1.
1838 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1838. January 28 – The second night of Henrik Wergelands satirical musical play Campbellerne in Christiania provokes a riot, march – The Monthly Chronicle, a national journal of politics, literature, science, and art, begins publication by Longman in London. October 19 – Poet Alfred de Musset is appointed librarian of the Ministry of the Interior in France, november 3 – The Times of India is founded as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce by Raobahadur Narayan Dinanath Velkar in Bombay. Anna Maria Bunns Gothic fiction The Guardian, a tale is published in Sydney and it is the first Australian novel printed and published in mainland Australia and the first by a woman. George Palmer Putnam and John Wiley form the publishing and retail firm of Wiley & Putnam in New York City. It is the forerunner of G. P. Putnams Sons, lady Charlotte Guest begins publication of her translation into English of the Welsh traditional tales known as the Mabinogion. Diane Glancys novel Pushing the Bear opens on the Trail of Tears during this year, jason Goodwins detective novel The Snake Stone is set in Constantinople during this year
2.
1841 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1841. January – Poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning is given her golden cocker spaniel Flush by writer Mary Russell Mitford, april 10 – Horace Greeley begins publication of the New-York Tribune. April 20 – Edgar Allan Poes short story The Murders in the Rue Morgue is published in Grahams Magazine, the story will be recognized as the first significant work of detective fiction. July 17 – Punch magazine is founded in London by Henry Mayhew and engraver Ebenezer Landells, edited by Mayhew, London publisher Edward Moxon is convicted of blasphemous libel for issuing an edition of Shelleys poem Queen Mab with its atheistic passages restored. Anthony Panizzi and his staff at the British Museum Library in London devise the Ninety-One Cataloguing Rules, London Library founded in Pall Mall, London on the initiative of Thomas Carlyle. Khachatur Abovian – Wounds of Armenia W. Harrison Ainsworth – Old St. K
3.
1835 in art
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Events from the year 1835 in art. June 6 – Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin is received into the Roman Catholic Church, june – Caspar David Friedrich suffers his first stroke, which restricts his ability to paint in oils. August – H. Fox Talbot exposes the worlds first known photographic negatives at Lacock Abbey in England, victor Cousin introduces the expression Lart pour lart. Marie Tussaud establishes the first permanent Madame Tussauds wax museum in London
4.
1835 in architecture
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The year 1835 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. June 2–December 1 - Competition for the design of a new Palace of Westminster in London, june 6 - Augustus Pugin is received into the Roman Catholic Church in a chapel in Salisbury, England, restored by himself. Late - The Sharpe, Paley and Austin architectural practice is established by Edmund Sharpe in Lancaster, robert Mills starts to construct the Old Patent Office Building, Washington, D. C. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc is commissioned by Prosper Merimée to restore Vézelay Abbey, royal Manchester Institution, England, by Charles Barry. Redesign of Buckingham Palace, London, by John Nash, New Hurley Reformed Church, New York. Warehouse at Ellesmere Port, England, by Thomas Telford, st Maries Grange, Salisbury, England, a house by Augustus Pugin for himself. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Charles Victor Famin
5.
