1.
1742 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1742 in Ireland. On 28 March the Cope brings the first load of Tyrone coal carried from Lough Neagh to Dublin by this route,13 April - First performance of Handels Messiah staged at the Music Hall in Fishamble Street, Dublin. Handel leaves Ireland on 13 August, john Prendergast Smyth, 1st Viscount Gort, politician. September 27 - Hugh Boulter, Anglican Primate of All Ireland James Arbuckle, poet and critic
2.
1741 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1741 in Ireland. January–April - Great Irish Famine at its height, the harvest is improved, but disease encouraged. 2 October - The Bulls Head Musical Society opens a Music Hall in Fishamble Street,18 November - The composer George Frideric Handel arrives in Dublin to give a series of concerts. Commencement of construction of obelisk and other works on Killiney Hill by John Mapas to relieve poverty, completion of rebuilding of Powerscourt House in County Wicklow by the architect Richard Cassels. 23 June - William Trench, 1st Earl of Clancarty, politician and statesman,4 October - Edmond Malone, Shakespeare scholar and literary critic. 11 October - James Barry, painter, approximate date - Bryan Higgins, chemist 16 March - Thomas FitzMaurice, 1st Earl of Kerry, politician
3.
1740 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1740 in Ireland. January–February - The Great Frost continues, unusually harsh winter followed by a Spring drought, april - Citizens of Drogheda prevent food being exported from their town to Scotland. May 31–June 2 - Bread riots in Dublin, june–December - Exceptionally cold weather, leading to the Great Irish Famine. First steam engine installed in Ireland, for pumping at Doonane Colliery, a Dublin–Belfast stage coach service runs. The original Ballymena Castle burns down, june - Bernard OGara, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Tuam December 1 - John Abernethy, Presbyterian minister
4.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
5.
1744 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1744 in Ireland. 26 February - A house in Pill Lane, Dublin, collapses while Roman Catholic mass is being there, killing the priest. 14 April - The Physico-Historical Society is formed in Dublin for the preservation of manuscripts, rare printed books,20 April - Arthur Price is translated from Meath to become Church of Ireland Archbishop of Cashel. 23 May - The Hospital for Incurables is opened in Dublin as a charitable institution,1 August - Battle of Velletri in the Kingdom of Naples, Spanish-Neapolitan forces defeat those of the Archduchy of Austria. Irish mercenaries fight on both sides,3 August - The Colthurst Baronetcy, of Ardrum in the County of Cork, is created in the Baronetage of Ireland. October - Wet and cold season, leading to oats and potatoes being spoiled in the north – the rot year,5 February - Spranger Barry makes his stage debut at the Theatre Royal, Dublin. 6 December - First performance of Handels Irish-premiered oratorio Messiah in Cork, drawing school of the Dublin Society is founded. 11 July - Pierce Butler, soldier, planter, statesman, one of United States Founding Fathers, represented South Carolina in the Continental Congress, robert Brooke, soldier, Governor of St Helena. Bishop James Murphy, Bishop of Clogher 1801-1824,11 January - James Hamilton, 7th Earl of Abercorn
6.
1745 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1745 in Ireland. 19 October - Jonathan Swift, satirist and Dean of St. Patricks Cathedral, Dublin, bartholomew Mosse establishes The Dublin Lying-In Hospital. The town walls of Youghal are repaired,14 April - Richard Annesley, 2nd Earl Annesley, politician. 24 December - William Paterson, jurist in the United States,13 May - Charles Coffey, playwright and composer. 19 October - Jonathan Swift, cleric, satirist, essayist,16 November - James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, soldier and statesman
7.
1746 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1746 in Ireland. 19 March - An Act of the Parliament of Great Britain prohibits the export of glass from Ireland,26 March - King George II of Great Britain grants the Dublin Society £500 pa from the Privy Purse. 11 April - Actsfor licensing hawkers and pedlars and for the encouragement of English Protestant schools provides grants for charter schools, prevent Irish subjects in the service of France or Spain from holding property. Annul future marriages celebrated by Roman Catholic priests if either of the parties are Protestant, june - English preacher John Cennick arrives in Ireland to evangelise for the Moravian Church. 8 August - Charter for St. Patricks Hospital for Imbeciles to be established in Dublin under the will of Jonathan Swift, charles Smiths The Ancient and Present state of Waterford is published in Dublin. The National College of Art and Design originates as a drawing school set up by the painter Robert West in Dublin. 3 July - Henry Grattan, member of Irish House of Commons, Thomas Hussey, diplomat, chaplain, and Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Waterford and Lismore. 22 May - Thomas Southerne, dramatist,8 August - Francis Hutcheson, theologian and philosopher
8.
