1780s

The 1780s decade ran from January 1, 1780, to December 31, 1789.

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	17th century 18th century 19th century
Decades:	1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s
Years:	1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789
Categories:	Births Deaths By country By topic Establishments Disestablishments

Events[edit]

1780

January–March[edit]

• January 16 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Cape St. Vincent: British Admiral Sir George Rodney defeats a Spanish fleet.
• February 19 – The legislature of New York votes to allow its delegates to cede a portion of its western territory to the Continental Congress for the common benefit of the war.^[1]
• February 29 – The Omicron Delta Omega co-ed fraternity is founded by Benjamin Franklin.
• March 1 – The legislature of Pennsylvania votes, 34 to 21, to approve the Act for the Gradual Emancipation of Slaves.^[2]
• March 11
  • The First League of Armed Neutrality is formed by Russia with Denmark and Sweden to try to prevent the British Royal Navy from searching neutral vessels for contraband (February 28 O.S.).
  • General Lafayette embarks on French frigate Hermione at Rochefort, arriving in Boston on April 28, carrying the news that he has secured French men and ships to reinforce the American side in the American Revolutionary War.
• March 17 – American Revolutionary War: The British San Juan Expedition sails from Jamaica under the command of Captains John Polson and Horatio Nelson to attack the Captaincy General of Guatemala (modern-day Nicaragua) in New Spain.
• March 26 – The British Gazette and Sunday Monitor, the first Sunday newspaper in Britain, begins publication.

April–June[edit]

• April 16 – The University of Münster in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany is founded.
• April 29 – American Revolutionary War: The Spanish commander of the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception on the San Juan River in modern-day Nicaragua surrenders it to the British San Juan Expedition.
• May 4 – The first Epsom Derby horse race is run on Epsom Downs, Surrey, England.^[3] The victor is Diomed.^[4]
• May 12 – American Revolutionary War: Charleston, South Carolina is taken by British forces.
• May 13 – The Cumberland Compact is signed by American settlers, in the Cumberland Valley of Tennessee.
• May 19 – New England's Dark Day: An unaccountable darkness spreads over New England, regarded by some observers as a fulfillment of Bible prophecy.^[5][6]
• May 29 – American Revolutionary War – Waxhaw Massacre: Loyalist forces under Colonel Banastre Tarleton kill surrendering American soldiers.
• June 2 – An Anti-Catholic mob led by Lord George Gordon marches on the Parliament of Great Britain, leading to the outbreak of the Gordon Riots in London.^[4]
• June 7 – The Gordon Riots in London are ended by the intervention of troops. About 285 people are shot dead, with another 200 wounded and around 450 arrested.
• June 23 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Springfield: The Continental Army defeats the British in New Jersey.

July–September[edit]

• July 11 – French soldiers arrive in Newport, Rhode Island to reinforce the colonists, in the American Revolutionary War.^[7]
• July 17 – The first bank created in the United States, the Bank of Pennsylvania, is chartered.^[2]
• August 16 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Camden: British troops inflict heavy losses on a Patriot army at Camden, South Carolina.
• August 9 – American Revolutionary War: Spanish admiral Luis de Córdova y Córdova captures a British convoy totalling 55 vessels amongst Indiamen, frigates and other cargo ships off Cape St. Vincent.^[8][9]
• August 24 – Louis XVI of France abolishes the use of torture in extracting confessions.
• September 21 – Benedict Arnold gives detailed plans of West Point to Major John André. Three days later, André is captured, with papers revealing that Arnold was planning to surrender West Point to the British.
• September 25 – Benedict Arnold flees to British-held New York.

October–December[edit]

• October 2 – American Revolutionary War – In Tappan, New York, British spy John André is hanged by American forces.
• October 7 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Kings Mountain: Patriot militia forces annihilate Loyalists under British Major Patrick Ferguson, at Kings Mountain, South Carolina.
• October 10–16 – The Great Hurricane flattens the islands of Barbados, Martinique and Sint Eustatius; 22,000 are killed.
• November 4 – Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II: In the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, Túpac Amaru II leads an uprising of Aymara and Quechua peoples and mestizo peasants as a protest against the Bourbon Reforms.
• November 29 – Maria Theresa of Austria dies, and her Habsburg dominions pass to her ambitious son, Joseph II, who has already been Holy Roman Emperor since 1765.
• November 30 – American Revolutionary War: The British San Juan Expedition is forced to withdraw.
• December 16 – Emperor Kōkaku accedes to the throne of Japan.
• December 20 – The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War begins.^[10]

Date unknown[edit]

• Jose Gabriel Kunturkanki, businessman and landowner, proclaims himself Inca Túpac Amaru II.
• The Duke of Richmond calls, in the House of Lords of Great Britain, for manhood suffrage and annual parliaments, which are rejected.
• Jeremy Bentham's Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation, presenting his formulation of utilitarian ethics, is printed (but not published) in London.
• Nikephoros Theotokis starts introducing Edinoverie, an attempt to integrate the Old Believers into Russia's established church.
• The Woodford Reserve bourbon whiskey distillery begins operation in Kentucky.
• In Ireland, Lady Berry, who is sentenced to death for the murder of her son, is released when she agrees to become an executioner (she retires in 1810).
• The original Craven Cottage is built by William Craven, 6th Baron Craven, in London, on what will become the centre circle of Fulham F.C.'s pitch.
• The amateur dramatic group Det Dramatiske Selskab is founded in Christiania, Norway.
• Western countries pay 16,000,000 ounces of silver for Chinese goods.
• The Kingdom of Great Britain reaches c.9 million population.

1781[edit]

January–March[edit]

• January – William Pitt the Younger, later Prime Minister of Great Britain, enters Parliament, aged 21.
• January 1 – Industrial Revolution: The Iron Bridge opens across the River Severn in England.^[11]
• January 2 – Virginia passes a law ceding its western land claims, paving the way for Maryland to ratify the Articles of Confederation.
• January 5 – American Revolutionary War: Richmond, Virginia is burned by British naval forces, led by Benedict Arnold.
• January 6 – Battle of Jersey: British troops prevent the French from occupying Jersey in the Channel Islands.
• January 17 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Cowpens: The American Continental Army, under Daniel Morgan, decisively defeats British forces in South Carolina.^[4]
• February 2 – The Articles of Confederation are ratified by Maryland, the 13th and final state to do so.
• February 3 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War – Capture of Sint Eustatius: British forces take the Dutch Caribbean island of Sint Eustatius, with only a few shots fired. On November 26 it is retaken by Dutch-allied French forces.
• March – Riots break out in Socorro, Santander, and spread to other towns.
• March 1 – The United States Continental Congress implements the Articles of Confederation, forming its Perpetual Union as the United States in Congress Assembled.
• March 13 – Sir William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus. Originally he calls it Georgium Sidus (George's Star), in honour of King George III of Great Britain.
• March 15 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Guilford Court House: American General Nathanael Greene loses to the British.

