1.
1783 in architecture
–
The year 1783 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. September 24 - The Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre, in Saint Petersburg, Russia, designed by Antonio Rinaldi, new Vilnius Cathedral in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, designed by Laurynas Gucevičius, is consecrated. Façade of Carmelite Church, Warsaw, Poland, designed by Efraim Szreger, is completed Laleli Mosque, Istanbul, boston Light rebuilt on the site of an earlier one destroyed in the American Revolution. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Antoine Vaudoyer, may 14 - Giuseppe Jappelli, Venetian architect June 2 - Solomon Willard, Massachusetts craftsman, architect and builder February 6 - Capability Brown, English landscape architect
2.
1784 in architecture
–
The year 1784 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. September 1 - John Sanders becomes the first architectural student of John Soane, in Saint Petersburg, Russia, at the Gardens of Orienbaum, a ride is built that features carriages that undulate over hills within grooved tracks, a predecessor of the roller coaster. Étienne-Louis Boullée proposes a cenotaph to Isaac Newton, st Andrews Church in New Town, Edinburgh, Scotland, designed by Andrew Frazer and Robert Kay, opened. In New London, Connecticut, the hall is built. Ishak Pasha Palace is built in Turkey, work starts on La Moneda Palace in Santiago, originally intended to house the Spanish mint in Colonial Chile, designed by Joaquín Toesca. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Auguste Cheval de Saint-Hubert
3.
1785 in architecture
–
The year 1785 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. July 17 - A groundbreaking ceremony is held for the Pella Palace in Russia, designed by Ivan Starov, may 19 - Plaza de Toros de Ronda, Spain. Attingham Park, Shropshire, England, designed by George Steuart, chertsey Bridge over the River Thames in England, designed by James Paine and Kenton Couse. Marble Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russia, designed by Antonio Rinaldi, church of St. Stephen Harding in Apátistvánfalva. Odigitrievsky Cathedral in Ulan Ude, Russia, Palace of Iturbide in Mexico City, designed by Francisco Antonio de Guerrero y Torres. Rebuilding of Babolovo Palace in Tsarskoe Selo, Russia, by Ilya Neyelov, modifications to Neue Kirche, Berlin, by Georg Christian Unger after a design by Carl von Gontard. Mussenden Temple on the north coast of Ireland, october 29 - Achille Leclère, French architect William Cubitt, English civil engineer August 11 - Marie-Joseph Peyre, French architect September 26 - Ventura Rodríguez, Spanish architect and artist
4.
1786 in architecture
–
The year 1786 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Casa de Esteban de Luca, Buenos Aires, Argentina, creaking Pagoda, Tsarskoe Selo, Russia, designed by Georg von Veldten. Golghar, Patna, India, built by Captain John Garstin, henley Bridge, designed by William Hayward of Shrewsbury, who died before construction had begun. Schloss Bellevue in Berlin, Germany, designed by Philipp Daniel Boumann, st. Catherines Cathedral, Kherson, Ukraine, built by General Ivan Gannibal. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Charles Percier
5.
1787 in architecture
–
The year 1787 in architecture involved some significant events in architectural history. In Charleston, SC, the Unitarian Universalist Church is built, in Bedford, New York, the Court House in Bedford Village is built. In White Plains, NY, the courthouse is built. In Philadelphia, PA, the Morris House Hotel is built, in Jefferson County, Ohio, Fort Steuben is built and houses the first American Army Regiment. In Saint Petersburg, the Hermitage Theatre, designed by Giacomo Quarenghi, is completed, in suburban Vienna, the Theater auf der Wieden, designed by Andreas Zach, is built and opened. The Royal Pavilion, at Brighton is established as a retreat for George. The Al-Nabi Mosque, Qazvin, probably designed by Ustad Mirza Shirazi, is built, the Qingshui Temple in Taipei is built. Dome of the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Vita in Bologna, designed by Giuseppe Tubertini, is completed
6.
