1777

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	17th century 18th century 19th century
Decades:	1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s
Years:	1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780

1777 by topic
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1777 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1777 MDCCLXXVII
Ab urbe condita	2530
Armenian calendar	1226 ԹՎ ՌՄԻԶ
Assyrian calendar	6527
Balinese saka calendar	1698–1699
Bengali calendar	1184
Berber calendar	2727
British Regnal year	17 Geo. 3 – 18 Geo. 3
Buddhist calendar	2321
Burmese calendar	1139
Byzantine calendar	7285–7286
Chinese calendar	丙申年 (Fire Monkey) 4473 or 4413     — to — 丁酉年 (Fire Rooster) 4474 or 4414
Coptic calendar	1493–1494
Discordian calendar	2943
Ethiopian calendar	1769–1770
Hebrew calendar	5537–5538
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1833–1834
- Shaka Samvat	1698–1699
- Kali Yuga	4877–4878
Holocene calendar	11777
Igbo calendar	777–778
Iranian calendar	1155–1156
Islamic calendar	1190–1191
Japanese calendar	An'ei 6 (安永６年)
Javanese calendar	1702–1703
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 11 days
Korean calendar	4110
Minguo calendar	135 before ROC 民前135年
Nanakshahi calendar	309
Thai solar calendar	2319–2320
Tibetan calendar	阳火猴年 (male Fire-Monkey) 1903 or 1522 or 750     — to — 阴火鸡年 (female Fire-Rooster) 1904 or 1523 or 751

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1777 (MDCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1777th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 777th year of the 2nd millennium, the 77th year of the 18th century, and the 8th year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1777, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events[edit]

January–March[edit]

• January 2 - American Revolutionary War: American forces under the command of George Washington repulsed a British attack at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek near Trenton, New Jersey.
• January 3 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Princeton: American general George Washington's army defeats British troops.
• January 11 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of the Assunpink Creek: American general George Washington's army repulses a British attack by Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis, in a second battle at Trenton, New Jersey.
• January 12 – Mission Santa Clara de Asís is founded in what is now Santa Clara, California.
• January 15 – Vermont declares its independence from New York, becoming the Vermont Republic, an independent country, a status it retains until it joins the United States as the 14th state in 1791.
• January 20 – The Continental Congress approves a resolution "that an authentic copy, with names of the signers of the Declaration of independence, be sent to each of the United States. ^[1]
• February 24 – King Joseph I of Portugal dies, and is succeeded by his brother and son-in-law Peter III of Portugal, and his daughter Maria I of Portugal.
• March 4 – The Fourth Continental Congress, with John Hancock as President, begins a 199 day session in Philadelphia, lasting until September 18. ^[1]
• March 29 and March 30 – Third voyage of James Cook: English explorer Captain Cook discovers Mangaia and Atiu, in the Cook Islands. ^[2]

April–June[edit]

• April 1 – Friedrich Maximilian Klinger's play Sturm und Drang is premiered by the Seyler Theatre Company in Leipzig, giving its name to the whole Sturm und Drang movement in German literature.
• April 13 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Bound Brook – A British and Hessian force led by Charles Cornwallis surprises a Continental Army outpost in New Jersey, commanded by Major General Benjamin Lincoln.
• April 27 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Ridgefield – The British Army defeats Patriot militias, galvanizing resistance in the Connecticut Colony.
• May 8 – Richard Brinsley Sheridan's comedy of manners, The School for Scandal, is first performed at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London.^[3]
• May 16 – Lachlan McIntosh and Button Gwinnett shoot each other during a duel near Savannah, Georgia. Gwinnett, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, dies 3 days later.
• June 13 – American Revolution: The Marquis de Lafayette lands near Georgetown, South Carolina, to help the Continental Congress train its army.

• June 14 – The Stars and Stripes is adopted by the Continental Congress, as the flag of the United States.