William Colenso
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William Colenso was a Cornish Christian missionary to New Zealand, and also a printer, botanist, explorer and politician. He attended the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi and later wrote an account of the events at Waitangi, born in Penzance, Cornwall, he was the cousin of John William Colenso, bishop of Natal. He trained as a printers apprentice then travelled to New Zealand in 1834 to work for the Church Missionary Society as a printer/missionary and he was responsible for the printing of the Māori language translation of the New Testament. He was ordained a Deacon on 22 September 1844 following his studies at St John’s College. He was an avid botanist, detailing and transmitting to Kew Gardens in England previously unrecorded New Zealand flora, in 1866 he was the first New Zealander to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society. He wrote several books, and contributed over a hundred papers to scientific journals and his travels took him through trackless forest, over the high Ruahine Range and across the Rangipo Desert and past the mountains of Ruapehu and Tongariro to the shores of Lake Taupo. In doing so he contributed greatly to the European exploration of the central North Island, one of his journeys, between December 1841 and February 1842, was across the North Island and up to the Kaipara Harbour. From 1845 Colenso undertook lengthy journeys every spring and autumn, in 1847 he travelled to Taupo then south to pass by the Tongariro and Ruapehu mountains. He regularly visited the Wairapara and Hutt districts, where he was frequently at odds with the European lessees of sheep and cattle stations such as Kelly, McMaster, Grindell and Gillies. In 1845 about 12 sheep and cattle farmers had leased large areas of land from local Maori by mutual agreement, Maori owners regularly raised the annual lease fee to the annoyance of the farmers. The farmers regularly pressed Maori to sell land, many younger chiefs were keen sellers but were thwarted by conservative older chiefs. The farmers also paid Maori to assist in building roads to help economic development, Colenso regularly counselled Maori against selling any land or helping build roads which he claimed would be disastrous for them. Colenso was especially vociferous about the living with Maori women as their wives. Colenso also had strong views about drinking and horse racing which were a part of colonial life that Maori as well as settlers enjoyed. This put him in opposition to a range of New Zealanders. In 1847 judge Chapman, doctor Featherston, bank manager McDonald, there was criticism of what was called the malicious interference of Colenso. In November 1851 he was suspended as a deacon and dismissed from the mission in 1852, in 1853 he was convicted of a technical assault over an argument about Ripeka and their son. Following a long period during which he continued his botany work
6.
Epistle to the Philippians
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The Epistle of Paul and Timothy to the Philippians, often referred to simply as Philippians, is the eleventh book in the New Testament. Paul and Timothy first visited Philippi in Greece during Pauls second missionary journey, Philippi was the location of the first Christian community established in Europe. Biblical scholars are in agreement that the letter was indeed written by Paul of Tarsus. The estimated date of the letter is 62 AD, about 10 years after Pauls first visit to Philippi, according to the document itself, the Philippians had sent Epaphroditus, their envoy, with contributions as an expression of their partnership and concern to meet the needs of Paul. During the execution of his responsibilities of travel to deliver their gift and it is at this time, whether premeditated or due to an extended stay with the apostle, various internal matters are revealed to Paul on the part of Epaphroditus. Moreover, Paul sends counsel regarding spiritual adversaries among the Philippians, lastly, he provides receipt of both Epaphroditus heroism and the arrival of the gift, along with his promise of a divine accounting. With this communication Epaphroditus sets out on his homeward journey, there has been ongoing debate regarding where Paul was when he wrote this letter. Internal evidence in the letter itself points clearly to it being composed while Paul was in custody, Some suggest the Roman imprisonment at the end of the Book of Acts. Others suggest the earlier Caesarean imprisonment, still others suggest an earlier imprisonment again, and postulate an Ephesian imprisonment during Pauls lengthy stay in that city. Until recently no one seems to have advocated the second period of Roman imprisonment, jim Reiher considered and speculated on this theory in a 2012 article. This second Roman imprisonment theory is still to be debated in the wider theological community. The letter begins in standard form for an ancient Hellenistic letter structure, with author – or senders – first, the address and the greeting is clear, Paul and Timothy, servants of Christ Jesus. To all the saints in Christ Jesus who are at Philippi, with the overseers, grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. Being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, the letter was written to the church at Philippi, one of the earliest churches to be founded in Europe. They were very attached to Paul, just as he was fond of them. Of all the churches, their contributions are among the ones he accepts. The generosity of the Philippians comes out very conspicuously and this was a characteristic of the Macedonian missions, as 2 Cor.8 and 9 amply and beautifully prove. As with all epistles, the original was composed in Greek, veronica Koperski views Philippians 3,10 as the beginning of the analysis of the knowledge of Christ
7.
