1.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Skyscraper
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A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it
4.
Cornerstone Research
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Cornerstone Research is a litigation consulting firm based in the United States and the United Kingdom. It provides economic and financial analysis and expert testimony to attorneys, corporations and government agencies involved in complex litigation, cornerstone utilizes both internal and external expert witnesses to provide testimony, utilizing faculty and industry experts. The firm collaborates on the Securities Class Action Clearinghouse in conjunction with the Stanford University Law School, according to a University website, the clearinghouse provides summary information regarding federal class action securities litigation in the United States
5.
Eliel Saarinen's Tribune Tower design
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The winning entry, the neo-Gothic Tribune Tower, was built in 1925. Saarinens entry came in place yet became influential in the design of a number of future buildings. In 1921–22, the prominent Tribune Tower competition was held to design a new headquarters for the Chicago Tribune, first place was awarded to a design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood, a neo-Gothic building completed in 1925. Saarinen was awarded $20,000 for second place, his design was never constructed, many observers felt that Saarinens simplified yet soaring setback tower was the most appropriate entry, and his novel modernist design influenced many subsequent architectural projects. Saarinen was an architect but had never before designed a skyscraper. To arrive at his design, he took as a starting place the upward sweep of Gothic architecture. He said that through logical construction each portion of the design was made to reflect the goal of verticality. He was 49 years old when he submitted the design, the year he moved from Finland to the Chicago area. In the U. S. he contributed to a design for the Chicago lakefront, and he lectured at the University of Michigan. Instead, others found success by incorporating his vision, pflueger, George W. Kelham, Hubbell and Benes, Holabird & Roche, Alfred C. Finn, and James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter, Jr. as well as later architect César Pelli, respected Chicago architect Louis Sullivan offered high praise to Saarinens design, and said that his building indicated the future direction for the old Chicago School. Sullivan named Saarinen his stylistic successor, Chicago architects Thomas Tallmadge and Irving Kane Pond were also very vocal in their praise for Saarinen. Pond said Saarinens design was by far the best contest entry, that it was devoid of the superficial adornments featured on the winning entry, Tallmadge projected that Saarinens design would be transformative for American skyscrapers. He said that under Saarinens hand, the spirit of the skyscraper, rid of its inhibitions, leaps in joyous freedom to the sky. Skyscraper Museum director Carol Willis, and art consultant Franck Mercurio, curator at the Field Museum in Chicago, Mercurio argues that Goodhues design is a better example of modernism because it has less ornamentation. Goodhues entry gained him honorable mention but no cash award, the following buildings have been observed to be influenced by Saarinens 1922 design. The Chicago Tribune Competition, Skyscraper Museum
6.
World's tallest structures
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The worlds tallest artificial structure is the 829.8 m tall Burj Khalifa in Dubai. The building gained the title of Tallest Building in the World. The second tallest self-supporting structure and the tallest tower is the Tokyo Skytree, the tallest guyed structure is the KVLY-TV mast. Structures that do not meet this criterion, such as the CN Tower, are defined as towers, there are dozens of radio and television broadcasting towers which measure over 600 metres in height, and only the tallest are recorded in publicly available information sources. The assessment of the height of structures has been controversial. Various standards have used by different organizations which has meant that the title of worlds tallest structure or building has changed depending on which standards have been accepted. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat has changed its definitions over time, whether a structure, building or tower that is guyed is assessed in the same category as self-supporting structures. The tallest artificial structure is Burj Khalifa, a skyscraper in Dubai that reached 828.1 m in height on January 17,2009, by April 7,2008 it had been built higher than the KVLY-TV mast in North Dakota, USA. That September it officially surpassed Polands 646.38 m Warsaw radio mast, guyed lattice towers such as these masts had held the world height record since 1954. The Petronius Platform stands 610 m off the sea floor leading some, including Guinness World Records 2007, however, it is debated whether underwater height should be counted, in the same manner as height below ground is ignored on buildings. The Troll A platform is 472 m, without any part of height being supported by wires. The tension-leg type of oil platform has even greater heights with several examples more than 1,000 m deep. However, these platforms are not considered constant structures as the vast majority of their height is made up of the length of the tendons attaching the floating platforms to the sea floor. Despite this, Guinness World Records 2009 listed the Ursa tension leg platform as the tallest structure in the world with a height of 1,306 m. The Magnolia Tension-leg Platform in the Gulf of Mexico is even taller with a height of 1,432 m.2 m as measured to its architectural height. Burj Khalifa broke the record in all four categories for completed buildings. Due to the disagreements over how to measure height and classify structures, engineers have created various definitions for categories of buildings, One measure includes the absolute height of a building, another includes only spires and other permanent architectural features, but not antennas. The tradition of including the spire on top of a building, a modern-day example is that the antenna on top of Willis Tower is not considered part of its architectural height, while the spires on top of the Petronas Twin Towers are counted
7.
Aon Center (Chicago)
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With 83 floors and a height of 1,136 feet, it is the third tallest building in Chicago, surpassed in height by the Willis Tower and the Trump International Hotel and Tower. The building is managed by Jones Lang LaSalle, which is headquartered in the building. Aon Center formerly had the headquarters of Aon and Amoco, Aons US operations are headquartered here. The Standard Oil Building was constructed as the new headquarters of the Standard Oil Company of Indiana, when it was completed in 1974 it was the tallest building in Chicago and the fourth-tallest in the world, earning it the nickname Big Stan. The building employs a tubular steel-framed structural system with V-shaped perimeter columns to resist earthquakes, reduce sway, minimize column bending and this construction method was also used for the former World Trade Center towers in New York City. When completed, it was the worlds tallest marble-clad building, being sheathed entirely with 43,000 slabs of Italian Carrara marble, the marble used was thinner than previously attempted in cladding a building, this quickly proved to be a mistake. On December 25,1973, during construction a 350-pound marble slab detached from the façade, in 1985, inspection found numerous cracks and bowing in the marble cladding of the building. To alleviate the problem, stainless steel straps were added to hold the marble in place, later, from 1990 to 1992, the entire building was refaced with Mount Airy white granite at an estimated cost of over $80 million. The buildings facade now somewhat resembles that of the former World Trade Center due to the flow of the columns. The Standard Oil Building was renamed the Amoco Building when the company changed names in 1985, in 1998, Amoco sold the building to The Blackstone Group for an undisclosed amount, estimated to be between $430 and $440 million. It was renamed as the Aon Center on December 30,1999, in May 2003, Wells Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc. acquired the building for between $465 and $475 million. In recent years, the top floors of the building have been lit at night with colors to reflect a particular season or holiday, orange is used for Thanksgiving, green or red for Christmas, and pink during National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. The lighting commonly matches the nighttime lighting on the antenna of Willis Tower, the John Hancock Center, in the plaza, there is a sounding sculpture by Harry Bertoia
8.