July–December[edit]

• July 8 – The 1777 Constitution of Vermont is signed, officially abolishing slavery.
• July 6 – American Revolutionary War – Siege of Fort Ticonderoga: After a bombardment by British artillery under General John Burgoyne, American forces retreat from Fort Ticonderoga, New York.
• July 7 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Hubbardton: British forces capture over 200 of the American rearguard, from Fort Ticonderoga.
• August 6 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Oriskany: Loyalists gain a tactical victory over Patriots; Iroquois fight on both sides.
• August 16 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Bennington: British and Brunswicker forces are decisively defeated by American troops.
• August 22 – American Revolutionary War – The Siege of Fort Stanwix is ended by withdrawal of British forces, following a ruse by Benedict Arnold to persuade them that a much larger force is arriving.
• September 3 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Cooch's Bridge: British and Hessian forces defeat an American militia, in a minor skirmish in New Castle County, Delaware.
• September 11 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Brandywine: The British gain a major victory in Chester County, Pennsylvania.
• September 19 – American Revolutionary War – First Battle of Saratoga (Battle of Freeman's Farm): Patriot forces withstand a British attack at Saratoga, New York.
• September 26 – American Revolutionary War – British troops occupy Philadelphia; members of the Continental Congress flee to Lancaster, Pennsylvania where they meet an hold a one day session as the Fifth Congress before fleeing again. ^[1]
• September 30 – American Revolutionary War – The Sixth Continental Congress opens its session at York, Pennsylvania , and continues for 272 days until June 27, 1778. ^[1]
• October 4 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Germantown: Troops under George Washington are repelled by British troops under Sir William Howe.
• October 6 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery: British troops capture Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery (Hudson River), and are able to dismantle the Hudson River Chain.
• October 7 – American Revolutionary War – Second Battle of Saratoga (Battle of Bemis Heights): British General John Burgoyne is defeated by American troops.
• October 17 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Saratoga: British General John Burgoyne surrenders to the American troops.
• November 15 – American Revolution: After 16 months of debate, the Continental Congress approves the Articles of Confederation, in the temporary American capital at York, Pennsylvania.
• November 17 – American Revolution: The Articles of Confederation are submitted to the states for ratification.
• November 29 – San Jose, California is founded. It is the first pueblo in Spanish Alta California.
• December 18 - The United States celebrates its first Thanksgiving, marking the recent victory by the American rebels over British General John Burgoyne at Saratoga in October.
• December 19 – American Revolutionary War: George Washington's Continental Army goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.
• December 24 – Third voyage of James Cook: English explorer Captain Cook locates Kiritimati (Christmas Island).
• December 30 – Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria dies, & is succeeded by his distant cousin Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria.

Date unknown[edit]

• The 2nd edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica is published.
• The code duello is adopted at the Clonmel Summer Assizes as the form for pistol duels in Ireland. It is quickly denounced, but nevertheless widely adopted throughout the English-speaking world.
• Kunsthochschule Kassel is founded in Germany.
• Det Dramatiske Selskab is founded in Copenhagen in Denmark.

Births[edit]

January–March[edit]

• January – William Barton, English cricketer (d. 1825)
• January 2 – Christian Daniel Rauch, German sculptor (d. 1857)
• January 7 – Lorenzo Bartolini, Italian sculptor (d. 1850)
• January 11 – Vincenzo Borg, Maltese merchant, rebel leader (d. 1837)
• January 13 – Elisa Bonaparte, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, sister of Napoleon Bonaparte (d. 1820)
• January 25 – Karoline Jagemann, German actor (d.1848)
• February 3 – John Cheyne, British physician, surgeon and author (d. 1836)
• February 10 – Amable Berthelot, Quebec lawyer, author and political figure (d. 1847)
• February 12
  • Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, French poet (d. 1843)
  • Bernard Courtois, French chemist (d. 1838)
• February 18 – Andreas Arntzen, Norwegian politician (d. 1837)
• February 20 – Zacheus Burnham, Canadian farmer, judge and public figure (d. 1857)
• February 26 – Matija Nenadović, Prime Minister of Serbia (d. 1854)
• March 3 – Adolphe Dureau de la Malle, French geographer, naturalist, historian and artist (d. 1857)
• March 10 – Robert Allison (Pennsylvania), U.S. Representative (d. 1840)
• March 13 – Charles Lot Church, Nova Scotia politician (d. 1864)