1747 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1747 in Ireland. 19 January - Kelly riots at the Smock Alley Theatre in Dublin when Thomas Sheridan,28 February - George Stone, Church of Ireland Bishop of Derry, is elevated to Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, an office he will hold until 1764. 21 April - Edmund Burke sets up Burkes Club, a society at Trinity College, Dublin. 9–14 August - John Wesley pays his first visit to Ireland,14 August - Death of Thaddeus McCarthy, last Roman Catholic Bishop of Cork and Cloyne. The see is separated into the bishopric of Cork and the bishopric of Cloyne,9 September–20 March 1748 - Charles Wesley pays his first visit to Ireland. 11 September - Daniel OReilly is appointed to succeed Ross MacMahon as Roman Catholic Bishop of Clogher,8 April - William Hales, clergyman and scientific writer. Denis Daly, landowner, MP and Mayor of Galway, Daniel Delany, Bishop of Kildare and Leighton, established Carlow College, founder of the Brigidine Sisters and the Patrician Brothers. John Dunlap, printer of the United States Declaration of Independence,27 May - Bernard MacMahon, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh
9.
1748 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1748 in Ireland. Leinster House in the south side of Dublin is completed as a residence for James FitzGerald. 9 April, the Newtown Act, allowing non-resident burgesses in parliamentary boroughs, is given royal assent,22 May - Thomas Roberts, landscape painter. Alexander Macomb, senior, merchant and land speculator with Macombs Purchase in New York,16 August - Sir James Somerville, 1st Baronet, politician. 29 October - Ross Roe MacMahon, Roman Catholic Bishop of Clogher, later Archbishop of Armagh
10.
1743
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As of the start of 1743, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. February 14 – Henry Pelham becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain, february 21 – George Frideric Handels oratorio, Samson premieres in London. March 2 – Battle of La Guaira, a British expeditionary fleet under Sir Charles Knowles is defeated by the Spanish, may 30 – The Dalecarlian rebellion in Sweden. August 7 – Russia and Sweden sign the Treaty of Åbo, september 11 – Natalia Lopukhina is flogged in front of the Twelve Collegia building in Saint Petersburg. September 13 – The Treaty of Worms is signed between Great Britain, Austria, and Sardinia, november 5 – Coordinated scientific observations of the transit of Mercury are organized by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle. The last wolf in Scotland is thought to have shot in 1743
11.
Charles Lucas (politician)
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Charles Lucas was an Irish apothecary, physician and politician. He sat as Member of Parliament for Dublin City and was known as the Irish Wilkes because of his radical views. The Lucas family were established in Ireland when Colonel Benjamin Lucas, Charles Lucas was the younger son of Benjamin Lucas of Ballingaddy, County Clare. Benjamin Lucas died about 1727, leaving £937 to his family, having served the usual apprenticeship as an apothecary, Lucas was admitted to the Guild of St. Mary Magdalene. For many years Lucas kept a shop in Charles Street, Dublin and he married his first wife Anne Blundell in 1734. His pamphlet was resented by his fellow-apothecaries, but was the cause of an act being passed for the inspection of medicines. In 1741 he published his Pharmacomastix, or the Office, Use, and Abuse of Apothecaries Explained, in this year Lucas was chosen one of the representatives of his corporation on the Common Council of the City of Dublin. He soon came to the conclusion that the board of Aldermen had illegally usurped many of the powers belonging of right to the entire corporation. Aided by James La Touche, a prominent merchant of the city, he secured the appointment of a committee, with Latouche as chairman, to inspect the charters, during the year the controversy continued with unabated zeal on both sides. By Lucass efforts a fund was raised by subscription. When in August 1748 a vacancy occurred in the representation of the city of Dublin. Alderman Sir Samuel Cooke and James La Touche also came forward and he rejected the claim that Ireland was a conquered colony dependent on the government and parliament of Great Britain. In counter addresses and pamphlets Lucas was stigmatised as an adventurer, a man of no family. The corporation voted the charge false and malicious, and refused to hear Lucas in his defence, but an appeal by Lucas to the corporation secured fifteen votes out of the twenty-five in his favour. About the same time he printed, with a translation and notes, the lords justices refused his request to transmit it to the king, with a Dedication to his Majesty. But on the return of Lord Harrington, Lucas waited on him at the castle on 8 October, Lucas was favourably impressed with his reception. Two days later, however, he attended a levee, and was required to leave the castle. Next day he published the story in a newspaper, with thanks to his excellency for the honour he did him, with a Preface to the Free and Independent Citizens of Dublin, commenting on his treatment
12.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
13.