April–June[edit]

• April 6 – The rebellion by Túpac Amaru II, against the Spanish colonial government of Peru, is ended as Tupac, his wife and two of his sons are captured at Checacupe. ^[12]
• April 10 – Future U.S. President Andrew Jackson, age 14, is slashed by a British officer's sword at his home near Waxhaw, North Carolina, after refusing to clean the officer's boots, an event that leaves physical and psychological scars. ^[13]
• April 14 – The Continental Congress votes a resolution thanking U.S. Captain John Paul Jones for his services. ^[14]
• April 18 – Future New York mayor James Duane, North Carolina representative William Sharpe and future Connecticut governor Oliver Wolcott deliver the first report to the U.S. Continental Congress about the national debt and report it to be 24,057,157 and 2/5 dollars. ^[15]
• April 25 – The Battle of Hobkirk's Hill took place in Camden, South Carolina
• May 9 – General John Campbell, defender of the British colony of West Florida, surrenders the capital at Pensacola to Spanish forces commanded by Bernardo de Galvez. ^[16]
• May 18 – A Spanish army sent from Lima puts down the Inca rebellions, and captures and savagely executes Túpac Amaru II.
• June 4 – The commission^[which?] agrees to the rebels'^[where?] terms: reduction of the alcabala and of the Indians' forced tribute, abolition of the new taxes on tobacco, and preference for Criollos over peninsulares in government positions.

July–September[edit]

• July 27 – French spy François Henri de la Motte is hanged and drawn before a large crowd at Tyburn, London in England for high treason.
• July 29 – American Revolution – Skirmish at the House in the Horseshoe: A Tory force under David Fanning attacks Phillip Alston's smaller force of Whigs, at Alston's home in Cumberland County, North Carolina (in present day Moore County, North Carolina). Alston's troops surrender, after Fanning's men attempt to ram the house with a cart of burning straw.
• August 30 – American Revolution: A French fleet under Comte de Grasse enters Chesapeake Bay, cutting British General Charles Cornwallis off from escape by sea.
• September 4 – Los Angeles is founded as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de Los Ángeles de Porciuncula ("City of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of Porciuncula"), by a group of 44 Spanish settlers in California.

• September 5 – American Revolution – Battle of the Chesapeake: A British fleet under Thomas Graves arrives and fights de Grasse, but is unable to break through to relieve the Siege of Yorktown.
• September 6 – American Revolution – Battle of Groton Heights: A British force under Benedict Arnold attacks a fort in Groton, Connecticut, achieving a strategic victory.
• September 8 – American Revolution – Battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina: The war's last significant battle, in the Southern theatre, ends in a narrow British tactical victory.
• September 10 – American Revolution: Graves gives up trying to break through the now-reinforced French fleet and returns to New York, leaving Cornwallis to his fate.
• September 28 – American Revolution: American and French troops begin a siege of the British at Yorktown, Virginia.

October–December[edit]

• October 12 – The first bagpipes competition is held in the Masonic Arms, Falkirk, Scotland.
• October 19 – American Revolution: Following the Siege of Yorktown, General Charles Cornwallis surrenders to General George Washington at Yorktown, Virginia, ending the armed struggle of the American Revolution.
• October 20 – A Patent of Toleration, providing limited freedom of worship, is approved in the Habsburg Monarchy.
• November 5 – John Hanson is elected President of the Continental Congress.
• November 29
  • English slave traders begin to throw approximately 142 slaves taken on in Accra overboard alive from the slave ship Zong in the Caribbean Sea to conserve supplies for the remainder; the Liverpool owners subsequently attempt to reclaim part of their value from insurers.^[17]
  • Henry Hurle officially founds the Ancient Order of Druids in London, England.
• December – A school is founded in Washington County, Pennsylvania that will later be known as Washington & Jefferson College.^[18]
• December 12 – American Revolutionary War – Second Battle of Ushant: The British Royal Navy, commanded by Rear Admiral Richard Kempenfelt in HMS Victory, decisively defeats the French fleet in the Bay of Biscay.

Date unknown[edit]

• Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor abolishes serfdom.
• The Bank of North America is chartered by the Continental Congress.
• Charles Messier publishes the final catalog of Messier objects.
• Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovers tungsten.
• Immanuel Kant publishes his Critique of Pure Reason.
• Reverend Samuel Peters publishes his General History of Connecticut, using the term blue law for the first time.
• Phillips Exeter Academy is founded in New Hampshire.

1782[edit]

January–March[edit]

• January 7 – The first American commercial bank (Bank of North America) opens.
• January 15 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris goes before the U.S. Congress, to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage.
• January 23 – The Laird of Johnstone (George Ludovic Houston) invites people to buy marked plots of land which, when built upon, form the planned town of Johnstone, Scotland, to provide employment for his thread and cotton mills.
• February 5 – The Spanish defeat British forces, and capture Menorca.
• February 27 – The British House of Commons votes against further war in America, paving the way for the Second Rockingham ministry and the Peace of Paris.
• March 8 – Gnadenhutten massacre: In Ohio, 29 Native American men, 27 women, and 34 children are killed by white militiamen, in retaliation for raids carried out by another Native American group.
• March 14 – Battle of Wuchale: Emperor Tekle Giyorgis pacifies a group of Oromo near Wuchale.
• March 27 – Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
• March 31 (Easter Sunday) – Mission San Buenaventura is founded in Las Californias, part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.

April–June[edit]

• April 6 – Rama I overthrows King Taksin of Siam (now Thailand) in a coup d'état, and moves the political capital from Thonburi, across the Menam to Rattanakosin Island, the historic center of Bangkok.

• April 12 – Battle of the Saintes: A British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney defeats a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse, in the West Indies.
• April 19 – John Adams secures recognition of the United States as an independent government by the Dutch Republic. During this visit, he also negotiates a loan of five million guilders, financed by Nicolaas van Staphorst and Wilhelm Willink.
• April 21 – A Lak Mueang (city pillar) is erected on Rattanakosin Island, located on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya River, by order of King Rama I, an act considered the founding of the capital city of Bangkok.
• May 17 – The Parliament of Great Britain passes the Repeal of Act for Securing Dependence of Ireland Act, a major component of the reforms collectively known as the Constitution of 1782, which restore legislative independence to the Parliament of Ireland.^[19][20]
• June 18 – In Switzerland, Anna Göldi is sentenced to death for witchcraft (the last legal witchcraft sentence).
• June 20 – The bald eagle is chosen as the emblem of the United States of America. On the same day, the Confederation Congress adopts the design for the Great Seal of the United States. ^[21]

July–September[edit]

• July – Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, receives a visit from Pope Pius VI.
• July 1 – Raid on Lunenburg: American privateers attack the British settlement at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.
• July 16–August 29 – The Masonic Congress of Wilhelmsbad, Germany, one of history's most important ever secret society congresses, takes place. High-degree Freemasons from the whole of Europe spend the time deliberating the fate of the rite of Strict Observance, and hierarchy of the governing bodies of world Freemasonry, at the Hanau-Wilhelmsbad spa.^[22]
• July 16 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail premieres at the Burgtheater in Vienna.
• August 7
  • George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit (or the Order of the Purple Heart) to honor soldiers' merit in battle (reinstated later by Franklin D. Roosevelt, and renamed to the more poetic "Purple Heart", to honor soldiers wounded in action).
  • Étienne Maurice Falconet's Bronze Horseman statue of Tsar Peter the Great is unveiled in Saint Petersburg.
• September 7 – Correspondents to the Jewish Calendar, 5543.
• September 17 – 1782 Central Atlantic hurricane devastates a British Royal Navy fleet off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland with the loss of 3,500 lives.

