1.
Thomas Carlyle
–
Thomas Carlyle was a Scottish philosopher, satirical writer, essayist, historian and teacher. Considered one of the most important social commentators of his time, a respected historian, his 1837 book The French Revolution, A History was the inspiration for Charles Dickens 1859 novel A Tale of Two Cities, and remains popular today. Carlyles 1836 Sartor Resartus is a philosophical novel. A great polemicist, Carlyle coined the term the dismal science for economics and he also wrote articles for the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, and his Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question remains controversial. Once a Christian, Carlyle lost his faith while attending the University of Edinburgh, in mathematics, he is known for the Carlyle circle, a method used in quadratic equations and for developing ruler-and-compass constructions of regular polygons. Carlyle was born in Ecclefechan in Dumfriesshire and his parents determinedly afforded him an education at Annan Academy, Annan, where he was bullied and tormented so much that he left after three years. His father was a member of the Burgher secession church, in early life, his familys strong Calvinist beliefs powerfully influenced the young man. After attending the University of Edinburgh, Carlyle became a teacher, first in Annan and then in Kirkcaldy. His prose style, famously cranky and occasionally savage, helped cement an air of irascibility, Carlyles thinking became heavily influenced by German idealism, in particular the work of Johann Gottlieb Fichte. He established himself as an expert on German literature in a series of essays for Frasers Magazine and he also wrote a Life of Schiller. In 1826, Thomas Carlyle married fellow intellectual Jane Baillie Welsh, in 1827, he applied for the Chair of Moral Philosophy at St Andrews University but was not appointed. A residence provided by Janes estate was a house on Craigenputtock and he often wrote about his life at Craigenputtock – in particular, It is certain that for living and thinking in I have never since found in the world a place so favourable. Here Carlyle wrote some of his most distinguished essays, and began a friendship with the American essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson. In 1831, the Carlyles moved to London, settling initially in lodgings at 4 Ampton Street, in 1834, they moved to 5 Cheyne Row, Chelsea, which has since been preserved as a museum to Carlyles memory. He became known as the Sage of Chelsea, and a member of a circle which included the essayists Leigh Hunt. Here Carlyle wrote The French Revolution, A History, a study concentrating both on the oppression of the poor of France and on the horrors of the mob unleashed. By 1821, Carlyle abandoned the clergy as a career and focused on making a life as a writer and his first fiction was Cruthers and Jonson, one of several abortive attempts at writing a novel. Following his work on a translation of Goethes Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship, he came to distrust the form of the realistic novel and so worked on developing a new form of fiction
2.
Hans Christian Andersen
–
Hans Christian Andersen (/ˈhɑːnz ˈkrɪstʃən ˈændərsən/, Danish, often referred to in Scandinavia as H. C. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, Andersens popularity is not limited to children, his stories, called eventyr in Danish, express themes that transcend age and nationality. Some of his most famous fairy tales include The Emperors New Clothes, The Little Mermaid, The Nightingale, The Snow Queen, The Ugly Duckling, Thumbelina and his stories have inspired ballets, animated and live-action films and plays. Hans Christian Andersen was born in the town of Odense, Denmark, Andersens father, also Hans, considered himself related to nobility. His paternal grandmother had told his father that their family had in the past belonged to a social class. A persistent theory suggests that Andersen was a son of King Christian VIII. Andersens father, who had received an education, introduced Andersen to literature. Andersens mother, Anne Marie Andersdatter, was uneducated and worked as a washerwoman following his fathers death in 1816, she remarried in 1818. Andersen was sent to a school for poor children where he received a basic education and was forced to support himself, working as an apprentice for a weaver and, later. At 14, he moved to Copenhagen to seek employment as an actor, having an excellent soprano voice, he was accepted into the Royal Danish Theatre, but his voice soon changed. A colleague at the theatre told him that he considered Andersen a poet, taking the suggestion seriously, Andersen began to focus on writing. Jonas Collin, director of the Royal Danish Theatre, felt a great affection for Andersen and sent him to a school in Slagelse. Andersen had already published his first story, The Ghost at Palnatokes Grave, though not a keen pupil, he also attended school at Elsinore until 1827. He later said his years in school were the darkest and most bitter of his life, at one school, he lived at his schoolmasters home. There he was abused and was told that it was to improve his character and he later said the faculty had discouraged him from writing in general, causing him to enter a state of depression. A very early fairy tale by Andersen, called The Tallow Candle, was discovered in a Danish archive in October 2012, the story, written in the 1820s, was about a candle who did not feel appreciated. It was written while Andersen was still in school and dedicated to a benefactor, in 1829, Andersen enjoyed considerable success with the short story A Journey on Foot from Holmens Canal to the East Point of Amager. Its protagonist meets characters ranging from Saint Peter to a talking cat, Andersen followed this success with a theatrical piece, Love on St. Nicholas Church Tower, and a short volume of poems
3.