Arthur Dobbs
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Arthur Dobbs was a British administrator who served as the seventh Governor of North Carolina, serving from October 31,1754, until his death in 1765. He was born the eldest son of Richard Dobbs of Carrickfergus, County Antrim and he was a neighbour and family friend of Jonathan Swift despite their political differences. He served briefly in a regiment in the Irish Army. He became an engineer and Surveyor-General of Ireland, supervising the construction of the Irish Parliament House in Dublin and he was appointed High Sheriff of Antrim in 1720 and in 1727 was elected Member of Parliament for Carrickfergus, a seat he held until 1760. Whilst a member of the Irish Parliament, he purchased 400,000 acres in North Carolina in 1745 and encouraged settlement in the colony, following the death of North Carolina governor Gabriel Johnston, Dobbs was confirmed to succeed him on 25 January 1753. However, he did not arrive to assume his duties until October of the following year, while governor of North Carolina, Dobbs sought unsuccessfully to establish a permanent capital, to be called George City, near Tower Hill and the Neuse River. Plans were drawn up for a Palladian governors mansion similar to Tryon Palace, Dobbs governorship was overshadowed by the French and Indian War and the start of the American Revolution. Shortly after his arrival, Dobbs visited the western frontiers of North Carolina, organised the construction of Fort Dobbs, Dobbs moved to Brunswick Town, North Carolina in 1758 where he lived for the rest of his life. In 1759 and 1760, Governor and Assembly were often at odds, Dobbs even dissolved the Assembly in 1760 and ordered new elections, but this plan backfired, a secret committee drew up outlandish charges against the governor to be sent to the King. Only the succession of King George III, which additional powers to Dobbs. Apart from his North Carolina interests, Dobbs was heavily involved in attempts to find a Northwest Passage in the Canadian Arctic during the 1740s, Dobbs felt that others might finance exploration if they had some expectation of trade. Revoking the Hudson’s Bay Company’s trade monopoly was his solution for stimulating exploration, from 1741 to 1747, Dobbs managed to stimulate exploration, the result of which convinced most people that such a passage did not exist. A British Parliamentary inquiry in 1749 ended attempts to revoke the Hudson’s Bay Company’s charter, Dobbs involvement in the Canadian Arctic exploration resulted in a substantial increase in geographical knowledge as well as increased awareness of the economic potential. Dobbs was also an amateur scientist and published several articles as well as a pamphlet on honeybees. He had married in 1720 Anne, daughter and heir of Captain Osborne of Timahoe, County Kildare and they had three sons and a daughter. In 1762, Dobbs, then seventy-three, married fifteen-year-old Justina Davis at St. Philips Church in Brunswick, a few months later he suffered a stroke and was bound to a wheelchair. In the fall of 1763 he attended a conference of Southern governors and Indian tribes in Augusta, Georgia, in 1764 Dobbs look a leave of absence to return to England, and Tryon arrived as lieutenant-governor to fill his place. Dobbs later decided to retire and return to Ireland, but while packing, suffered a seizure on 28 March 1765
14.
William Beresford, 1st Baron Decies
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William Beresford, 1st Baron Decies was an Anglo-Irish clergyman. Decies was the son of Marcus Beresford, 1st Earl of Tyrone. George de la Poer Beresford, 1st Marquess of Waterford, was his elder brother and he served as Bishop of Dromore from 1780 to 1782, Bishop of Ossory from 1782 to 1794, and as Archbishop of Tuam from 1794 until his death in 1819. He was admitted to the Irish Privy Council in 1794 and in 1812 he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Decies, lord Decies married on 16 June 1763 Elizabeth FitzGibbon, daughter of John FitzGibbon and wife Isabella Grove. They had eight children, three sons and five daughters, Brig-Gen, Decies died in September 1819, aged 76, and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest surviving son John, his eldest son Marcus Beresford had died in 1803. Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages William Beresford, 1st Baron Decies, venn, J. A. ed. Alumni Cantabrigienses
15.
Church of Ireland
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The Church of Ireland is a Christian church in Ireland and an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion. It is organised on a basis and is the second-largest Christian church on the island after the Catholic Church in Ireland. Like other Anglican churches, it has retained elements of pre-Reformation practice, notably its episcopal polity, nevertheless, in theological and liturgical matters, it incorporates many principles of the Reformation, particularly those espoused during the English Reformation. The church self identifies as being both Catholic and Reformed, within the church, differences exist between those members who are more Catholic-leaning and those who are more Protestant-leaning. For historical and cultural reasons, the Church of Ireland is generally identified as a Protestant church, the Church of Ireland is the second-largest in the Republic of Ireland, with around 130,000 members, and the third-largest in Northern Ireland, with around 260,000 members. The Church of Ireland describes itself as part of the Irish Church which was influenced by the Reformation. However, the Church of Ireland is also Protestant, or Reformed, since it opposes doctrines and ways of worshiping that it considers contrary to scripture and which led to the Reformation. When the Church of England broke communion with the Holy See, all, the church then became the established church of Ireland, assuming possession of most church property. This church-state link was vigorously applied when the Normans came to Ireland in the 12th century, Bishops were required to do homage to the king for their lands, just like earls and barons, who were vassals of the crown. It was therefore accepted, both during and after the Reformation, that the crown should continue to exercise authority over the church. In this way, church property that existed at the time of the Reformation, in Ireland, the substantial majority of the population continued to adhere to Roman Catholicism, despite the political and economic advantages of membership in the state church. Legitimacy for the Norman invasion of Ireland was derived from a Papal Bull of 1155 – Laudabiliter, the bull gave King Henry II of England authority to invade Ireland ostensibly as a means of reforming the church in Ireland more directly under the control of the Holy See. The authorisation from the Holy See was based upon the Donation of Constantine which made every Christian island in the western Roman Empire the property of the Papacy. The Church of Ireland is the second largest church in Ireland, the Church of Ireland began as a reformed church independent of the Catholic Church in 1536 when the Irish Parliament declared King Henry VIII to be the Supreme Head of the Church on earth. He would not legally become king of Ireland until 1541, adrian granted Henry II the Lordship of Ireland, thus, Henrys assumption of the title of King had less to do with dispossessing the native Irish kings than with confronting the Pope. The reformation commenced mainly in Dublin under the auspices of George Browne during Henrys reign, when the Church of England was reformed under King Edward VI of England, so too was the Church of Ireland. All but two of the Irish bishops appointed by Queen Mary accepted the Elizabethan Settlement, although the vast majority of priests, the Church of Ireland claims Apostolic succession because of the unbroken continuity of the episcopal hierarchy, however, this is disputed by the Roman Catholic Church. In this way, they were able to conform to the established church whilst at the same time continuing to worship. in the traditional
16.