October–December[edit]

• October 10 – Welsh actress Sarah Siddons, the pre-eminent star of the English stage, makes a triumphant return to the theatre in the title role of David Garrick's new play, Isabella, or The Fatal Marriage. ^[23]
• October 18
  • The first franking privilege is granted for official correspondence to be sent at no charge to and from members of the Confederation Congress, at government expense, during periods when the Congress is in session. ^[24]
  • John Adams returns to Paris as the first United States Minister to France. ^[25]
• November 4 – Elias Boudinot of New Jersey is elected the new President of the Congress of the Confederation. ^[21]
• November 30 – American Revolutionary War: In Paris, representatives from the United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain sign preliminary peace articles (later formalized in the Treaty of Paris).
• December 6 – Correspondents to the Islamic calendar, 1197.^{[importance?]}
• December 12 – American Revolutionary War: Action of 12 December 1782: A naval engagement off Ferrol, Spain, in which the British ship HMS Mediator commanded by James Luttrell successfully attacks a convoy of French and American ships attempting to supply the United States.
• December 14 – The Montgolfier brothers first test fly a hot air balloon in France; it floats nearly 2 km (1.2 mi).^[26]

Date unknown[edit]

• Chief Kamehameha I of Hawaii gains control of the northern part of the island of Hawaii, after defeating his cousin Kīwalaʻō.
• Princess Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova is the first woman in the world to direct a scientific academy, the Imperial Academy of Arts and Sciences.
• London creates the Foot Patrol for public security.
• The British Parliament extends James Watt's patent for the steam engine to the year 1800.
• The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates Washington, North Carolina.
• In China, the Siku Quanshu is completed, the largest literary compilation in China's history (surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia of the 15th century). The books are bound in 36,381 volumes (册) with more than 79,000 chapters (卷), comprising about 2.3 million pages, and approximately 800 million Chinese characters.
• Foundation of the first theater in the Baltic, the Riga City Theater.
• Saint Petersburg, Russia has 300,000 inhabitants.

1783[edit]

January–March[edit]

• January 20 – At Versailles, Great Britain signs preliminary peace treaties with the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain.^[27]
• January 23 – The Confederation Congress ratifies two October 8, 1782, treaties signed by the United States with the United Netherlands.^[28]
• February 3 – American Revolutionary War: Great Britain acknowledges the independence of the United States of America. At this time, the Spanish government does not grant diplomatic recognition.
• February 4 – American Revolutionary War: Great Britain formally declares that it will cease hostilities with the United States.
• February 5 – 1783 Calabrian earthquakes: The first of a sequence of five earthquakes strikes Calabria, Italy (February 5–7, March 1 & 28), leaving 50,000 dead.
• February 26 – The United States Continental Army's Corps of Engineers is disbanded.
• March 5 – The last celebration of Massacre Day is held in Boston, Massachusetts.
• March 15 – Newburgh Conspiracy: A potential uprising in the Continental Army stationed at Newburgh, New York is defused, when George Washington asks the officers to support the supremacy of the United States Congress.

April–June[edit]

• April – Peace and Commercial Treaty signed between the newly-formed United States and Sweden in Paris, the first act of state concluded between the U.S. and a foreign power.^[29]
• April 8 – The Crimean Khanate, which has existed since 1441 and is the last remnant of the Mongol Golden Horde, is annexed by the Russian Empire of Catherine the Great.
• April 15 – Preliminary articles of peace ending the American Revolutionary War are ratified by the Congress of the Confederation in the United States.
• May 13 – The Society of the Cincinnati, a fraternal organization for American veterans of the American Revolution, is formed in Newburgh, New York.^[30]
• May 18 – The first United Empire Loyalists, fleeing the new United States, reach Parrtown in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.
• May 26 – A Great Jubilee Day, celebrating the end of the American Revolution, is held in Trumbull, Connecticut.
• June 4 or June 5 – The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their montgolfière hot air balloon at Annonay, France.
• June 8 – The volcano Laki in Iceland begins an 8-month eruption, starting the chain of natural disasters known as the Móðuharðindin, killing tens of thousands throughout Europe, including up to 33% of Iceland's population, and causing widespread famine. It has been described as one of "the greatest environmental catastrophes in European history".^[31]
• General George Washington sends a letter to the 13 governors of the confederation of United States regarding the needs of the nation.^[30]

July–September[edit]

• July 16 – Grants of land in Canada to American Loyalists are announced.
• July 24 – The Treaty of Georgievsk is signed between Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, making Georgia a protectorate of Russia.
• August 4 – Mount Asama, the most active volcano in Japan, begins a climactic eruption, killing roughly 1,400 people directly and exacerbating a famine, resulting in another 20,000 deaths (Edo period, Tenmei 3).
• August 10 – The British East India Company packet ship Antelope (1781) is wrecked off Ulong Island in the Palau (Pelew) group, resulting in the first sustained European contact with those islands.^[32]
• August 18 – The 1783 Great Meteor passes on a 1,000-mile track across the North Sea, Great Britain and France, prompting scientific discussion.
• August 27 – Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert launch the world's first hydrogen-filled balloon, Le Globe, in Paris.
• September 3 – Peace of Paris: A treaty between the United States and Great Britain is signed in Paris, formally ending the American Revolutionary War and granting the United States independence from Great Britain; and treaties are signed between Britain, France and Spain at Versailles, ending hostilities with the Franco-Spanish Alliance. This is also the beginning of the Old West.
• September 9 – Dickinson College is chartered in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

October–December[edit]

• October 3 – The first Waterford Crystal glassmaking business begins production in Waterford, Ireland.
• November 2 – In Rocky Hill, New Jersey, United States General George Washington gives his Farewell Address to the Army.
• November 3 – The American Continental Army is disbanded as the first act of business by the Confederation Congress, after Thomas Mifflin is elected the new President to succeed Elias Boudinot.^[30]
• November 21 – In Paris, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent, marquis d'Arlandes, make the first untethered hot air balloon flight (flight time: 25 minutes, Maximum height: 900 m).
• November 24 – In Spain, the Cedula of Population is signed, stating that anyone who will swear fealty to Spain and is of the Roman Catholic faith is welcome to populate Trinidad and Tobago.
• November 25 – American Revolutionary War: The last British troops leave New York City and George Washington triumphantly returns, three months after the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
• November 27 – English rector John Michell concludes that some stars might have enough gravity force to prevent light escaping from them, so he calls them "dark stars".
• November 29 – 1783 New Jersey earthquake: An earthquake of 5.3 magnitude strikes New Jersey.
• December 1 – Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert make the first manned flight in a hydrogen-filled balloon, La Charlière, in Paris.
• December 4 – At Fraunces Tavern in New York City, U.S. General George Washington formally bids his officers farewell.

• December 23 – General George Washington resigns his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army to the Congress of the Confederation in the Maryland State House in Annapolis, Maryland, and retires to his home at Mount Vernon. Washington's resignation, described by historian Thomas Fleming as "the most important moment in American history,"^[33] affirms the United States' commitment to the principle of civilian control of the military, and prompts King George III to call Washington "the greatest character of the age."^[34]
• December 31 – Louis-Sébastien Lenormand makes the first ever recorded public demonstration of a parachute descent, by jumping from the tower of the Montpellier Observatory in France, using his rigid-framed model, which he intends as a form of fire escape.