Franklin Center (Chicago)
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The Franklin Center is a 60-story supertall skyscraper completed in 1989 as the AT&T Corporate Center to consolidate the central region headquarters of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. It stands at a height of 1,007 ft and contains 1,700,000 sq ft in the Loop neighborhood of downtown Chicago. It is located two blocks east of the Chicago River and northeast of the Willis Tower with an address of 227 West Monroe Street. In the Loop community area of downtown Chicago, the supertall building is the tallest constructed in Chicago in the last quarter of the 20th century. It is the 5th tallest building in Chicago and the 13th tallest in the United States and it contains office and retail space and a 350-space garage. Tishman Speyer acquired the property in 2004 and renamed the adjacent USG Building as Franklin Center in 2007 after USG relocated its offices, the name was later applied to the entire complex. A1982 consent decree split the American Telephone & Telegraph Company monopoly into several entities with local service providers becoming part of a Regional Bell Operating Company, in the decade that followed, AT&T erected new buildings across the country including the AT&T Building in New York City. April 5,1985, AT&T issued a request for proposals that produced eleven respondents, Stein and Co. the winning realtor, sought Skidmore, Owings and Merrill as designers for the purpose of distinguishing a proposal from the nearby Willis Tower. AT&T employees began to occupy the office space April 3,1989, the building was built under a self-imposed comprehensive minority contracting and affirmative action package that met the citys 1985 30% hiring rule for public sector projects. Chicago mayor Harold Washingtons administration had passed an edict that 30% of the work for public sector projects be set aside for minority, in a show of support for this rule, Stein & Co. and AT&T adopted the rule for their private development. Designed by Adrian D. Smith of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, the buildings form features setbacks at the 15th, 30th and 45th floors. Designed in the architectural style, it is a granite-clad steel-framed building resting on pile foundations. The structure is characterized by vertical lines, spiked roof pinnacles, granite cladding. The granite is a red color at the base. Above the 5th floor, the lighter rose-beige granite is protected by silk-screened aluminum panels, the building relies on Gothic detailing to showcase verticality. The buildings verticality evokes images of 1920s buildings, and the sturdiness of the structure is reminiscent of the Chicago Board of Trade Building, in addition to its design, the building relies on its location at the farthest corner from the Willis Tower to set it apart. The Otis elevators are spanned by a series of neo-deco light bands extending wall to wall, the building boasts two public lobbies and a mezzanine-level lobby. The lobbies are among the most lavish in Chicago, and they are all decorated with patterned marble floors and walls, bronze, gold-leaf oak trim, and stylized lighting fixtures
9.
Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)
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The Trump International Hotel and Tower, also known as Trump Tower Chicago and Trump Tower, is a skyscraper condo-hotel in downtown Chicago, Illinois. The building, named after businessman and current President of the United States, Donald Trump, was designed by architect Adrian Smith of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Bovis Lend Lease built the 98-story structure, which reaches a height of 1,388 feet including its spire and it is next to the main branch of the Chicago River, with a view of the entry to Lake Michigan beyond a series of bridges over the river. When topped out in 2009, it became the fourth-tallest building in the US and it surpassed the citys John Hancock Center as the building with the highest residence in the world, and held this title until the completion of the Burj Khalifa. The design of the building includes, from the ground up, retail space, a parking garage, the 339-room hotel opened for business with limited accommodations and services on January 30,2008, then full accommodation and services on April 28. A restaurant on the 16th floor, Sixteen, opened in early 2008 to favorable reviews, the building topped out in late 2008 and construction was completed in 2009. As of 2015, the hotel is three in Chicago with an elite five-star Forbes Travel Guide rating. It hosts a restaurant that is one of three five-star Forbes-rated restaurants in the city and a spa that is one of six that is at least a four-star Forbes-rated in the Chicago area in 2015. Sixteen is one of five restaurants in Chicago with at least a Michelin Guide two-star rating in 2016, the tower sits at 401 North Wabash Avenue in the River North Gallery District, part of the Near North Side community area of Chicago. The building is across the Chicago River from the Chicago Loop and it is a block away from the southern end of the Magnificent Mile portion of Michigan Avenue. The restaurant, Sixteen, has a view of the Chicago Rivers entrance to Lake Michigan. The design of the building incorporates three setback features designed to provide continuity with the surrounding skyline, each reflecting the height of a nearby building. The third setback, on the east side, relates to 330 North Wabash building, however, some views distort the alignment of the second setback. The setbacks and rounded edges of the building combat vortex formation, the body of the building is raised 30 feet above the main Wabash entrance and 70 feet above the Chicago River. The buildings Permasteelisa curtain wall uses clear low-emissivity coated glass and a curved wing-shaped polished stainless-steel mullion system that projects 9 inches from the glass line and it incorporates a brushed stainless steel spandrel panels and clear anodized aluminum. The building has 2,600,000 square feet of space, rises to 98 stories. These include studio apartments, a mixture of suites with one to four bedrooms, the tower also features a luxury hotel condominium with 339 guest rooms. The building includes, from the ground up, retail space, a garage, a hotel
10.
Two Prudential Plaza
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Two Prudential Plaza is a 64-story skyscraper that was built in the Loop area of Chicago, Illinois, United States in 1990. At 995 feet tall, it is currently the sixth-tallest building in Chicago, the building is also currently the tallest building in the world that is under 1000 feet tall. The building was designed by the firm Loebl, Schlossman & Hackl and it has been honored with 8 awards, including winning the Best Structure Award from the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois in 1995. At the time of completion Two Prudential was the worlds tallest reinforced concrete building and its distinctive shape features stacked chevron setbacks on the north and south sides, a pyramidal peak rotated 45°, and an 80-foot spire. The building is attached to One Prudential Plaza, without its spire, the buildings height is still slightly greater than that of One Prudential Plazas pinnacle. The Consulate-General of Canada in Chicago is located in Suite 2400, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office of the Republic of China is on the 57th and 58th floors of the building. C. Frederick Wehba, BentleyForbes Official Site Official website Two Prudential Plaza on CTBUH Skyscraper Center Emporis entry for Two Prudential Plaza
11.