Archbishop of Tuam
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The Archbishop of Tuam is an archiepiscopal title which takes its name after the town of Tuam in County Galway, Ireland. The title was used by the Church of Ireland until 1839, there is no record of any bishops of Cong, and no bishop was given the title bishop of Tuam in the Irish annals before 1152. However the annals recorded some archbishops/bishops of Connacht such as Cathasach Ua Conaill, Domhnall Ua Dubhthaigh, at the Synod of Kells in 1152, the archdiocese of Tuam was established with six suffragan dioceses. During the Reformation, the bishopric of Annaghdown was annexed to Tuam in c, after the Reformation, there were parallel apostolic successions, one of the Church of Ireland and the other of the Roman Catholic Church. In the Church of Ireland In 1569, the Church of Ireland bishopric of Mayo was annexed to the archbishopric, between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, a number of other bishoprics were also united to the archbishopric. The bishopric of Kilfenora was united to Tuam from 1661 to 1742, Ardagh from 1742 to 1839, in the Roman Catholic Church After an unsettled period in the mid to late sixteenth century, the Roman Catholic archbishopric has had a consistent succession of archbishops. In 1631, the Roman Catholic bishopric of Mayo was formally joined to Tuam by papal decree, the current archbishop is the Most Reverend Michael Neary who was appointed archbishop of Tuam by the Holy See on 17 January 1995 and installed on 5 March 1995. The archbishops residence is the Archbishops House, Tuam, County Galway, archdiocese of Tuam by GCatholic. org Catholic-Hierarchy. org – Diocese Profile Profile from CatholicCity. com – info from Catholic Encyclopedia
17.
1819 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1819 in Ireland. 9 April–7 June - Select Committee of the House of Commons inquires into the state of disease,3 May - Henry Grattan petitions the House of Commons of the United Kingdom in favour of Catholic Emancipation. 26 June - First detachment of John Devereuxs Irish Legion sets sail from Liverpool in the Charlotte Gambier to aid Simón Bolívar in his campaign to liberate New Granada in South America, 13/14 July - Uxoricide of Ellen Scanlan and dumping of her body in the River Shannon. October - Disturbances by supporters of Ribbonism,16 April - The Belfast Harp Society is reconstituted as the Irish Harp Society. Publication of William Parnells Maurice and Berghetta, or, the priest of Rahery, January - William Travers, lawyer, politician, explorer, and naturalist in New Zealand. 31 January - William Pakenham, 4th Earl of Longford, soldier,1 March - Mother Vincent Whitty, nun. 30 March - Bartholomew Woodlock, Roman Catholic Bishop of Ardagh,31 March - Edward Selby Smyth, British General, commanded Militia of Canada from 1874 to 1880. 2 July - Edward Vaughan Hyde Kenealy, barrister and writer,5 July - Hedges Eyre Chatterton, Conservative Party MP and Vice-Chancellor of Ireland. 8 July - Francis Leopold McClintock, Royal Navy officer, explorer in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago,25 July - John J. Conroy, bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany. 10 September - Joseph M. Scriven, poet, hymnodist and philanthropist,25 September - George Salmon, mathematician and theologian. 28 December - Arthur Hunter Palmer, politician in Australia, Henry Wellesly McCann, farmer and politician in Canada. Joseph Neale McKenna, banker and politician,6 September - William Beresford, 1st Baron Decies, Anglo-Irish clergyman. 26 September - James Towers English, mercenary,27 November - Gustavus Conyngham, privateer. James OHara, military officer and businessman in the United States
18.
Aedanus Burke
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Aedanus Burke was a soldier, judge, and United States Representative from South Carolina. He was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1778 to 1779, when the courts were reestablished, Burke resumed his seat on the bench, and in 1785 was appointed one of three commissioners to prepare a digest of the State laws. As the senior member of the South Carolina appellate courts from 1796 to 1799, interment was in the cemetery of the Chapel of Ease of St. Bartholomews Parish, near Jacksonboro, South Carolina. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
19.