Epistle to the Ephesians
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The Epistle to the Ephesians, also called the Letter to the Ephesians and often shortened to Ephesians, is the tenth book of the New Testament. The main theme of Ephesians is “the Church, which is the Body of Christ. ”As a prisoner for the Lord, then, be completely humble and gentle, be patient, bearing with one another in love. Make every effort to keep the unity of the Spirit through the bond of peace, the Church is to maintain the unity in practice which Christ has brought about positionally. According to New Testament scholar Daniel Wallace, the theme may be stated pragmatically as “Christians, maintain the unity practically which Christ has effected positionally by his death. ”Another major theme in Ephesians is the keeping of Christs body pure and holy. Therefore be imitators of God, as beloved children, and walk in love, as Christ loved us and gave himself up for us, a fragrant offering and sacrifice to God. From Ephesians 4, 17–6,20 the author of the Epistle to the Ephesians gives practical advice in how to live a holy, pure, according to tradition, the Apostle Paul wrote the letter while he was in prison in Rome. This would be about the time as the Epistle to the Colossians. However, many scholars have questioned the authorship of the letter. The first verse in the letter identifies Paul as its author, there are four main theories in biblical scholarship that address the question of Pauline authorship. Robert, and André Feuillet, Sanders, Schille, Brooke Foss Westcott, for a defense of the Pauline authorship of Ephesians, see Ephesians, An Exegetical Commentary by Harold Hoehner, pp 2–61. A second position suggests that Ephesians was dictated by Paul with interpolations from another author, some of the scholars that espouse this view include Albertz, Benoit, Cerfaux, Goguel, Harrison, H. J. Holtzmann, Murphy-OConnor, and Wagenfuhrer. Currently, most critical scholars think it improbable that Paul authored Ephesians, among this group are Allan, Beare, Brandon, Bultmann, Conzelmann, Dibelius, Goodspeed, Kilsemann, J. Knox, W. L. Knox, Kümmel, K and S Lake, Marxsen, Masson, Mitton, Moffatt, Nineham, Pokorny, Schweizer, still other scholars suggest there is a lack of conclusive evidence. Some of this group are Cadbury, Julicher, McNeile, for these reasons, most regard Ephesians to be a circular letter intended for many churches. However, scholars who dispute Pauls authorship date the letter to between 70–80 AD, in the latter case, the possible location of the authorship could have been within the church of Ephesus itself. Ignatius of Antioch himself seemed to be well versed in the epistle to the Ephesians. The major theme of the letter is the unity and reconciliation of the whole of creation through the agency of the Church and, in particular, a general account of the blessings that the gospel reveals. This includes the source of blessings, the means by which they are attained, the reason why they are given
8.
John Stuart Mill
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John Stuart Mill was an English philosopher, political economist and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory, Mill was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by his predecessor Jeremy Bentham, and contributed significantly to the theory of the scientific method. A member of the Liberal Party, he was also the first Member of Parliament to call for womens suffrage. John Stuart Mill was born on Rodney Street in the Pentonville area of London, the eldest son of the Scottish philosopher, historian and economist James Mill, John Stuart was educated by his father, with the advice and assistance of Jeremy Bentham and Francis Place. He was given a rigorous upbringing, and was deliberately shielded from association with children his own age other than his siblings. Mill was a precocious child. He describes his education in his autobiography, at the age of three he was taught Greek. By the age of eight, he had read Aesops Fables, Xenophons Anabasis, and the whole of Herodotus and he had also read a great deal of history in English and had been taught arithmetic, physics and astronomy. At the age of eight, Mill began studying Latin, the works of Euclid, and algebra and his main reading was still history, but he went through all the commonly taught Latin and Greek authors and by the age of ten could read Plato and Demosthenes with ease. His father also thought that it was important for Mill to study, one of Mills earliest poetic compositions was a continuation of the Iliad. In his spare time he enjoyed reading about natural sciences and popular novels, such as Don Quixote. In the following year he was introduced to political economy and studied Adam Smith and David Ricardo with his father, Ricardo, who was a close friend of his father, used to invite the young Mill to his house for a walk in order to talk about political economy. At the age of fourteen, Mill stayed a year in France with the family of Sir Samuel Bentham, the mountain scenery he saw led to a lifelong taste for mountain landscapes. The lively and friendly way of life of the French also left an impression on him. In Montpellier, he attended the courses on chemistry, zoology, logic of the Faculté des Sciences. While coming and going from France, he stayed in Paris for a few days in the house of the renowned economist Jean-Baptiste Say, there he met many leaders of the Liberal party, as well as other notable Parisians, including Henri Saint-Simon. Mill went through months of sadness and pondered suicide at twenty years of age, according to the opening paragraphs of Chapter V of his autobiography, he had asked himself whether the creation of a just society, his lifes objective, would actually make him happy. His heart answered no, and unsurprisingly he lost the happiness of striving towards this objective, eventually, the poetry of William Wordsworth showed him that beauty generates compassion for others and stimulates joy
9.