Willis Tower
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The Willis Tower, built as and still commonly referred to as Sears Tower, is a 108-story,1, 450-foot skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The building is considered an achievement for its architect Fazlur Kahn. The Willis Tower is the second-tallest building in the United States, more than one million people visit its observation deck each year, making it one of Chicagos most popular tourist destinations. The structure was renamed in 2009 by the Willis Group as part of its lease on a portion of the towers space, the buildings official address is 233 South Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606. In 1969, Sears, Roebuck & Co. was the largest retailer in the world, Sears executives decided to consolidate the thousands of employees in offices distributed throughout the Chicago area into one building on the western edge of Chicagos Loop. Sears asked its counsel, Arnstein, Gluck, Weitzenfeld & Minow to suggest a location. This latter site was decided upon, and preliminary inquiries determined that the necessary permits could be obtained, the next step was to acquire the property, a team of attorneys from the Arnstein law firm, headed by Andrew Adsit, began buying the property parcel by parcel. Sears purchased 15 old buildings from 100 owners and paid $2.7 million to the City of Chicago for the portion of Quincy Street that divided the property. Their team of architect Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan designed the building as nine square tubes, all nine tubes would rise up to the 50th floor of the building. At the 50th floor, the northwest and southeast tubes end, at the 66th floor, the northeast and the southwest tubes end. At the 90th floor, the north, east, and south tubes end, the remaining west and center tubes continue up to the 108th floor. The Willis Tower was the first building to use Khans bundled tube structure and this innovative design was structurally efficient and economic, at 1,450 feet, it provided more space and rose higher than the Empire State Building, yet cost much less per unit area. This structural system would prove influential in skyscraper construction. It has been used in most supertall buildings since then, including the worlds tallest building, to honor Khans contributions, the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois commissioned a sculpture of him for the lobby of the Willis Tower. The latter floor areas had to be designed to a plate, with a high window-space to floor-space ratio, to be attractive. Smaller floorplates required a structure to yield sufficient square footage. The height was restricted by a limit imposed by the Federal Aviation Administration to protect air traffic, the financing of the tower was provided by the Sears company. It was topped with two antennas to permit local television and radio broadcasts, Sears and the City of Chicago approved the design, and the first steel was put in place in April 1971
12.
35 East Wacker
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It was built from 1925 to 1927, and was co-designed by Joachim G. Giaver and Frederick P. Dinkelberg. It was once considered to be the tallest building in the world outside of New York City, for its first 14 years, the building had a car lift that served the first 23 floors and facilitated safe transfers for jewelry merchants. Currently, the French-American Chamber of Commerce in Chicago is a tenant, and the showroom of architect Helmut Jahn is atop the building inside the dome, the building is currently being renovated, with the facade being maintained, but the interiors converted into a more modern configuration. Both the Chicago chapter of the American Institute of Architects and the City of Chicago have recognized the project with awards. Mercury Records Feeding America The building is featured in scenes of the 2005 film Batman Begins. The 2011 film Transformers, Dark of the Moon features a climax set atop the building, in 2012, episode 2 of the first season of United States of America on the American History Channel featured the buildings historic elevator, made by the Otis Elevator Company. The building is shown in the TV series The Good Wife as the location of the law firm Lockhart/Gardner, emergency Call Ambulance, Arcade racing videogame - the player drives by this building in the third case. In the game however, a gas station that has no relation to reality, is located at the bottom of this building
13.
55 East Erie Street
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55 East Erie is an all-residential skyscraper in Chicago. The design called for flying buttresses around the penthouse, which were eventually dropped. Early on, the building was envisioned as much taller in order to house a Mandarin Oriental hotel,55 East Erie has 194 residential units, including seven floors of split story penthouse homes. The building also features four “Skyhomes, ” each a unique four story townhome with its own elevator, amenities for residents include a swimming pool, fitness center, mens and womens locker rooms each with their own steam room, and a hospitality room
14.
77 West Wacker Drive
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77 West Wacker Drive, previously the United Building, is an office building in the Loop, Chicago. Finished in 1992, the rises to a height of 668 ft with around 944,000 square feet of interior space. The building, with 50 floors, was designed by Ricardo Bofill and it was formerly known as the RR Donnelley Building when the RR Donnelley printing company was the primary tenant. RR Donnelley moved its headquarters to a different location in May 2005. The deal included naming rights to the building and this was the world headquarters of Chicago-based United Airlines and its parent company, United Continental Holdings. It also served as the headquarters for United Continental subsidiary Continental Airlines until its certificate was merged with United on November 30,2011, archer Daniels Midland moved its headquarters to the building in August 2014 from Decatur, Illinois. The building has a newsletter called FOCUS, published by Prime Group Realty Trust, brokers who were familiar with the lease negotiations stated that Sears was trying to keep Keck, Mahin & Cate in the building. Keck, Mahin & Cate decided to move into 77 West Wacker, in 1991, RR Donnelley leased 215,000 square feet on floors 9 through 19 for its world headquarters, and Kemper Securities leased 150,000 square feet. With the lease deals concluded,77 West Wacker had 86% of its tenant space occupied, jerry C. Davis of the Chicago Sun-Times said that the remaining space would be too small for some prospective tenants. Davis added that the leases to RR Donnelley and Kemper significantly altered the complexion of the office market. In 2004, RR Donnelley signed a letter of intent to move out of 77 West Wacker, during the same year, McGuireWoods extended its lease by 8 years, changing the end date from December 31,2010 to December 31,2018. In addition, McGuireWoods expanded its space, effective February 1,2004. The company gained an extra 65,756 square feet of space in addition to its existing 67,819 square feet, as a result of the lease expansion of McGuireWoods, as of February 2004,77 West Wacker was 92. 2% leased. In 2004, the lease of the firm Jones Day of 138,764 square feet in 77 West Wacker was extended by 15 years, with the end date changed from September 30,2007 to September 30,2022. In 2006, Microsoft extended the term of its lease and expanded its space to 12,391 square feet. During the same year, Greenberg Traurig agreed to expand its lease by 22,565 square feet, in 2006, United Airlines agreed to move its 350 executives and some staff members from its Elk Grove Township campus to 77 West Wacker. On August 13,2012, United Continental Holdings announced its intention to again relocate its world headquarters. The company vacated their current offices at 77 W. Wacker with the future of the building left unknown
15.
111 South Wacker Drive
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111 South Wacker Drive is an office tower located in Chicago. Completed in 2005 at 681 feet, the 51 story blue-glass structure is one of the tallest in the city and it sits on the site of the former U. S. Gypsum Building, one of the tallest buildings in Chicago to be demolished, designed by Lohan Caprille Goettsch Architects, the building is noted for its unique parking ramp. The ramps cyclical form creates a dramatic sloped ceiling for the main lobby underneath. The ramps corkscrew design is reflected outside as well, the pavement follows the lines set inside. The building is noteworthy for its sustainable design, becoming the first-ever project to be certified LEED-CS Gold by the U. S. Green Building Council. The original design called for a more extreme building and this 35 story,638 foot tower would utilize many of the existing caissons of the former U. S. The bulk of the building would be supported by a 120-foot base and 20 large diagonal braces connected from the corners of the base to the bottom of the office structure, the effect would have been a nearly symmetrical shape and a building that seemingly looked unstable. The minimalistic lobby would have been enclosed in glass and left space for a plaza with artwork. The plan was abandoned with the current design chosen instead. Tenants in the building include Deloitte, RR Donnelley, Harbor Funds, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, Bloomberg, Grippo & Elden LLC, Houlihan Lokey, and Locke Lord LLP. Shelbourne Development, the firm behind the Chicago Spire, had 6, 700-square-foot of office space on the 50th floor but vacated their offices in 2010 due to a dispute over $27,600 in unpaid rent
16.