1788 in architecture
–
The year 1788 in architecture involved some significant events. Felix Meritis in Amsterdam, designed by Jacob Otten Husly, is opened, de Kleine Komedie in Amsterdam, designed by Abraham van der Hart, is completed. Théâtre Graslin in Nantes, designed by Mathurin Crucy, is opened, theater in der Josefstadt, Vienna is established. Theatre Royal in Richmond, North Yorkshire, England, is built, sofia Albertina Church in Scania, designed by Carl Hårleman before his death in 1753, is inaugurated. Capilla de Ánimas in Santiago de Compostela is completed, St. Spyridon Church, Peroj is completed. St Gregorys Church, Preshome, designed by Father John Reid, is built, façade of St. Annes Church, Warsaw, by Chrystian Piotr Aigner, is completed. Admiralty House, London, designed by Samuel Pepys Cockerell, is opened, palazzo Beneventano del Bosco in Syracuse, Sicily, rebuilt by Luciano Alì, is completed. Eriksholm Castle on the Isefjord, designed by Caspar Frederik Harsdorff, is completed, terraced houses in England at Camden Crescent, Bath and 32–44, Caledonia Place, Clifton, Bristol, designed by John Eveleigh, are built. Second Walton Bridge over the River Thames in England, designed by James Paine, is opened
7.
1789 in architecture
–
The year 1789 in architecture involved some significant events. The main block of the Grand Pump Room, Bath, England, is begun by Thomas Baldwin, cross Bath, in Bath, England, is rebuilt by Thomas Baldwin at about this date. Buxton Crescent in Buxton, Derbyshire, England, designed by John Carr, is completed New house at Newliston near Edinburgh, Scotland, the Moscow Gostiny Dvor is designed by Giacomo Quarenghi, the favourite architect of Catherine the Great. The rebuilt Prince Vladimir Church, Saint Petersburg, is completed to the designs of Ivan Starov, all Saints Church, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, designed by David Stevenson, is consecrated. The First Methodist Church in Rhode Island is built, with a 160-foot spire, the octagonal Old Stordal Church in Norway, designed by the late priest Ebbe Carsten Tønder, is built. Congress Hall, Philadelphia, designed by Samuel Lewis, is completed as the county courthouse, Philosophical Hall, Philadelphia, is completed for the American Philosophical Society. The Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in London, designed by George Dance the Younger, is opened, the Piață Mică arcaded market hall in Transylvania is built. Duras Castle in Limburg, designed by G. Henry, is completed, the Alma Plantation Sugar Mill in Pointe Coupee, Louisiana, is built. New peers entrance to the Irish Houses of Parliament in Dublin, the Public Library, Ladyshadow in the virtual city of Zanpo is built by Lord William de Shadow
8.
1790 in architecture
–
The year 1790 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Date unknown - Work begins on the East India Companys Plantation House in Saint Helena, New church of the Abbey of St Genevieve in Paris, designed by Jacques-Germain Soufflot and finished by Jean-Baptiste Rondelet, is completed to serve as the Panthéon. Royal Observatory in Madrid, designed by Juan de Villanueva, the Pitot House, New Orleans built by Don Santiago Lorreins. The John Dodd Hat Shop in Danbury, Connecticut, built by lawyer John Dodd, the bridge at Warwick Castle, England. Monmouth County Gaol, U. K. designed by William Blackburn, november 7 - Karol Podczaszyński, Polish neoclassical architect date unknown - John Hawks, American architect
9.
1791 in architecture
–
The year 1791 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The elevations of Charlotte Square in Edinburgh, Scotland, are designed by Robert Adam, polish architect Jakub Kubicki is ennobled. January 6 - Théâtre Feydeau, Paris, designed by Jacques Legrand, november 7 - The Custom House, Dublin, Ireland, designed by James Gandon. Clyne Castle, Swansea, Wales, built by Richard Phillips, plaza Mayor, Madrid, remodelling by Juan de Villanueva. Rock Castle, United States, home of Daniel Smith
10.
1792 in architecture
–
The year 1792 in architecture involved some significant events. May 16 - La Fenice theatre in Venice, designed by Gianantonio Selva, is inaugurated with an opera performance, october 13 - Work begins on the White House, designed by James Hoban, in Washington, D. C. Church of St John-at-Hackney in London, designed by James Spiller, is built, stenbock House in Tallinn, designed by Johann Caspar Mohr, is completed. The Old State House in Hartford is probably designed by Charles Bulfinch, manjarabad fort in India is built. Sir John Soane begins work on his house in London, which becomes the Soane Museum, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Pierre-Charles-Joseph Normand
11.