Thomas Carlyle
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Thomas Carlyle was a Scottish philosopher, satirical writer, essayist, historian and teacher. Considered one of the most important social commentators of his time, a respected historian, his 1837 book The French Revolution, A History was the inspiration for Charles Dickens 1859 novel A Tale of Two Cities, and remains popular today. Carlyles 1836 Sartor Resartus is a philosophical novel. A great polemicist, Carlyle coined the term the dismal science for economics and he also wrote articles for the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, and his Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question remains controversial. Once a Christian, Carlyle lost his faith while attending the University of Edinburgh, in mathematics, he is known for the Carlyle circle, a method used in quadratic equations and for developing ruler-and-compass constructions of regular polygons. Carlyle was born in Ecclefechan in Dumfriesshire and his parents determinedly afforded him an education at Annan Academy, Annan, where he was bullied and tormented so much that he left after three years. His father was a member of the Burgher secession church, in early life, his familys strong Calvinist beliefs powerfully influenced the young man. After attending the University of Edinburgh, Carlyle became a teacher, first in Annan and then in Kirkcaldy. His prose style, famously cranky and occasionally savage, helped cement an air of irascibility, Carlyles thinking became heavily influenced by German idealism, in particular the work of Johann Gottlieb Fichte. He established himself as an expert on German literature in a series of essays for Frasers Magazine and he also wrote a Life of Schiller. In 1826, Thomas Carlyle married fellow intellectual Jane Baillie Welsh, in 1827, he applied for the Chair of Moral Philosophy at St Andrews University but was not appointed. A residence provided by Janes estate was a house on Craigenputtock and he often wrote about his life at Craigenputtock – in particular, It is certain that for living and thinking in I have never since found in the world a place so favourable. Here Carlyle wrote some of his most distinguished essays, and began a friendship with the American essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson. In 1831, the Carlyles moved to London, settling initially in lodgings at 4 Ampton Street, in 1834, they moved to 5 Cheyne Row, Chelsea, which has since been preserved as a museum to Carlyles memory. He became known as the Sage of Chelsea, and a member of a circle which included the essayists Leigh Hunt. Here Carlyle wrote The French Revolution, A History, a study concentrating both on the oppression of the poor of France and on the horrors of the mob unleashed. By 1821, Carlyle abandoned the clergy as a career and focused on making a life as a writer and his first fiction was Cruthers and Jonson, one of several abortive attempts at writing a novel. Following his work on a translation of Goethes Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship, he came to distrust the form of the realistic novel and so worked on developing a new form of fiction
10.
The French Revolution: A History
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The French Revolution, A History was written by the Scottish essayist, philosopher, and historian Thomas Carlyle. The three-volume work, first published in 1837, charts the course of the French Revolution from 1789 to the height of the Reign of Terror and culminates in 1795. John Stuart Mill, a friend of Carlyles, found himself caught up in other projects, when he had completed the first volume, Carlyle sent his only complete manuscript to Mill. While in Mills care the manuscript was destroyed, according to Mill by a household maid who mistook it for trash. Carlyle then rewrote the manuscript, achieving what he described as a book that came direct. The book immediately established Carlyles reputation as an important 19th century intellectual and it also served as a major influence on a number of his contemporaries, most notably, perhaps, Charles Dickens, who compulsively read and re-read the book while producing A Tale of Two Cities. The book was studied by Mark Twain during the last year of his life. As a historical account, The French Revolution has been both praised and bitterly criticized for its style of writing, which is highly unorthodox within historiography. Most historians attempt to assume a neutral, detached tone of writing and this, naturally, involves the reader by simulating the history itself instead of solely recounting historical events. Supporters, on the hand, often label it as ingenious. John D. Rosenberg, a Professor of humanities at Columbia University, much of the power of The French Revolution lies in the shock of its transpositions, the explosive interpenetration of modern fact and ancient myth, of journalism and Scripture. The result is a work of history that is entirely unique. Carlyles French Revolution, History, Vol. XLVIII, No, a Disimprisoned Epic, Form and Vision in Carlyles French Revolution. Carlyles General Method in the French Revolution, PMLA, Vol.43, contemporary Criticism of Carlyles French Revolution, The Sewanee Review, Vol.20, No. Carlyle and Taine on the French Revolution, The Gentlemans Magazine, Vol. CCLXXVII, the French Revolution, A History, annotated HTML text, based on the Project Gutenberg version. The French Revolution, A History available at Internet Archive, scanned books, original editions, the French Revolution, A History, with illustrations by E. J. Sullivan. The French Revolution, A History,1934 edition, the French Revolution at Classic Reader, HTML The French Revolution public domain audiobook at LibriVox
11.