Date unknown[edit]

• Loyalists from New York settle Great Abaco in the Bahamas.
• The city of Sevastopol is founded on the Crimean Peninsula of the Russian Empire, by rear admiral Thomas MacKenzie.
• Princess Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova is elected an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the first female foreign member and its second female member, after Eva Ekeblad.
• The Evan Williams (bourbon) distillery is founded in Bardstown, Kentucky.

1784[edit]

January–March[edit]

• January 6 – The Ottoman Empire agrees to Russia's annexation of the Crimea, in the Treaty of Constantinople.^[35]
• January 14 – The Congress of the United States ratifies the Treaty of Paris with Great Britain to end the American Revolutionary War, with the signature of President of Congress Thomas Mifflin.^[36]
• January 15 – Henry Cavendish's paper to the Royal Society of London, Experiments on Air, reveals the composition of water.^[37]
• February 24 – The Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam begins.
• February 28 – John Wesley ordains ministers for the Methodist Church in the United States.
• March 1 – The Confederation Congress accepts Virginia's cession of all rights to the Northwest Territory and to Kentucky.^[36]
• March 22 – The Emerald Buddha is installed at the Wat Phra Kaew, on the grounds of the Grand Palace in Bangkok.

April–June[edit]

• April 23 – The Congress of the Confederation passes the Ordinance of Governance to set guidelines for adding to the original 13 states in the United States of America.^[38]
• April 27 – The Marriage of Figaro, written by playwright Pierre Beaumarchais as a sequel to The Barber of Seville, premieres at the Comédie-Française in Paris.^[39]
• May 12 – The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3 the previous year, comes into effect.
• May 20 – A treaty is signed in Paris between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic, formally ending the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War.
• June 4 – Elizabeth Thible is the first woman to ride in a hot air balloon, at Lyon, France.

July–September[edit]

• July 9 – The Bank of New York opens as the first in New York state ^[40] and continues to operate under that name for almost 223 years until being acquired by Mellon Financial and becoming BNY Mellon.
• July 29 – The United States and the Kingdom of France sign a convention for establishing diplomatic relations and "determining the functions and prerogatives of their respective consuls, vice consuls, agents, and commissaries".^[41]
• August 13 – The East India Company Act, sponsored by British Prime Minister William Pitt was given royal assent.^[42]
• August 15 – Cardinal de Rohan is called before the French court to account for his actions, in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace.
• August 16 – Britain creates the colony of New Brunswick.
• September 19 – In France, the Robert brothers (Anne-Jean Robert and Nicolas-Louis Robert) and a Mr. Collin-Hullin (whose first name is lost to history) become the first people to fly more than 100 km or 100 miles in the air, lifting off from Paris and landing 6 hours and 40 minutes later near Bethune after a journey of 186 kilometres (116 mi).
• September 22 – Russia establishes a colony at Kodiak, Alaska.

October–December[edit]

• October 22– North Carolina rescinds its resolution ceding its western territory (now Tennessee) to the United States, after earlier giving Congress two years to accept the terms.^[36]
• October 31–December 14 – The Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan in Transylvania causes Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor to suspend the Hungarian Constitution.
• November 26 – The Roman Catholic Apostolic Prefecture of the United States is established.
• November 27 – The phenomenon of black holes is first posited in a paper by John Michell, in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.^[43]
• November 30 – Richard Henry Lee of Virginia is selected as the new President of the Confederation Congress.^[36]
• December – Immanuel Kant's essay "Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" is published.
• December 25 – The Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States is officially formed at the "Christmas Conference", led by Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury.

Date unknown[edit]

• The India Act requires that the governor general be chosen from outside the British East India Company, and it makes company directors subject to parliamentary supervision.
• Britain receives its first bales of imported American cotton.
• King Carlos III of the Spanish Empire authorizes land grants in Alta California.
• Princess Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova is named first president, of the newly created Russian Academy.
• The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the town of Morgansborough, named for Daniel Morgan. The town is designated as the county seat for Burke County, North Carolina and is subsequently renamed Morgantown, and later shortened to become Morganton.
• The North Carolina General Assembly changes the name of Kingston, North Carolina, originally named for King George III of Great Britain, to Kinston.
• The Japanese famine continues as 300,000 die of starvation.
• A huge locust swarm hits South Africa.
• Foundation of the first theater in Estonia, the Tallinna saksa teater.
• Benjamin Franklin invents bifocal spectacles.
• Benjamin Franklin tries in vain to persuade the French to alter their clocks, in winter to take advantage of the daylight.
• Antoine Lavoisier pioneers quantitative chemistry.
• Cholesterol is isolated.
• Carl Friedrich Gauss pioneers the field of summation with the formula summing at the age of 7.
• Madame du Coudray, pioneer of modern midwifery, retires.

1785[edit]

January–March[edit]

• January 1 – The first issue of the Daily Universal Register, later known as The Times, is published in London.
• January 7 – Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries travel from Dover, England to Calais, France in a hydrogen gas balloon, becoming the first to cross the English Channel by air.
• January 11 – Richard Henry Lee is elected as President of the U.S. Congress of the Confederation. ^[44]
• January 20 – Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút: Invading Siamese forces, attempting to exploit the political chaos in Vietnam, are ambushed and annihilated at the Mekong River, by the Tây Sơn.
• January 27 – The University of Georgia is founded in Athens, Georgia (United States).
• February 9 – Sir Warren Hastings, who has been governing India on behalf of King George III as the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William (later British India). Sir John Macpherson administers British India until General Charles Cornwallis arrives 19 months later. ^[45]
• February 27 – The Confederation Congress votes an $80,000 expense to establish diplomatic relations with Morocco. ^[46]
• March 7 – Scottish geologist James Hutton first presents his landmark work, Theory of the Earth; or an Investigation of the Laws observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. ^[47]
• General Henry Knox is appointed as the Confederation Congress's Secretary of War, with added duties as the Secretary of Navy, both functions now of the U.S. Department of Defense. ^[44]
• March 10
  • American engineer James Rumsey sends a letter to George Washington informing of his plans to create a successful steamboat. ^[48]
  • Thomas Jefferson is appointed the new U.S. Minister to France, and Benjamin Franklin's request for permission to return home is accepted. ^[44]

April–June[edit]

• April 19 – The Commonwealth of Massachusetts cedes all of its claims to territory west of New York State to the United States Confederation Congress. The area will become the southern portions of Michigan and Wisconsin. ^[49][44]
• April 21 – The Empress Catherine the Great of the Russian Empire issue the Charter to the Towns, providing for "a coherent, unified system of administration" for new governments organized in Russia.
• April 26 – John Adams is appointed as the U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom, and Thomas Jefferson as ambassador to France. ^[50]
• April 28 – Astronomer William Herschel begins his second series of surveys of the stars, published in 1789. ^[51]
• May 10 – A hot air balloon crashes in Tullamore, Ireland, causing a fire that burns down about 100 houses, making it the world's first aviation disaster (by 36 days).^[52]
• May 20 – The Northwest Ordinance of 1785, setting the rules for dividing the U.S. Northwest Territory (later Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan) into townships of 36 square miles apiece, is passed by the Confederation Congress. Walter G. Robillard and Lane J. Bouman, Clark on Surveying and Boundaries (LexisNexis, 1997) The survey system will later be applied to the continent west of the Mississippi River. ^[44]
• June 3 – The Continental Navy is disbanded.
• June 15 – After several attempts, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and his companion, Pierre Romain, set off in a balloon from Boulogne-sur-Mer, but the balloon suddenly deflates (without the envelope catching fire) and crashes near Wimereux in the Pas-de-Calais, killing both men, making it the first fatal aviation disaster.