1794 in architecture
–
The year 1794 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Date unknown - French confectioner Louis Jules Benois, forefather of the Benois family of artists, musicians, and architects, arrives in Russia following the French Revolution. Construction of houses on the edge of Blackheath, London, designed by Michael Searles, begins, The Paragon, South Row and Montpelier Row, the interior of St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig in Saxony is remodeled by Johann Carl Friedrich Dauthe in the neoclassical style. Needle of Rijswijk, monument at Forest of Rijswijk, Netherlands, the second Royal Presidio Chapel at the Presidio of Monterey in Spanish Alta California. The chapel, now known as the Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo, is the first stone building in the province, the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. The Radcliffe Observatory building at Oxford, England
12.
1795 in architecture
–
The year 1795 in architecture involved some significant events. Franklin Place in Boston, Massachusetts, designed by Charles Bulfinch, is completed, remodelling of Łazienki Palace in Warsaw by Domenico Merlini, begun in 1764, is completed. Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England, the Welsh Bridge in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, designed and built by John Tilley and John Carline, is completed. The Large Chinese Bridge in Tsarskoye Selo, Russia, designed by Antonio Rinaldi, gallowgate Barracks in Glasgow, Scotland, are built. The Cabildo in New Orleans is started
13.
1796 in architecture
–
The year 1796 in architecture involved some significant events. October 8 - The Sans Souci Theatre in Westminster, London, opens to the public, built by dramatist, musician, somerset House in London, designed by William Chambers is completed. The parish church of Urtijëi in the Italian Tyrol, designed by Joseph Abenthung, is completed, hwaseong Fortress in Suwon, Korea, designed by Jeong Yak-yong, is completed. Work begins on Blaise Castle, commissioned by John Scandrett Harford from William Paty, the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in Fustat, Egypt, is rebuilt by Mamluk leader Mourad Bey
14.
1797 in architecture
–
The year 1797 in architecture involved some significant events. Ditherington Flax Mill, in Shrewsbury, England, is completed, by the end of the 20th century it will be the oldest iron-framed building in the world, first Bank of the United States in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, designed by Samuel Blodgett, is completed. Hassan Basha Mosque in Oran is built, palace of Shaki Khans in Shaki, Azerbaijan is built. May 3 - George Webster, English architect October 4 - Anthony Keck, English architect
15.
1798 in architecture
–
The year 1798 in architecture involved some significant events. September 2 - Opening of the Teatro Comunale in Italy to the design of Cosimo Morelli, building of the first major example of Egyptian Revival architecture, Karlsruhe Synagogue in Baden to the design of Friedrich Weinbrenner. Completion of the summer retreat at Castle Coole in Northern Ireland to the design of James Wyatt. Completion of the theatre and summer retreat at Ostankino Palace near Moscow, completion of the Massachusetts State House in Boston to the design of Charles Bulfinch. Completion of the Royal Chapel of St. Anthony of La Florida in Madrid to the design of Felipe Fontana, completion of the İzzet Mehmet Pasha Mosque in Safranbolu, Turkey. Completion of first São João National Theatre in Porto, Portugal as a house to the design of Vicente Mazzoneschi. Opening of the Teatro della Concordia in Iesi, Ancona, building of Bewdley Bridge over the River Severn in England to the design of Thomas Telford. Opening of the skew Store Street Aqueduct on the Ashton Canal in Manchester to the design of Benjamin Outram
16.
1799 in architecture
–
The year 1799 in architecture involved some significant events. Marks Church in-the-Bowery in New York City, built by John McComb, gracie Mansion in New York City, designed by John McComb, Jr. is built. The Chester Shot Tower, a shot tower, is built in the Boughton district of Chester. In New Orleans, The Cabildo is completed, reconstruction of Town Hall, Vilnius, by Laurynas Gucevičius is completed. Broadway Tower, Worcestershire, England, designed by James Wyatt, is completed, grand Pump Room, Bath, England, designed by Thomas Baldwin and John Palmer, is completed Hjo Church in Sweden is completed
17.
1800 in architecture
–
The year 1800 in architecture involved some significant events. June 30 - Replacement Teatro Riccardi opera house in Bergamo, Lombardy, november 1 - The White House in Washington D. C. However, the porticoes are not added until 1825, the Kings Inns in Dublin, designed by James Gandon, are completed. Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral in Chile is completed, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Simon Vallot and Jean-François-Julien Mesnager
18.