Bertelsmann
–
BDMI is a 100%-owned subsidiary of Bertelsmann SE, the international media company. The firms investing partners include Urs Cete, Sim Blaustein, the team is supported by investment Associate Mary Liu and Analyst Courtney Nelson. BDMI concentrates on early stage investments into growing companies in the media landscape, specifically in the categories of online video, next generation publishing. The company focuses predominantly on Series A and B investments, the initial investment range is from $500k to $5m. The company looks for opportunities where they can accelerate growth through BDMI’s financial and management resources, although BDMI is a 100%-owned subsidiary of Bertelsmann SE, it conducts investments just like every other financial VC. Due to the vast resources of Bertelsmann SE & Co, BDMI has invested in more than 50 startups since its inception in 2006. Notable investments have included, For more of BDMIs investments, see Crunchbase article, BDMI - Crunchbase Profile Official Website of BDMI
4.
Heinrich Heine
–
Christian Johann Heinrich Heine was a German poet, journalist, essayist, and literary critic. He is best known outside Germany for his lyric poetry. Heines later verse and prose are distinguished by their satirical wit and he is considered part of the Young Germany movement. His radical political views led to many of his works being banned by German authorities, Heine spent the last 25 years of his life as an expatriate in Paris. Heine was born at Düsseldorf in what was then the Duchy of Berg and he was called Harry in childhood but became known as Heinrich after his conversion to Lutheranism in 1825. Heines father, Samson Heine, was a textile merchant and his mother Peira, née van Geldern, was the daughter of a physician. Heinrich was the eldest of four children, Heine was also a third cousin once removed of philosopher and economist Karl Marx, also born to a German Jewish family in the Rhineland, with whom he became a frequent correspondent in later life. Düsseldorf was then a town with a population of around 16,000. The French Revolution and subsequent Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars involving Germany complicated Düsseldorfs political history during Heines childhood and it had been the capital of the Duchy of Jülich-Berg, but was under French occupation at the time of his birth. It then went to the Elector of Bavaria before being ceded to Napoleon in 1806 and it was first ruled by Joachim Murat, then by Napoleon himself. Upon Napoleons downfall in 1815 it became part of Prussia, thus Heines formative years were spent under French influence. The adult Heine would always be devoted to the French for introduction of the Napoleonic Code and he glossed over the negative aspects of French rule in Berg, heavy taxation, conscription, and economic depression brought about by the Continental Blockade. Heines parents were not particularly devout, as a young child they sent him to a Jewish school where he learned a smattering of Hebrew, but thereafter he attended Catholic schools. Here he learned French, which would be his second language - although he spoke it with a German accent. He also acquired a love for Rhineland folklore. In 1814 Heine went to a school in Düsseldorf where he learned to read English. The most successful member of the Heine family was his uncle Salomon Heine, in 1816 Heine moved to Hamburg to become an apprentice at Heckscher & Co, his uncles bank, but displayed little aptitude for business. He learned to hate Hamburg with its ethos, but it would become one of the poles of his life alongside Paris
5.
African Americans
–
African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
6.