July–September[edit]

• July 2 – Don Diego de Gardoqui arrives in New York City as Spain's first minister to the United States. ^[44]
• July 6 – The dollar (and a decimal currency system) is unanimously chosen as the money unit for the United States by the Congress of the Confederation. ^[53]
• July 16 – The Piper-Heidsieck Champagne house is founded by Florens-Louis Heidsieck in Reims, France.
• August 1 – The fleet of French explorer Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse leaves Paris for the circumnavigation of the globe.
• August 15 – Cardinal de Rohan is arrested in Paris; the Necklace Affair comes into the open.
• September 10 – The United States and the Kingdom of Prussia sign a Treaty of Amity and Commerce. ^[54]
• September 13 –
  • The Bank of North America, central bank for the Confederation Congress government, loses its charter. ^[55]
  • Benjamin Franklin returns to Philadelphia after seven years as the U.S. Ambassador to France and prepares to take office as the new Governor of Pennsylvania. ^[56]

October–December[edit]

• October 5 – Vincenzo Lunardi of Italy becomes the first person to pilot a balloon over Scotland. ^[57]
• October 13 – The first newspaper in British India, the English-language Madras Courier, is published. It continues publication as a weekly until 1794. ^[58]
• October 13 – France mints new Louis d'or coins, with the image of King Louis XVI on the obverse, and one-sixth less gold than the coins with King Louis XV's image. ^[59]
• October 17 – The Commonwealth of Virginia stops the importation of new African slaves by declaring that "No persons shall henceforth be slaves within this commonwealth, except such as were so on the seventeenth day of October, 1785, and the descendants of the females of them." ^[60]
• October 18 – Benjamin Franklin takes office as the new President of the Supreme Council of Pennsylvania, at the time the equivalent of a republic as one of the 13 independent governments of the United States of America under the Articles of Confederation. ^[56]
• November 23 – John Hancock of Massachusetts, the former President of the Continental Congress, is selected as the new President of the Congress of the Confederation, but is unable to take office because of illness. ^[44]
• November 28 – The Treaty of Hopewell is signed between the United States of America and the Cherokee Nation.
• December 11 – An edict is issued limiting Masonic lodges throughout the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Joseph II. With the exception of Vienna, Budapest and Prague, no Empire province may have more than one lodge. ^[61]

Date Unverified[edit]

• The University of New Brunswick is founded in Fredericton, New Brunswick.
• Coal gas is first used for illumination.
• Louis XVI of France signs to a law that a handkerchief must be square.
• The British government establishes a permanent land force in the Eastern Caribbean, based in Barbados.
• Belfast Academy (later Belfast Royal Academy) is founded by Rev. Dr James Crombie in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
• Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi publishes Letters on the Teachings of Spinoza, and starts the Pantheism controversy.
• Napoleon Bonaparte becomes a lieutenant in the French artillery.
• Mozart's "Haydn" String Quartets are published, as is his collaboration with Salieri and Cornetti, Per la ricuperata salute di Ofelia.

1786[edit]

January–March[edit]

• January 3 – The third Treaty of Hopewell is signed, between the United States of America and the Choctaw.
• January 6 – The outward bound East Indiaman Halsewell is wrecked on the south coast of England in a storm, with only 74 of more than 240 on board surviving.^[62]
• February 2 – In a speech before The Asiatic Society in Calcutta, Sir William Jones notes the formal resemblances between Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, laying the foundation for comparative linguistics and Indo-European studies.
• March 1 – The Ohio Company of Associates is organized by five businessman at a meeting at the Bunch-of-Grapes Tavern in Boston, to purchase land from the United States government to form settlements in what is now the U.S. state of Ohio. ^{[63] [64]}
• March 13 – Construction begins in Dublin on the Four Courts Building, with the first stone laid down by the United Kingdom's Viceroy for Ireland, the Duke of Rutland. ^[65]

April–June[edit]

• April 2 – The Creek Nation declares war on the U.S. State of Georgia over the matter of white settlers on land not ceded by the Creek nation. A truce is negotiated on April 17 between Creek Chief Alexander McGillivray (Hoboi-Hili-Miko) and U.S. Army General Lachlan McIntosh but is soon repudiated. ^[66]
• April 11 – Columbia College (now Columbia University) holds its first graduation, with eight students, including DeWitt Clinton. ^[67]
• April 25 – The United States and the Kingdom of Portugal sign their first commercial treaty, but it is never ratified. ^[68]
• April 27 – British astronomer William Herschel publishes his first list of his discoveries, Catalogue of One Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars; two additional books are published in 1789 and 1802. ^[69]
• May 1 – Mozart's opera The Marriage of Figaro premieres in Vienna.
• May 21 – The trial in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace ends in Paris.
• June 6 – Nathaniel Gorham is chosen as the new President of the U.S. Confederation Congress to substitute for John Hancock, who cannot take office because of illness. ^[70]
• June 10 – An earthquake-caused landslide dam on the Dadu River gives way, killing 100,000 in the Sichuan province of China.
• June 25 – Gavriil Pribylov discovers St. George Island of the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea.

July–September[edit]

• July 14 – Convention of London between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Spain: British settlements on the Mosquito Coast of Central America are to be evacuated; Spain expands the territory available to the British in Belize on the Yucatán Peninsula, for cutting mahogany.
• July 31 – The Kilmarnock volume of Robert Burns' Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect is published in Scotland.
• August
  • James Rumsey tests his first steamboat on the Potomac River, at Shepherdstown, Virginia.
  • The Cabinet of Great Britain approves the establishment of a penal colony, at Botany Bay in Australia.
• August 1 – Caroline Herschel discovers a comet (the first discovered by a woman).
• August 8 – Mont Blanc is climbed for the first time, by Dr. Michel-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat.
• August 11 – Captain Francis Light acquires the island of Penang from the Sultan of Kedah on behalf of the British East India Company, renaming it Prince of Wales Island in honour of the heir to the British throne,^[71] the first colony of the British Empire in Southeast Asia.
• August 17 – The paternal nephew of Frederick the Great, Frederick William, becomes King of Prussia, as Frederick William II.
• August 18 – The Kingdom of Denmark (including Norway charters six settlements in Iceland to trade with it, thus ending the Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly, and founding Reykjavík.
• August 29 – Shays' Rebellion begins in Massachusetts.
• September–December – Goethe undertook his Italian Journey (published in 1817).
• September 2 – A hurricane strikes Barbados.
• September 11–14 – The Annapolis Convention is held by delegates from six of the 13 states (Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey and New York) resulting in the scheduling of the Philadelphia Convention to draft a national constitution. ^[70]
• September 14 – Connecticut cedes to the United States all of its claims to lands between the 41st and 42nd parallels north and west of the Connecticut Western Reserve. ^[70]
• September 26 – Eden Agreement: A commercial treaty is signed between the Kingdoms of Great Britain and France.^[72]

October–December[edit]

• October 6 – HMS Bellerophon begins service with the Royal Navy. ^[73]
• October 10 – The Confederation Congress of the United States directs backpay for seven months for Virginia officers who have been waiting since 1782. ^[74]
• October 12 – King George III of the United Kingdom appoints Captain Arthur Phillip as the first Governor of New Holland, which comprises the area of modern Australia from the 135th meridian east to the east coast and all adjacent islands in the Pacific Ocean. ^[75]
• October 16 – The Confederation Congress establishes the United States Mint to make common coinage and currency for the U.S., to replace individual state coins. ^[70]
• October 23
  • The 13th century AH begins on the Islamic calendar on the 1st of Muharram 1201 AH
  • The settlement of Östersund is established in Sweden.^[76]
• October 24 – General David Cobb of the Massachusetts militia defeats a body of rebel insurgents at Taunton, Massachusetts in one of the battles of Shays' Rebellion. ^[77]
• November 7 – The oldest musical organization in the United States, the Stoughton Musical Society, is founded.
• November 30 – Peter Leopold Joseph of Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, promulgates a penal reform, making his country the first state to abolish the death penalty. November 30 is therefore commemorated by 300 cities around the world, as Cities for Life Day.
• December 4 – Mission Santa Barbara is founded by Padre Fermín Lasuén as the tenth of the Spanish missions in California.
  