1802 in architecture
–
The year 1802 in architecture involved some significant events. New Satu Mare Chain Church in Romania, designed by Preinlich Sigismund, is completed, new St. Georges Church, Dublin, Ireland, designed by Francis Johnston, is completed. The Temple of Saint Philip Neri in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico is completed, the Four Courts in Dublin, designed by James Gandon, is completed. Rebuilding of Liverpool Town Hall in England under the direction of John Foster is completed, the Classen Library in Copenhagen, Denmark, designed by the benefactor Peter Hersleb Classen, presumably assisted by Andreas Kirkerup, is completed. Wildersgade Barracks in Copenhagen, designed by the architects and developers Jørgen Henrich Rawert, mežotne Palace in Latvia, designed by Johann Georg Adam Berlitz, is completed. Badenich Palace in Bejsce, Poland, designed by Jakub Kubicki, is built, sedgeley, a mansion on the Schuylkill River near Philadelphia designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe, is completed. Wrangel Palace in Stockholm, Sweden is rebuilt after a fire by Carl Christoffer Gjörwell, new dining room and conservatory for the Royal Pavilion, Brighton, England, designed by Peter Frederick Robinson, are completed. Monument to the Magdeburg Rights in Ukraine, designed by Andrey Melensky, is erected, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Hubert Rohault de Fleury
19.
1803 in architecture
–
The year 1803 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The Raj Bhavan in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, holy Cross Church, Boston, Massachusetts, designed by Charles Bulfinch, dedicated. St. Johns Chapel, designed by John McComb, Jr. rivington Unitarian Chapel in Lancashire, England. Casa del Labrador, designed by Isidro González Velásquez, at the Royal Palace of Aranjuez in Spain is completed, nantwich Bridge in Cheshire, England, built by William Lightfoot. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, François-Narcisse Pagot
20.
Rionegro
–
Rionegro is a city and municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia, located in the subregion of Eastern Antioquia. The official name of the City is Ciudad Santiago de Arma de Rionegro but is named after the Negro River which is the most prominent geographical feature of the municipality, the territory was first mentioned in 1541 by the Spanish Lieutenant Alvaro de Mendoza. When the Field Marshal Jorge Robledo took possession of the Valley of Aburrá, according to Fray Pedro Simón, Robledo was the first Iberian man who discovered the Valley of San Nicolás on 2 September 1541. Rionegro grew in the 19th century and was an important center during the time it was a Spanish colony, the city then rivaled Santa Fe de Antioquia to compete for the capital of Antioquia, until the city of Medellín grew prominently and far exceeded the growth of these cities. The municipality of Rionegro is located in the mountain range of the Andes in eastern Antioquia. With a total area of 196 km², is part of the sub-region of Eastern Antioquia, the city of Rionegro is located at 6°9′18″N 75°22′48″W, at an average elevation of 2,125 metres above sea level. The average annual precipitation varies between 1,800 and 2,500 millimeters with a temperature of 17 °C. Much of the consists of volcanic ashes and soils with a high resistance to the erosion. Part of the city is a plain of the Negro River and its tributaries, which also include the Pantanillo River. Historically the Negro River divided the valley in two, with the Valley of Llanogrande and the Valley of San Nicholas, Hydroelectric companies operate in the area, and have constructed a Hydroelectric Power station at Guatapé with the Santa Rita Dam. Today the hydroelectric complex of Eastern Antioquia consists of five power stations, the municipality had a population density of approximately 466 inhabitants per square kilometer. The ethnicity of the population is almost entirely of Mestizo and White persons with 1. 1% Afro Colombian. 48. 6% of the population are men and 51. 4% women and city had a rate of 5. 7% who were illiterate, but most of these were under 5 years of age and not yet eligible or mature enough for an education. Public services in Rionegro are of a high standard with 98. 7% of houses supplied with electricity,95. 6% with a water supply and 87. 1% with a telephone connection. For the city there is a mayor with executive authority and a Municipal Council with legislative rights, the Mayor of Rionegro is naturally the head of the local government and the municipal administration, representing legal, judicial authority in the municipality. The position of mayor is chosen by popular vote for a period of four years, the Municipal council of Rionegro, is also subject to election, composed by 17 politicians of varying political parties, chosen for a period of four years. The council is the executive organization of the municipality with obligation to take responsibility for Rionegros territorial jurisdiction. Amongst its functions are approving the proposals and projects of the mayor, administratively the Mayorship of Rionegro is divided in two main groups, the chief central administration and the decentralized organizations
21.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
22.