William Colenso
–
William Colenso was a Cornish Christian missionary to New Zealand, and also a printer, botanist, explorer and politician. He attended the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi and later wrote an account of the events at Waitangi, born in Penzance, Cornwall, he was the cousin of John William Colenso, bishop of Natal. He trained as a printers apprentice then travelled to New Zealand in 1834 to work for the Church Missionary Society as a printer/missionary and he was responsible for the printing of the Māori language translation of the New Testament. He was ordained a Deacon on 22 September 1844 following his studies at St John’s College. He was an avid botanist, detailing and transmitting to Kew Gardens in England previously unrecorded New Zealand flora, in 1866 he was the first New Zealander to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society. He wrote several books, and contributed over a hundred papers to scientific journals and his travels took him through trackless forest, over the high Ruahine Range and across the Rangipo Desert and past the mountains of Ruapehu and Tongariro to the shores of Lake Taupo. In doing so he contributed greatly to the European exploration of the central North Island, one of his journeys, between December 1841 and February 1842, was across the North Island and up to the Kaipara Harbour. From 1845 Colenso undertook lengthy journeys every spring and autumn, in 1847 he travelled to Taupo then south to pass by the Tongariro and Ruapehu mountains. He regularly visited the Wairapara and Hutt districts, where he was frequently at odds with the European lessees of sheep and cattle stations such as Kelly, McMaster, Grindell and Gillies. In 1845 about 12 sheep and cattle farmers had leased large areas of land from local Maori by mutual agreement, Maori owners regularly raised the annual lease fee to the annoyance of the farmers. The farmers regularly pressed Maori to sell land, many younger chiefs were keen sellers but were thwarted by conservative older chiefs. The farmers also paid Maori to assist in building roads to help economic development, Colenso regularly counselled Maori against selling any land or helping build roads which he claimed would be disastrous for them. Colenso was especially vociferous about the living with Maori women as their wives. Colenso also had strong views about drinking and horse racing which were a part of colonial life that Maori as well as settlers enjoyed. This put him in opposition to a range of New Zealanders. In 1847 judge Chapman, doctor Featherston, bank manager McDonald, there was criticism of what was called the malicious interference of Colenso. In November 1851 he was suspended as a deacon and dismissed from the mission in 1852, in 1853 he was convicted of a technical assault over an argument about Ripeka and their son. Following a long period during which he continued his botany work
7.
John Stuart Mill
–
John Stuart Mill was an English philosopher, political economist and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory, Mill was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by his predecessor Jeremy Bentham, and contributed significantly to the theory of the scientific method. A member of the Liberal Party, he was also the first Member of Parliament to call for womens suffrage. John Stuart Mill was born on Rodney Street in the Pentonville area of London, the eldest son of the Scottish philosopher, historian and economist James Mill, John Stuart was educated by his father, with the advice and assistance of Jeremy Bentham and Francis Place. He was given a rigorous upbringing, and was deliberately shielded from association with children his own age other than his siblings. Mill was a precocious child. He describes his education in his autobiography, at the age of three he was taught Greek. By the age of eight, he had read Aesops Fables, Xenophons Anabasis, and the whole of Herodotus and he had also read a great deal of history in English and had been taught arithmetic, physics and astronomy. At the age of eight, Mill began studying Latin, the works of Euclid, and algebra and his main reading was still history, but he went through all the commonly taught Latin and Greek authors and by the age of ten could read Plato and Demosthenes with ease. His father also thought that it was important for Mill to study, one of Mills earliest poetic compositions was a continuation of the Iliad. In his spare time he enjoyed reading about natural sciences and popular novels, such as Don Quixote. In the following year he was introduced to political economy and studied Adam Smith and David Ricardo with his father, Ricardo, who was a close friend of his father, used to invite the young Mill to his house for a walk in order to talk about political economy. At the age of fourteen, Mill stayed a year in France with the family of Sir Samuel Bentham, the mountain scenery he saw led to a lifelong taste for mountain landscapes. The lively and friendly way of life of the French also left an impression on him. In Montpellier, he attended the courses on chemistry, zoology, logic of the Faculté des Sciences. While coming and going from France, he stayed in Paris for a few days in the house of the renowned economist Jean-Baptiste Say, there he met many leaders of the Liberal party, as well as other notable Parisians, including Henri Saint-Simon. Mill went through months of sadness and pondered suicide at twenty years of age, according to the opening paragraphs of Chapter V of his autobiography, he had asked himself whether the creation of a just society, his lifes objective, would actually make him happy. His heart answered no, and unsurprisingly he lost the happiness of striving towards this objective, eventually, the poetry of William Wordsworth showed him that beauty generates compassion for others and stimulates joy
8.