South Carolina
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South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation
20.
1802 in the United States
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Events from the year 1802 in the United States. April 19 – The Judiciary Act of 1802 is enacted, reorganizing the court system. April 30 – The Enabling Act of 1802 authorizes the creation of Ohio from the Northwest Territory, June 1 – William Thornton is appointed the first superintendent of the United States Patent Office. July 4 – At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens, october 2 – First Barbary War, Fighting ends between Sweden and Tripoli. The United States also negotiates peace, but war continues over the size of compensation, october 12 – Joseph Gardner Swift and Simeon Magruder Levy become the first graduates of the United States Military Academy. U. S. House of Representatives elections,142 representatives are elected,36 more than the 7th Congress, First Barbary War April 2 – Archibald Dixon, U. S. Senator from Kentucky from 1852 to 1855 April 4 – Dorothea Dix, mental health reformer May 10 – James Westcott, senator from Florida from 1845 to 1849 June 10 – James W. Bradbury, U. S. Senator from Maine from 1847 to 1853 June 30 – Benjamin Fitzpatrick, senator from Alabama from 1848 to 1849 and from 1853 to 1861 August 10 – Dixon Hall Lewis, U. S. Senator from Alabama from 1844 to 1848 November 5 – James F. Trotter, senator from Mississippi in 1838 May 22 – Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States A Register of Marriages and Deaths,1802. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol.24,2, pp. 207–211 W. L. McAtee. Journal of Benjamin Smith Barton on a Visit to Virginia,1802, 7/8, pp. 85–117 Elizabeth G. McPherson. The Southern States and the Reporting of Senate Debates, 1789-1802, the Journal of Southern History, Vol.12, No. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol.14,1, pp. 26–28 C. Richard Arena. Philadelphia-Mississippi Valley trade and deposit closure of 1802, why the United States Military Academy was Established in 1802. 1, pp. 16–28 Elizabeth Gaspar Brown, Augustus B, a Jeffersonians Recommendations for A Lawyers Education,1802. The American Journal of Legal History, Vol.13, No,2, pp. 139–144 Jerry W. Knudson. The Jeffersonian Assault on the Federalist Judiciary, 1802–1805, Political Forces, the American Journal of Legal History, Vol.14, No. 1, pp. 55–75 Howard A. Ohline, georgetown, South Carolina, Racial Anxieties and Militant Behavior,1802
21.
Henry Prittie, 1st Baron Dunalley
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Henry Prittie, 1st Baron Dunalley was an Irish peer and Member of Parliament. Prittie was the son of Henry Prittie and he was elected to the Irish House of Commons for Banagher in 1767, a seat he held until 1768. He then represented Gowran from 1769 to 1776 and Tipperary from 1776 to 1790, Prittie was appointed High Sheriff of Tipperary in 1770. He was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Dunalley, of Kilboy, lord Dunalley married Catherine Sadlier, daughter of Francis Sadlier. He died in May 1801, aged 57, and was succeeded in the barony by his son Henry, new York, St Martins Press,1990, Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages
22.
1801 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1801 in Ireland. 3 November - James Murphy succeeds Hugh OReilly as Roman Catholic Bishop of Clogher, first official, dedicated life-boat in Ireland stationed at Clontarf by the Dublin Ballast Board. Joseph Archers Statistical Survey of the County Dublin is published,22 September - William Hare, 2nd Earl of Listowel, peer and MP.23 November - Philip Gore, 4th Earl of Arran, Anglo-Irish peer and diplomat. 28 December - Armar Lowry-Corry, 3rd Earl Belmore, politician,3 January - Henry Prittie, 1st Baron Dunalley, politician. 19 March - Ambrosio OHiggins, 1st Marquis of Osorno, viceroy of Peru,21 March - Philip Nolan, horse-trader and freebooter in Natchez. 3 September - Hugh OReilly, Roman Catholic Bishop of Clogher
23.
1818 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1818 in Ireland. 6 January - Opening of General Post Office,22 April–26 May - Select Committee of the House of Commons inquires into fever in Ireland. Mid-May - Paddle steamer Thames makes the first steamboat passage from the Clyde to Dublin,30 May - Fever Hospitals Act. 13–14 June - Rob Roy makes the first steamboat passage from the Clyde to Belfast, highwayman and rapparee Captain Gallagher surrenders to the authorities, is tried at Foxford and executed at Castlebar. Rev. Patrick Brontës anonymous modern tale The Maid of Killarney is published in London, William Blacker writes the song The Crimson Banner, commemorating the 1689 Siege of Derry. 28 January - Robert Carew, 2nd Baron Carew, politician,4 March - Tobias Mullen, bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Erie. 4 April - Thomas Mayne Reid, novelist,25 April - Gustavus Vaughan Brooke, actor. April - Cecil Frances Humphreys Alexander, hymn-writer and poet,24 May - J. H. Foley, sculptor. 19 June - Hugh Law, lawyer and politician,21 June - Sir Richard Wallace, 1st Baronet, art collector and MP.20 August - John Ball, politician, naturalist and Alpine traveller. 11 October - Martin Crane, first suffragan bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sandhurst in Australia,12 October - John Cuffe, 3rd Earl of Desart, Conservative politician. 28 November - John Lane, Ontario politician, December - Thomas Roberts Ferguson, Ontario businessman and politician. Alexander Armstrong, naval surgeon, explorer and author,27 January - John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn, politician. 29 January - Sackville Hamilton, politician,31 January - Richard OReilly, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland. 11 August - Sir Vere Hunt, politician,26 October - William Elliot, politician. 23 December - Sir Philip Francis, politician and pamphleteer, riocard Bairéad, poet and United Irishman
24.