National Convention
–
The National Convention was the third government of the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly. Created after the insurrection of 10 August 1792, it was the first French government organized as a republic. The Convention sat as an assembly from 20 September 1792 to 26 October 1795. The National Convention was therefore the first French assembly elected by a suffrage without distinctions of class, although the Convention lasted until 1795, power was effectively stripped from the elected deputies and concentrated in the small Committee of Public Safety from April 1793. After the fall of Robespierre, the Convention lasted for year until a new constitution was written. The election took place from 2 to 6 September 1792 after the election of the colleges by primary assemblies on 26 August. Therefore, the increased suffrage had very little impact, the electorate returned the same sort of men that the active citizens had chosen in 1791. In the whole of France, only eleven primary assemblies wanted to retain the monarchy, of the electoral assemblies, all tacitly voted for a republic – though only Paris used the word. None of the deputies stood as a royalist for elections, out of the five million Frenchmen able to vote, only a million showed up at the polls. The Salle des Machines had galleries for the public who often influenced the debates with interruptions or applause, the members of the Convention came from all classes of society, but the most numerous were lawyers. 75 members had sat in the National Constituent Assembly,183 in the Legislative Assembly, the full number of deputies was 749, not counting 33 from the French colonies, of whom only some arrived in Paris in time. Besides these, however, the newly formed départements annexed to France from 1792 to 1795 were allowed to send deputations, according to its own ruling, the Convention elected its President every fortnight, and the outgoing President was eligible for re-election after the lapse of a fortnight. Ordinarily the sessions were held in the morning, but evening sessions also occurred frequently, sometimes in exceptional circumstances the Convention declared itself in permanent session and sat for several days without interruption. For both legislative and administrative the Convention used committees, with more or less widely extended and regulated by successive laws. The most famous of these included the Committee of Public Safety. The Convention held legislative and executive powers during the first years of the French First Republic and had three periods, Girondin, Montagnard or Jacobin, and Thermidorian. The abolition of the royalty is a matter you cannot put off till tomorrow, the first session was held on 20 September 1792. The following day, amidst profound silence, the proposition was put to the assembly, on the 22nd came the news of the Battle of Valmy
23.
George IV of the United Kingdom
–
George IV was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover following the death of his father, George III, on 29 January 1820, until his own death ten years later. From 1811 until his accession, he served as Prince Regent during his fathers mental illness. George IV led an extravagant lifestyle that contributed to the fashions of the Regency era and he was a patron of new forms of leisure, style and taste. He commissioned John Nash to build the Royal Pavilion in Brighton and remodel Buckingham Palace and he even forbade Caroline to attend his coronation and asked the government to introduce the unpopular Pains and Penalties Bill in a desperate, unsuccessful attempt to divorce her. For most of Georges regency and reign, Lord Liverpool controlled the government as Prime Minister and his ministers found his behaviour selfish, unreliable and irresponsible. At all times he was much under the influence of favourites, taxpayers were angry at his wasteful spending at a time when Britons were fighting in the Napoleonic Wars. He did not provide leadership in time of crisis, nor act as a role model for his people. Liverpools government presided over Britains ultimate victory, negotiated the peace settlement, after Liverpools retirement, George was forced to accept Catholic emancipation despite opposing it. His only child, Princess Charlotte, died before him in 1817 and so he was succeeded by his younger brother, George was born at St Jamess Palace, London, on 12 August 1762, the first child of King George III of the United Kingdom and Queen Charlotte. As the eldest son of a British sovereign, he automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at birth, he was created Prince of Wales, on 18 September of the same year, he was baptised by Thomas Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury. His godparents were the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the Duke of Cumberland, George was a talented student, and quickly learned to speak French, German and Italian, in addition to his native English. He was a witty conversationalist, drunk or sober, and showed good, the Prince of Wales turned 21 in 1783, and obtained a grant of £60,000 from Parliament and an annual income of £50,000 from his father. It was far too little for his needs – the stables alone cost £31,000 a year and he then established his residence in Carlton House, where he lived a profligate life. Animosity developed between the prince and his father, who desired more frugal behaviour on the part of the heir apparent, the King, a political conservative, was also alienated by the princes adherence to Charles James Fox and other radically inclined politicians. Soon after he reached the age of 21, the prince became infatuated with Maria Fitzherbert and she was a commoner, six years his elder, twice widowed, and a Roman Catholic. Despite her complete unsuitability, the prince was determined to marry her, nevertheless, the couple went through a marriage ceremony on 15 December 1785 at her house in Park Street, Mayfair. Legally the union was void, as the Kings consent was not granted, however, Fitzherbert believed that she was the princes canonical and true wife, holding the law of the Church to be superior to the law of the State. For political reasons, the union remained secret and Fitzherbert promised not to reveal it, the prince was plunged into debt by his exorbitant lifestyle
24.