  December 4: Mission Santa Barbara is founded.
• December 20 – Robert Burns's Address to a Haggis is first published, in Edinburgh.

Date unknown[edit]

• The town of Martinsborough, North Carolina, named for Royal Governor Josiah Martin in 1771, is renamed "Greenesville" in honor of United States General Nathanael Greene by the North Carolina General Assembly (the name "Greenesville" is later shortened, to become Greenville).
• The last reliably recorded wolf in Ireland is hunted down and killed near Mount Leinster, County Carlow, for killing sheep.^[78]

1787[edit]

January–March[edit]

• January 9 – The North Carolina General Assembly authorizes nine commissioners to purchase 100 acres (0.40 km²) of land for the seat of Chatham County. The town is named Pittsborough (later shortened to Pittsboro), for William Pitt the Younger.
• January 11 – William Herschel discovers Titania and Oberon, two moons of Uranus.
• January 19 – Mozart's Symphony No. 38 is premièred in Prague.
• February 2 – Arthur St. Clair of Pennsylvania is chosen as the new President of the Congress of the Confederation.^[79]
• February 4 – Shays' Rebellion in Massachusetts fails.
• February 21 – The Confederation Congress sends word to the 13 states that a convention will be held in Philadelphia on May 14 to revise the Articles of Confederation.^[79]
• February 28 – A charter is granted, establishing the institution which will become the University of Pittsburgh.
• March 3 – By a vote of 33 to 29, Harrisburg is approved as the new capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.^[80]
• March 17 – The Bank of North America, the central bank of the United States government under the Articles of Confederation, is re-incorporated after its charter had expired in 1786.^[80][81]
• March 28 – In the British House of Commons, Henry Beaufoy files the first motion to repeal the Test Act 1673, which restricts the rights of non-members of the Church of England.;^[82] Beaufoy's motion is rejected, and the Act is not repealed until 1829.
• March 30 – Biblical theology becomes a separate discipline from biblical studies, as Johann Philipp Gabler delivers his speech "On the proper distinction between biblical and dogmatic theology and the specific objectives of each" upon his inauguration as the professor of theology at the University of Altdorf in Germany.^[83]

April–June[edit]

• April 2 – A Charter of Justice is signed, providing the authority for the establishment of the first New South Wales (i.e. Australian) Courts of Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction.
• May 7 – The New Church is founded.
• May 13 – Captain Arthur Phillip leaves Portsmouth, England with the 11 ships of the First Fleet, carrying around 700 convicts and at least 300 crew and guards, to establish a penal colony in Australia.
• May 14 – In Philadelphia, delegates begin arriving for a Constitutional Convention.^[79]
• May 22 – In Britain, Thomas Clarkson and Granville Sharp found the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, with support from John Wesley, Josiah Wedgwood and others.
• May 25 – In Philadelphia, delegates begin to convene the Constitutional Convention, intended to amend the Articles of Confederation (however, a new United States Constitution is eventually produced). George Washington presides over the Convention.
• May – Orangist troops attack Vreeswijk, Harmelen and Maarssen; civil war starts in the Dutch Republic.
• May 31 – The original Lord's Cricket Ground in London holds its first cricket match;^[84] Marylebone Cricket Club founded.^[85]
• June 20 – Oliver Ellsworth moves at the Federal Convention that the government be called the United States.
• June 28 – Princess Wilhelmina of Orange, sister of King Frederick William II of Prussia, is captured by Dutch Republican patriots, taken to Goejanverwellesluis and not allowed to travel to The Hague.

July–September[edit]

• July 13 – The Congress of the Confederation enacts the Northwest Ordinance, establishing governing rules for the Northwest Territory (the future states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin). It also establishes procedures for the admission of new states, and limits the expansion of slavery.^[79]
• July 18 – The United States ratifies its first treaty with the Sultanate of Morocco.^[79]
• August 9 – South Carolina cedes to the United States its claims to a 12-mile wide strip of land that runs across northern Alabama and Mississippi.^[79]
• August 27 – Launching a 45-foot (14 m) steam powered craft on the Delaware River, John Fitch demonstrates the first U.S. patent for his design.
• September 13 – Prussian troops invade the Dutch Republic. Within a few weeks 40,000 Patriots (out of a population of 2,000,000) go into exile in France (and learn from observation the ideals of the French Revolution).
• September 17 – The United States Constitution is signed by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.^[79]
• September 24 – Washington Academy (later Washington & Jefferson College) is chartered by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.^[86]

October–December[edit]

• October 1 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–92) – Battle of Kinburn: Alexander Suvorov, though sustaining a wound, routs the Turks.
• October 27 – The first of The Federalist Papers, a series of essays calling for ratification of the U.S. Constitution, is published in The Independent Journal, a New York newspaper.
• October 29 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera Don Giovanni (libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte) premieres in the Estates Theatre in Prague.
• November 1 – The first secondary education school open to girls in Sweden, Societetsskolan, is founded in Gothenburg.
• November 21 – Treaty of Versailles (1787) signed, forming an alliance between the Kingdom of France and the Lord Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, future Emperor of Vietnam.
• December 3 – James Rumsey demonstrates his water-jet propelled boat on the Potomac River.
• December 7 – Delaware ratifies the Constitution, and becomes the first U.S. state.
• December 8 – La Purisima Mission is founded by Padre Fermín Lasuén as the eleventh of the Spanish missions in California.
• December 12 – Pennsylvania becomes the second U.S. state.
• December 18 – New Jersey becomes the third U.S. state.
• December 23 – Captain William Bligh sets sail from England for Tahiti, in HMS Bounty.^[84]

Date unknown[edit]

• Caroline Herschel is granted an annual salary of £50, by King George III of Great Britain, for acting as assistant to her brother William in astronomy.^[87]
• The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates Waynesborough, and designates it the seat for Wayne County, North Carolina.
• Antoine Lavoisier is the first to suggest that silica is an oxide of a hitherto unknown metallic chemical element, later isolated and named silicon.
• Freed slave Ottobah Cugoano publishes Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species in England.

