8 – An earthquake in London breaks chimneys in Limehouse, march 8 – A second earthquake occurs in North London, Hampstead and Highgate. March 31 – Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal, June 6 – A transit of Venus occurs, and is observed from 120 locations around the Earth. Mikhail Lomonosov discovers atmosphere of Venus, july 17 - The first section of the Bridgewater Canal is opened, for the transportation of coal from local mines to Manchester
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1886). "Bingham, Margaret". Dictionary of National Biography. 5. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