Chapel Royal, Brighton
–
The Chapel Royal is an 18th-century place of worship in the centre of Brighton, part of the English city of Brighton and Hove. Built as a chapel of ease, it one of Brightons most important churches, gaining its own parish and becoming closely associated with the Prince Regent. In the 18th century, Brighton was a town based on a declining fishing industry. Its population in the middle of the century was approximately 2,000 and its fortunes improved after a doctor from nearby Lewes, Richard Russell, wrote a treatise encouraging the use of seawater as a cure for illness, in particular glandular swellings. He recommended bathing in the sea and drinking the water at Brighton and this form of medical therapy became popular, and helped make the town a fashionable place to visit. Brighton became increasingly popular throughout the rest of the century, but received its next significant boost when the Prince Regent, son of King George III, made his first visit in 1783. The Prince was an infrequent churchgoer, and Brightons only Anglican church, St Nicholas, was a way from his home. Furthermore, the number of visitors and residents caused overcrowding in the church. In 1789 the new Vicar of Brighton, Revd Thomas Hudson and he hoped to encourage the Prince to attend, and thereby worship more often than he had in the past, and considered that a more central chapel would relieve the pressure on the parish church. The Prince was happy with the arrangement, agreeing to rent a pew, a ceremony took place on 25 November 1793 at the corner of North Street and the newly built and named Princes Place. Construction work, overseen by a builder named Bodle and to the design of London-based architect Thomas Saunders, the Prince and his wife of four months, Caroline of Brunswick, attended the inaugural service on 3 August 1795. Revd Hudson owned and ran the chapel himself at first, opening it only during the seasons when Brighton was at its busiest. In 1803 it became the chapel of ease to St Nicholas Church when he obtained a private Act of Parliament formalising this. Of the pew spaces in the church, only 224 had to be provided free—the others could be auctioned—and visitors with no pew of their own could be charged a fee of 1/-. In return, the curates responsibilities included paying for a clerk and the bread and wine used at Communion. Many later chapels of ease in Brighton and Hove had similar Acts passed for them, soon after becoming a formal chapel of ease, the Chapel Royal was consecrated by the Bishop of Chichester, John Buckner. However, by date, the Prince Regent was no longer worshipping there. His attendance became infrequent soon after the chapel was built, and he eventually stopped worshipping there when a sermon, said to have been on the topic of immorality, offended him
25.
Church of Pentecost, Vinkovci
–
Church of Pentecost in Vinkovci is a Serbian Orthodox church in eastern Croatia. The church is one of two in the Eparchy of Osječko polje and Baranja that is dedicated to Pentecost. The original church, built in 1793, was destroyed in 1991 during the Croatian War of Independence, construction of original Church of Pentecost in Vinkovci was completed in 1793. In Vinkovci Serbian Orthodox Church in 1821 was baptized Josif Runjanin, composer of Lijepa naša domovino, after war planes of the Yugoslav Peoples Army bombed targets in the center of Vinkovci on 24 September 1991, they badly damaged the local Catholic rectory. A day later, in retaliation, the old Church of Pentecost was mined and razed to the ground after being robbed, the iconostasis and inventory was stolen and the church bells were missing for a long period of time. A parking lot stood in the place until the beginning of reconstruction. During the initial phase of negotiations on the renewal with the local authorities, in 2007, the building of a new, identical Church of Pentecost began. The final blessing and reinstatement in function happened in 2012, in the meantime, the church restored a part of its looted original iconostasis, and an anonymous source reported the location of the old bells, which were then put in function. Eparchy of Osječko polje and Baranja Vinkovci Serbs of Croatia
26.