1807 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1807 in Ireland. March - Sir Arthur Wellesley is appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland,20 November - Sinking of the Rochdale and the Prince of Wales, The British troopships Rochdale and Prince of Wales sink in a storm in Dublin Bay with the loss of around 400 lives. Actor Edmund Kean plays leading parts in the Belfast theatre with Sarah Siddons,7 March - John McCaul, educator, theologian, and the second president of the University of Toronto. 10 March - James Fintan Lalor, revolutionary, journalist and writer,9 September - Richard Chenevix Trench, né Richard Trench, Archbishop of Dublin. 27 September - John T. Mullock, Roman Catholic Bishop of St. Johns,23 October - Baroness Tautphoeus, née Jemima Montgomery, novelist. 14 December - Francis Hincks, politician in Canada, robert Cane, doctor, member of the Repeal Association and the Irish Confederation, Mayor of Kilkenny. Sir Henry Thomas, police magistrate in London,8 February - Dorcas Blackwood, 1st Baroness Dufferin and Claneboye. 5 June - Boyle Roche, politician
25.
James Gandon
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James Gandon is today recognised as one of the leading architects to have worked in Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th century. His better known works include The Custom House, the Four Courts, Kings Inns in Dublin, Gandon was an English architect, born on 20 February 1742 in New Bond Street, London, at the house of his grandfather Peter Gandon, a French Huguenot refugee. He was the son of Peter Gandon, a gunmaker. From 1749 he was educated at Shipleys Drawing Academy where he studied the classics, mathematics, arts, on leaving the drawing academy he was articled to study architecture in the office of Sir William Chambers. Chambers was an advocate of the evolution of Palladian architecture. However, it was Chamberss palladian and neoclassical concepts which most influenced the young Gandon, in 1765, Gandon left William Chambers to begin practice on his own. His first commission was on Sir Samuel Helliers estate at the Wodehouse, Gandons new practice, whilst successful, always remained small. In about 1769 he entered an competition to design the new Royal Exchange in Dublin. The plan eventually chosen was by Thomas Cooley, however, Gandons design came second and brought him to the attention of the politicians who were overseeing the large-scale redevelopment of Dublin, one of the largest cities in Europe at the time. During the following years in England, Gandon was responsible for the design of the County Hall in Nottingham, during his English career he was awarded the Gold medal for architecture by the Royal Academy, London in 1768. Thomas Cooley, the architect on that project, had died. The project was completed at a cost of £200,000. This conspicuous commission proved to be the point in Gandons career and Dublin was to become Gandons home. He took a house in Mecklenburgh Street, that he might be near the residence of John Beresford, the newly formed Wide Streets Commission employed Gandon to design a new aristocratic enclave in the vicinity of Mountjoy Square and Gardiner Street. The new classical terraces of large residences became the Town houses of members of the newly built, Gandon also designed Carlisle Bridge over the River Liffey to join the north and south areas of the city. Gandons least well known building in Dublin is his Royal Military Infirmary of 1787 on Infirmary Road and he worked for the Wide Street Commissioners and designed the facades for the shops at ground floor of DOlier Street, Burgh Quay and some surrounding streets. This building is now the Bank of Ireland and his work in Ireland was not confined to Dublin, nor to civic and municipal commissions. J. Woodmason of 1794, and Sandymount Park for the painter William Ashford, in County Laois, he designed Emo Court, County Laois in 1790–96 for the Earl of Portarlington, and also Coolbanagher Church of Ireland Church just outside Emo village
26.
1823 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1823 in Ireland. Catholic Association formed by Daniel OConnell, to further Catholic Emancipation, northern Whig newspaper is founded in Belfast. October - HMS Essex, a former American frigate of 1799, is hulked at Cork to serve as a prison ship,5 August - The Royal Hibernian Academy of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture is established by letters patent in Dublin. 1 January - Edward Butler, lawyer and politician in Australia,12 January - James Donnelly, Bishop of the Diocese of Clogher. 23 January - Abraham Fitzgibbon, railway engineer in the British empire 7 July - John Kells Ingram, poet, scholar, economist. 7 September - Kevin Izod ODoherty, transported to Australia in 1849,10 September - James OConnor, first Roman Catholic Archbishop of the Diocese of Omaha. 16 September - James OReilly, lawyer and politician in Canada, John Lyons, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1855 at Sebastopol, in the Crimea. Thomas Devin Reilly, revolutionary, Young Irelander and journalist, John Ryan, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, India, killed in action. 21 February - Charles Wolfe, poet,17 September - John Shaw, Captain in the United States Navy
27.