311 South Wacker Drive
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311 South Wacker Drive in Chicago, USA, is a post-modern 65-story skyscraper completed in 1990. At 961 feet tall, it is the seventh tallest building in Chicago and it was once the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world. Until 2015,311 South Wacker was also the tallest building in the world only by its street address. The lower level of the garden was designed for a possible connection via underground passageway to Chicago Union Station. The building also contains three levels of underground parking, the building contains both retail and commercial tenants. The lobby is a two-level 85-foot -tall glass-ceilinged winter garden and it used to have palm trees, still has a fountain, and is supported by a steel structure influenced by the Chicago L tracks and bridges. It was envisioned as a link or pedestrian station serving as a connection from the nearby Union Station through a disused streetcar tunnel under the South Branch of the Chicago River. Raymond Kaskeys bronze sculpture Gem of the Lakes looks over the garden from the Wacker entrance, the top of the building is a 105-foot -tall translucent cylinder, surrounded by four other smaller cylinders, which was inspired by the massing of the Tribune Tower. This makes it among the most visible Chicago skyscrapers at night, the five cylinders on top are lit at night by 1,852 fluorescent tubes, and a lantern at the top changes colors for various holidays and special events. 311 South Wacker is surrounded to the northwest by an area, commonly used as a lounging and public lunch area during warm months. This park is used to host local farmer markets, musical events, to the southwest is a parking lot. This land was originally to be occupied by two towers that were never developed due to office market conditions
17.
330 North Wabash
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330 North Wabash is a skyscraper in downtown Chicago, Illinois, United States, at 330 N. Wabash Avenue, designed by famed architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A small bust of the architect by sculptor Marino Marini is displayed in the lobby, the 52-story building is situated on a plaza overlooking the Chicago River. At 695 feet,330 North Wabash is the second-tallest building by Mies van der Rohe and it was his last American building. The buildings original corporate namesake no longer owns nor has offices in the building, IBM sold IBM Plaza to the Blackstone Group in 1996. IBM all but completed its move out of IBM Plaza as of early 2006, current major tenants are the American Medical Association, Langham Chicago managed by Langham Hotels International, and law firm Latham & Watkins. The former IBM Plaza has several features that are rare in an office building. The buildings electrical system, environmental system, floor strength, also, the banked intelligent elevator system is a model of efficiency and rarely keeps anyone waiting for service. IBM Plaza stayed dry during the 1992 Chicago Flood, in 2007, plans were announced to convert floors two through thirteen of the 52-story building into a high-end hotel. The Langham, Chicago which opened in 2013, occupying floors two through thirteen, the Langham Hotel in the building was named the best hotel in the United States by US News in 2017. The building was declared a Chicago Landmark on February 6,2008 and it is also the newest building in Chicago in terms of age on both lists. On December 9,2011, the American Medical Association announced it would move its headquarters, the move occurred in September 2013 and the building was renamed AMA Plaza
18.
333 North Michigan
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333 North Michigan is an Art Deco skyscraper located in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois in the United States. Architecturally, it is noted for its dramatic upper-level setbacks that were inspired by the 1923 skyscraper zoning laws. Geographically, it is known as one of the four 1920s flanks of the Michigan Avenue Bridge that are contributing properties to the Michigan–Wacker Historic District, the building was designed by Holabird & Roche/Holabird & Root and completed in 1928. It is 396 feet tall, and has 34 storeys and it was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 7,1997. It is located on the quarter mile stretch of Michigan Avenue between the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District and the Magnificent Mile. Designed by John Wellborn Root, Jr, the building was such a success that Holabird and Root took commercial residence there. The buildings long and slender design optimized use of natural lighting, the buildings interior represents Prohibition era modernism, especially its Art Deco Tavern club. The building is embellished by a marble base, ornamental bands, and reliefs depicting frontiersmen and Native Americans at Fort Dearborn. The Blackhawks Store is located on the level of Michigan Avenue. Fannie May is located on the level of Michigan Avenue. The Consulate-General of Pakistan in Chicago is in Suite 728, psychemedics Corporation, the worlds leading drug testing company using hair to detect drugs of abuse, is located in Suite 1026
19.
340 on the Park
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340 on the Park is a residential tower in the Lakeshore East development of the neighborhood of New Eastside/ East Loop Chicago and was completed in 2007. The building briefly surpassed 55 East Erie as the tallest all-residential building in Chicago and it is currently the second tallest all-residential building in Chicago at 672 feet with 62 floors. The architectural firm Solomon Cordwell Buenz designed the tower and it was built by Magellan Development, the structural engineering firm Magnusson Klemencic Associates designed the building using Post-Tensioning in order increase the floor-to-ceiling heights. James McHugh Construction Co installed post tensioning tendons supplied by Amsysco Inc, the tower is located in the Lakeshore East complex which, when completed, will house thousands of residents. 340 on the Park is set next to Randolph Street, allowing unobstructed views of Millennium Park, Grant Park, The Park at Lakeshore East. The towers design also allows for buildings to maintain some views of the park. 340 on the Park has also become the first residential tower in the Midwestern United States to achieve Silver LEED certification for its green design, the north side of the building is contoured so that views from The Buckingham next to the building are not interfered with. Residents of 340 on the Park will be zoned to schools in the Chicago Public Schools, ogden School Wells Community Academy High School. Official 340 On the Park website Solomon Cordwell Buenz website
20.
500 West Madison
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500 West Madison is a 42 story, 588-foot skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. Located between Clinton and Canal Streets on Madison Street, the structure was designed by the architecture firm Murphy/Jahn in a late modernist style, the building contains retail shopping and offices, and is connected to the platforms of Ogilvie Transportation Center. Orbitz Worldwide maintains its headquarters in the building, on three floors. List of buildings List of skyscrapers List of tallest buildings in Chicago List of tallest buildings in the United States Worlds tallest structures Citigroup Center
21.
900 North Michigan
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900 North Michigan in Chicago is a skyscraper completed in 1989. At 871 feet tall, it is currently the eighth tallest building in Chicago and it was developed by Urban Retail Properties in 1988 as an upscale sister to Water Tower Place, one block southeast, and was the second vertical mall built along the Magnificent Mile. The building features a large, upscale shopping mall called 900 North Michigan Shops, Bloomingdales occupies the rear of its wide, six-story atrium, with other luxury shops and restaurants filling the remaining spaces. For this reason, it is referred to as the Bloomingdales Building. The mall opened with Henri Bendel as a junior anchor, offices originally occupied floors 8-29, but floors 21-29 were converted to condo units in 2007, leaving offices on floors 8-20. The luxurious Four Seasons Hotel occupies the middle floors of the tower, floors 47-66 are part of the 132 East Delaware Residences, these 106 condominiums were part of the original building plan. A large 12-story parking garage, with retail on the ground level, the exterior of the tower is clad in limestone and green glass which reflects the light. The building has a skeleton on which a concrete frame was erected for the upper floors. Because the building changed, cranes used to work on the lower floors could not be used for the concrete portion. Four lit lanterns atop the structure give it a distinctive skyline presence and they change colors for the Christmas season
22.