• March 17
  • Patrick Brontë, Irish Anglican curate and writer; father of writers Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë (d. 1861)
  • Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1864)
• March 19 – José María Bustamante, Mexican composer (d. 1861)
• March 28 – Antoine Germain Labarraque, French chemist (d. 1850)

April–June[edit]

• April 11 – William Addams, United States Congressman (d. 1858)
• April 12 – Henry Clay, American politician (d. 1852)
• April 16 – John Alexander (Ohio politician), U.S. Representative (d. 1848)

• April 30 – Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, astronomer and physicist (d. 1855)
• May 4 – Richard Bourke, Australian governor (d. 1855)
• May 8 – Mateli Magdalena Kuivalatar, Finnish-Karelian folksinger (d. 1846)
• May 11 – Samuel Bridger, English cricketer
• May 12 – Mary Reibey, Australian businessperson (d. 1855)
• May 18 – John George Children, British chemist, mineralogist and zoologist (d. 1852)
• June 12 – Robert Clark, American politician (d. 1837)
• June 14 – Heman Allen (of Milton), U.S. Representative (d. 1844)
• June 15 – David Daniel Davis, British physician (d. 1841)
• June 22
  • Andrzej Alojzy Ankwicz, Polish-born Catholic archbishop of Prague (d. 1838)
  • William Brown (admiral), Irish-born first admiral of Argentina (d. 1857)
• June 23 – Frederick Bates, American politician (d. 1825)

July–September[edit]

• July – Thomas Clayton, American lawyer, politician (d. 1854)
• July 9 – Henry Hallam, English historian (d. 1859)
• July 23 – Philipp Otto Runge, German painter (d. 1810)
• July 26 – Robert Hamilton Bishop, Scottish-American educator, minister (d. 1855)
• July 27
  • Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes, German physicist (d. 1834)
  • Thomas Campbell, Scottish poet (d. 1844)
  • Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre, British peer, soldier (d. 1853)
• July 31 – Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Argentine statesman, priest (d. 1849)
• August 11 – Giuseppe Bossi, Italian painter (d. 1815)
• August 12 – George Wolf, American politician (d. 1840)

• August 14 – Hans Christian Ørsted, Danish physicist and chemist (d. 1851)
• August 23 – Princess Adélaïde of Orléans, French princess (d. 1847)
• August 29 – Nikita Bichurin (Hyacinth), Russian monk (d. 1853)
• August 31 – Alexander Bashilov, Russian general (d. 1847)
• September 9 – James Carr (Massachusetts politician), U.S. Congressman (d. 1818)
• September 12 – Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, French zoologist, anatomist (d. 1850)
• September 25 – Joseph Badeaux, Canadian politician (d. 1835)
• December 16 – Madame Clicquot Ponsardin, French champagne producer (d. 1866)

October–December[edit]

• October 1 – Zaro Aga, Turkish-Kurdish possible supercentenarian (claimed to have been born this year or 1774; d. 1934)
• October 5 – Guillaume Dupuytren, French anatomist, military surgeon (d. 1835)
• October 16
  • Levi Barber, American surveyor, court administrator, banker and legislator (d. 1833)
  • Lorenzo Dow, American Methodist preacher (d. 1834)
• October 18
  • Auguste François-Marie de Colbert-Chabanais, French general (d. 1809)

• • Heinrich von Kleist, German poet, dramatist, novelist and short story writer (d. 1811)
• November 7 – Richard Bassett (clergyman), Welsh cleric (d. 1852)
• November 14 – Nathaniel Claiborne, American politician (d. 1859)
• November 24 – Samuel Butts, American militia officer (d. 1814)
• December 1 – Thomas Bradford, British Army officer (d. 1853)
• December 4 – Juliette Récamier, French writer (d. 1849)
• December 10 – William Conner, American trader, politician (d. 1855)
• December 14 – Du Pré Alexander, 2nd Earl of Caledon, Irish peer, landlord and colonial administrator (d. 1839)
• December 15 – Agostino Aglio, Italian painter, decorator and engraver (d. 1857)
• December 21 – John Campbell, 7th Duke of Argyll, Scottish peer, Whig politician (d. 1847)