Edward Hudson (dentist)
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Edward Hudson was born in Castlemartyr, County Cork, Ireland. Hudson was an eminent dentist, at a time when dentistry was still very much a fledgling practice, Edward created a Preservative and other Dentifrices for the bettering of dental hygiene during his time as a Dentist. Edward Hudson lived and practiced in Grafton Street, Dublin, and latterly lived at The Hermitage in Rathfarnham and this grand building on the outskirts of Dublin is now the home of the Pearse Museum, which celebrates the life of Patrick Pearse. During his time at The Hermitage, Hudson built several ruins along the edge of the grounds, the ruins were deliberately built as such from new, using rough stone to create the impression that they had existed for many years. These include a small Watchtower, a cave, a dolmen. Amongst other vocations, Hudson was a Director of the Grand Canal of Ireland, an experimenter and philosophiser. Hudson was the uncle of Robert Blake, the first State Dentist of Ireland, edwards son Henry Philerin Hudson subsequently succeeded Dr Blake as State Dentist. In addition to his residences in Dublin, Hudson also owned The Manor in Glenville, County Cork, Hudson, Edward (anonymous — dedication signed A Patrician. Ode on St Cecilia’s Birthday, J. Jones, Dublin
28.
1821 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1821 in Ireland. 12 August–3 September - The newly crowned King George IV of the United Kingdom lands at Howth to become the first monarch to pay a visit to Ireland since the 14th century. He stays at the Viceregal Lodge in Dublin, with his mistress Elizabeth Conyngham, Marchioness Conyngham, at Slane Castle and he departs from Dunleary which is renamed Kingstown in his honour. 28 December - Sandycove Lifeboat disaster - four lifeboatmen drown attempting to rescue Ellen of Liverpool, metal Man seamark erected at Rosses Point. Loreto Abbey established by Sisters of Loreto at Rathfarnham,18 January - The Albany New Theatre opens in Dublin. In August, King George IV attends a performance, following which it becomes Dublins second Theatre Royal, John Banims poem The Celts Paradise is published, and his play Damon and Pythias is first performed on 28 May. 20 January - Dennis Mahony, co-founder of the Herald newspaper in Dubuque, February - Robert OHara Burke, explorer of Australia. 17 February - Lola Montez, born Eliza Rosanna Gilbert, Spanish dancer,20 February - Miles Gerard Keon, journalist, novelist, colonial secretary and lecturer. 21 February - Roaring Hugh Hanna, Evangelical preacher,8 March - James Sheridan Muspratt, research chemist and teacher. 28 March - William Howard Russell, journalist,20 July - Michael Hannan, Archbishop in Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Halifax, Nova Scotia. 22 September - John Conness, United States Senator from California,18 December - William Magee, Anglican clergyman, Archbishop of York. 21 December - Samuel Haughton, scientific writer,27 December - Jane Francesca Elgee, later Lady Wilde, poet. Date unknown - Joseph Robinson Kirk - sculptor,6 April - Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry, politician. 15 June - James Cuffe, 1st Baron Tyrawley, peer,4 October - Edward Hudson, dentist. John Barrett, clergyman and Hebrew scholar
29.
British North America
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British North America refers to the former territories of the British Empire in mainland North America. The term was first used informally in 1783, but it was uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America and these territories today form modern-day Canada and the Pacific Northwest of the United States. British colonization of North America, began in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1775, on the eve of the American Revolution, the British Empire included 20 territories in the Western Hemisphere northeast of New Spain. Nova Scotia was split into modern-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in 1784, the part of Quebec retained after 1783 was split into the primarily French-speaking Lower Canada and the primarily English-speaking Upper Canada in 1791. After the War of 1812, the Treaty of 1818 established the 49th parallel as the United States–British North America border from Ruperts Land west to the Rocky Mountains. Britain gave up Oregon south of the 49th parallel, which was part of the Hudsons Bay Companys Columbia District, the boundary of British North America with Maine was clarified by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. The Canadas were united into the Province of Canada in 1841, the former Province of Canada was split back into its pre-1841 parts, with Canada East renamed Quebec, and Canada West renamed Ontario. These were the four provinces of Canada. In 1870, Ruperts Land was annexed to Canada as the Northwest Territories, British Columbia, the British colony on the west coast north of the 49th parallel, joined as Canadas sixth province in 1871, and Prince Edward Island joined in 1873. The boundary of British Columbia with Washington Territory was settled by arbitration in 1872, the Arctic Archipelago was ceded by Britain to Canada in 1880 and added to the Northwest Territories. Subsequently, large sections of the NWT were split off as new territories or provinces, in 1949 the island of Newfoundland, and its associated mainland territory of Labrador, joined Canada as the tenth province. This agreement was implemented when the British Parliament passed the Constitution Act of 1982 at the request of Parliament of Canada. From 1783 to 1801 it was administered by the Home Office and by the Home Secretary, then from 1801 to 1854 under the War Office and Secretary of State for War, when the Colonial Office was re-established it was under the responsibility of the Colonial Secretary. Prince Edward Island Terms of Union, the Peopling of British North America, An Introduction excerpt and text search Cooke, Jacob E. Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies Foster, Stephen, ed. British North America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries excerpt and text search,11 essays by scholars Garner, the franchise and politics in British North America, 1755–1867 Gipson, Lawrence Henry. The British Empire Before the American Revolution, extremely comprehensive study, Pulitzer Prize Morton, the Kingdom of Canada, A General History from Earliest Times Savelle, Max. Empires To Nations, Expansion In America 1713-1824 online
30.