1775 in architecture
–
The year 1775 in architecture involved some significant events. Casino at Marino near Dublin, Ireland, designed by William Chambers is completed at about this date, fort Belan commanding the western end of the Menai Strait in Wales completed. Midford Castle folly in Somerset, England, built to a design by John Carter, conygar Tower folly in Somerset, England, built to a design by Richard Phelps. Bygholm Castle manor house in Denmark built to a design by Andreas Møller, hôtel Grimod de La Reynière town house in Paris built to a design by Jean-Benoît-Vincent Barré. The Wick house in Richmond, Surrey, England, built to a design by Robert Mylne, bostock Hall in Cheshire, England, rebuilt, probably to a design by Samuel Wyatt. Ingersley Hall in Cheshire, England built about this date
27.
Frydenlund
–
Frydenlund is a historic house near Vedbæk north of Copenhagen, Denmark. The first structure at the site was a lodge built just north of the royal deer park Jægersborg Dyrehave which was established in 1670. It was acquired by Conrad von Reventlow in the 1680s, originally from Holstein, he now lived at Clausholm Castle and gave the pavilion the name Freudenlund. After his death, the property was passed on to his daughter, Anne Sophie, from 1722 to 1726, after their second marriage in 1721, which gave Anne Sophie status of queen, court architect Johan Cornelius Krieger carried out an expansion of Frydenlund. In the first half of the 1740s, the house was put at the disposal of General Charles Christian Erdmann, King Frederick V refurbished the house and gave it to Crown Prince Christian in 1760. In connection with their marriage in 1764, he gave Frydendal to Queen Caroline Mathilde. It was the hideaway for her. A new wooden mansion designed by Caspar Frederik Harsdorff was built in Lille Dyrehave in 1770, harsdorffs mansion was destroyed by fire in 1793. He refurbished and expanded Kriegers old house with the assistance of Jørgen Henrich Rawert, american-Danish entertainer Victor Borge purchased the property in 1957. In 1960, he sold it to Haldor Topsøe who established a centre in the buildings. The current house is a three-winged Neoclassical building, the architect is unknown but may have been. Jriegers original house from the 1720s was a tall, octagonal building with timber framing and it is still clearly visible as a rounded projection on the main wing. The complex was listed in 1918, the architectural firm Berten && Schewing was commissioned to make a masterplan for restoration and development of the buildings in 2010
28.
Lansdown Crescent, Bath
–
Lansdown Crescent is a well-known example of Georgian architecture in Bath, Somerset, England, designed by John Palmer and constructed by a variety of builders between 1789 and 1793. The crescent was laid out by John Palmer who ensure that the fronts of the buildings were of uniform height and had matching doors. The attic rooms are under a parapet and slate mansard roof, other builders were then able to construct the houses behind the facade. The commission was from Charles Spackman, leading to the name of the terrace being Spackmans Buildings. During World War I the crescent was frequently painted by Walter Sickert, an unexploded bomb which had been dropped during the Bath Blitz of World War II was discovered in 2016, which required evacuation of the residents while it was made safe and then safely removed. In 2016 decorative finials from the railings in front of the houses, the grass in front of the crescent is sometimes used to graze sheep. The crescent, which is a grade I listed building, comprises 20 houses and it is arranged as a concave crescent, and is flanked by Lansdown Place West and Lansdown Place East, both convex crescents and grade II listed buildings in their own right. The two central houses, numbers 10 and 11, have an entrance with four Tuscan columns with a cornice. The central point between the windows of the first floor has a blind niche, beckford bought a house in The Crescent in 1822, eventually buying a further two houses in the crescent to form his residence. Having acquired all the land between his home and the top of Lansdown Hill, north of the city centre, he created a garden over half a mile in length and built Beckfords Tower at the top
29.
George Washington
–
George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine
30.
