1819
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| Gregorian calendar | 1819 MDCCCXIX |
| Ab urbe condita | 2572 |
| Armenian calendar | 1268 ԹՎ ՌՄԿԸ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6569 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1740–1741 |
| Bengali calendar | 1226 |
| Berber calendar | 2769 |
| British Regnal year | 59 Geo. 3 – 60 Geo. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2363 |
| Burmese calendar | 1181 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7327–7328 |
| Chinese calendar | 戊寅年 (Earth Tiger) 4515 or 4455 — to — 己卯年 (Earth Rabbit) 4516 or 4456 |
| Coptic calendar | 1535–1536 |
| Discordian calendar | 2985 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1811–1812 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5579–5580 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1875–1876 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1740–1741 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4919–4920 |
| Holocene calendar | 11819 |
| Igbo calendar | 819–820 |
| Iranian calendar | 1197–1198 |
| Islamic calendar | 1234–1235 |
| Japanese calendar | Bunsei 2 (文政２年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1746–1747 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 12 days |
| Korean calendar | 4152 |
| Minguo calendar | 93 before ROC 民前93年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 351 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2361–2362 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳土虎年 (male Earth-Tiger) 1945 or 1564 or 792 — to — 阴土兔年 (female Earth-Rabbit) 1946 or 1565 or 793 |
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1819 (MDCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1819th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 819th year of the 2nd millennium, the 19th year of the 19th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1819, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
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Contents
Events[edit]
January–March[edit]
- January 2 – The Panic of 1819, the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States, begins.
- January 25 – Thomas Jefferson founds the University of Virginia.
- January 29 – Sir Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore.
- February 2 – Dartmouth College v. Woodward: The Supreme Court of the United States under John Marshall rules in favor of Dartmouth College, allowing Dartmouth to keep its charter and remain a private institution.
- February 6 – A formal treaty, between Hussein Shah of Johor and the British Sir Stamford Raffles, establishes a trading settlement in Singapore.
- February 15 – The United States House of Representatives agrees to the Tallmadge Amendment, barring slaves from the new state of Missouri (the opening vote in a controversy that leads to the Missouri Compromise).
- February 19 – Captain William Smith in British merchant brig Williams sights Williams Point, the northeast extremity of Livingston Island in the South Shetlands, the first land discovered south of latitude 60° S.
- February 22 – Adams–Onís Treaty: Spain cedes Florida to the United States, in exchange for the American renunciation of any claims on Texas that it might have from the Louisiana Purchase, and $5 million.
- March 1 – U.S. naval vessel USS Columbus is launched in Washington, D.C.
- March 6 – McCulloch v. Maryland: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Bank of the United States is constitutional.
- March 20 – Burlington Arcade opens in London.
- March 23 – In Mannheim, Duchy of Baden, German dramatist August von Kotzebue is assassinated by Karl Ludwig Sand.
April–June[edit]
- April 6–June 21 – French slave ship Le Rodeur sails from Bonny in West Africa to Guadeloupe in the West Indies; in the course of the transatlantic voyage all onboard become blind, and slaves are thrown overboard as a consequence.[1]
- April 7 (N.S.) (March 26 O.S.) – The Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from serfdom.
- May 22 – The SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, although only a fraction of the trip will be made under steam. The ship arrives at Liverpool, England on June 20.
- June 16 – The 7.7–8.2 Mw Rann of Kutch earthquake kills at least 1,543 people in the modern-day Indian state of Gujarat at the Bay of Bengal, causing a 80–150 km (50–93 mi) stretch of land to be raised as much as 6 m (20 ft), creating a natural dam, the Allahbund.
July–September[edit]
- July 1 – German astronomer Johann Georg Tralles discovers what will be called the Great Comet of 1819.[2]
- July 21 – Explorer William Parry, sailing in the Arctic in a quest for the Northwest Passage through North America, guides the ships HMS Hecla and HMS Griper through an iceberg-laden passage that will later be named the Parry Channel.[3]
- July 24 – A cabinet meeting is convened by British Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson to discuss an investigative report of an adulterous affair, involving the wife of George, Prince of Wales and regent for his ailing father. Despite reports that Princess Caroline is involved with her servant, Bartolomeo Pergami, the cabinet concludes that the trial of Caroline for adultery would be an embarrassment to the nation.[4]
- July 30 – At Edwardsville, Illinois, the United States concludes a treaty with the Kickapoo tribe, receiving their lands in return for their relocation to Missouri.[5]
- August 6 – Norwich University is founded by Captain Alden Partridge in Vermont, as the first private military school in the United States.