1809 in Canada
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Events from the year 1809 in Canada. On August 17, the foundation of Nelsons Column, Montreal was laid, November 3, John Molsons steamboat, PS Accommodation, starts for Quebec City. It is 85 feet overall, has a 6 horsepower engine, and makes the distance in 36 hours, the Accommodation is the second steamboat in America, and probably the world. From 1809 to 1811, Tecumseh, Shawnee chief, and the Prophet campaign to unite tribes of the Great Lakes, Ohio Valley and his brother Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet, is defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Napoleons continental blockade cuts British access to Scandinavian timber, the North West Company builds Fort Gibraltar
31.
1692 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1692 in Ireland. February 24 - The Treaty of Limerick is ratified, october 5 - The first meeting of the Parliament of Ireland under William III is held. This is the first time it has met for 26 years and it passes An Act of Recognition of their Majesties undoubted Right to the Crown of Ireland. August 24 - William Stewart, 1st Viscount Mountjoy, soldier Patrick Tyrrell, Roman Catholic Bishop of Meath
32.
1689 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1689 in Ireland. February – Protestants in Bandon, County Cork, kill or drive out the towns Jacobite garrison whose General, Justin McCarthy, returns and rounds up the Protestant ringleaders. March 8 – Lieutenant-General Richard Hamilton, having defected to the Jacobite cause, is dispatched from Drogheda with 2,000 men to pacify the north east of Ireland. March 12 – Start of the Williamite War in Ireland, James II lands at Kinsale with 6,000 French soldiers, is met by Major-General McCarthy and he is joined by the Earl of Tyrconnel with Irish Catholic troops at Cork on 14 March. March 14 – Break of Dromore, Battle near Dromore, County Down, between Catholic Jacobite troops under Hamilton and Protestant Williamites under Lord Mount Alexander, who are broken and scattered. March 21 – Robert Lundy swears allegiance to William and Mary and is commissioned as governor of Derry, March 27 – General Richard Hamilton is checked at Coleraine by Colonel Gustavus Hamilton. April 7 – Richard Hamiltons troops cross the River Boyne in boats at Portglenone, april 15 – Battle of the Fords, In separate actions near Strabane, Jacobite forces under Marshal Conrad de Rosen and General Richard Hamilton force Lundys troops back to Derry. April 18 – James II arrives at Derry and asks for its surrender and this is refused by Majors Henry Baker and George Walker, now in command of its defences. April 20 – James II leaves Derry for Dublin and Robert Lundy secretly flees Derry for Scotland, may 1 – Battle of Bantry Bay between the English Royal Navy under the Earl of Torrington and the French fleet under the Marquis de Châteaurenault. The French are able to protect their transports unloading supplies for James II, may 6 and June 4 – General Richard Hamilton, left in command of the Siege of Derry, makes unsuccessful attacks on Windmill Hill. May 7–July 20 – First and only session of the Patriot Parliament, June 11 – Siege of Derry, Royal Navy warships under George Rooke arrive in Lough Foyle but refuse to risk shore fire to break through the boom across the River Foyle at Culmore. July 28 Relief of the Siege of Derry after 105 days, the Jacobite army encamps near Enniskillen and bombards the Williamite outpost of Crom Castle. July 31 – Battle of Newtownbutler, Williamite irregulars under Colonel William Wolseley secure a victory over poorly trained Jacobite troops led by Justin McCarthy, august 8 – A thanksgiving service for the relief of Derry is held in St Columbs Cathedral. August 13 – Unopposed landing by the Duke of Schomberg with Williamite forces at Ballyholme Bay in County Down, august 27 – Schomberg captures Carrickfergus after several days of siege and begins to march unopposed to Dundalk where he establishes Dundalk Camp. Here he is faced by Jacobite forces led by the Earl of Tyrconnell, autumn – Jacobites occupy and burn down the castle at Castlebellingham. Micheál Ó Mordha becomes the only Roman Catholic Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, with Dominic Maguire and the librarian, Father McCarthy, he prevents the Jacobite soldiery from burning the library. Richard Cox begins publication of his history of Ireland, Hibernia Anglicana
33.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