1835 in art
–
Events from the year 1835 in art. June 6 – Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin is received into the Roman Catholic Church, june – Caspar David Friedrich suffers his first stroke, which restricts his ability to paint in oils. August – H. Fox Talbot exposes the worlds first known photographic negatives at Lacock Abbey in England, victor Cousin introduces the expression Lart pour lart. Marie Tussaud establishes the first permanent Madame Tussauds wax museum in London
9.
The Princess and the Pea
–
The Princess and the Pea is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen about a young woman whose royal identity is established by a test of her physical sensitivity. The tale was first published with three others by Andersen in a booklet on 8 May 1835 in Copenhagen by C. A. Reitzel. Andersen had heard the story as a child, and it likely has its source in folk material, possibly originating from Sweden, as it is unknown in the Danish oral tradition. Neither The Princess and the Pea nor Andersens other tales of 1835 were well received by Danish critics, in 1959 The Princess and the Pea was adapted to the musical stage in a production called Once Upon a Mattress starring Carol Burnett. The story tells of a prince who wants to marry a princess, something is always wrong with those he meets, and he cannot be certain they are real princesses because they have bad table manners or they are too fat or thin or not beautiful. One stormy night a young woman drenched with rain seeks shelter in the princes castle, in the morning, the guest tells her hosts that she endured a sleepless night, kept awake by something hard in the bed that she is certain has bruised her. Only a real princess would have the sensitivity to feel a pea through such a quantity of bedding, the story ends with the pea being placed in a museum, where according to the storyteller it can still be seen today, unless someone has removed it. In his preface to the volume of Tales and Stories Andersen claims to have heard the story in his childhood. T. A. Hoffmann, and other precursors, the earliest reviews criticized Andersen for not following such models. In the second volume of the 1863 edition of his collected works Andersen remarked in the preface, therefore, the language had to be similar to the spoken word, the stories are for children, but adults too should be able to listen in. New Years Day 1835, Andersen wrote to a friend, I am now starting on some fairy tales for children. I have told a couple of tales which as a child I was happy about, and which I do not believe are known, on 26 March, he observed that will be published in April, and people will say, the work of my immortality. Of course I shant enjoy the experience in this world, the Princess and the Pea was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark by C. A. Reitzel on 8 May 1835 in an unbound 61-page booklet called Tales, the Princess and the Pea was the third tale in the collection, with The Tinderbox, Little Claus and Big Claus, and Little Idas Flowers. The booklet was priced at twenty-four shillings, and the publisher paid Andersen 30 rixdollars, a second edition was published in 1842, and a third in 1845. The Princess and the Pea was reprinted on 18 December 1849 in Tales, the story was published again on 15 December 1862, in Tales and Stories. The first Danish reviews of Andersens 1835 tales appeared in 1836, critics disliked the informal, chatty style, and the lack of morals, and offered Andersen no encouragement. One literary journal failed to mention the tales at all, while another advised Andersen not to waste his time writing wonder stories and he was told he lacked the usual form of that kind of poetry
10.
Thumbelina
–
Thumbelina is about a tiny girl and her adventures with appearance- and marriage-minded toads, moles, and cockchafers. She successfully avoids their intentions before falling in love with a prince just her size. Thumbelina is chiefly Andersens invention, though he did take inspiration from tales of people such as Tom Thumb. Thumbelina was published as one of a series of seven fairy tales in 1835 which were not well received by the Danish critics who disliked their informal style, the earliest English translation of Thumbelina is dated 1846. The tale has been adapted to various media including television drama, in the first English translation of 1847 by Mary Howitt, the tale opens with a beggar woman giving a peasants wife a barleycorn in exchange for food. Once planted, a girl, Thumbelina, emerges from its flower. One night, Thumbelina, asleep in her cradle, is carried off by a toad who wants her as a bride for her son. Thumbelina tries to protect herself from the elements, but when winter comes and she is finally given shelter by an old field mouse and tends her dwelling in gratitude. The field mouse keeps pushing Thumbelina into the marriage, saying the mole is a match for her. At the last minute, Thumbelina escapes the situation by fleeing to a far land with a swallow she nursed back to health during the winter, in a sunny field of flowers, Thumbelina meets a tiny flower-fairy prince just her size and to her liking, and they wed. She receives a pair of wings to accompany her husband on his travels from flower to flower, in Hans Christian Andersens version of the story, a bluebird had been viewing Thumbelinas story since the beginning and had been in love with her since. In the end, the bird is heartbroken once Thumbelina marries the flower-fairy prince, there, he tells Thumbelinas story to a man who is implied to be Andersen himself and chronicles the story in a book. Hans Christian Andersen was born in Odense, Denmark on 2 April 1805 to Hans Andersen, a shoemaker, an only and a spoiled child, Andersen shared a love of literature with his father who read him The Arabian Nights and the fables of Jean de la Fontaine. Together, they constructed panoramas, pop-up pictures, and toy theatres, Andersens father died in 1816, and from then on, Andersen was left to his own devices. In order to escape his poor, illiterate mother, he promoted his artistic inclinations and courted the cultured middle class of Odense, at Slagelse, Andersen fell under the tutelage of Simon Meisling, a short, stout, balding thirty-five-year-old classicist and translator of Virgils Aeneid. Andersen was not the quickest student in the class and was given generous doses of Meislings contempt, youre a stupid boy who will never make it, Meisling told him. Meisling is believed to be the model for the mole in Thumbelina. “Thumbelina” is essentially Andersen’s invention but takes inspiration from the tale of Tom Thumb
11.