• December 23 – Emperor Alexander I of Russia (d. 1825)
• December 24 – Barbara Spooner Wilberforce, wife of English abolitionist William Wilberforce (d. 1847)

Date unknown[edit]

• Suleiman al-Halabi, Syrian student, assassin (d. 1800)
• Carlos Anaya, Uruguayan politician (d. 1862)
• Charles James Apperley, English sportsman, sporting writer (d. 1843)
• Carlo Armellini, Italian politician, activist and jurist (d. 1863)
• Mevlana Halid-i Bagdadi, Ottoman mystic (d. 1826)
• Connell James Baldwin, Irish soldier, civil servant (d. 1861)
• Karl Friedrich Becker, German educator, historian (d. 1806)
• Vicente Benavides, Chilean soldier (d. 1822)
• John Bennett (Hampshire cricketer) (d. 1857)
• William Bellinger Bulloch, U.S. Senator (d. 1852)
• Sophia Campbell, Australian artist (d. 1833)
• Abiel Chandler, U.S. philanthropist (d. 1851)
• John Claiborne, U.S. politician (d. 1808)
• Charles Othon Frédéric Jean-Baptiste de Clarac, French artist, scholar and archaeologist (d. 1847)
• Thomas Cochran (judge), Canadian judge (d. 1804)
• Anselmo de la Cruz, Chilean political figure (d. 1833)
• Thomas Day, American judge (d. 1855)
• Benjamin D'Urban, British general, colonial administrator (d. 1849)
• Tu'i Malila, Malagasy-born tortoise, longest living animal on record (d. 1965)

Deaths[edit]

• January 10 – Spranger Barry, Irish actor (b. 1719)
• January 12 – Hugh Mercer, American Revolutionary War officer, mortally wounded in battle (b. 1726)
• February 9 – Captain Abraham Godwin, Captain of Marines of the USS Lady Washington (b. 1724)
• February 9 – Seth Pomeroy, American gunsmith and soldier (b. 1706)

• February 24 – King Joseph I of Portugal (b. 1714)
• March 1 – Georg Christoph Wagenseil, Austrian composer (b. 1715)
• March 2 – Empress Xiaoshengxian, the mother of the Qianlong Emperor of China (b. 1711)
• March 20 – Jean-François-Joseph de Rochechouart, French Catholic Cardinal (b. 1708)
• March 23 – Sir Hugh Paterson, 2nd Baronet of Bannockburn (b. 1685)
• May 11 – George Pigot, 1st Baron Pigot, British governor of Madras (b. 1719)
• May 19 – Button Gwinnett, signatory of the American Declaration of Independence (b. 1735)
• August 23 – Celia Grillo Borromeo, Italian scientist, mathematician (b. 1684)
• September 20 – Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk, British peer (b. 1686)
• September 22 – John Bartram, American botanist (b. 1699)
• September 25 – Johann H. Lambert, Swiss mathematician, physicist and astronomer (b. 1728)
• October 4 – Francis Nash, American brigadier general, killed at the Battle of Germantown (b. c. 1742)

• October 6 – Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin, French salon holder (b. 1699)
• October 7 – Simon Fraser of Balnain, British general during the American Revolutionary War, killed in battle (b. 1729)
• October 21 – Samuel Foote, English dramatist and actor (b. 1720)
• November 10 – Cornstalk, Shawnee chief (b. c. 1720)
• November 13 – William Bowyer, English printer (b. 1699)
• December 30 – Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria (b. 1727)
• December – Dolly Pentreath, claimed to be the last native speaker of the Cornish language

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• John Blair; J. Willoughby Rosse (1856). "1777". Blair's Chronological Tables. London: H.G. Bohn – via Hathi Trust.