Bank of America Plaza (Chicago)
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540 West Madison, formerly known as ABN AMRO Plaza, is an office building located in the West Loop area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The building was built for ABN AMRO, parent company of Chicago financial institution LaSalle Bank, to the east sits Citicorp Center building and to the south, residential-complex of Presidential Towers. In the base of the building, there is a Starbucks Coffee, the building is anchored by West Madison Street, West Washington Street, North Jefferson Street and North Clinton streets. The building has a total of 29 floors that span 453 feet, cost are estimated to have been near $387 million. It took approximately 3 years to erect, the goal was to bring together all office workers in Chicago who comprised the staff of the five buildings the company occupied previous to the construction of the Plaza. In December 2012, Bank of America sold the building to a group of New York investors for $350 million and it was the largest office transaction in Chicago that year, both in price and cost per square foot
23.
Warwick Allerton - Chicago
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The Warwick Allerton - Chicago is a 25-story 360 ft hotel skyscraper on the Magnificent Mile in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois. It was the first building in the city to feature pronounced setbacks, the building was designated a Chicago Landmark on May 29,1998. When the Allerton Hotel first opened, it had fourteen floors of small rooms for men and six similar floors for women. The hotel also boasted social events, gold, sports leagues, a library, solarium, an early resident was Louis Skidmore, founder of the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. In the 1940s and 1950s, the hotel housed a lounge on its top floor. Although the lounge closed in 1961, the sign proclaiming its existence is still displayed on the buildings exterior, by 1963, the room was home to a new restaurant, the Cloud Room, when Don McNeill moved his broadcast of Don McNeills Breakfast Club to the location. While the show was broadcast from the Allerton, McNeills guests included regular Fran Allison, after the Allerton Hotel was declared a Chicago landmark, it closed in August 1998 through May 1999 for a $40,000,000 renovation. The firm of Eckenhoff Saunders Architects oversaw restoration work which restored the hotels bygone grandeur, in November 2006, a partnership of Oxford Lodging and Perry Capital purchased the hotel from FelCor Lodging for $70,000,000. The new owners ended the affiliation with Crowne Plaza and on February 2,2007, shortly after the purchase, Oxford announced further renovations to the property. In March 2014, Warwick International Hotels, a New York-based hotel chain, purchased the Allerton, Warwick acquired the Allerton from New York-based hedge fund manager Petra Capital Management LLC, which won a 2012-battle for control of the property in bankruptcy court. The new owners are planning renovations which may include reopening the Tip Top Tap on the hotels 23rd floor, media related to The Allerton Hotel Chicago at Wikimedia Commons Warwick Allerton Hotel Chicago official website
24.
Aqua (skyscraper)
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Aqua is an 82-story mixed-use residential skyscraper in the Lakeshore East development in downtown Chicago, Illinois. Designed by a led by Jeanne Gang of Studio Gang Architects, with James Loewenberg of Loewenberg & Associates as the Architect of Record. The buildings eighty-story,140,000 sq ft base is topped by a 82,550 sq ft terrace with gardens, gazebos, pools, hot tubs, a walking/running track, each floor covers approximately 16,000 sq ft. The Aqua was awarded the Emporis Skyscraper Award as 2009 skyscraper of the year, Aqua was designed by Jeanne Gang, principal and founder of Studio Gang Architects, and it was her first skyscraper project. The project was the largest ever awarded to an American firm headed by a woman, Loewenberg & Associates are the architects of record, led by James Loewenberg. The Aqua Tower is located at 225 North Columbus Drive, and is surrounded by high-rises, to capture views of nearby landmarks for Aquas residents, Gang stretched its balconies outward by as much as 12 ft. The result is a composed of irregularly shaped concrete floor slabs which lend the facade an undulating. Gang cites the striated limestone outcroppings that are a topographic feature of the Great Lakes region as inspiration for these slabs. The building contains 55,000 sq ft of retail and office space, in addition to 215 hotel rooms,476 rental residential units, Aqua is the first downtown building to combine condos, apartments and a hotel. Carlson Hotels Worldwide announced May 12,2010, that it agreed to spend $125 million to open the first Radisson Blu hotel in the United States on 18 vacant floors of the highrise, the name Aqua was assigned to the building by Magellan Development Group LLC. Sustainability was an important factor in Aquas design, Gang and her team refined the terrace extensions to maximize solar shading, and other sustainable features will include rainwater collection systems and energy-efficient lighting. The green roof on top of the base will be the largest in Chicago. The tower will seek LEED certification. construction. com/people/awards/2009/0107-PaulTreacy. asp
25.
The Blackstone Hotel
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The Renaissance Blackstone Hotel is located on the corner of Michigan Avenue and Balbo Street in the Michigan Boulevard Historic District in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. This 290-foot 21-story hotel was built from 1908 to 1910 and designed by Marshall, on May 29,1998, the Blackstone Hotel was designated as a Chicago Landmark. The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 8,1986 and it is also a historic district contributing property for the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. The hotel is famous for hosting celebrity guests including numerous U. S. presidents, the hotel is known for contributing the term smoke-filled room to political parlance. The hotel fell into disrepair that necessitated closure in 2000 and subsequent renovation and it reopened on March 6,2008 after a $128-million renovation and is managed by the Renaissance Hotels division of Marriott International. The hotel and the adjacent Blackstone Theatre were built on the site of Timothy Blackstones mansion by John and Tracy Drake, sons of Blackstones former business partner, John and Tracy Drake also developed the Drake Hotel. Their father had been a director of Blackstones Chicago and Alton Railroad, at the time of the opening, the hotel and theatre were located at the southern edge of the Chicago Theatre District at Michigan Avenue and Hubbard Court. The original construction was capitalized at $1.5 million, including a $600,000 to $750,000 bond issue by the Drake Hotel Company, in the 1920s, the Drake Hotel Company undertook some financing arrangements which included extending their debt to construct the Drake Hotel. They used the Blackstone Hotel as collateral for one loan in 1927, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 rippled into the hotel industry, leaving the Chicago Title and Trust Company with 30 Chicago hotels in receivership and causing the Drakes to default in 1932. The hotel ended up belonging to Metropolitan Life, which held the mortgage, metLife leased the Blackstone to hotelier Arnold Kirkeby in 1936, and Kirkeby bought the hotel outright in 1941. Kirkeby sold the hotel to Sheraton Hotels in the 1954 and it was renamed the Sheraton-Blackstone Hotel, the hotel endured troubles in the 1960s and 1970s as the neighborhood surrounding the hotel declined. Sheraton sold the hotel to a group of businessmen in 1971. In 1995, the Blackstone was sold to the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the Blackstone Hotel has been dubbed The Hotel of Presidents. It was once considered one of Chicagos finest luxury hotels, the hotel has a special room designed for use by presidents which was separated from the rest of the hotel by hollowed out walls in which the Secret Service could operate. Washington became the hotels first African American guest, in 1920, Warren G. Harding was selected as the Republican candidate for the presidency at the Blackstone. Although the convention was being held at the Chicago Coliseum, a group of Republican leaders met at the Blackstone on the night of June 11 to come to a consensus. When Raymond Clapper of United Press reported on the decision-making process, the phrase entered American political parlance to denote a political process which is not open to scrutiny. During Kennedys visit he was informed of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the hotel closed in 2000 after Occupational Safety and Health Administration building inspectors found safety problems during a 1999 inspection
26.
Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower
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It is home to the headquarters of Health Care Service Corporation. The buildings address is 300 E. Randolph and is located next to the Aon Center, original plans had hoped to connect the two buildings via an underground pedway, but the plans never came to fruition. Architect James Goettsch of Goettsch Partners designed the building, the 33-story first phase was completed in 1997 under the firm name of Lohan Associates. The 24-story second phase started in 2007 and was completed in 2010, in 2006 the City of Chicago granted a building permit to Health Care Service Corporation Blue Cross Blue Shield of Illinois to build up instead of out. The second phase took place over 2007-2010. The new tower is 57 stories and is the first project in Chicago to build up, baker & McKenzie Health Care Service Corporation Isobar Inverse Marketing. List of tallest buildings in Chicago List of tallest buildings in the United States Phorio listing Emporis listing
27.
Boeing International Headquarters
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The Boeing International Headquarters is a 36-floor skyscraper located in the Near West Side of Chicago. The building, at 100 North Riverside Plaza, is located on the west side of the Chicago River directly across from the downtown Loop. The building was designed with a system that uses steel trusses to support its suspended southwest corner in order to clear the Amtrak. It won the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois Most Innovative Design Award, the building was originally constructed for the Morton Salt Company, Boeing moved their corporate headquarters there in 2001 when they opted to leave Seattle for Chicago. Navteq moved their headquarters to the Boeing Building in 2007 and it has also housed offices of Ameritech. Chicago architecture List of tallest buildings in Chicago List of towers Boeing official website Emporis listing
28.
Carbide & Carbon Building
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The Carbide & Carbon Building is a Chicago landmark located at 230 North Michigan Avenue. The building, which was built in 1929, is an example of Art Deco architecture and it was designed by Burnham Brothers. The Carbide and Carbon Building was originally home to the office of Union Carbide. The skyscraper was designated a Chicago Landmark on May 9,1996, built as a high-rise office tower, the Carbide & Carbon Building was transformed more recently into the Hard Rock Hotel Chicago, work on the renovation began in 1998 and was completed in 2004. The conversion was directed by Lucien Lagrange & Associates, the building has 37 floors and is 503 feet tall. The current hotel capacity is 383 guest rooms and 13 suites, the exterior of the building is covered in polished black granite, and the tower is dark green terra cotta with gold leaf accents. The ground floor was designed to display the products of Union Carbide. The lobby features black Belgian Marble and Art Deco bronzework trim, the exterior base is black granite with black marble and bronze trim, whereas the central shaft is clad in dark green and gold terra cotta and the greenish cap is trimmed in gold leaf. According to popular myth of the era, Burnham Brothers supposedly designed the building to resemble a dark green champagne bottle with gold foil at the top, beginning on November 16,2007, the gold-leaf tower was permanently illuminated at night, which further encouraged this urban legend. The design of the building has been compared to architect Raymond Hoods American Radiator Building in New York City, however, the Stock Market Crash of October 1929, followed by the Great Depression, forced cancellation of the Cuneo Building proposal along with many other architectural projects. Thus, the Carbide & Carbon Building was the practices last major commission before the Great Depression ended, by which time the firm had become Burnham & Hammond. Burnham Brothers was the firm of Daniel H. Jr. and Hubert Burnham, sons of prominent Chicago architect Daniel Burnham, and one of the two successor firms to his D. H. Burnham & Company. After Burnham senior died in 1912, D. H. Burnham & Co. became Graham, Burnham & Co. named after Burnhams main partner, Ernest Graham, and Burnhams two sons. When the two left in 1917 to start their own firm, the remaining members of Graham, Burnham & Co. The brothers at first confused matters by reviving the name D. H. Burnham Co. which they maintained for 11 years until 1928, in 1933, the firm joined with C. Herrick Hammond to form Burnham & Hammond, interestingly, for all its success over nine decades, GAP&W – which had its offices in Burnhams Railway Exchange Building, where D. H. Burnham & Co. had maintained its offices – had no successor firm. Owings joined the practice in 1929 and left in 1934, and Louis Skidmore joined in 1930, Skidmore and Owings started their own firm in 1936, and John Ogden Merrill joined them in 1939 to create SOM. The Carbide & Carbon Building is probably the best known of all the brothers Chicago commissions, the top of the Carbide & Carbon Building was the filming location for an opening shooting scene in the 2008 film Wanted, starring James McAvoy, Morgan Freeman and Angelina Jolie
29.
Chase Tower (Chicago)
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Chase Tower, located in the Chicago Loop area of Chicago at 10 South Dearborn Street, is a 60 story skyscraper completed in 1969. At 850 feet tall, it is the eleventh tallest building in Chicago, the tallest building inside the Chicago L Loop elevated tracks, Chase Bank has its U. S. and Canada commercial and retail banking headquarters here. The building is also the headquarters of Exelon, the building and its plaza occupy the entire block bounded by Clark, Dearborn, Madison, and Monroe streets. Before the building was constructed, the Morrison Hotel, on its site, was demolished in 1965. The building first opened in 1969 as First National Plaza, when constructed, it was the headquarters of First Chicago Corporation. In 1998, it became the headquarters for Bank One Corporation, chases retail bank division is based in the tower. Since May 2005 the National Public Radio show Wait Wait, dont Tell Me. is taped on Thursday nights before a live audience at the Chase Auditorium under the plaza. Design architects for the construction were C. F, murphy Associates, Stanislaw Z. Gladych and Perkins and Will. The ground floor is home to the largest Chase Bank branch in Chicago with 22 ATMs
30.