Hans Christian Andersen
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Hans Christian Andersen (/ˈhɑːnz ˈkrɪstʃən ˈændərsən/, Danish, often referred to in Scandinavia as H. C. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, Andersens popularity is not limited to children, his stories, called eventyr in Danish, express themes that transcend age and nationality. Some of his most famous fairy tales include The Emperors New Clothes, The Little Mermaid, The Nightingale, The Snow Queen, The Ugly Duckling, Thumbelina and his stories have inspired ballets, animated and live-action films and plays. Hans Christian Andersen was born in the town of Odense, Denmark, Andersens father, also Hans, considered himself related to nobility. His paternal grandmother had told his father that their family had in the past belonged to a social class. A persistent theory suggests that Andersen was a son of King Christian VIII. Andersens father, who had received an education, introduced Andersen to literature. Andersens mother, Anne Marie Andersdatter, was uneducated and worked as a washerwoman following his fathers death in 1816, she remarried in 1818. Andersen was sent to a school for poor children where he received a basic education and was forced to support himself, working as an apprentice for a weaver and, later. At 14, he moved to Copenhagen to seek employment as an actor, having an excellent soprano voice, he was accepted into the Royal Danish Theatre, but his voice soon changed. A colleague at the theatre told him that he considered Andersen a poet, taking the suggestion seriously, Andersen began to focus on writing. Jonas Collin, director of the Royal Danish Theatre, felt a great affection for Andersen and sent him to a school in Slagelse. Andersen had already published his first story, The Ghost at Palnatokes Grave, though not a keen pupil, he also attended school at Elsinore until 1827. He later said his years in school were the darkest and most bitter of his life, at one school, he lived at his schoolmasters home. There he was abused and was told that it was to improve his character and he later said the faculty had discouraged him from writing in general, causing him to enter a state of depression. A very early fairy tale by Andersen, called The Tallow Candle, was discovered in a Danish archive in October 2012, the story, written in the 1820s, was about a candle who did not feel appreciated. It was written while Andersen was still in school and dedicated to a benefactor, in 1829, Andersen enjoyed considerable success with the short story A Journey on Foot from Holmens Canal to the East Point of Amager. Its protagonist meets characters ranging from Saint Peter to a talking cat, Andersen followed this success with a theatrical piece, Love on St. Nicholas Church Tower, and a short volume of poems
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Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection.
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First Collection. is a collection of nine fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen. The tales were published in a series of three installments by C. A. Reitzel in Copenhagen, Denmark between May 1835 and April 1837, and represent Andersens first venture into the fairy tale genre. The first installment of sixty-one unbound pages was published 8 May 1835 and contained The Tinderbox, Little Claus and Big Claus, The Princess and the Pea, Reitzel paid Andersen thirty rixdollars for the manuscript, and the booklet was priced at twenty-four shillings. The second booklet was published on 16 December 1835 and contained “Thumbelina”, “The Naughty Boy”, “Thumbelina” was completely Andersen’s invention though inspired by “Tom Thumb“ and other stories of miniature people. “The Naughty Boy” was based on a poem by Anacreon about Cupid, the third booklet contained The Little Mermaid and The Emperor’s New Clothes, and was published 7 April 1837. The Little Mermaid was completely Andersen’s creation though influenced by de la Motte Fouqués Undine, the tale established his international reputation. The only other tale in the booklet was The Emperors New Clothes which was based on a Medieval Spanish story with Arab. On the eve of the third installments publication, Andersen changed the end of his tale to its now familiar finale of a calling out. Danish reviews for the first two appeared in 1836 and were not enthusiastic. Critics disliked the chatty, informal style and an immorality that flew in the face of their expectations that children’s literature was meant to educate rather than amuse, the critics discouraged Andersen from pursuing the genre. Andersen believed he was working against the critics’ preconceived notions about fairy tales, the critical reaction was so severe, he waited a full year before publishing the third installment. The nine tales of the three booklets were collected together and published in one volume and sold at seventy-two shillings, a title page, a table of contents, and a preface by Andersen were published in the volume. The Hans Christian Andersen Center, A website devoted to Andersens life and works maintained by The University of Southern Denmark
13.