- August 7 – Battle of Boyacá: Simón Bolívar is victorious over the Royalist Army in Colombia. Colombia acquires its definitive independence from Spanish rule.
- August 16 – Peterloo Massacre: The cavalry charges into a crowd of protesters in Manchester, UK, resulting in 15 deaths and over 600 injuries.
- September 20 – The Carlsbad Decrees are issued throughout the German Confederation.
October–December[edit]
- October 15 – Desolation Island, in the South Shetland Islands of the Antarctic, is discovered by Captain William Smith, in the Williams.
- November 2 – Bagyidaw is crowned as Emperor of Burma, at the imperial capital of Inwa.
- November 3 – The USS Congress, commanded by Captain John D. Henley, becomes the first American warship to visit China, landing at Lintin Island, off of the coast of Canton.[6]
- November 19 – The Museo del Prado, one of the world's great art galleries, opens in Madrid.[7] Initially, it has only 311 significant paintings.[8]
- December 14 – Alabama is admitted as the 22nd U.S. state.
- December 17 – The Republic of Gran Colombia is formally established, with Simón Bolívar as its first president.
Date unknown[edit]
- The ʻAi Noa Movement takes power in Hawaii.
- The city of Fernandina de Jagua (later Cienfuegos) is founded in Cuba.
- A British Arctic expedition under William Parry, comprising HMS Hecla and HMS Griper, reaches longitude 112°51' W in the Northwest Passage, the furthest west which will be attained by any single-season voyage for 150 years.[9]
- The African Slave Trade Patrol is founded, to stop the slave trade on the coast of West Africa.
Births[edit]
January–June[edit]
- January 6 – Baldassare Verazzi, Italian painter (d. 1886)
- February 8 – Sidonija Rubido, Croatian singer (d. 1884)
- February 8 – John Ruskin, English writer, artist, and social critic (d. 1900)
- February 11 – Samuel Parkman Tuckerman, American composer (d. 1890)
- February 14 – Christopher Latham Sholes, American inventor (d. 1890)
- February 20 – Alfred Escher, Swiss politician, railroad entrepreneur (d. 1882)
- February 22 – James Russell Lowell, American poet, essayist (d. 1891)
- March 3 – Gustave de Molinari, Belgian economist (d. 1912)
- March 14 – Erik Edlund, Swedish physicist, meteorologist (d. 1888)
- March 26 – Louise Otto-Peters, German women's rights movement activist (d. 1895)
- March 31 – Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1901)
- April 4 – Queen Maria II of Portugal (d. 1853)
- April 11 – Charles Hallé, German pianist, conductor (d. 1895)
- April 18 – Franz von Suppé, Austrian composer (d. 1895)
- April 23 – Edward Stafford, Scottish-New Zealand educator and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1901)
- April 28 – Ezra Abbot, American Biblical scholar (d. 1884)
- May 5 – Stanisław Moniuszko, Polish composer (d. 1872)
- May 24 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (d. 1901)
- May 27 – Julia Ward Howe, American abolitionist and poet (d. 1910)
- May 31
- Walt Whitman, American poet (d. 1892)
- William Worrall Mayo, English-American physician, chemist (d. 1911)
- June 5 – John Couch Adams, English astronomer (d. 1892)
- June 10 – Gustave Courbet, French painter (d. 1877)
- June 20 – Jacques Offenbach, German-born French composer (d. 1880)
- June 29 – Nicolae Bălcescu, Wallachian revolutionary (d. 1852)
- June 30 – William A. Wheeler, 19th Vice President of the United States (b. 1887)
July–December[edit]
- July 8 – Francis Leopold McClintock, Irish explorer (d. 1907)
- July 9 – Elias Howe, American inventor, sewing machine pioneer (d. 1867)
- July 19 – Gottfried Keller, Swiss writer (d. 1890)
- July 26 – Justin Holland, American musician, civil rights activist (d. 1887)
- August 1
- Richard Dadd, British painter (d. 1886)
- Herman Melville, American novelist (d. 1891)
- August 7 – Ion Emanuel Florescu, 2-time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1893)
- August 13 – Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Irish mathematician, physicist (d. 1903)
- August 19
- William T. G. Morton, American dentist, anesthesiologist (d. 1868)
- Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1894)
- August 25 – Allan Pinkerton, American detective (d. 1884)
- August 26 – Prince Albert, Prince Consort to Queen Victoria (d. 1861)
- September 7 – Thomas Hendricks, 21st Vice President of the United States (d. 1885)