Chicago Board of Trade Building
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The Chicago Board of Trade Building is a skyscraper located in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It stands at 141 W. Jackson Boulevard at the foot of the LaSalle Street canyon, built in 1930 and first designated a Chicago Landmark on May 4,1977, the building was listed as a National Historic Landmark on June 2,1978. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 16,1978, in 2012, the CME Group sold the CBOT Building to a consortium of real estate investors, including GlenStar Properties LLC and USAA Real Estate Company. The current structure is known for its art deco architecture, sculptures and large-scale stone carving, an aluminum, three-story art deco statue of Ceres, goddess of agriculture, caps the building. The building is a sightseeing attraction and location for shooting movies. On April 3,1848, the Board of Trade opened for business at 101 South Water Street, when 122 members were added in 1856, it was moved to the corner of South Water and LaSalle Streets. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed this building, in 1882 construction began of the CBOTs new home, which opened at the current location on May 1,1885. The building was designed by William W. Boyington, best known today for his work on the Chicago Water Tower and it faced Jackson Street with 180 ft feet of frontage, and was built from structural steel and granite taken from the Fox Island quarry near Vinalhaven, Maine. With a rear of enameled brick, it was 10 stories tall and featured a tower 320 ft tall containing a clock and 4,500 pounds bell. The interiors were finished in mahogany and frescoed and it was also the first building in the city to exceed 300 ft in height and at the time was the tallest building in Chicago. The building attracted tourists, visitors, and protesters, the building, on which two million dollars had been lavished in the midst of an economic depression, was denounced by the anarchists as. The crowning symbol of all that was hateful in the property system. The procession were cheered by thousands of spectators, viewing galleries were opened to the public for the first time in honor of the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition. In 1895, the tower was removed and the tallest building in Chicago record was then held by the 302 ft tall Masonic Temple Building. Built on caissons surrounded by muck, the house was rendered structurally unsound in the 1920s when construction began across the street on the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. The 1885 building was demolished in 1929, and the exchange temporarily moved to Van Buren and Clark while a new building was constructed at the LaSalle. The 1885 allegorical architectural sculptures of 35 ft Industry and Agriculture, in 1925, the Chicago Board of Trade commissioned Holabird & Root to design the current building. The general contractors Hegeman & Harris built it for $11.3 million and it serves as the southern border for the skyscrapers hugging LaSalle Street and is taller than surrounding structures for several blocks
31.
First United Methodist Church of Chicago
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First United Methodist Church at the Chicago Temple is a church located at the base and in the utmost floors of the Chicago Temple Building, a skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. The top of the building is at a height of 173 metres, the congregation was founded in 1831 and built a log cabin on the north bank of the Chicago River in 1834. In 1838, it moved the cabin across the river to the corner of Washington and it had its roots on John Wesleys teaching. The Chicago Temple Building is a 173-meter tall skyscraper located at 77 W. Washington Street in Chicago, Illinois. It is home to the congregation of the First United Methodist Church of Chicago and it was completed in 1924 and has 23 floors dedicated to religious and office use. It is by one measure the tallest church building in the based on the distance from the churchs street level entrance to the top of the churchs spire or steeple. It was the tallest building in Chicago from 1924 until 1930 and this claim included the height of the steeple to maintain the title over the 35 East Wacker Building which opened in 1927. The building is constructed on a steel faced with limestone and is designed in the neo-gothic style by the firm of Holabird & Roche. During planning and construction, the building was called City Temple, however by the time of completion, the building houses three sanctuaries, Sanctuary 1 is four stories tall on the ground floor with seating available for 1,000 people. Sanctuary 2 is also known as the Dixon Chapel and is on the second floor, Sanctuary 3 also known as the Sky Chapel is the smallest sanctuary and is situated at the base of the steeple with seating for 30 people. The Sky Chapel was created in 1952 as a gift from the Walgreen family in memory of Charles Walgreen, at 400 ft above ground level, it is considered the worlds highest worship space and contains 16 stained glass windows. Four depict scenes from the Old Testament, four from the life of Jesus, four represent the history of the Christian Church in the Old World, and the final four the church in the New World. The carved wood altar-front depicts Jesus looking over the city of Chicago, mirroring the front of the sanctuary altar, the sixth floor of the building once held the office of Clarence Darrow, the famous trial attorney. Due to its proximity to the Cook County and US District Courts, a sculpture entitled Mirós Chicago by Joan Miró occupies a courtyard between the Chicago Temple and the adjacent George Dunne Cook County Building. List of tallest buildings in Chicago First United Methodist Church United Methodist Church - congregational entry Emporis, Chicago Temple Building SkyscraperPage First United Methodist Church
32.
Civic Opera House (Chicago)
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The Civic Opera House is an opera house located at 20 North Wacker Drive in Chicago. It is part of a structure which contains a 45-story office tower and this structure opened November 4,1929, and has an Art Deco interior with additional art deco details on the exterior. The Civic Opera House has 3,563 seats, making it the second-largest opera auditorium in North America, built for the Chicago Civic Opera, today it is the permanent home of the Lyric Opera of Chicago. Samuel Insull envisioned and hired the team for building a new opera house to serve as the home for the Chicago Civic Opera. The building has seen as being shaped like a huge chair and is sometimes referred to as Insulls Throne. Insull selected the architecture firm Graham, Anderson, Probst & White who were responsible for buildings in the downtown Chicago Loop. As they did on occasions, the architects commissioned Henry Hering to produce architectural sculpture for the building. The inaugural season was marked by the première of Camille, an opera by 28-year-old Chicago-composer Hamilton Forrest July 15,1929. It was commissioned by the Civic Operas prime star and manager, the opera received mixed reviews and parts of it were broadcast in the Boston area. The Civic Opera is the house in which the work has ever been performed. The facility underwent a renovation in 1993 when the Lyric Opera of Chicago purchased the space it had previously rented. The chairs were repainted and reupholstered, the carpeting replaced, the massive project was completed in 1996. This opera house was the inspiration for the one featured in Orson Welless film, in order for his aspiring opera singer wife to perform, Charles Foster Kane builds an opera house for her, but the quality of her singing reveals her ineptitude. The urban legend is that Samuel Insull built this house for his wife. The fact, however, is that Samuel Insulls wife was not an opera singer, a variation on this theme is that it was Insulls daughter who wasnt hired—the problem with this variation is that Insull had no daughters. e. Curtains, back-drops, movable stages, lighting, etc Chicago landmarks web site photos of the building
33.
Coast at Lakeshore East
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Coast at Lakeshore East, originally known as Lakeshore East Building 2-A, is a 46-story residential skyscraper in the Lakeshore East development in the Loop community area of downtown Chicago. The building is located at 345 East Wacker Drive and it is the eighth 21st century skyscraper at Lakeshore East. It is the first smoke-free residential building in Lakeshore East, Groundbreaking for the building occurred in June 2011 and occupancy is expected to commence in 2013. The tower is designed by the firm of bKL Architecture LLC, while Magellan Development Group is the developer along with its equity partner. James McHugh Construction Co. which has constructed six buildings at Lakeshore East, is the contractor for the new tower. Magellan was informed by the City of Chicago that it would not be granted public way permits for scaffolding during May 2012 due to the 2012 NATO Summit held in Chicago. They also spoke with the Federal Bureau of Investigation and United States Secret Service on the issue, in November 2011, the designing architectural firm disbanded. Chicago Tribune architecture critic Blair Kamin has described the building as a boxy, 49-story, as of June 2011 initial occupancy was targeted for February 2013. In February 2013, leasing offices opened for occupancy beginning in March 2013, Coast at Lakeshore East Official website Coast at Lakeshore East Groundbreaking press release b KL Architects website Coast at Lakeshore East at Phorio Coast at Lakeshore East at Emporis
34.