The Tinderbox
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The Tinderbox is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen about a soldier who acquires a magic tinderbox capable of summoning three powerful dogs to do his bidding. When the soldier has one of the transport a sleeping princess to his room, he is sentenced to death. In the Aarne-Thompson tale index, The Tinderbox is type 562, Other tales of this type include The Three Dogs and The Blue Light. The tale has its source in a Scandinavian folk tale Andersen learned in his childhood, but similarities with Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp and other tales have been noted. The story was one of Andersens first fairy tales, and was published by C. A. Reitzel in Copenhagen, the four tales were not favorably received by Danish critics who disliked their informal, chatty style and lack of morals. In 1946, The Tinderbox was the material for Denmarks first animated film, and, in 2007. The story opens with a soldier returning home from war. He meets a witch, who asks him to climb into a tree to retrieve a magic tinderbox. The witch gives the man permission to take anything he finds inside the chambers and he fills his pockets with money, finds the tinderbox, and returns to the witch. When she demands the tinderbox without giving a reason, the soldier lops off her head with his sword, in the following scene, the soldier enters a large city and buys himself splendid clothing. He makes many friends, and lives in a magnificent apartment and he learns of a princess kept in a tower after a prophecy foretold her marriage to a common soldier, his interest is piqued and he wants to see her but realizes his whim cannot be satisfied. Eventually, the money is depleted and he is forced to live in a dark attic. He strikes the tinderbox to light the room, and one of the dogs appears before him, the soldier then discovers he can summon all three dogs and order them to bring him money from their subterranean dwelling. One night, he recalls the story of the princess in the locked tower and he strikes the tinderbox and sends the dog with eyes the size of teacups to bring her to his apartment. The soldier is overwhelmed with her beauty, kisses her and orders the dog to return her to the tower, the following morning, the princess tells her parents she has had a strange dream and relates the nights adventure. The royal couple then watch her closely, when the princess is carried away again, they unsuccessfully use a trail of flour and chalk marks on neighborhood doors to find where she spends her nights. Eventually, her whereabouts are discovered and the soldier is clapped in prison, the tinderbox got left behind, so he cannot summon its help. On the day of execution, the soldier sends a boy for his tinderbox and he then strikes the tinderbox and the three monstrous dogs appear
14.
The Princess and the Pea
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The Princess and the Pea is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen about a young woman whose royal identity is established by a test of her physical sensitivity. The tale was first published with three others by Andersen in a booklet on 8 May 1835 in Copenhagen by C. A. Reitzel. Andersen had heard the story as a child, and it likely has its source in folk material, possibly originating from Sweden, as it is unknown in the Danish oral tradition. Neither The Princess and the Pea nor Andersens other tales of 1835 were well received by Danish critics, in 1959 The Princess and the Pea was adapted to the musical stage in a production called Once Upon a Mattress starring Carol Burnett. The story tells of a prince who wants to marry a princess, something is always wrong with those he meets, and he cannot be certain they are real princesses because they have bad table manners or they are too fat or thin or not beautiful. One stormy night a young woman drenched with rain seeks shelter in the princes castle, in the morning, the guest tells her hosts that she endured a sleepless night, kept awake by something hard in the bed that she is certain has bruised her. Only a real princess would have the sensitivity to feel a pea through such a quantity of bedding, the story ends with the pea being placed in a museum, where according to the storyteller it can still be seen today, unless someone has removed it. In his preface to the volume of Tales and Stories Andersen claims to have heard the story in his childhood. T. A. Hoffmann, and other precursors, the earliest reviews criticized Andersen for not following such models. In the second volume of the 1863 edition of his collected works Andersen remarked in the preface, therefore, the language had to be similar to the spoken word, the stories are for children, but adults too should be able to listen in. New Years Day 1835, Andersen wrote to a friend, I am now starting on some fairy tales for children. I have told a couple of tales which as a child I was happy about, and which I do not believe are known, on 26 March, he observed that will be published in April, and people will say, the work of my immortality. Of course I shant enjoy the experience in this world, the Princess and the Pea was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark by C. A. Reitzel on 8 May 1835 in an unbound 61-page booklet called Tales, the Princess and the Pea was the third tale in the collection, with The Tinderbox, Little Claus and Big Claus, and Little Idas Flowers. The booklet was priced at twenty-four shillings, and the publisher paid Andersen 30 rixdollars, a second edition was published in 1842, and a third in 1845. The Princess and the Pea was reprinted on 18 December 1849 in Tales, the story was published again on 15 December 1862, in Tales and Stories. The first Danish reviews of Andersens 1835 tales appeared in 1836, critics disliked the informal, chatty style, and the lack of morals, and offered Andersen no encouragement. One literary journal failed to mention the tales at all, while another advised Andersen not to waste his time writing wonder stories and he was told he lacked the usual form of that kind of poetry
15.