1835 in architecture
–
The year 1835 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. June 2–December 1 - Competition for the design of a new Palace of Westminster in London, june 6 - Augustus Pugin is received into the Roman Catholic Church in a chapel in Salisbury, England, restored by himself. Late - The Sharpe, Paley and Austin architectural practice is established by Edmund Sharpe in Lancaster, robert Mills starts to construct the Old Patent Office Building, Washington, D. C. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc is commissioned by Prosper Merimée to restore Vézelay Abbey, royal Manchester Institution, England, by Charles Barry. Redesign of Buckingham Palace, London, by John Nash, New Hurley Reformed Church, New York. Warehouse at Ellesmere Port, England, by Thomas Telford, st Maries Grange, Salisbury, England, a house by Augustus Pugin for himself. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Charles Victor Famin
12.
Karl Gutzkow
–
Karl Ferdinand Gutzkow was a German writer notable in the Young Germany movement of the mid-19th century. Gutzkow was born of a poor family, not proletarian. His father held a clerkship in the war office in Berlin, jacob Wittmer Hartmann speculates that Gutzkows later agnosticism was probably a reaction against the excessive religiosity of his early surroundings. After completing his studies, beginning in 1829 Gutzkow studied theology and philosophy at the University of Berlin. While still a student, he began his career by the publication in 1831 of a periodical entitled Forum der Journalliteratur. This brought him to the notice of Wolfgang Menzel, who invited him to Stuttgart to assist in the editorship of the Literaturblatt, at the same time he continued his university studies at Jena, Heidelberg and Munich. In 1835 he went to Frankfurt, where he founded the Deutsche Revue, while Gutzkow started out as a collaborator of Wolfgang Menzel, he ended up his adversary. Also in 1835, his novel Wally die Zweiflerin appeared, the work was directed specially against the institution of marriage and the belief in revelation. The book incorporates many ideas that Gutzkow had recently absorbed from French writers, notably Henri de Saint-Simon and this is usually taken as the starting point of the school known as Young Germany, literary reformers heralding the democratic upheaval of 1848. During his term of imprisonment at Mannheim, Gutzkow wrote his treatise Zur Philosophie der Geschichte, on obtaining his freedom he returned to Frankfurt, whence he went in 1837 to Hamburg. Here he inaugurated a new epoch of his activity by bringing out his tragedy Richard Savage. Of his numerous other plays, the majority by c, in 1847, Gutzkow went to Dresden, where he succeeded Tieck as literary adviser to the court theatre. Meanwhile, he had not neglected the novel, seraphine was followed by Blasedow und seine Söhne, a satire on the educational theories of the time. Between 1850 and 1852 appeared Die Ritter vom Geiste, which may be regarded as the point for the modern German social novel. Der Zauberer von Rom is a study of Roman Catholic life in southern Germany. In 1864 he had a fit, and his theatrical powers began to diminish. Gutzkow was never a revolutionary, and he became more conservative with age and he was one of the first Germans who tried to make a living by writing. Works by Karl Gutzkow at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Karl Gutzkow at Internet Archive Works by Karl Gutzkow at LibriVox