CNA Center
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CNA Center is a 600-ft, 44-story high-rise building located at 333 South Wabash Avenue in the Loop Community Area of Chicago. It was designed by the firm of Graham, Anderson, Probst & White and was completed in 1972, as of 2014, CNA occupied 65 percent of the tower. Other occupants included The Chicago Housing Authority and United Way, the shorter red building was later restored to its original gray tone in 1999. The two buildings remain joined at the floor, CNAs Conference Center uses space on that floor. In 1999, a fragment of a window fell from the building. Windows had been cracking at the building ever since it had built in 1975. CNA Financial, a property company, later paid $18 million to settle the resultant lawsuit. All of the windows were replaced in an expensive retrofit. A computer program is used to calculate which windows need to be activated to create the proper message, CNA Center Lighted Window Message Archive Informative site
35.
Crain Communications Building
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Crain Communications Building is a 49-story,582 foot skyscraper located at 150 North Michigan Avenue in downtown Chicago, Illinois. It was also known as the Smurfit–Stone Building and the Stone Container Building and was called the Associates Center. Construction began in 1983 and was completed in 1984, the building, noted for its unusually slanted facade, was designed by Sheldon Schlegman of A. Epstein and Sons. The building has 41 floors of tenant space and the two spires at the top cover the roof and HVAC equipment. Although the building looks as though it is split down the middle, at times, its slanted roof—which has been likened to a skyscraper slashed with a knife—displays local sports slogans on its face, such as GO BEARS and GO SOX. It also displayed VOTE2008 during the 2008 election day rally at Grant Park, at the time of its construction the Crain Communications Building was considered to be a smart building, with sophisticated environmental and security controls. Three years after its completion, the played a role in the Touchstone Pictures film Adventures in Babysitting. The building is modeled in EAs SimCity 4, as well as being destroyed in the film Transformers, Dark of the Moon and in the videogame Command & Conquer. The building name was changed to the Crain Communications Building in March 2012 and it is popularly referred to as the Diamond Building or the Vagina Building. Crain Communications Consulate General of Sweden Chicago Wells Fargo Insurance Services United Airlines previously maintained an office in this building. List of tallest buildings in Chicago Crain Communications Building at Emporis
36.
Everett McKinley Dirksen United States Courthouse
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The Everett McKinley Dirksen United States Courthouse, commonly referred to as the Dirksen Federal Building, is a skyscraper in downtown Chicago, Illinois, at 219 South Dearborn Street. It was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and completed in 1964, the building is 384 feet tall, with 30 floors, it was named for U. S. It is one of three buildings making up the modernist Federal Plaza complex designed by van der Rohe, along with the U. S, Post Office and the Kluczynski Federal Building. Separate from the Federal Plaza, but opposite the Kluczynski Building across Jackson Boulevard, is the Metcalfe Federal Building, in 1960, Congress authorized the U. S. General Services Administration to construct a new complex in Chicagos Loop District. The Federal Center consolidated over thirty agencies formerly scattered throughout the city in substandard leased space, four Chicago architectural firms joined forces for the commission. The world-renowned architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe served as the designer with Schmidt, Garden and Erikson, C. F. Murphy Associates. However, vehicular access for the post office required a street-level loading dock that would have intruded on the openness of the plaza between the two buildings, upon further study, Mies designed a separate post office building with its own, below-grade vehicular access. The site for the new Federal Center included the occupied by the Beaux-Arts style U. S. Post Office and Courthouse designed by Henry Ives Cobb, which replaced an 1879 government building in the same location and it was in Cobbs domed building where Al Capone was tried for tax evasion in 1931. Tenants occupied the new U. S. Courthouse, the first of the three buildings to be completed, in 1964. The government began demolition of the old post office in 1965 to clear the site for the two remaining buildings, the Loop Station Post Office and new Federal Building were completed in 1973 and 1974 respectively. The courthouse was renamed for Everett Dirksen to honor the longtime Illinois Senator after his death in 1969, the Federal Building was renamed in 1975 to honor John C. Representative from Illinois from 1951 until his death in 1975, the Post Office remains unnamed for an individual, but features a large bust and monument to 19th century Chicago Post Office manager George B. Armstrong, the founder and original superintendent of the Railway Mail Service, the Federal Center extends over two blocks, a one-block site, bounded by Jackson, Clark, Adams, and Dearborn streets, contains the John C. Post Office Loop Station, while a parcel on an adjacent block to the east contains the courthouse, a glass-enclosed great hall,100 feet wide and 25 feet high, spans the center of the courthouse, serving as a visual gateway through the complex. From State Street on the east, one can look west down Quincy Street, through the courthouse, across Dearborn Street to the central plaza, to its northwest is the freestanding Loop Station post office, which is one story with two workroom levels below grade. Directly across the street from the Kluczynski building is the thirty-story Everett M. Dirksen U. S. Courthouse, the courthouse contains 1.4 million gross square feet of space and is set at a right angle to the Federal Building high-rise across Dearborn Street
37.
Field Building (Chicago)
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The building was designated a Chicago Landmark February 9,1994. The construction of the Field Building was completed 1934 as a 535 feet 45-storey skyscraper on the bounded by South Clark Street, South LaSalle Street. The architect was the firm of Graham, Anderson, Probst & White and it is considered the last major office building erected in Chicago prior to the Great Depression/World War II construction hiatus which ended with the building of One Prudential Plaza in 1955. Many of the latest innovations such as high-speed elevators and air conditioning were incorporated into the building’s design, the lobby features a multi-level arcade between LaSalle and Clark Streets allowing pedestrians to walk between the two streets and access the retail space without exiting the building. The elevator indicator panel and mailbox in the lobby are in a design which resembles the building’s exterior shape. The building rises from a base that covers the entire site. The exterior of the first story is faced in polished black granite, windows are framed with polished aluminum or monel metal and have black and polished aluminum spandrel panels. The entrances on the east and west facades rise the height of the base and are also framed in black granite. Five pilasters faced in white Yule marble separate the bays containing revolving doors provide access to the lobby. The upper stories are sheathed in limestone with windows grouped vertically, the 45-story rectangular tower is centered on the base and buttressed by a shorter 22-story tower at each of its four corners. Several buildings occupied this site until construction commenced in 1931, the worlds first skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building, occupied the western portion facing LaSalle and Adams Streets. Much of the rentable area was occupied by the LaSalle Bank. In 2007, LaSalle Bank was sold by its European owner ABN AMRO to Bank of America and the buildings name changed to the Bank of America Building. In August 2008, the Bank sold the building to AmTrust, mechanical spaces are located at the 25th and 45th floor levels. The 43rd and 44th floors house executive dining rooms for use by the bank and selected other tenants, the west side of the ground floor is utilized by Bank of America for retail banking, with the east side rented to merchants. The rest of the floors consist of office space. As was customary in the 1930s, the building does not have a 13th floor, Yule marble Notes Information and drawing on SkyscraperPage