- September 13 – Clara Schumann, German composer, pianist (d. 1896)
- September 17 – Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, 1st President of the South African Republic (d. 1901)
- September 18 – Léon Foucault, French physicist (d. 1868)
- September 22 – Wilhelm Wattenbach, German historian (d. 1897)
- September 23 – Hippolyte Fizeau, French physicist (d. 1896)
- September 26 – Edward Watkin, English railway pioneer, politician (d. 1901)
- September 28 – Narcís Monturiol, Catalan intellectual, artist and engineer, inventor of the first combustion engine-driven submarine, which was propelled by an early form of air-independent propulsion (d. 1885)
- October 16 – Austin F. Pike, American politician from New Hampshire (d. 1886)
- October 20 – The Báb, Persian founder of the Bábi Faith (d. 1850)
- November 4 – Christopher Raymond Perry Rodgers, American admiral (d. 1892)
- November 9 – Annibale de Gasparis, Italian astronomer (d. 1892)
- November 22 – George Eliot, British novelist (d. 1880)
- November 24 – John Cummings Howell, United States Navy admiral (d. 1892)
- December 10 – Felice Orsini, Italian revolutionary (d. 1858)
- December 30 – Theodor Fontane, German writer (d. 1898)
- December 29 – Carl Siegmund Franz Credé, German gynecologist, obstetrician (d. 1892)
Date Unknown[edit]
- Alexandru G. Golescu, 11th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1881)
Deaths[edit]
January–June[edit]
- January 9 – Princess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia, Queen of Württemberg (b. 1788)
- January 19 – Elsa Beata Bunge, Swedish botanist (b. 1734)
- February 5 – Nikolai Nikolev, Russian poet, playwright (b. 1758)
- February 17 – Henry Constantine Jennings, British collector, gambler (b. 1731)
- February 25 – Francisco Manoel de Nascimento, Portuguese poet (b. 1734)
- March – Nonosbawsut, Beothuk (indigenous Canadian) leader
- March 10 – Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, German philosopher (b. 1743)
- May 8 – Kamehameha I, King of Hawaii (b. 1738)
- May 22 – Hugh Williamson, American Founding Father (b. 1735)
- June 6 – Johann von Hiller, Austrian general (b. 1754)
- June 28 – María Antonia Santos Plata, Neogranadine rebel leader, heroine (b. 1782)
July–December[edit]
- July 1 – Jemima Wilkinson, American preacher (b. 1754)
- July 20 – John Playfair, Scottish scientist, mathematician (b. 1748)
- August 3 – Simon Knéfacz, Croatian writer (b. 1752)
- August 21 – Haim Farhi, Jewish adviser to the Ottoman Empire (assassinated) (b. 1760)
- August 23 – Oliver Hazard Perry, American naval officer (b. 1785)
- August 25 – James Watt, Scottish inventor (b. 1736)
- September 12 – Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prussian general (b. 1742)
- September 18 – John Langdon, American Founding Father (b. 1741)
- September 20 – Abbé Faria, Luso-Goan hypnotist (b. 1746)
- October 7 – William Samuel Johnson, American Founding Father (b. 1727)
- October 13 – Imperial Concubine Chun of the Jiaqing Emperor of China
- November 9 – Simon Snyder, American politician (b. 1759)
- December 5 – Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg, German poet (b. 1750)
- December 19 – Sir Thomas Fremantle, English naval officer, politician (b. 1765)
Date unknown[edit]
- Mariano Osorio, Governor of Chile (b. 1777)
- Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, Polish nobleman (b. c. 1730)
References[edit]
- ^ "Western Africa". The Missionary Register. London: Church Missionary Society. 9: 284–5. July 1821.
- ^ Dometa Wiegand Brothers, The Romantic Imagination and Astronomy: On All Sides Infinity (Springer, 2015) p. 127
- ^ Clements R. Markham, The Lands of Silence: A History of Arctic and Antarctic Exploration (Cambridge University Press, 2014) p. 207
- ^ Saul David, Prince of Pleasure: The Prince of Wales and the Making of the Regency (Grove Press, 2000) p. 388
- ^ Arrell M. Gibson, Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border (University of Oklahoma Press, 1975) p. 81
- ^ George B. Clark, Treading Softly: U.S. Marines in China, 1819-1949 (Greenwood, 2001) p1
- ^ "Museums and their precursors: a brief survey", in Manual of Curatorship: A Guide to Museum Practice, ed. by John M. A. Thompson (Routledge, 2015)
- ^ James Leonard Mack, My Life, My Country, My World (Dorrance Publishing, 2008)
- ^ Journal of a Voyage to Discover a North-west Passage. 1821.