Thumbelina
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Thumbelina is about a tiny girl and her adventures with appearance- and marriage-minded toads, moles, and cockchafers. She successfully avoids their intentions before falling in love with a prince just her size. Thumbelina is chiefly Andersens invention, though he did take inspiration from tales of people such as Tom Thumb. Thumbelina was published as one of a series of seven fairy tales in 1835 which were not well received by the Danish critics who disliked their informal style, the earliest English translation of Thumbelina is dated 1846. The tale has been adapted to various media including television drama, in the first English translation of 1847 by Mary Howitt, the tale opens with a beggar woman giving a peasants wife a barleycorn in exchange for food. Once planted, a girl, Thumbelina, emerges from its flower. One night, Thumbelina, asleep in her cradle, is carried off by a toad who wants her as a bride for her son. Thumbelina tries to protect herself from the elements, but when winter comes and she is finally given shelter by an old field mouse and tends her dwelling in gratitude. The field mouse keeps pushing Thumbelina into the marriage, saying the mole is a match for her. At the last minute, Thumbelina escapes the situation by fleeing to a far land with a swallow she nursed back to health during the winter, in a sunny field of flowers, Thumbelina meets a tiny flower-fairy prince just her size and to her liking, and they wed. She receives a pair of wings to accompany her husband on his travels from flower to flower, in Hans Christian Andersens version of the story, a bluebird had been viewing Thumbelinas story since the beginning and had been in love with her since. In the end, the bird is heartbroken once Thumbelina marries the flower-fairy prince, there, he tells Thumbelinas story to a man who is implied to be Andersen himself and chronicles the story in a book. Hans Christian Andersen was born in Odense, Denmark on 2 April 1805 to Hans Andersen, a shoemaker, an only and a spoiled child, Andersen shared a love of literature with his father who read him The Arabian Nights and the fables of Jean de la Fontaine. Together, they constructed panoramas, pop-up pictures, and toy theatres, Andersens father died in 1816, and from then on, Andersen was left to his own devices. In order to escape his poor, illiterate mother, he promoted his artistic inclinations and courted the cultured middle class of Odense, at Slagelse, Andersen fell under the tutelage of Simon Meisling, a short, stout, balding thirty-five-year-old classicist and translator of Virgils Aeneid. Andersen was not the quickest student in the class and was given generous doses of Meislings contempt, youre a stupid boy who will never make it, Meisling told him. Meisling is believed to be the model for the mole in Thumbelina. “Thumbelina” is essentially Andersen’s invention but takes inspiration from the tale of Tom Thumb
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Bertelsmann
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BDMI is a 100%-owned subsidiary of Bertelsmann SE, the international media company. The firms investing partners include Urs Cete, Sim Blaustein, the team is supported by investment Associate Mary Liu and Analyst Courtney Nelson. BDMI concentrates on early stage investments into growing companies in the media landscape, specifically in the categories of online video, next generation publishing. The company focuses predominantly on Series A and B investments, the initial investment range is from $500k to $5m. The company looks for opportunities where they can accelerate growth through BDMI’s financial and management resources, although BDMI is a 100%-owned subsidiary of Bertelsmann SE, it conducts investments just like every other financial VC. Due to the vast resources of Bertelsmann SE & Co, BDMI has invested in more than 50 startups since its inception in 2006. Notable investments have included, For more of BDMIs investments, see Crunchbase article, BDMI - Crunchbase Profile Official Website of BDMI