1788[edit]

January–March[edit]

• January 1 – The first edition of The Times, previously The Daily Universal Register, is published in London.
• January 2 – Georgia ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the fourth U.S. state under the new government.
• January 9 – Connecticut ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the fifth U.S. state.
• January 18 – The leading ship (armed tender HMS Supply) in Captain Arthur Phillip's First Fleet arrives at Botany Bay, to colonise Australia.
• January 22 – the Congress of the Confederation, effectively a caretaker government until the United States Constitution can be ratified by at least nine of the 13 states, elects Cyrus Griffin as its last president. ^[88]
• January 24 – The La Perouse expedition in the Astrolabe and Boussole arrives off Botany Bay, just as Captain Arthur Phillip is attempting to move his colony from there to Sydney Cove in Port Jackson.
• January 26 – Australia Day: Eleven ships of the First Fleet from Botany Bay, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, land at Sydney Cove (which will become Sydney), Australia, where he determines to establish the British prison colony of New South Wales, the first permanent European settlement on the continent.
• January 31 – Henry Benedict Stuart becomes the new Stuart claimant to the throne of Great Britain, as King Henry IX and the figurehead of Jacobitism.
• February 1 – Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet patent a steamboat.
• February 6 – Massachusetts ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the sixth U.S. state.
• February 7 – Sydney is named and founded, by the British Colony of New South Wales.
• February 9 – Austria enters the Russo-Turkish War (1787–92), and attacks Moldavia.
• February 17 – The uninhabited Lord Howe Island is discovered by the brig HMS Supply, commanded by Lieutenant Ball, who is on his way from Botany Bay to Norfolk Island with convicts to start a penal settlement there. They arrive at Norfolk Island on March 6.
• March 10 – The La Perouse expedition leaves Sydney Cove for New Caledonia, never to be seen again.
• March 14 – The Edinburgh Evening Courant carries a notice of £200 reward for the capture of William Brodie, a town councilor doubling as a burglar.
• March 21 – The Great New Orleans Fire kills 25% of the population and destroys 856 buildings, including St. Louis Cathedral and The Cabildo, leaving most of the town in ruins.

April–June[edit]

• April 7 – American pioneers establish the town of Marietta (in modern-day Ohio), the first permanent American settlement outside the original Thirteen Colonies.
• April 13 – America's first recorded riot, the 'Doctors' Mob', begins. Residents of Manhattan are angry about grave robbers stealing bodies for doctors to dissect. The rioting is suppressed on April 15.
• April 28 – Maryland ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the seventh U.S. state.
• May 10 – The Royal Dramatic Theatre (Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern), Sweden's national drama company, is founded.
• May 15 – The Australian frontier wars begin.
• May 23 – South Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the eighth U.S. state.
• June 7 – France: Day of the Tiles, which some consider the beginning of the French Revolution.
• June 9 – The African Association, an exploration group dedicated to plotting the Niger River and finding Timbuktu, is founded in England.
• June 17 – English captains Thomas Gilbert and John Marshall, returning from Botany Bay, become the first Europeans to encounter the Gilbert Islands in the Pacific Ocean.^[89] They also chart islands in "Lord Mulgrove's range", later known as the Marshall Islands.
• June 21 – New Hampshire ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the ninth U.S. state, enabling the Constitution to go into effect. (The latter happens on March 4, 1789, when the first Congress elected under the new Constitution assembles.)
• June 25 – The Virginia Ratifying Convention ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the tenth U.S. state under the new government.
• June 26 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in Vienna, completes his antepenultimate symphony, now called the Symphony No. 39 in E-flat.

July–September[edit]

• July 13 – A hailstorm sweeps across France and the Dutch Republic, with hailstones 'as big as quart bottles' that take 'three days to melt'; immense damage is done.^[90]
• July 24 – Governor General Lord Dorchester, by proclamation issued from the Chateau St. Louis in Quebec City, divides the British Province of Quebec into five Districts, namely: Gaspé, Nassau, Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, and Hesse.
• July 26 – New York ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the eleventh U.S. state.
• July 28 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in Vienna, completes his penultimate symphony, now called the Symphony No. 40 in G Minor.
• August 8 – King Louis XVI of France agrees to convene the Estates-General meeting in May 1789, the first time since 1614.
• August 10 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in Vienna, completes his final symphony, now called the Symphony No. 41 in C Major, and nicknamed (after his death) The Jupiter.
• August 27 – The trial of Deacon William Brodie for burglary begins in Edinburgh, Scotland; he is sentenced to death by hanging.
• September 13 – The United States Congress of the Confederation passes an act providing a timeline for the voting for the first President under the new U.S. Constitution. ^[91]
• September 24 – The Theater War begins, when the army of Denmark–Norway invades Sweden.

October–December[edit]

• October 1 – William Brodie is hanged at the Tolbooth in Edinburgh.
• October 21 – The 14th and last session of the Continental Congress and (the 6th as Congress under the Articles of Confederation) is adjourned. ^[88]
• October – King George III of the United Kingdom becomes deranged; the Regency Crisis of 1788 starts.
• November 8 – Voting takes place in the 11 states that have ratified the United States Constitution for the first U.S. Senators; in Virginia, Richard Henry Lee and William Grayson, both anti-federalists, receive the highest number of votes in the Virginia Senate. ^[92]
• November 15 – Cyrus Griffin of Virginia completes his service as the last President of the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation
• November 20 – In the United Kingdom, the Houses of Parliament are given the first formal report by Prime Minister Pitt of the mental illness of King George III. Parliament adjourns for two weeks to await the results of examinations by royal physicians. ^[93]
• November 25 – Fifty consecutive days of temperatures below freezing strike France, a record that would be unbroken more than 200 years later. ^[94]
• December 6 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–92): The Ottoman fortress of Özi falls to the Russians after a prolonged siege, and a murderous storm with a temperature of −23 °C (−9 °F).
• December 14 – King Charles III of Spain dies, and is succeeded by his son Charles IV.
• December – Robert Burns writes his version of the Scots poem Auld Lang Syne.^[95]

Undated[edit]

• Annual British iron production reaches 68,000 tons.

1789[edit]

January–March[edit]

• January – Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès publishes the pamphlet What Is the Third Estate? (Qu'est-ce que le tiers-état?), influential on the French Revolution.
• January 7 – The United States presidential election, 1788–89 and House of Representatives elections are held.
• January 9 – Treaty of Fort Harmar: The terms of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) and the Treaty of Fort McIntosh, between the United States Government and certain native American tribes, are reaffirmed, with some minor changes.
• January 21 – The first American novel, The Power of Sympathy or the Triumph of Nature Founded in Truth, is printed in Boston, Massachusetts. The anonymous author is William Hill Brown.
• January 23 – Georgetown University is founded in Georgetown, Maryland (today part of Washington, D.C.), as the first Roman Catholic college in the United States.

• February – King Gustav III of Sweden enforces the Union and Security Act, delivering the coup de grace to Sweden's 70-year-old parliamentarian system, in favor of absolute monarchy.
• February 4 – George Washington is unanimously elected the first President of the United States, by the United States Electoral College.
• March – The first version of a graphic description of a slave ship (the Brookes) is issued on behalf of the English Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade.^[96][97]
• March 4 – At Federal Hall in New York City, the 1st United States Congress meets, and declares the new United States Constitution to be in effect. The bicameral United States Congress replaces the unicameral Congress of the Confederation, as the legislature of the federal government of the United States.