Round barn
–
For individual round barns, see List of round barns A round barn is a historic barn design that could be octagonal, polygonal, or circular in plan. Though round barns were not as popular as some other barn designs, the years from 1880–1920 represent the height of round barn construction. Round barn construction in the United States can be divided into two overlapping eras, the first, the octagonal era, spanned from 1850–1900. The second, the true circular era, spanned from 1889–1936, the overlap meant that round barns of both types, polygonal and circular, were built during the latter part of the nineteenth century. Numerous round barns in the United States are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Round barns date to the 18th and early 19th century. George Washington designed and built a sixteen-sided threshing barn at his Dogue Run Farm in Fairfax County, the first truly round barn in North America was constructed in 1826 at Hancock Shaker Village. A few other round barns appeared on the American landscape before the Civil War and it was between 1880–1920 that round barns were most popular in the United States, especially in the Midwest. The rise in popularity and the promotion of round barns occurred surrounding the new focus on efficiency, the circular shape has a greater volume-to-surface ratio than a square barn. Regardless of size, this made round barns cheaper to construct than similar-sized square or rectangular barns because they required less materials, the structural stability is also enhanced over that of a typical quadrilaterally shaped barn. Simplified construction lacking elaborate truss systems for the roof was also seen as an advantage. In the Midwest, particularly, the buildings were more resilient against prairie thunderstorms. The interior layout of round barns was promoted as more efficient, in the days before mechanization, labor-saving features were a big selling point. The interest in round barns spread to California in the later 19th century, santa Rosa, California is home to two well-preserved and well-known round barns. One, the Fountaingrove Round Barn, is located on land that was part of the Fountain Grove spiritual commune, built near the end of the 19th century, it was part of the Fountaingrove winery owned by Harriss protégé, Kanawe Nagasawa, who reportedly designed the structure. Another survivor is the De Turk Round Barn on Donahue Street, claims of round barn efficiency were overstated. The round barn never caught on as a barn, as some of those pushing the progressive. Regardless, numerous round barns were constructed during the period of popularity the design enjoyed, the Octagonal Era of round barn design stretched from about 1850 until 1900. Round barns, such as Washingtons, were often multi sided in their earliest incarnations, multi-sided round barns came in a variety of polygonal shapes, including layouts of six, eight, nine, ten, twelve, fourteen and sixteen sides
31.
Longfellow Bridge
–
The Longfellow Bridge carries the Route 3 roadway, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Red Line trains, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic. The structure spans the Charles River to connect Bostons Beacon Hill neighborhood with the Kendall Square area of Cambridge, the bridge falls under the jurisdiction and oversight of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation. The bridge carries approximately 28,600 cars and 90,000 mass-transit passengers every weekday, a portion of the elevated Charles/Massachusetts General Hospital rapid transit station lies at the eastern end of the bridge, which connects to Charles Circle. Longfellow Bridge is a railway and highway bridge. It is 105 feet wide,1,767 feet 6 inches long between abutments, and nearly one-half mile in length, including abutments and approaches and it consists of eleven steel arch spans supported on ten masonry piers and two massive abutments. The arches vary in length from 101 feet 6 inches at the abutments to 188 feet 6 inches at the center, headroom under the central arch is 26 feet at mean high water. The two large piers,188 feet long and 53 feet 6 inches wide, feature four carved. Its sidewalks were originally both 10 feet wide, but as of 2013, for reasons, the upstream sidewalks were narrower than the downstream ones. The first river crossing at this site was a ferry, first run in the 1630s, the West Boston Bridge was constructed in 1793 by a group of private investors with a charter from the Commonwealth. At the time, there were only a handful of buildings in East Cambridge, the opening of the bridge caused a building boom along Main Street in Cambridge, which connected the bridge to Old Cambridge. In East Cambridge, new streets were laid out and land was reclaimed from the swamps along the Charles River, the Cambridge and Concord Turnpike was connected to the bridges western approach around 1812. The bridge became toll-free on January 30,1858, in 1898 the Cambridge Bridge Commission was created to construct a new bridge across Charles River, to be known as Cambridge Bridge, at, upon, or near the site of the so-called West Boston Bridge. Suitable for all the purposes of travel between said cities, and for the use of the elevated and surface cars of the Boston Elevated Railway Company. At its first meeting on June 16,1898, Willam Jackson was appointed Chief Engineer, both then traveled to Europe, where they made a thorough inspection of notable bridges in France, Germany, Austria and Russia. Upon their return, they prepared studies of various types of bridges, including bridges of stone and steel arch spans. Although both state and national regulations at the time required a bridge, it became evident that a bridge without a draw would be cheaper, better-looking. Construction began in July 1900, the bridge opened on August 3,1906, Wheelwright had been inspired by the 1893 Columbian Exposition and was attempting to emulate the great bridges of Europe. Four large piers of the bridge are ornamented with the prows of Viking ships and they refer to a purported voyage by Leif Eriksson up the Charles River circa 1000 AD, as promoted by Harvard professor Eben Horsford
-Crkva_Silaska_Sv._duha.jpg)