April–June[edit]

• April 1 – At Federal Hall, the United States House of Representatives attains its first quorum, and elects congressman Frederick Muhlenberg as the first Speaker of the House.
• April 6 – At Federal Hall, the United States Senate attains its first quorum, and elects John Langdon of Pennsylvania as its first President pro tempore. Later that day, the Senate and the House of Representatives meet in joint session for the first time, and the electoral votes of the first U.S. Presidential election are counted. General George Washington is certified as President-elect, and John Adams is certified as Vice-President elect.
• April 7 – Selim III (1789–1807) succeeds Abdul Hamid I (1773–1789), as Ottoman Sultan.
• April 21 – John Adams takes office as the first Vice President of the United States, and begins presiding over the United States Senate.
• April 28 – Mutiny on the Bounty: Fletcher Christian leads the mutiny on the British Royal Navy ship HMS Bounty against Captain William Bligh, in the Pacific Ocean.
• April 30 – George Washington is inaugurated at Federal Hall in New York City, beginning his term as the first President of the United States.
• May 5 – In France, the Estates-General convenes for the first time in 175 years.
• June – The Inconfidência Mineira is the first attempt at Brazilian independence from Portugal.

• June 17 – In France, representatives of the Third Estate at the Estates-General declare themselves the National Assembly.
• June 20 – The Tennis Court Oath is made in Versailles.
• June 23 – Louis XVI of France makes a conciliatory speech urging reforms to a joint session, and orders the three estates to meet together.

July–September[edit]

• July – An estimated 150,000 of Paris's 600,000 people are without work.
• July 1 – The comic ballet La fille mal gardée, choreographed by Jean Dauberval, is first presented under the title Le ballet de la paille, at the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux, at Bordeaux, France.
• July 4 – The U.S. Congress passes its first bill, setting out tariffs. ^[98]
• July 9
  • At Versailles, the National Assembly reconstitutes itself as the National Constituent Assembly, and begins preparations for what will become the French Constitution of 1791.
  • The Theatre War officially ends in Scandinavia.
• July – Storofsen flood in Norway.
• July 10 – Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Mackenzie River Delta.
• July 11 – Louis XVI of France dismisses popular Chief Minister Jacques Necker.
• July 12 – An angry Parisian crowd, inflamed by a speech from journalist Camille Desmoulins, demonstrates against the King's decision to dismiss Minister Necker.
• July 13 – The people begin to seize arms for the defense of Paris.
• July 14 – The French Revolution (1789–1799) begins with the Storming of the Bastille: Citizens of Paris storm the fortress of the Bastille, and free the only seven prisoners held. In rural areas, peasants attack manors of the nobility.
• July 14 – Survivors of the mutiny on the Bounty, including Captain William Bligh and 18 others, reach Timor after a nearly 4,000-mile (6,400 km) journey in an open boat.

• July 27 – The first agency of the Federal government of the United States under the new Constitution, the Department of Foreign Affairs ^[98] (from September 15 renamed the Department of State), is established.
• August 4 – In France, members of the Constituent Assembly take an oath to end feudalism, and abandon their privileges.
• August 7 – The United States Department of War is established.^[99]
• August 18 – The Liège Revolution breaks out in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
• August 21 – A proposal for a Bill of Rights is adopted by the United States House of Representatives.^[100][101]
• August 26 – The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is proclaimed in France, by the Constituent Assembly.
• August 28 – William Herschel discovers Enceladus, one of Saturn's moons.
• September 2 – The United States Department of the Treasury is founded. ^[98]
• September 11 – Alexander Hamilton is appointed as the first United States Secretary of the Treasury.
• September 22 –
  • Russo-Turkish War (1787–92) – Battle of Rymnik: Alexander Suvorov roundly defeats 100,000 Turks.
  • The United States Department of the Post Office is established. ^[98]
• September 24 – The Judiciary Act of 1789 establishes the federal judiciary, and the United States Marshals Service.^[102]
• September 25 – The United States Congress proposes a set of 12 amendments to the U.S. constitution, for ratification by the states. ^[98] Ratification for 10 of these proposals is completed on December 5, 1791, creating the United States Bill of Rights.
• September 26 – Thomas Jefferson, U.S. Minister to France, is appointed as the first U.S. Secretary of State. ^[98]
• September 29 – The U.S. Department of War establishes the nation's first regular army, with a strength of several hundred men.

October–December[edit]

• October 5 – Women's March on Versailles: Some 7,000 women march 12 miles (19 km) from Paris to the royal Palace of Versailles, to demand action over high bread prices.
• October 10 – Physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin proposes to the French National Assembly the adoption of more humane and egalitarian forms of capital punishment, including use of the guillotine.
• October 24 – Brabant Revolution: Brabant revolutionaries cross the border from the Dutch Republic into the Austrian Netherlands; the first public reading of the Manifesto of the People of Brabant declares the independence of the Austrian Netherlands.
• October 27 – Battle of Turnhout: The Austrian army is beaten by Brabant revolutionaries.
• November 6 – Pope Pius VI creates the first diocese in the United States at Baltimore, and appoints John Carroll the first Roman Catholic bishop in the United States.
• November 20 – New Jersey ratifies the United States Bill of Rights, the first state to do so.
• November 21 – North Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the 12th U.S. state. ^[98]
• November 26 – A national Thanksgiving Day is observed in the United States, as recommended by President George Washington and approved by Congress.
• December 11 – The University of North Carolina, the oldest public university in the United States, is founded.
• December 23 – A leaflet circulated in France accuses the Marquis de Favras of plotting to rescue the royal family.

Date unknown[edit]

• Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, decrees that all peasant labor obligations be converted into cash payments.
• The Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry), an influential chemistry textbook by Antoine Lavoisier, is published; translated into English in 1790, it comes to be considered the first modern chemical textbook.
• German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth discovers the element uranium, while studying the mineral pitchblende.
• The Bengal Presidency first establishes a penal colony, in the Andaman Islands.
• Thomas Jefferson returns from Europe, bringing the first macaroni machine to the United States.
• Influenced by Dr. Benjamin Rush's argument against the excessive use of alcohol, about 200 farmers in a Connecticut community form a temperance movement in the United States.
• Fort Washington (Cincinnati, Ohio) is built to protect early U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory.
• Former slave Olaudah Equiano's autobiography The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, one of the earliest published works by a black writer, is published in London.^[103]

Notable world leaders[edit]

Note: Names of country leaders shown below in bold face have remained in power continuously throughout the entirety of the decade

Europe[edit]

• 

  Catherine II

• 

  Charles IV

• 

  Charles Eugene

• 

  Charles Theodore

• 

  Christian VII

• 

  Ercole III

• 

  Ferdinand IV/III

• 

  Frederick II

• 

  Frederick William II

• 

  George III

• 

  Gustav III

• 

  Joseph II

• 

  Leopold I

• 

  Louis XVI

• 

  Maria I

• 

  Paolo Renier

• 

  Ludovico Manin

• 

  Pope Pius VI

• 

  Stanisław II

• 

  Victor Amadeus III

• 

  William V

Asia[edit]

• 

  Abdülhamid I

• 

  Ali Murad Khan

• 

  Jafar Khan

• 

  Bodawpaya

• 

  Heraclius II

• 

  Jeongjo

• 

  Nizam Ali Khan

• 

  Nguyễn Nhạc

• 

  Qianlong Emperor

• 

  Rama I

• 

  Rana Bahadur Shah

• 

  Shah Alam II

• 

  Shō Boku

• 

  Timur Shah Durrani

• 

  Tokugawa Ieharu

• 

  Tokugawa Ienari

References[edit]